Journal articles on the topic 'New Zealand Loans'
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1
Kozlova, Tetiana, Anastasiia Nikulina, Olena Avramenko, and Nataliia Korniushyna. "The functional сapacity of Maori loans in New Zealand English." Nova fìlologìâ, no. 79 (2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2414-1135/2020-79-10.
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McLanahan, Jeremiah. "A Law and Behavioural Economics Analysis of High-Cost Lending in New Zealand." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 373–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i2.7124.
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The most interesting recent developments in economics have come from behavioural economics, which attempts to model how people will behave in real life situations. The insights offered by behavioural economics can also be applied to law. This article discusses law and behavioural economics generally, and then applies it to the New Zealand high-cost loan industry. The high-cost loan industry is responsible for a great deal of harm in New Zealand, and in 2019 Parliament passed sweeping amendments to the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003 to insulate consumers from that harm. Law and behavioural economics suggest alternative strategies to those amendments that can address the harms while retaining the benefits that high-cost loans can provide. This article designed an experimental survey to test one such strategy, and the results and implications for policy are discussed.
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Kozlova, Tetyana, and Maciej Rudnicki. "MAORI LOANS IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH FROM A LANGUAGE ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE." Polonia University Scientific Journal 39, no. 2 (2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3908.
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De Gayardon, Ariane. "Income-Contingent Loans: Not a Miracle Solution." International Higher Education, no. 93 (March 29, 2018): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.0.93.10430.
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With the rising costs of higher education, an increasing share of which is borne by students and their families, governments have had to design student loans schemes to open higher education to all. A popular option among economists is income-contingent loans, where repayment is calculated as a share of the borrower’s income to avoid high repayment burden. However, the three flagship countries forincome-contingent loans—Australia, England, and New Zealand—are all currently experiencing financing issues. This raises the question of defining the correct specification of income-contingent loans schemes, as well as finding the proper balance between different financial aid policies.
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De Gayardon, Ariane. "Income-Contingent Loans: Not a Miracle Solution." International Higher Education 2, no. 93 (March 29, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2018.93.10373.
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With the rising costs of higher education, an increasing share of which is borne by students and their families, governments have had to design student loans schemes to open higher education to all. A popular option among economists is income-contingent loans, where repayment is calculated as a share of the borrower’s income to avoid high repayment burden. However, the three flagship countries forincome-contingent loans—Australia, England, and New Zealand—are all currently experiencing financing issues. This raises the question of defining the correct specification of income-contingent loans schemes, as well as finding the proper balance between different financial aid policies.
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Calude, Andreea Simona, Steven Miller, and Mark Pagel. "Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 16, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 29–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0010.
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AbstractLoanword use has dominated the literature on language contact and its salient nature continues to draw interest from linguists and non-linguists. Traditionally, loanwords were investigated by means of raw frequencies, which are at best uninformative and at worst misleading. Following a new wave of studies which look at loans from a quantitatively more informed standpoint, modelling “success” by taking into account frequency of the counterparts available in the language adopting the loanwords, we propose a similar model of loan-use and demonstrate its benefits in a case study of loanwords from Māori into (New Zealand) English. Our model contributes to previous work in this area by combining both the success measure mentioned above with a rich range of linguistic characteristics of the loanwords (such as loan length and word class), as well as a similarly detailed group of sociolinguistic characteristics of the speakers using them (gender, age and ethnicity of both, speakers and addresses). Our model is unique in bringing together of all these factors at the same time. The findings presented here illustrate the benefit of a quantitatively balanced approach to modelling loanword use. Furthermore, they illustrate the complex interaction between linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in such language contact scenarios.
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Blom, Wilma. "Overcoming the Tyranny of Distance: Revealing Type Collections Down-Under." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26280.
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Auckland Museum’s Natural Science collections contain several thousands of biological primary types, some dating back to well over a 100 years. Biological type specimens are important for the recognition of new species, because they are the specimens on which species names and descriptions are based, and so they are the standards against which all potentially new species are measured. As by definition there can only ever be one primary type for each species, these are the unique specimens with highest scientific value. Fun fact one: More than almost any other country, New Zealand has a very high percentage of endemic fauna and flora, which means species that are found nowhere else. Fun fact two: In New Zealand we only know about 50% of our biodiversity, which means half of all our species are yet to be discovered and described. Therefore, our type collections are actively growing as more and more species are discovered and more and more type specimens are lodged in our collections. Because they are unique, types are of great interest to researchers. However, because of our remote position on the globemany researchers request loans of our type specimens rather than travel the long distance to Auckland. Although such practices were common in the past, we, like many other modern natural history institutions no longer allow the loan of many of these unique items. The risk of damage or loss en route to the recipient and back is considered too great. However, it is a disservice to science not to make types available for study. So in 2008 we launched a project to digitise our type collections. This talk will focus on how high resolution images of our primary types, and their online publication, has removed much of the need for loans and thereby lessened the risks to these important specimens. At the same time it has made our type collections more visible and accessible to a much greater audience.
