Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'New Zealand regulation'
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1
Daya-Winterbottom, Trevor. "Environmental regulation and reform in New Zealand." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/702811/1/Daya-Winterbottom_2016.pdf.
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The published works focus on environmental regulation and reform in
New Zealand.
The underlying thesis of the works is the need for the development of
a coherent legal framework for environmental law. They conclude that
there is currently no coherent framework because the Resource
Management Act 1991 (RMA), the principal statute governing the New
Zealand environment, is a framework statute that depends on
subsidiary planning instruments being prepared or promulgated by the
Minister for the Environment or by local authorities to complete the
statutory architecture and provide guidance for the resource consent
decision-making process. However, progress has been slow and only
four national policy statements (NPS) and only five national
environmental standards (NES) have been made operative to date;
while at local government level, preparing regional plans remains
optional outside the coastal marine area. This has left a policy vacuum
that has resulted in considerable criticism regarding the operation of
the statute.
Additionally, New Zealand has a legal tradition that places greater
emphasis on the public policy role of legislation than other comparable
jurisdictions (e.g. Australia, United Kingdom, and USA), and its
unicameral legislature has the agility to respond quickly to issues and
enact amending legislation. As a result, the RMA has been the subject
of continuous review and reform that has (arguably) revisited the same
issues on multiple occassions due to poor issue analysis, 17 statutory
amendments have been enacted since 1993, and further reforms are
proposed.
The works reflect this theme and have contributed to the knowlegde of
the subject by focusing on areas of scholarship and research regarding the RMA reforms not covered by other academics, or by highlighting
new perspectives on topics already covered by other academics (e.g.
the effect of the property rights debate on conserving biodiversity, and
merits review by the Environment Court).
2
Daya-Winterbottom, Trevor. "Environmental regulation and reform in New Zealand." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/702811/.
Full textAbstract:
The published works focus on environmental regulation and reform in New Zealand. The underlying thesis of the works is the need for the development of a coherent legal framework for environmental law. They conclude that there is currently no coherent framework because the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), the principal statute governing the New Zealand environment, is a framework statute that depends on subsidiary planning instruments being prepared or promulgated by the Minister for the Environment or by local authorities to complete the statutory architecture and provide guidance for the resource consent decision-making process. However, progress has been slow and only four national policy statements (NPS) and only five national environmental standards (NES) have been made operative to date; while at local government level, preparing regional plans remains optional outside the coastal marine area. This has left a policy vacuum that has resulted in considerable criticism regarding the operation of the statute. Additionally, New Zealand has a legal tradition that places greater emphasis on the public policy role of legislation than other comparable jurisdictions (e.g. Australia, United Kingdom, and USA), and its unicameral legislature has the agility to respond quickly to issues and enact amending legislation. As a result, the RMA has been the subject of continuous review and reform that has (arguably) revisited the same issues on multiple occassions due to poor issue analysis, 17 statutory amendments have been enacted since 1993, and further reforms are proposed. The works reflect this theme and have contributed to the knowlegde of the subject by focusing on areas of scholarship and research regarding the RMA reforms not covered by other academics, or by highlighting new perspectives on topics already covered by other academics (e.g. the effect of the property rights debate on conserving biodiversity, and merits review by the Environment Court).
3
Tulloch, Tracy Catherine. "State regulation of sexuality in New Zealand 1880-1925." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5653.
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This thesis examines the development of sex legislation in New Zealand between 1880 and 1925. It argues that legislative developments were largely shaped by patriarchal, feminist, social purity, secular and medical/scientific discourses. Chapter I examines the rise of the last four discourses and discusses the growth of the interventionist state. Analysis of changes to marriage laws in Chapters II (Divorce) and III (Incest and In-laws) reveal strong secularist and feminist influences. Secular, feminist and purity discourses converged on the question of equal grounds for divorce but diverged on the issue of further extension of the divorce law. Secularist discourse also intersected with medical/scientific discourse on divorce debates and debates over proposed changes to the prohibited degrees of marriage.
The rise of the medical profession and medical/scientific discourse is a strong theme in Chapters IV (Censorship) and V (Prostitution and Venereal Disease). Strong links between purity and medical discourse are revealed in an analysis of New Zealand's censorship laws. However, major tensions between the discourses are apparent in debates over state regulation of prostitution and public health responses to venereal disease. Chapter VI (Sex, Youth and the State) explores the connections between late nineteenth-century childhood and feminist-purity discourses. Attempts to extend the age limits of childhood converged with feminist discourse to produce a major campaign for a higher age of consent for girls. However, feminists' desire to protect girls from men's sexual advances led to more rigorous attempts to control the behaviour of the girls themselves.
The controlling and coercive tendencies of early-twentieth century feminism are further developed in Chapter VII (‘Degenerates', 'Perverts' and the State). Feminist discourse converged with medical/scientific discourse to produce a new focus upon the 'feeble-minded' female sexual degenerate. Chapter VII also explores the impact of medical/scientific discourses on male sexual deviance. The medicalisation of homosexuality and child sexual abuse led to a reassessment of the best means of controlling or reforming male sexual offenders. Ultimately it can be concluded that conflicting and converging discourses operating within a climate of major social, ideological and technological change transformed the state regulation of sexuality in New Zealand between 1880 and 1925.
4
Huang, Helen Yan. "Regulation of quality of service in electricity distribution networks : application to New Zealand." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/10403.
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It has been commonly recognised that incentive regulation provides strong incentives for cost reduction. However, the incentives for cost reduction may lead to degradation of service quality. Quality of service is becoming regulated; service quality incentive schemes, service quality targets, guaranteed service level, and information disclosure are the most popular forms of service quality regulation. However, little empirical research has been done in relation to the impact of service quality regulation on the quality of service. The primary objective of this study is to understand the development of service quality regulation schemes in the electricity distribution network. The second objective is to examine how the regulation of quality of service has been structured and applied to electricity distribution networks, primarily in the UK where the application of incentive mechanisms is most advanced, and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the service quality incentive scheme in that country. The third objective is to investigate the effectiveness of the service quality targets regime under targeted control regime in New Zealand and to explore the scope for improvement. A theoretical model of quality choice under incentive regulation is formulated in order to develop testable hypotheses regarding the expected signs of regression coefficients. Two empirical studies are undertaken to provide empirical evidence: one analyses the effectiveness of the service quality incentive scheme in electricity distribution networks in the UK; the other examines the impact of service quality standards on the actual quality of service in electricity distribution networks in New Zealand. The econometric analysis uses panel data. Empirical results are as follows: (1) There is strong evidence to support the hypothesis that the information and incentive project (IIP) in the UK has had a statistically significant effect on service quality. (2) There is evidence that outage duration has been affected by regulatory regimes in New Zealand. However, there is no conclusive evidence that the interruption frequency has been reduced.Whole document restricted until Jan. 2014, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
5
Thom, Katey. "Doing ecstasy in Christchurch: Ecstasy users' experiences in relation to drug regulation strategies in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6668.
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This thesis explores the relationship between ecstasy users' experiences in a variety of settings and drug regulation strategies in New Zealand. Fieldwork based, it presents the practices and knowledge utilised by a set of users 'doing ecstasy' in Christchurch. The research aims to both extend the sociological literature on ecstasy consumption and produce an analysis that could contribute to the development of harm reduction strategies in New Zealand. It accomplishes this primarily through interviews in which ten Christchurch users reflect on their experiences with ecstasy. This study is supplemented with participant observation within a number of settings in which ecstasy is consumed and quantitative analysis of forty questionnaires distributed through the social networks of those interviewed.
This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of sociological drug research and harm reduction policy through its exploration of three themes, production, fluidity and control. I argue that what ecstasy 'does' is neither completely socially constructed nor the direct consequence of the drugs' pharmacology. Instead, I demonstrate that experiences of ecstasy are produced and emerge as an effect of users' employment of specific practices and knowledge. From this perspective, users both 'make' and 'let' the effects of ecstasy occur. Users' practices and knowledge are seen as fluid with respect to time, space, people and place. Finally, users' strategies for controlling and managing their negative experiences of ecstasy are discussed.
This thesis demonstrates that users' experiences, practices and knowledges of ecstasy are constantly in flux, and considers the implications of this fluidity for harm reduction policy. Attention is directed towards local practices in specific settings and the relevance of locality and spatiality for drug-related harm. I conclude that harm reduction with respect to ecstasy demands a range of strategies by multiply positioned groups and individual actors. I argue that further detailed qualitative research into users' experiences of ecstasy would be beneficial in the development of harm reduction strategies in New Zealand.
6
Chellew, Brittany. "How Effectively does New Zealand Export to the European Union? A Multidisciplinary Approach." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2679.
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For a small state such as New Zealand, trade and economic partnerships are extremely important for economic survival. However, the tyranny of distance complicates this somewhat. Historically, New Zealand has always been dependent on exporting agricultural products. There are examples in New Zealand’s history of innovative ideas being utilised to New Zealand’s economic advantage, such as the advent of refrigerated shipping to the United Kingdom.
An important economic partner for New Zealand is the European Union. The European Union is the world’s largest trade power, a formidable partner for a small state, such as New Zealand, to contend with in trade related matters. The agricultural protectionist policies of the European Union are an issue for New Zealand to work around. However, the European Union is also a welcoming market for high quality products that New Zealand should supply. New Zealand’s small size means that the country has to focus on producing high quality products rather than mass production. This thesis proposes to make recommendations for the types of products New Zealand should export to the European Union, in what quantities, and by which methods. This is important for New Zealand producers and exporters to take into account if New Zealand is to expand its exports to the European Union.
7
Mumford, Peter John. "Enhancing performance-based regulation : lessons from New Zealand's building control system : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [in Public Policy] /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1206.
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8
Carter, David Bernard. "Crossing the wires : the interface between law and accounting and the discourse theory potential of telecommunications regulation : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Accounting /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1048.
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9
Prasad, Satendra. "States, economic globalisation and changing modes of labour regulation in the Asia/Pacific region : a comparative study of New Zealand, Japan and Malaysia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365236.
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10
Murray, Nicole Anne. "Who gets their hands 'dirty' in the knowledge society? Training for the skilled trades in New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1714.
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The vision of New Zealand as a 'knowledge society' is a mantra that has opened the twenty-first century. Underpinning any 'knowledge society', however; are people who turn resources into concrete products and who build, maintain and service the technological and social infrastructure essential to society. This thesis examines the skilled trades and, in particular, how people are trained for those trades. Industry training is a crucial component of the wealth-generating capabilities of New Zealand. It is also an essential part of the way that many young people make the transition from school to work and from adolescence to adulthood. The means of training tradespeople has moved over the years from the rigid and prescriptive apprenticeship system, to the more voluntaristic, industry-led 'industry training' strategy, introduced following the Industry Training Act 1992. Regardless of the system used to organise training, however, there have been long-standing problems in New Zealand with achieving the optimum number of skilled workers, possessing the correct 'mix' of skills required. In this research, based upon semi-structured interviews with industry training stakeholders four industry case studies, policy content analysis and an in-depth examination of the Modem Apprenticeships scheme, I ask three key questions. First, what are the things that, as a country, we could or should reasonably expect a 'good' industry training system to contribute to? These may be things like: an adequate supply of appropriately skilled workers, the ability to upskill or reskill these workers as needed, clear transition routes for young people, lifelong learning opportunities, equity goals and foundation skills. Second, I ask how the current system performs against these criteria. The short answer is that the performance is 'patchy'. There are dire skill shortages in many areas. While opportunities for workplace upskilling, reskilling or 'lifelong learning' are available, I argue that they are not yet cemented into a 'training culture'. Workplace-based learning is an important transition route for a small percentage of our young people but the favoured route is some form of tertiary education, which may be an expensive and not necessarily relevant option. Third, I ask why the performance of New Zealand's industry training system is often less than desirable. My argument is that the problems and solutions thereof, of skill formation in New Zealand have been understood largely in terms of the supply-side. That is, we have either critiqued, or looked to reform, whatever system has been in place to train skilled workers. The inadequacy of this approach is evident from weaknesses in the ability of either the prescriptive apprenticeship system or the voluntaristic industry training strategy to deliver an appropriately skilled workforce. Thus, I also examine the demand side of skill formation: the wider influences that impact on employers' training decisions. Training decisions made by individual employers, the aggregation of which represent the level and quality of training for New Zealand as a whole, are influenced by a plethora of factors. At the micro level of the employer or firm, I explore barriers to training and some of the constraints to the demand for skills. I then examine broader influences, such as the changing shape of the workforce, labour market regulation and wider economic factors, all of which impact on training levels.