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Frijns, Bart, Aaron Gilbert, and Alireza Tourani-Rad. "Learning by doing: the role of financial experience in financial literacy." Journal of Public Policy 34, no. 1 (November 21, 2013): 123–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x13000275.
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AbstractIn this paper, we examine the impact of financial experience on financial literacy. Exploiting a unique feature of New Zealand, whereby domestic students can obtain interest-free student loans and can fully participate in the national retirement scheme while international students cannot, we employ an instrumental variables approach to identify the causal effect of financial experience on financial literacy. We conduct surveys on a sample of 338 business students and find that there is a positive and causal effect of financial experience on financial literacy. Our results have important implications for financial education programmes and may explain why many of these programmes to date have had limited success.
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Zamfirache, Alexandra. "BUSINESS ETHICS. CORRUPTION PERCEPTION ANALYSIS." SERIES V - ECONOMIC SCIENCES 14(63), no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.es.2021.14.63.2.19.
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This paper examines corruption from the perspective of business ethics. It is known that corruption negatively affects the development of countries in several ways: it reduces growth, chases away foreign investors and channels investments, loans and aid funds, the so-called White Elephant Projects. Corruption has a very high price for the poorest, who are denied access to basic goods and services, and this paper shows that the poor suffer the most from corruption. Based on the annual index provided by Transparency International, it can be observed that, in general, some of the richest countries in the world (like: Finland, Denmark, New Zealand, Canada, Iceland, Singapore and Sweden) consistently record a low level of corruption.
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Kearney, Judith, and Matthew Glen. "The effects of citizenship and ethnicity on the education pathways of Pacific youth in Australia." Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 12, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197916684644.
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This article reports on a study that investigated the education pathways of 464 young people. We were interested in the effects of New Zealand citizenship and Pacific ethnicity on pathways so compared findings for three groups residing in Australia: Pacific youth with New Zealand citizenship, Pacific youth with Australian citizenship, and non-Pacific youth with Australian citizenship. Findings showed that the first group was significantly less likely than others to have gained a university qualification. Pacific youth, regardless of citizenship, were more likely than non-Pacific peers to have a vocational qualification rather than a university qualification. No evidence suggests this resulted from lack of motivation or lack of ability. However, two inter-related factors explained outcomes for the Pacific cohort: likelihood of low socio-economic status and first-in-family to attend university. We propose that Pacific communities’ collectivist orientation may also restrict opportunities for Pacific youth seeking higher education pathways. We therefore argue that until Pacific young people are better represented in higher education cohorts, they should be a targeted equity group, and that the Australian government’s decision to exclude many of these young people from higher education loans is an anomaly in the context of its ‘widening participation’ agenda for Australian higher education.
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Javaid, Muhammad Nadeem, and Sikander Bizenjo. "CPEC Dynamics; Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement And Balance of Payment of Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.417.
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The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as principal strategic component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Both countries have signed deals to the tune of $46 billion in 2015. Now these investments and loans call for repatriation of profits and interests which are causing a burden on Pakistan’s, already fragile, Balance of Payments (BoP). This study investigates the impact of China – Pakistan bilateral currency swap agreement (BSA) on Pakistan’s BoP by exploring three similar cases of BSA’s of China with: New Zealand, Mongolia, and Ukraine. Our analysis shows that bilateral trade in all the three cases has felt a strong and positive outcome but China as the foremost winner. Our recommendations suggest how Pakistan could gain the full advantage of the BSA in short, medium, and long-term.
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Crofoot, A. "Impact of Government and regulatory policy on hill country farming." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3256.
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New Zealand has a long history of Government policy affecting agriculture. Some policy interventions, such as Producer Boards were long-lived, others like Land Development Encouragement Loans and the Supplementary Minimum Price scheme ramped up quickly and were then dismantled. Currently, the National Policy for Freshwater Management and the Emissions Trading Scheme are having mixed effects on hill country farmers. While regulation is often seen by farmers as a negative, environmental regulation has the potential to be used for market advantage. Farmers need to engage in policy and regulation development as they can help avoid unintended consequences. If they do not then they are ceding control of important aspects of their business to others. This paper explores some of the impacts of past and present policy on hill country farming from a farmer's perspective, and based on 9 years of regular involvement in development and implementation of policy at a local, regional and national level. Keywords: policy, National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management, Emissions Trading Scheme, farmer engagement
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Knight, Karina, Frank Hemmings, Peter Jobson, and Jeremy Bruhl. "Size Doesn’t Matter: Fundamental Requirements in Relocating a Herbarium." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e25991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25991.