11
Peck, Mikaere Michelle S. "Summerhill school is it possible in Aotearoa ??????? New Zealand ???????: Challenging the neo-liberal ideologies in our hegemonic schooling system." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2794.
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The original purpose of this thesis is to explore the possibility of setting up a school in Aotearoa (New Zealand) that operates according to the principles and philosophies of Summerhill School in Suffolk, England. An examination of Summerhill School is therefore the purpose of this study, particularly because of its commitment to self-regulation and direct democracy for children. My argument within this study is that Summerhill presents precisely the type of model Māori as Tangata Whenua (Indigenous people of Aotearoa) need in our design of an alternative schooling programme, given that self-regulation and direct democracy are traits conducive to achieving Tino Rangitiratanga (Self-government, autonomy and control). In claiming this however, not only would Tangata Whenua benefit from this model of schooling; indeed it has the potential to serve the purpose of all people regardless of age race or gender. At present, no school in Aotearoa has replicated Summerhill's principles and philosophies in their entirety. Given the constraints of a Master's thesis, this piece of work is therefore only intended as a theoretical background study for a much larger kaupapa (purpose). It is my intention to produce a further and more comprehensive study in the future using Summerhill as a vehicle to initiate a model school in Aotearoa that is completely antithetical to the dominant neo-liberal philosophy of our age. To this end, my study intends to demonstrate how neo-liberal schooling is universally dictated by global money market trends, and how it is an ideology fueled by the indifferent acceptance of the general population. In other words, neo-liberal theory is a theory of capitalist colonisation. In order to address the long term vision, this project will be comprised of two major components. The first will be a study of the principal philosophies that govern Summerhill School. As I will argue, Summerhill creates an environment that is uniquely successful and fulfilling for the children who attend. At the same time, it will also be shown how it is a philosophy that is entirely contrary to a neo-liberal 3 mindset; an antidote, to a certain extent, to the ills of contemporary schooling. The second component will address the historical movement of schooling in Aotearoa since the Labour Party's landslide victory in 1984, and how the New Zealand Curriculum has been affected by these changes. I intend to trace the importation of neo-liberal methodologies into Aotearoa such as the 'Picot Taskforce,' 'Tomorrows Schools' and 'Bulk Funding,' to name but a few. The neo-liberal ideologies that have swept through this country in the last two decades have relentlessly metamorphosised departments into businesses and forced ministries into the marketplace, hence causing the 'ideological reduction of education' and confining it to the parameters of schooling. The purpose of this research project is to act as a catalyst for the ultimate materialization of an original vision; the implementation of a school like Summerhill in Aotearoa. A study of the neo-liberal ideologies that currently dominate this country is imperative in order to understand the current schooling situation in Aotearoa and create an informed comparison between the 'learning for freedom' style of Summerhill and the 'learning to earn' style of our status quo schools. It is my hope to strengthen the argument in favour of Summerhill philosophy by offering an understanding of the difference between the two completely opposing methods of learning.
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Mpofu, Charles. "Immigrant medical practitioners' experience of seeking New Zealand registration a participatory study : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Health Science, 2007." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/404.
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This qualitative modified participatory study underpinned by social critical theory explored the experiences of immigrant medical practitioners seeking registration in New Zealand. The occupational science notions of occupation, occupational deprivation and occupational apartheid were used to understand the experiences of the participants. The objective of the study was to understand the experiences of the participants and facilitate their self-empowerment through facilitated dialogue, affording them opportunities for collective action. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with eighteen immigrant medical practitioners who were doctors and dentists as well as two physiotherapists. The two physiotherapists were sampled out of necessity to explore diversity in findings. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. This method included the processes of coding data into themes and then collapsing themes into major themes which were organised under categories. Four categories were created in the findings describing the experiences of immigrant practitioners and suggesting solutions. Firstly; findings revealed that immigrant medical practitioners had a potential worth being utilised in New Zealand. Secondly; it was found that these participants faced negative and disabling experiences in the process of being registered. Thirdly; the emotional consequences of the negative experiences were described in the study. Fourthly; there were collectively suggested solutions where the participants felt that their problems could be alleviated by support systems modelled in other Western English speaking countries that have hosted high numbers of immigrant medical practitioners from non-English speaking countries. This collective action was consistent with the emancipatory intent of participatory research informed by social critical theory. This study resulted in drawing conclusions about the implications of the participants’ experiences to well-being, occupational satisfaction as well as diverse workforce development initiatives. This study is also significant in policy making as it spelt out the specific problems faced by participants and made recommendations on what can be done to effectively utilise and benefit from the skills of immigrant medical practitioners. A multi-agency approach involving key stakeholders from the government departments, regulatory authorities, medical schools and immigrant practitioners themselves is suggested as a possible approach to solving the problems faced by these practitioners.
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Wunderlin, Beverly J. "The Regulation of Medically Assisted Procreation in Europe and Related Nations and the Influence of National Identity, Social Cultural, and Demographic Differences." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3192/.
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This study details the Medically Assisted Procreation regulations in thirty-five nation-states, and explores the influence of national identity, social cultural and demographic differences on these regulations. Detailed data were gathered from ministries of health, offices of prime ministers, embassy staff, and others on regulations for each nation. These data were used to categorize the nations in regard to MAP legislation status and regulatory policy regarding marital or age restrictions; posthumous conception; sperm, ovum, or embryo donation, surrogacy; and policy on handling donors. Possible associations between national identity, social cultural, and demographic data for each nation and their regulations were explained. The thirty-five nations were treated as a population with common geographical and political ties. PRE methods, and eta coefficients were used to assess the associations. Sixteen nations have adopted MAP legislation, eight nations have either alternative regulatory guidelines or partial structures, four nations have legislation pending and possibly some laws, and seven nations are unregulated. Based upon statistical analysis, language group emerges as an important indicator for differences in MAP regulations. For example knowing a nation's language group enabled percent improved prediction of that nation's regulatory handling of embryo donation. The percent GDP spent on health care was found to have a substantial or moderate association with most regulations. The findings of this study indicate that the cultural roots associated with national identity as well as economic circumstances such as health care budgets impact the policy making process responsible for the regulation of MAP in Europe. Among other mediating circumstances, MAP related family law cases brought to the European Court of Human Rights create an accumulation of judge-made law, which help create a common European standard. This study of the European region provides a baseline for further research and a reference for cross cultural comparisons.
14
Lloydd, Delwyn. "Evaluation of the Conceptual Framework for Performance Based Fire Engineering Design in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2754.
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The Department of Building and Housing is currently developing a performance framework that will, if adopted, provide a compulsory methodology for performance based fire engineering designs to prove compliance with the fire safety requirements of the New Zealand Building Code. The conceptual performance framework currently includes eight design fire scenarios, fire loads for particular building uses, and tenability criteria for the life safety of occupants. As the level of fire safety within the Code is not explicit, the Department of Building and Housing determined that the performance framework for fire should ensure buildings are designed and built to provide the same level of safety as if they complied with the current Compliance Document for New Zealand Building Code Fire Safety Clauses, C/AS1.
This work analysed 12 buildings with a range of uses, which comply with the current C/AS1, using the conceptual performance framework to provide a risk comparison for life safety. Accepted, previously established calculation and modelling methods were used to test the case buildings to the performance framework.
None of the buildings met the pass criteria proposed for life safety. Consequently, to comply with the performance framework, a building would be required to be designed to a higher level of safety than is currently accepted to meet code. This shows the current proposal provides a more onerous design regime for fire safety for buildings than the current C/AS1.
The results of this research show the conceptual performance framework for fire safety is not ready to be included into New Zealand building regulations in its present form. Furthermore, protection from fire for primary structural members and systems, to protect against building collapse, and tenability criteria and fire fighting access for fire fighters needs to be developed and included in the framework.
15
Brancho, Jennie. "Review of Regulatory Policies for Copper and Silver Water Quality Criteria." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1493904025463972.
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Hustedt, Sina. "A Risk Analysis of New Zealand's Biosecurity Management System along Three Sea Importation Pathways." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3635.
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It is widely acknowledged that international trade is a major pathway for the spread of invasive species. International agreements and domestic legislation aim to reach a balance between facilitating trade and providing nations with the right to protect their
environmental, public and economic health. This is achieved through the development of standards that prescribe procedures that must be followed before a commodity is imported. Under Section 22 of the Biosecurity Act (1993) Biosecurity
New Zealand of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) develops import health standards for the importation of commodities and sea containers and for the approval and management of transitional facilities.
Under current regulations, before being allowed to enter New Zealand, a sea container must first be accompanied by appropriate documentation for the sea container itself and any contents (this includes cargo manifests, any required treatment certificates for the cargo and cleaning certificates for the sea container itself). Upon arriving in New Zealand the sea container is transported to a transitional facility for inspection and unloaded once biosecurity clearance has been obtained. There are approximately 7,000 transitional facilities (both on and off wharf) throughout New Zealand and
inspections are conducted by persons that have obtained accreditation from MAF for inspections (MAF accredited persons).
Based on current importation procedures and other information made available, mathematical models were developed for three sea importation pathways (sea containers, woodpackaging and used vehicles) that involved the inspection of imported units by MAF accredited persons. These models were designed to predict the effectiveness of the current border inspection policies and procedures. Inspection accuracy was found to have the most influential impact on slippage (the rate at which
contamination passes through border procedures undetected) along the measured pathways. Under current conditions, an estimated 5.75% of all sea containers, 4.12% of all sea containers containing woodpackaging and 1.63% of all used vehicles that
enter New Zealand annually are contaminated in some manner despite having biosecurity clearance. A 3% increase in inspection efficiency reduced slippage to 0.5% of sea containers, 2.16% of woodpackaging and 0.001% of used vehicles
entering New Zealand annually.
Given that the accuracy of the inspection was the most influential aspect of the border management procedures, mathematical models were develop to predict the cost of compliance recovered by MAF if all inspections were conducted by MAF inspectors
as apposed to MAF accredited persons. Under current regulations the cost of compliance (if MAF inspector conducted inspections of all imported units) was estimated to be $117.36 million for sea containers, $35.16 million for woodpackaging
and $5.44 million for used vehicles. Increasing the inspection accuracy to the ideal 100% increased the cost of compliance by 75.36%, 61.96% and 61.92% for sea containers, woodpackaging and used vehicles respectively.
These findings indicate that Government investment in the training of inspectors
throughout New Zealand would improve current border detection rates. Under current regulations, the cost incurred by MAF inspectors inspecting all imported units is recoverable. Currently the cost of compliance is approximately 1% of the value of
annual imports. These costs are seen by the import sector as part of their daily business and understand that these measures are in place for the long term sustainability of their businesses (Anon. 2005).
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Brasell, Emma. "Identification of genes regulating the plant-specific expression of the ItmM gene in Epichloe festucae : this thesis is presented as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Msc) in Genetics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1106.