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Relocating a natural history collection is a daunting prospect. Underpinning successful relocation is getting the fundamentals right. From the moment the seed of an idea for a new facility is planted, a raft of detailed planning and preparation issues emerge. Meticulous planning and management is essential, from initial design through to the last specimen being housed in its new location. Herbaria are complex organisms each with a core collection of specimen sheets and associated infrastructure to house them; ancillary collections such as ‘spirit’ and ‘DNA’, a library, databasing, mounting, materials, imaging, loans and exchange, facilities for environmental control, biosecurity, space for staff, volunteers, research students, and class or public access and outreach. All these elements require careful consideration for relocation regardless of the size of the collection. Timelines for relocations from initial decisions to commencement of the move vary widely. Early involvement of core herbarium staff is critical to managing risks to the integrity of the collection during a move. Success of the operation can be gauged immediately after the move and again, much later, based on feedback on the operation of the facility and whether planned expansion will meet future needs. All these considerations are important and essentially the same, irrespective of distance of relocation or size of the collection. We will discuss the fundamental issues of herbarium relocation based on two recent case studies.The Western Australian Herbarium moved from its 1970s home to a modern, purpose-built, best practice facility incorporating innovative design features in 2011 with c. 800,000 specimens. The John T. Waterhouse Herbarium at UNSW Sydney (The University of New South Wales) moved c. 66,000 specimens in October 2017 from within a 1962 departmental building, to a modern, purpose-built facility, incorporating significant improvements, as part of a much larger relocation of its School. We will provide a guide to assist future relocations, both imminent (such as the N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium at the University of New England (>100,000 specmens), and the National Herbarium of New South Wales, >1,400,000 specimens) and for those yet to be considered. This will be a presentation on behalf of the Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC), a network of herbarium Collection Managers in Australia and New Zealand.
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Stahlmann-Brown, Philip, Richard J. Hall, Hayley Pragert, and Thomas Robertson. "Varroa Appears to Drive Persistent Increases in New Zealand Colony Losses." Insects 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070589.
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New Zealand’s temperate climate and bountiful flora are well suited to managed honey bees, and its geographic isolation and strict biosecurity laws have made sure that some pests and diseases affecting bees elsewhere are not present. Nevertheless, given the importance of pollination and high-value export honey to the economy, New Zealand began systematically measuring winter colony losses in 2015. The New Zealand Colony Loss Survey is modelled on the COLOSS survey but has been adapted to the New Zealand apicultural context. Some 49% of New Zealand beekeepers completed the winter 2021 survey. Between 2015 and 2021, overall colony loss rates increased monotonically from 8.37% [95% CI: 7.66%, 9.15%] to 13.59% [95% CI: 13.21%, 13.99%]. Whereas beekeepers most commonly attributed losses to queen problems between 2015 and 2020, attributions to varroa have escalated year-on-year to become the largest attributed cause of colony loss. Losses to varroa are perhaps amplified by the 23.4% of respondents who did not monitor mite loads and the 4.4% of beekeepers who did not treat varroa during the 2020/21 season. Indeed, most beekeepers consider their treatment to be effective and note that treating at the wrong time and reinvasion were major drivers of losses to varroa.
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Berrill, J. B. "Seismic hazard analysis and design loads." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.18.2.139-150.
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This article briefly reviews the seismic design load and zoning scheme proposed by the NZNSEE Bridge Study Group and discusses subsequent work in improving the underlying estimates of New Zealand seismic hazard. The loading scheme, published in 1980, was based on contemporary knowledge of seismic hazard in New Zealand and was innovative in its format which was chosen to give the designer flexibility in selecting the degree of ductility built into the structure, and the return period of the design motions.
Difficulty in estimating the design spectra for the NZNSEE study prompted a number of research projects at Canterbury University directed towards a thorough analysis of seismic hazard in New Zealand, expressed directly in terms of acceleration response spectra. These studies, together with complementary work by the SANZ Relative Earthquake Risk Subcommittee are described and discussed.
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Salem, Saber. "Chinese Foreign Aid to Fiji: Threat or Opportunity." China Report 56, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520916875.