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The fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae forms a largely mutualistic association with the ryegrass species Lolium perenne. E. festucae produces a range of bio-protective alkaloids that protect the host grass from herbivory by both mammals and insects. One such alkaloid, Lolitrem B, is a potent mycotoxin and the causative agent of ryegrass staggers in livestock. Ten genes required for biosynthesis of lolitrem B are encoded in the ltm gene cluster. The ltm genes are expressed in a plant-specific manner, with high levels of expression in planta and very low levels of expression in culture. The mechanism regulating ltm gene expression is unknown but it is predicted to involve signalling from the host plant. The ltmM gene was chosen for use in the investigation of ltm gene regulation because the flanking regions do not contain retrotransposon sequence, which surrounds much of the ltm gene cluster. To identify fungal genes involved in the plant-induced expression of ltmM, a mutagenesis and screening system was developed using a PltmM-gusA ‘knock-in’ construct to detect expression from the ltmM promoter. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated T-DNA mutagenesis was used to create a set of mutants with random insertions in the genome. Mutants were then screened for altered PltmM-gusA expression, both in culture and in planta. Three mutants were identified with increased PltmM-gusA expression in culture, however, no mutants were identified with loss of PltmM-gusA expression in planta. This indicates that a mechanism of repression is involved in the plant-induced expression of ltmM, either directly or indirectly. TM mutants of interest were also observed for altered symbiosis phenotypes. Mutants were identified with reduced colonisation rates and altered hyphal growth in planta. Integration sites were identified for two colonisation mutants and the disrupted genes are predicted to be the CTP:cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCT) gene PCT1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinsase kinase (MAPKK) gene mkk2.
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Wilson, William Robert. "New Zealand's experiment with prudential regulation : can disclosure discipline moderate excessive risk taking in New Zealand deposit taking institutions? : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Albany." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1222.
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The New Zealand economy in the period up to 2006 provides an opportunity to assess an alternative disclosure based approach to the prudential regulation of deposittakers, in a market free of many of the distortions which arise from traditional regulatory schemes. The overall objective of this research has been to assess the effectiveness of the prudential regulation of New Zealand financial institutions and judge if the country is well served by it. Analysis of New Zealand’s registered bank sector suggests public disclosure adds value to New Zealand’s financial system. However, the significant relationship found between disclosure risk indicators and bank risk premiums was not as a result of market discipline, rather it is argued self-discipline was the mechanism, demonstrating bank management and directors are discharging their duties in a prudent manner. A feature of the New Zealand disclosure regime for banks is the significant responsibilities placed on bank directors; directors are then held accountable for their actions. Findings in the management of banks were in contrast to non-bank deposittakers, where disclosure was judged to be ineffective, and of no practical use due to its poor quality. The management of non-bank deposit-takers appeared to receive very little oversight from depositors, their trustees or official agencies. As a result, many appear to have managed their institution in their own interests, with little consideration given to other stakeholders. Failures which occurred in NBDTs from 2006 resulted from deficiencies in the prudential regulation of these deposit-takers, demonstrating the severity of asymmetric information and moral hazard problems which can arise if prudential regulation is not correctly designed and management interests are not aligned with other stakeholders. The New Zealand disclosure regime will never guarantee a bank will not fail, nor should it try to do so, but it should assist the functioning of a sound and efficient financial system. To this end, it is recommended that the Reserve Bank, in re-designing the regulatory framework for NBDTs, hold the management and directors of NBDTs similarly accountable, while also incorporating regular disclosure and minimum prudential standards. Governments have an important role to play in ensuring the financial system is efficient.
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Michelle and 黃美齡. "The Study Of the Correlation between Contemporary Parenting Styles and Teachers' Act Strategies in Classroom Interactions on Preschoolers' Emotion Regulation Competence in Taiwan and New Zealand." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30870473614774753453.
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博士國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系
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The emotion regulation of preschool children is widely hinged on the adult influences in their lives. Their parents and teachers have the power to promote or to harm their social/emotional competence development. Parenting styles and teacher-child interactions can also vary from different countries due to the cultural differences that exist. There was a research gap when it came to identifying the impact of parenting styles and teachers’ classroom interaction strategies with the emotion regulation of the child. The purpose of this mixed methodology study was to identify the effects of different parenting styles and teachers’ strategies in classroom interaction for emotion regulation development in 253 preschool children from Taiwan and 150 preschool children from New Zealand. The intent of the study is to compare the correlation between parenting styles and teachers’ act strategies on the child’s emotion regulation. The quantitative approach employed instruments to measure parenting style and emotion regulation scores. The qualitative approach involved classroom observations and interviews with the teachers. Both countries were revealed to implement an authoritative parenting style. However, findings from the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the parenting styles between Taiwan and New Zealand, as Taiwan had the higher tendency to implement this. However, there was a significant difference in the emotion regulation scores, as New Zealand preschoolers had a higher score, compared to Taiwan, despite the high authoritative parenting scores of Taiwanese parents. The study concluded that teachers’ act strategies in classroom interactions widely affected the emotion regulation of the child, as the emotion-centered curriculum that New Zealand implemented resulted in significant emotion regulation scores. Recommendations for Taiwan included professional development programs and workshops to develop a similar approach to classroom interaction.
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Hayashi, Amanda Aparecida. "Regulation of protein synthesis in the mammary gland : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/795.
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This thesis examines the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in the lactating mammary gland and their control. The protein synthetic machinery can be regulated during the transcription, translation and degradation stages of mRNA processing. Translation control in eukaryotes involves changes in the activity or other functional properties of the translation factors. These include proteins involved in initiation, peptide-chain elongation and termination of mRNA processing. Changes in the nutritional, physiological and hormonal status of the body are sensed by receptors that signal to a central protein, known as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mTOR signaling pathway then activates or inhibits the activity of translation factors and kinases involved in the initiation and elongation stage of translation. A major objective of this thesis was to elucidate which genes and pathways are involved in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland and the mechanism(s) that regulate their action. The results presented here show that changes in milk protein production occurring during lactation in response to external stimuli are potentially regulated at the level of translation or subsequent processing rather than by transcriptional regulation (mRNA abundance). The results also show that in response to growth hormone (GH) treatment, which increased the yield of milk protein, the phosphorylation status of the ribosomal protein S6 (S6) is increased as well as the protein abundance of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). These results suggest an important relationship between milk protein yield and changes in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. Another major finding was the elucidation that mTOR is involved in the signaling pathways activated by GH and that this effect involves signaling through the PI-3 kinase pathway. In these experiments, increased protein synthesis was potentially achieved with the use of GH. Thus, this study suggests the mTOR signaling pathway is a key mediator of the GH effects in protein synthesis stimulation. Finally, the requirement for a functional mTOR signaling (TOS) motif in the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein (4E-BP1) was identified. This finding could help the identification of other proteins that may be controlled by mTOR and consequently are regulators of mRNA translation. In summary, this thesis unveils key signaling pathways involved in the regulation of milk protein synthesis and provides further insight into the control of the mTOR signaling pathway. These findings open new frontiers for the manipulation of milk composition.