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China’s political, economic and cultural influence is steadily rising in Fiji and the Pacific region as a whole. The Sino–Fiji cooperation deepened at multiple levels after the Fijian military assumed power through a coup d’état and removed the civilian government from power in late 2006. This ‘undemocratic behaviour’ infuriated the two regional powers—Australia and New Zealand who then applied sanctions on Fiji, particularly the military brass, and encouraged their counterparts as well as multilateral aid organisations to ‘punish’ Fiji’s military ‘regime’. The military government in order to derail the impact of sanctions from its traditional donors adopted the ‘Look North Policy’, which was opening cooperation with China and attracting Chinese investment in Fiji. China welcomed the friendship gesture and furnished Fiji with financial assistance. This Chinese friendship was also due to Taiwanese involvement in the region, which was providing aid for diplomatic recognition and support at the UN. The ‘microstates’ hold about 7 per cent of UN votes. Both China and Taiwan need their votes at multilateral organisations and given that these microstates are mostly aid-dependent economies, initiated an era of Chequebook diplomacy, which is basically money for diplomatic recognition in the case of Taiwan or acceptance of One China Policy in the case of China. The microstates have time and again switched between China and Taiwan and played one against the other to get more aid money out of their diplomatic rivalry. The Sino–Taiwan aid competition in the Pacific forced US to make a strong comeback and ensure that China under the pretext of denying Taiwan space in the region actually spies on the US activities in the region. As a result, the US and its regional allies have significantly increased their foreign aid to the island nations in order to coax them to diminish their level of financial dependence on China. So far, they have not been successful enough and China’s aid package has gone far beyond the level US is giving. Today, China is the second largest donor to the region and largest financier to Fiji. Fiji has become the ace in this game as it is the regional hub of the Pacific Island states. Bearing the current high level of aid competition between traditional and emerging donors in mind, it is too early to judge whether Chinese aid will cause more harm to Fiji than benefit or vice versa. It also entirely depends on the Fijian government as to how much it relies on Chinese aid and how clean Chinese are with their soft loans. China has been blamed for not being clear and specific about the terms and conditions of its concessional loans. This vagueness and secrecy that is associated with Chinese aid been a cause for concern, especially among traditional donors.
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Thorns, D. C. "New Solutions to Old Problems: Housing Affordability and Access within Australia and New Zealand." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200071.
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During the 1970s and 1980s the Australian and New Zealand economies have been passing through a period of restructuring. This has had important impacts upon the housing sector, leading to rises in house and land prices, in interest rates, and therefore in the costs of house purchase. Under these conditions a new agenda of housing issues has appeared concerning the affordability of housing and the continued access of modest and lower income households to the dominant form of tenure, owner-occupation. The 1980s saw the election of Labour governments committed to action in the area of housing. However, somewhat paradoxically, both in Australia and in New Zealand the policies pursued have been those of deregulation to produce a more competitive financial market. To preserve access to housing, new mortgage schemes have been designed. Two such schemes, the Capital Loan Scheme of Victoria and New Zealand's Equity Share Scheme are evaluated in the paper to show the nature of the adopted policy-response. The article is concluded with the demonstration of the limitations of such policy-based solutions to what are macroeconomic problems which are produced by moving towards an economic and social policy shaped by market monetarism.
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Kumar, Vijay, Sanjeev Acharya, and Ly T. H. Ho. "Does Monetary Policy Influence the Profitability of Banks in New Zealand?" International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020035.
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The study investigates the relationship between monetary policy and bank profitability in New Zealand using the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Our sample comprises 19 banks from New Zealand over the period 2006–2018. Our results suggest that an increase in short-term rate leads to an increase in the profitability of banks, while an increase in long-term interest rates reduces bank profitability. In addition to monetary policy variables, capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan ratio, and cost to income ratio are also important determinants of the profitability of banks in New Zealand. Capital adequacy ratio has a positive impact on bank profitability, while non-performing loan ratio and cost to income ratio have a negative impact on bank profitability.
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McNeill, M. R., J. R. Proffitt, P. J. Gerard, and S. L. Goldson. "Collections of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from Ireland." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4475.
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The biological control programme against Sitona lepidus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera Braconidae) commenced in 1998 with the first parasitised weevils imported into New Zealand quarantine in 2000 Extensive collections in Europe confirmed that the solitary endoparasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was the principal natural enemy of adult S lepidus With one exception all M aethiopoides reared from S lepidus collected in Europe have been arrhenotokous All M aethiopoides collected from Ireland are thelytokous which obviates the risk of hybridisation with an arrhenotokous Moroccan strain already established in New Zealand Levels of parasitism in S lepidus fieldcollected from Ireland were low (lt;8) and overall averaged 07 Rates of parasitism of S lepidus in New Zealand quarantine have averaged 25 but ranged from 0 to 95 Aspects relating to the rearing and management of Irish M aethiopoides are discussed including possible reasons for low rates of parasitism in quarantine
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Rutherford, J. C. "Internal nitrogen and phosphorus loads in Lake Rotorua, New Zealand." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 2 (August 1988): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899720.
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Thurston, Stuart J., and Stuart G. Park. "Seismic design of New Zealand houses." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 37, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.37.1.1-12.
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This paper presents the basis for changing the current test and evaluation procedure used to establish bracing ratings. This is known as the BRANZ P21 test method and is used to obtain the bracing ratings of timber framed wall systems for houses, and other low-rise structures, to meet the wind and seismic demand stipulated in the light timber framing standard, NZS 3604:1999. The demand seismic loads in NZS 3604 were based on the loadings specified in the New Zealand loadings standard, NZS 4203:1992. This paper proposes a revised P21 test seismic evaluation (called EM3) so that houses constructed to NZS3604 do not exceed their wall deformation capacity when analysed against a suite of earthquake records compatible with NZS 4203:1992.
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Scarsbrook, M. R., and A. R. Melland. "Dairying and water-quality issues in Australia and New Zealand." Animal Production Science 55, no. 7 (2015): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14878.
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The scale and intensity of dairy farming can place pressure on our freshwater resources. These pressures (e.g. excessive soil nutrient concentrations and nitrogen excretion) can lead to changes in the levels of contaminants in waterways, altering the state and potentially affecting the uses and values society ascribes to water. Resource management involves putting in place appropriate responses to address water-quality issues. In the present paper, we highlight trends in the scale and extent of dairying in Australia and New Zealand and describe water-quality pressures, state, impacts and responses that characterise the two countries. In Australia and New Zealand, dairy farming has become increasingly intensive over the past three decades, although the size of Australia’s dairy herd has remained fairly static, while New Zealand’s herd and associated excreted nitrogen loads have nearly doubled. In contrast, effluent management has been improved, and farm waterways fenced, in part to reduce pressure on freshwater. However, both countries show a range of indicators of degraded water-quality state. Phosphorus and nitrogen are the most common water-quality indicators to exceed levels beyond the expected natural range, although New Zealand also has a significant percentage of waterways with faecal contaminants beyond acceptable levels for contact recreation. In New Zealand, nitrate concentrations in waterways have increased, while phosphorus and suspended sediment concentrations have generally decreased over the past decade. Water quality in some coastal estuaries and embayments is of particular concern in Australia, whereas attention in New Zealand is on maintaining quality of high-value lakes, rivers and groundwater resources, as well as rehabilitating waterbodies where key values have been degraded. In both Australia and New Zealand, water-quality data are increasingly being collated and reported but in Australia long-term trends across waterbodies, and spatially comprehensive groundwater-quality data have not yet been reported at national levels. In New Zealand, coastal marine systems, and particularly harbours and estuaries, are poorly monitored, but there are long-term monitoring systems in place for rivers, groundwater and lakes. To minimise pressures on water quality, there is a high reliance on voluntary and incentivised practice change in Australia. In New Zealand, industry-led practice change has been important over the past decade, but regulated environmental limits for dairy farmers are increasing. Dairy industries in both countries have set targets for reducing pressures through sustainability frameworks and accords. To address future drivers such as climate change and increasing domestic and international market demand for sustainability credentials, definitions of values and appropriate targets for waterbodies draining agricultural landscapes will be required. Environmental limits (both natural and societal) will constrain future growth opportunities for dairying and research into continued growth within limits remains a priority in both countries.
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Iline, I. I., and C. B. Phillips. "Allozyme variation between European and New Zealand populations of Microctonus aethiopoides." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6054.
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The parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was introduced to New Zealand in 1982 for control of Sitona weevil Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera Circulionidae) a pest of lucerne Unfortunately New Zealand populations of M aethiopoides do not parasitise clover root weevil Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal but European populations do Several PCRbased methods have demonstrated the existence of genetic variation between and amongst European and New Zealand populations of M aethiopoides However enzyme electrophoresis methods have the potential to provide less expensive population markers and these could also prove more useful than PCRbased markers for studying gene flow between European and New Zealand M aethiopoides populations This paper reports a preliminary assessment of allozyme variation between European and New Zealand M aethiopoides Nine enzymes and general proteins were assayed but the only variation was observed at esterase (EST) with two alleles present at each of two loci
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Scott, John. "New Zealand's student loan data integration project." New Zealand Economic Papers 36, no. 1 (June 2002): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779950209544362.
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Snelder, Ton H., Scott T. Larned, and Rich W. McDowell. "Anthropogenic increases of catchment nitrogen and phosphorus loads in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 3 (October 29, 2017): 336–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2017.1393758.
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Beattie, James, and Louise Stevenson. ""[W]hat Beauty in Oriental Art Means"." Museum Worlds 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2019.070105.
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This article presents new historical research on Asian art—particularly Chinese art—in New Zealand through the examination of the content and reception of the Loan Exhibition of Oriental Art, which was held in Christchurch from May to June 1935. It situates the exhibition within the context of Depression-era New Zealand, examines the place of Chinese art, in particular, in the developing cultural nationalism of New Zealand of this period, and highlights the role of one local connoisseur in the making of the exhibition. Moreover, the article’s focus on the southern hemisphere fills a gap in global histories of Chinese art exhibition in this period.
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Phillips, C. B., M. R. McNeill, R. P. Cane, and S. L. Goldson. "Progress in defining the significance of intraspecific variation to the success of the Argentine stem weevil parasitoid in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3658.