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Thomas, Ludivine A. "Regulation of sulfur assimilation in onion (Allium cepa L.) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Physiology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1396.
Full textAbstract:
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an example of a species that accumulates very high levels of reduced sulfur (S)-containing compounds, particularly in the bulb as alk(en)yl-L-cysteine-sulfoxides (ACSOs) and it is these compounds, or their derivatives, that confers the distinct odour and pungent flavour. In common with higher plants, the S assimilation pathway in onion begins with the activation of uptaken sulfate (SO4 2-) to 5'-adenylylsulfate (APS), a reaction catalysed by ATP sulfurylase (ATPS; EC 2.7.7.4). Then, APS is reduced to sulfide (S2-) in a two-step process catalysed by the enzymes APS reductase (APSR; EC 1.8.4.9) and sulfite reductase (SiR; EC 1.8.7.1). To complete the reductive assimilation pathway, S2- is incorporated into the amino acid skeleton of O-acetylserine (OAS) to form cysteine, and this reaction is catalyzed by OAS (thiol)-lyase (OAS-TL; EC 4.2.99.8). While the regulation of the pathway is quite well defined in the plant model Arabidopsis, much less is known about its regulation in S accumulating species such as onion. The primary aim of this thesis, therefore, was to characterise the enzymes of the S assimilation pathway in onion, with a particular emphasis on ATPS. As part of this charaterisation two genotypes of onion were compared. These comprised a mild genotype, 'Texas Grano 438' (TG) with a lower level of S-containing compounds in the bulb tissues, and 'W202A' (W), a cultivar with a higher level of S containing compounds in the bulb tissues. As well, comparisons were made between seedlings (typically harvested at 7 weeks) and plants at a designated mature stage (at bulbing; typically after 4 months growth), and for plants grown in S-sufficient (S+) media or S-deficicnt (S-) media, as appropriate. In terms of plant growth, S-deprivation generally had a negative influence for both genotypes, with significant reductions in total biomass (measured as fresh weight) for TG at both the seedlings and mature stages. ATPS activity and accumulation were shown to be present in all tissues examined (leaf, root, bulb) as well as the chloroplasts, with highest activity measured in the roots, particularly in seedlings. ATPS activity and accumulation were also compared between the two genotypes (TG and W) with ATPS activity and accumulation higher in W, particularly at the seedling stage. In terms of the influence of S supply, in general higher ATPS activity was measured in chloroplast, leaf and root extracts from plants of both genotypes grown in the S- media, at the seedling stage. In roots of mature plants of both genotypes, a significant increase in activity was measured in response to S-deprivation, while in chloroplasts isolated from mature plants of both genotypes, highest activity was measure in those grown in the S+ media. Finally diurnal variations were observed in chloroplast, leaf and root extracts of both genotypes with a general trend of an increase in ATPS activity and accumulation a few hours after illumination and upon the onset of the dark period. Although a single gene coding for ATPS is presumed to be present in onion, the enzyme was characterized as two electrophoretic forms using 1D-PAGE during western analyses following fractionation of chloroplasts by anion exchange chromatography and also as an alignment of spots using 2D-PAGE. As protease inhibitors were routinely included in the extraction buffers, these forms suggest the occurrence of ATPS isoforms that may arise as a consequence of post-translational modifications. The regulation of ATPS by one mechanism of post-translational modification, phosphorylation, was therefore investigated using several techniques including the detection of a shift in molecular mass, a change in enzyme activity or pI (as determined by 2D-PAGE) and the capability to bind to 14-3-3 proteins using affinity chromatography. Following treatments of chloroplast extracts to promote either the phosphorylation (P+) or the dephosphorylation (P-) of proteins, no molecular mass change or change in activity was observed. However, after fractionation by 2D-PAGE, differences in the spot alignment of ATPS were visualized, suggesting that ATPS is a phosphoprotein. The enzyme was detected in pull-downs after affinity chromatography, suggesting that ATPS may also interact with 14-3-3 proteins (although this needs to be confirmed unequivocally). A model is advanced, therefore, in which upon phosphorylation, no variation in ATPS activity occurs but a change in the surface charged and possibly a change in conformation of the protein does occur to make the enzyme competent to interact with 14-3-3 proteins.
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Cooper, Phyn Claire Vanessa. "Regulation of tight junction proteins during engorgement of the mammary gland : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1572.