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Releases of eight South American geographic populations of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) began in New Zealand in 1991 to assist in the suppression of the pasture pest Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera Curculionidae) A morphometric analysis of M hyperodae adults collected from five of the New Zealand release sites during 199294 indicated that parasitoids derived from west of the South American Andes were significantly less successful than those from east of the Andes It was postulated that parasitoids from west of the Andes were either poorly adapted to New Zealand conditions and unable to establish or were reasonably well adapted to New Zealand conditions but were slightly less competitive than parasitoids from east of the Andes Preliminary results from a field experiment where parasitoids from east and west of the Andes were released separately strongly support the latter possibility
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Ballantine, DJ, and RJ Davies-Colley. "Nitrogen, phosphorus and E. coli loads in the Sherry River, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 4 (August 21, 2013): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2013.815640.
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Snelder, Ton H., Amy L. Whitehead, Caroline Fraser, Scott T. Larned, and Marc Schallenberg. "Nitrogen loads to New Zealand aquatic receiving environments: comparison with regulatory criteria." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2020.1758168.
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Rout, Jocelyn, and Keith Taylor. "Cracking New Zealand’s growing student loan debt problem." Research World 2017, no. 66 (October 2017): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rwm3.20568.
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Iline, I. I., C. B. Phillips, S. L. Goldson, and H. M. Chapman. "Allozyme variation between South American geographic populations of Microctonus hyperodae." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3951.
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Eight South American geographic populations of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) have been released in New Zealand to help suppress the pasture pest Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Colepotera Curculionidae) Parasitoids from each South American population were released in equal numbers throughout New Zealand It was postulated that the population(s) best suited to the conditions encountered at each New Zealand release locality would eventually become prevalent there Genetic markers which will enable the South American populations that have become successful in New Zealand to be identified are being developed and this paper reports a preliminary assessment of M hyperodae allozyme variation Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was the only variable enzyme of the six that were assayed and it exhibited variation consistent with the presence of two alleles All parasitoids from east of the Andes (Argentina Brazil and Uruguay) were heterozygous (MDHa/MDHb) while all those from the west (Chile) were homozygous (MDHa/MDHa) This corroborates earlier morphometric evidence of genetic differentiation between South American populations and indicates that work with additional enzymes should yield more markers
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Leuchars, J. M. "The use of sprayed concrete in the strengthening of earthquake risk buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 22, no. 3 (September 30, 1989): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.3.167-171.
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Sprayed concrete has become an accepted efficient strengthening system for the strengthening and upgrading of masonry earthquake risk buildings. The standard of sprayed concrete in New Zealand has improved greatly over the past five years and has now reached a stage where the finish achieved matches that of formed fair faced concrete. The current state of the art in New Zealand in the preparation, placement and finishing of the concrete is described.
The design of the sprayed concrete walls for earthquake loads is described with particular attention being paid to the Author's current practice for detailing and placement of reinforcing.
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Burkitt, Lucy L. "A review of nitrogen losses due to leaching and surface runoff under intensive pasture management in Australia." Soil Research 52, no. 7 (2014): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13351.
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This paper reviews the literature on nitrate leaching and nitrogen (N) runoff under intensive dairy pasture systems in Australia and draws comparisons with research undertaken under similar climates and farming systems internationally, with the aim to inform future research in this area. An Australian nitrate-leaching study suggests that annual nitrate-leaching loads are lower (3.7–14.5 kg N ha–1 year–1 for nil N and 6–22 kg N ha–1 year–1 for 200 kg N ha–1 applied) than the range previously measured and modelled on New Zealand dairy farms (~18–110 kg N ha–1 year–1). It is likely that nitrate-leaching rates are higher in New Zealand because of the prevalence of free-draining soils and higher average stocking rates. However, this review highlights that there are insufficient Australian nitrate-leaching data, particularly following urine application, to undertake a rigorous comparison. Median N surpluses on Australian dairy farms are higher (198 kg N ha–1) than values for an average New Zealand farm (135 kg N ha–1). Given the facts that many soils used for intensive pasture production in Australia are lightly textured or free-draining clay loams receiving average rainfall of >800 mm year–1, that herd sizes have risen in the last 10 years and that water quality is a concern in some dairy catchments, nitrate leaching could be an issue for the Australian dairy industry. Australian data on surface runoff of N are more available, despite its overall contribution to N losses being low (generally <5 kg N ha–1 year–1), except under border-check flood irrigation or hump-and-hollow surface drainage (3–23 kg N ha–1 year–1). More research is needed to quantify surface N runoff and leaching following effluent application and to examine dissolved organic forms of N loss, particularly in view of the continued intensification of the Australian dairy industry.
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Dowrick, D. J., J. Babor, W. J. Cousins, and R. I. Skinner. "Seismic isolation of a printing press in Wellington, New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 30, 1992): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.25.3.161-166.
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This paper describes the seismic hazard near the Wellington Fault in Petone, and the measures taken to protect a new printing press made of brittle cast iron against earthquake attack. The printing press, owned by Wellington Newspapers, was located just 20 m from the Wellington Fault. Mounting the specially designed building housing the press on a seismic isolation system, lead-rubber bearings, reduced the estimated loads and deflections on the press by a factor of 8-10 compared with the non-isolated case. As a result the press should suffer only modest damage in earthquake shaking somewhat stronger than that required by the New Zealand earthquake code for the design of buildings.
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Armstrong, Jed, Hayden Skilling, and Fang Yao. "Loan-to-value ratio restrictions and house prices: Micro evidence from New Zealand." Journal of Housing Economics 44 (June 2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2019.02.002.
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Pavan, Enrique, Yangfan Ye, Graham T. Eyres, Luis Guerrero, Mariza G. Reis, Patrick Silcock, Patricia L. Johnson, and Carolina E. Realini. "Relationships among Consumer Liking, Lipid and Volatile Compounds from New Zealand Commercial Lamb Loins." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051143.
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Loin sections (m. Longissimus lumborum) were collected at slaughter from forty-eight lamb carcasses to evaluate consumer-liking scores of six types of typical New Zealand commercial lamb and to understand the possible underlying reasons for those ratings. A consumer panel (n = 160) evaluated tenderness, juiciness, flavor liking, and overall liking of the different types of lamb loins. Consumer scores differed among the types of lamb meat for all the evaluated attributes (p < 0.05). Further segmentation based on overall liking scores showed two consumer clusters with distinct ratings. Correlation and external preference map analyses indicated that one consumer cluster (n = 75) liked lamb types that had lower total lipid content, a lower proportion of branched-chain fatty acids, oleic and heptadecanoic acids; and a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and volatile compounds (green and fruity descriptors). Consumer liking of the other segment (n = 85) was less influenced by fatty acids and volatiles, except hexanoic, heptanoic and octanoic acids (rancid, fatty, and sweaty descriptors). Thus, the fatty acid profile and the volatile compounds derived from their oxidation upon cooking seem to be a stronger driver of consumer liking of lamb for some consumers than others.
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Snelder, T. H., R. W. McDowell, and C. E. Fraser. "Estimation of Catchment Nutrient Loads in New Zealand Using Monthly Water Quality Monitoring Data." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 53, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12492.
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McVerry, Graeme H., John X. Zhao, Norman A. Abrahamson, and Paul G. Somerville. "New Zealand acceleration response spectrum attenuation relations for crustal and subduction zone earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.1.1-58.
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Attenuation relations are presented for peak ground accelerations (pga) and 5% damped acceleration response spectra in New Zealand earthquakes. Expressions are given for both the larger and the geometric mean of two randomly-oriented but orthogonal horizontal components of motion. The relations take account of the different tectonic types of earthquakes in New Zealand, i.e., crustal, subduction interface and dipping slab, and of the different source mechanisms for crustal earthquakes. They also model the faster attenuation of high-frequency earthquake ground motions in the volcanic region than elsewhere. Both the crustal and subduction zone attenuation expressions have been obtained by modifying overseas models for each of these tectonic environments to better match New Zealand data, and to cover site classes that relate directly to those used for seismic design in New Zealand codes.
The study used all available data from the New Zealand strong-motion earthquake accelerograph network up to the end of 1995 that satisfied various selection criteria, supplemented by selected data from digital seismographs. The seismographs provided additional records from rock sites, and of motions involving propagation paths through the volcanic region, classes of data that are sparse in records produced by the accelerograph network. The New Zealand strong-motion dataset lacks records in the nearsource region, with only one record from a distance of less than 10 km from the source, and at magnitudes greater than Mw 7.23. The New Zealand data used in the regression analyses ranged in source distance from 6 km to 400 km (the selected cutoff) and in moment magnitude from 5.08 to 7.23 for pga, with the maximum magnitude reducing to 7.09 for response spectra data. The required near-source constraint has been obtained by supplementing the New Zealand dataset with overseas peak ground acceleration data (but not response spectra) recorded at distances less than 10 km from the source. Further near-source constraints were obtained from the overseas attenuation models, in terms of relationships that had to be maintained between various coefficients that control the estimated motions at short distances. Other coefficients were fitted from regression analyses to better match the New Zealand data.
The need for different treatment of crustal and subduction zone earthquakes is most apparent when the effects or source mechanism are taken into account. For crustal earthquakes, reverse mechanism events produce the strongest motions, followed by strike-slip and normal events. For subduction zone events, the reverse mechanism interface events have the lowest motions, at least in the period range up to about ls, while the slab events, usually with normal mechanisms, are generally strongest.
The attenuation relations presented in this paper have been used in many hazard studies in New Zealand over the last five years. In particular, they have been used in the derivation of the elastic site spectra in the new Standard for earthquake loads in New Zealand, NZS 1170.5:2004.
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Ferner, Helen, Rob Jury, Andrew King, Martin Wemyss, and Andrew Baird. "Performance objectives for non-structural elements." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.79-85.