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Content removed due to copyright restriction: Appendix 6 Cooper, C. V., Stelwagen, K., Singh, K., Farr, V. C., Prosser, C. G., and Davis, S. R. (2004): Expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 during mammary engorgement. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 64,43-47. Singh, K., Dobson, J., Phyn, C. V. C., Davis, S. R., Farr, V. C., Molenaar, A. J., and Stelwagen, K. (2005): Milk accumulation decreases expression of genes involved in cell-extracellular matrix communication and is associated with induction of apoptosis in the bovine mammary gland. Livestock Production Science 98,67-78. Appendix 7 McMahon, C.D., Farr, V.C., Singh, K., Wheeler, T.T. and Davis, S.R. (2004). Decreased expression of ß1-integrin and focal adhesion kinase in epithelial cells may initiate involution of mammary glands. Journal of Cellular Physiology 200, 318-325Extended periods of milk accumulation result in loss of secretory activity, increased apoptosis and eventually, involution of mammary glands. This process is associated with increased permeability of the tight junction (TJ) complexes between adjacent mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The change in cell shape during mammary engorgement from a cuboidal to a flattened morphology may initiate changes in protein and gene expression (mechanotransduction) that trigger these processes. Therefore, this study examined the regulation of the major TJ protein components during mammary engorgement, and in particular the role of physical distension of the mammary epithelium in the regulatory process. Expression of the integral transmembrane TJ proteins, occludin and claudin-1, and the cytoplasmic TJ protein, ZO-1, were down-regulated in both bovine and rat mammary glands during the early stages of mammary apoptosis and involution following the abrupt cessation of milk removal. In the rat, these responses were locally regulated as they occurred only in teat-sealed glands in a hemi-suckled model. Furthermore, the down-regulation of TJ proteins is consistent with a loss of TJ integrity during mammary engorgement. Induced physical distension of rat mammary glands in vivo transiently up-regulated the expression levels of occludin protein and mRNA, and ZO-1 mRNA, followed by an accelerated decrease in expression compared with the effects of milk accumulation alone. This was associated with the initiation of apoptosis, the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factor pSTAT3, and the down-regulation of the cell-ECM survival factor βl-integrin. An in vitro model was also developed to stretch MECs, mimicking the flattening in cell shape during mammary engorgement in vivo. While stretching MECs in vitro did not conclusively alter TJ protein expression, the overall results of this project support further investigation into the role of the TJ complex in mechanotransduction pathways. In addition, the results point to crosstalk between cell-ECM survival signalling and STAT3 death signalling as a candidate for regulation by physical distension of the mammary epithelium. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis that physical distension during engorgement of the mammary glands with milk is a primary trigger initiating apoptosis of MECs through changes in the regulation of gene pathways controlling cell survival and death, and the disruption of TJ function.
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Shang, Yongjin. "How the pigment stripes form in snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers : a study of the molecular mechanism of venation pigmentation patterning in flowers : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Molecular Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1569.
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Floral stripes are a common pigmentation pattern in plants. Defining the molecular mechanisms of the striped pattern formation will aid understanding of how a gene can be differentially regulated across a population of similar cells. In the venation phenotype of Antirrhinum majus, the anthocyanin pigment is typically confined to the adaxial epidermal cells overlaying the petal veins. To explore how this pattern forms this study focused on the expression and regulation of Venosa, a Myb regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Pigment complementation experiments demonstrated that the lack of a MYB factor caused the lack of pigment in the cells outside the venation pigmentation domain. An allele of Venosa was isolated and identified. It was a mutant version of functional Venosa due to the central part being replaced by a transposon. Phenotype / genotype analysis indicated that the venation pigmentation patterning was due to the functional Venosa. In situ mRNA hybridisation showed that Venosa was expressed from the xylem to the adaxial epidermis, and was controlled spatially and quantitatively by a signal associated with the petal veins. Venosa expression provided the longitudinal axis for venation pigmentation stripes, and determined the location and intensity of the pigmented cells. Because another factor required for pigmentation, a bHLH factor, is specifically expressed in epidermal cells and it provides the transverse axis. The pigmented stripes are the cross expression domain of these two kinds of factors. The transcriptional controlling property of a 2.4 kb (relative to the ATG) promoter region of the Venosa gene was analysed. The -900 bp fragment was characterised in detail using 5'-end deletion mutagenesis. A heterologous host, tobacco, was used for analysis in stable transgenics. The homologous host, Antirrhinum, was used for transient assays. The efficacy and efficiency of different reporter genes (intron-containing GUS, GFP, Venosa cDNA and genomic Venosa) and enhancement systems (transcriptional enhancer, translational enhancer, inhibitor of post transcriptional gene silencing and a two-step signaling amplification system) for the detection of low-level reporter gene expression were also tested. The strength of expression correlated to the length of the promoter fragment, and expression was detected using deletions down to -500 bp, although only weak expression was found. This expression was flower specific but not vein related in both plant hosts. No expression was detected in petals of either host with fragments shorter than -500 bp. The results suggest that the fragment from -380 bp to -900 bp positively affected Venosa expression at the transcriptional level, but might not be sufficient to define venation. A possibility is that the venation controlling property is negatively controlled at the epigenetic level, such as DNA methylation status and / or chromatin structure. The role of gibberellin and sugar in the pigment and venation patterning formation of Antirrhinum was studied. The results suggest that gibberellin is not required for pigmentation or venation patterning. Convincing evidence on the role of sugar signaling could not be obtained from the experiments, due to the difficulty in separating the impact on pigmentation from other functions of sugars in petal development. In addition, the in situ analysis detected the expression of a gene probably related to aurone biosynthesis that may be a regulatory gene of this biosynthetic pathway.
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Nikmatullah, Aluh. "Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in vegetative tissues of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) during water deficit : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1229.
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The investigation in this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, the expression and accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO), the enzyme which catalyses the final step of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants, is examined during exposure of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to a water deficit. The second part of this thesis is focused on the identification and characterisation of a water-deficit-associated ACC synthase (ACS), the enzyme which catalyses the production of ACC. In the first part, two white clover varieties with differing sensitivity to water deficit, a drought-tolerant Tienshan ecotype and a drought-sensitive Grasslands Challenge cv. Kopu II cultivar were exposed to two water deficit treatments: one cycle of water deficit (designated non-prestressed; NPS) and a water deficit, a rehydration period and then a second water deficit treatment (designated pre-stressed; PS) in the New Zealand Climate Environment Laboratory (NZCEL). Treatments were terminated when the petiole elongation rate (PER) in the first fully-expanded leaf reached zero. Water relations, growth responses, the expression of the white clover ACO genes, TR-ACO1 TR-ACO2 and TR-ACO3 and the accumulation of two of the corresponding proteins, TR-ACO1 and TR-ACO2, were then examined. The soil water content (SWC) and leaf water potential (LWP) measured in both varieties and in both water deficit treatments declined progressively. The rate of decline in SWC and LWP was slower in the Tienshan ecotype with no difference between the NPS and PS treatments. However, the LWP in the Tienshan ecotype at the point at which the PER ceased was less negative (ca. -1.4 MPa) compared to Kopu (ca. -1.7 MPa). In addition, the decline in the PER differed between NPS- and PS-treated Kopu. In the NPS-treated Kopu, the PER was maintained at a high rate when plants were exposed to SWC above 18%, but declined sharply as the SWC declined further. However, in the PS-treated Kopu, the PER declined more progressively in a similar pattern to that determined for NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan. Expression of TR-ACO1 and accumulation of TR-ACO1 was observed in the apical structure of the stolon. As the water deficit progressed, no significant alteration in TR-ACO1 expression and TR-ACO1 protein accumulation was observed in the apical structures of both the NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan ecotype suggesting some degree of protection of the meristem tissues in this more drought-tolerant variety. However, a discernable decline in expression of TR-ACO1 and accumulation of TR-ACO1 protein was observed in the NPS-treated Kopu suggesting some degree of tissue injury in this more drought-susceptible variety. However, after the pre-stress (PS) treatment, no real changes in TR-ACO1 expression and TR-ACO1 protein accumulation were observed, in common with the observations for the NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan ecotype suggesting that meristem protection may now be occurring. The results suggest further that the pre-stress treatment of the more drought-susceptible Kopu may result in a degree of acclimation to the water deficit. For the first-fully expanded leaves, expression of two transcripts, TR-ACO2 and TR-ACO3 and accumulation of TR-ACO2 protein was monitored as the SWC decreased. The expression of TR-ACO2 and accumulation of TR-ACO2 decreased as the water deficit progressed in both the NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan ecotype and correlated with the decrease in PER. By contrast, in the NPS-treated Kopu, TR-ACO2 expression and TR-ACO2 protein accumulation increased, but again, after a period of pre-stress, TR-ACO2 expression and TR-ACO2 accumulation decreased, in common with the Tienshan ecotype. Again, the pre-stress treatment of the drought-susceptible Kopu may result in a degree of acclimation to the water deficit such that the responses become similar to those observed in the more drought-tolerant Tienshan ecotype. However, in both NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan and Kopu there was no significant alteration in the expression of TR-ACO3 in the first fully-expanded leaf. The expression of TR-ACO2 and TR-ACO3 and accumulation of TR-ACO2 protein were also observed in the second fully-expanded leaves (an older tissue). Again similar patterns in the expression of TR-ACO2 and TR-ACO3 and accumulation of TR-ACO2 protein were observed in both NPS- and PS-treated Tienshan and Kopu. In these leaves, expression of TR-ACO2 and accumulation of TR-ACO2 protein decreased as the water deficit progressed, but expression of TR-ACO3 increased as the water deficit decreased to less than 10%. These results suggest that responses of younger tissues (apical structure; first-fully expanded leaf) maybe the critical determinant for the tolerant (or otherwise) of white clover plants to water deficit. In the second part of this thesis, four ACS genes were identified from the Tienshan ecotype exposed to water deficit and designated TR-ACS-T. Three of these were similar to previously identified TR-ACS genes from Grasslands Challenge genotype 10F while the fourth was a novel gene designated TR-ACS4-T. TR-ACS4-T is 64%, 64% and 63% homologous to TR-ACS1-T, TR-ACS2-T and TR-ACS3-T, respectively in terms of nucleotide sequence. In the GeneBank database, TR-ACS4-T shares highly homology to ACC synthase sequences from a wide range of tissues including seedlings and fruit tissues, in addition to a high homology to ACS genes induced in auxin-, wounding- and ethylene-treated tissues. The pattern of TR-ACS4-T expression observed during leaf development suggests that the gene is expressed initially in the apical structures and in the newly initiated leaves, and then again in the later mature leaves and those at the onset of senescence. Expression decreases again during senescence. TR-ACS4-T expression is not altered by water deficit, but is induced by both ethylene and NAA treatment, but the auxin-induced TR-ACS4-T is mediated by ethylene treatment.
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Cowling, Mary. "Management of seal tourism in New Zealand – tourism and the New Zealand fur seal in the Bay of Plenty." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/24831/.
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Pinniped (seal, sea lion and walrus) tourism is an expanding industry, popularized due to the playful and interactive nature of seals. The industry can have positive outcomes for pinnipeds, through education and the promotion of conservation issues, or negative outcomes, such as causing the animals to abandon sites. The impact of tourism on pinnipeds needs to be minimal for the industry to be considered sustainable. Within New Zealand, pinniped tourism principally targets the New Zealand fur seal (Arctophoca australis forsteri), a recovering species which is increasing in number around New Zealand’s coast as it recolonizes parts of its former range. One of these regions is the Bay of Plenty, in New Zealand’s North Island, where tour operators take customers to view and swim with the seals. This study investigated human-seal interactions during both seal viewing and seal-swim activities, primarily in the Whakatane region of the Bay of Plenty. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tourism on the seals and to assess and make recommendations for the sustainability of the industry. It also aimed to determine whether a range of variables influenced seal response during tourism activities, including: location, colony size, sex/age classes, time of day, duration of stay, distance, month and stage in the breeding season. Seals-swims were usually observed from on board a licenced marine mammal tour vessel (n = 16 seal-swims), and controlled approaches were conducted from on board an independent research vessel (n = 68 surveys). Video footage of seals in the absence of vessels was taken from a land vantage point to collect control seal behavioural data (n = 15 surveys).
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Wilkins, A. J. "Intersection performance and the New Zealand left turn rule : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Transportation in the University of Canterbury /." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1778.
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Kasperczyk, Richard T. "Barriers to systemic work stress prevention in Australian organisations." Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/29886/.
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This thesis addresses the question of why work stress prevention has not been
adopted systemically in organisations, despite some research findings that it is
effective, that it has been mandated by legislative regulations and that it has the
potential for significant cost savings. Work stress is recognised as an increasing and
global problem in terms of negative economic, health and social outcomes. Its
significant costs related to work injury compensation have resulted in growing
pressure from governmental health and safety jurisdictions for organisations to
manage and prevent stress through systemic risk management approaches.