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The recent earthquakes in New Zealand have raised awareness of the seismic vulnerability of non-structural elements and the costly consequences when non-structural elements perform poorly. Impacts on business continuity due to the damage of non-structural elements has been identified as a major cost and disruption issue in recent earthquakes in New Zealand, as well as worldwide. Clearly improvements in performance of non-structural elements under earthquake loads will yield benefits to society.
This paper explores the intended and expected performance objectives for non-structural elements. Possible historic differences in performance objective expectations for non-structural elements between building services engineers, fire engineers and structural engineers are discussed. Wider construction industry expectations are explored along with our experience of client and regulatory authority views.
The paper discusses the application and interpretation of the New Zealand earthquake loadings Standard NZS1170.5:2004 for the design of non-structural elements including possible differences in interpretation between building services, structural and fire engineers leading to confusion around the expected performance of non-structural elements under different limit states. It is based on the experience of several of the authors as members of the Standards committee for NZS1170.5:2004.
The paper concludes by discussing changes to NZS1170.5:2004 the authors have proposed as members of the NZS1170.5 Standards committee to clarify and address the identified issues. These changes clarify the classification of parts, requirements for consideration earthquake imposed deformations, parts supported on ledges, potential falling of parts, the combination of fire and earthquake loads, and the requirement for parts to be designed for both serviceability and ultimate limit states along with the effective introduction of a serviceability limit state for parts for occupational continuity.
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Heubeck, S., R. M. de Vos, and R. Craggs. "Potential contribution of the wastewater sector to energy supply." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 8 (April 1, 2011): 1765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.115.
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The biological treatment of wastewater could yield high energy fuels such as methane and alcohols, however most conventional treatment systems do not recover this energy potential. With a simple model of the energy yields of various wastewater treatment technologies it is possible to demonstrate how minor shifts in technology selection can lead the industry from being identified as predominantly energy intensive, to being recognised as a source of energy resources. The future potential energy yield is estimated by applying energy yield factors to alternative use scenarios of the same wastewater loads. The method for identifying the energy potential of wastewater was demonstrated for the New Zealand wastewater sector, but can equally be applied to other countries or regions. The model suggests that by using technologies that maximise the recovery of energy from wastewater, the potential energy yield from this sector would be substantially increased (six fold for New Zealand).
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Islam, Syrus M., and Noel Yahanpath. "Evaluation of post-GFC policy response of New Zealand." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 23, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-02-2014-0007.
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Purpose – The paper aims to evaluate the role played by a recent banking and macro-prudential regime in addressing the financial crisis in New Zealand (NZ). Design/methodology/approach – The basic methodology used in this paper is the “documentary research method”. For this study data have been collected from various published sources. Findings – We find that the NZ government is one of the first few countries to implement Basel III to ensure the robustness of its banking sector while calibrating it to the unique needs of the economy and is in the process of phasing in several macro-prudential instruments (e.g. countercyclical capital buffer ore funding ratio sectoral capital requirement and loan-to-value ratio) to smooth the credit cycle of the economy. However implementing different requirements of a new policy has some challenges. Research limitations/implications – Further research may be carried out to investigate the policy responses of the government from corporate governance and other regulatory perspectives. Practical implications – This study identifies the effectiveness as well as some challenges faced when implementing different requirements of the new policy that may facilitate the policy makers to take appropriate action as required. Originality/value – This study provides a unique insight into the post-GFC scenario with regard to the government policy response in the banking sector and macro-prudential system that may provide the world with a financial-system warrant of fitness. It is one of the very few studies that showcase a global perspective and to our knowledge it is the first of its kind in NZ in the post-global financial crisis period.
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Signal, Louise, Tolotea Lanumata, and Sharron Bowers. "Punching loan sharks on the nose: effective interventions to reduce financial hardship in New Zealand." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 23, no. 2 (2012): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/he12108.
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Williams, R. "Seismic design of timber structures study group review, March 1986." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 31, 1986): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.1.40-47.
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Timber structures have had a reputation for performing comparatively well in earthquakes. However other structural materials now have design codes and recommendations that considerably improve their performance during earthquakes. In addition the form of timber structures has changed considerably in recent years, typically with less timber, bigger spans and less non-structural walls. Design recommendations and codes need to be reviewed and rewritten to ensure adequate performance is achieved.
In 1965 New Zealand Standards issued NZS 1900 Chapter 8, Design Loads. This code of practice set the basic levels of seismic loading to be designed for in New Zealand, and while they have been modified and refined, the principles established still exist in our present code (NZS 4203:1984) today. The 1965 code was the first code to make reference to the principle of ductility, the abi1ity of some materials and structures to be deformed briefly beyond their elastic limit without catastrophic failure. The ability to withstand large displacements temporarily permitted design loadings to be used which are considerably lower than would have been the case had the structure been assumed to be brittle and thus been required to remain elastic through any seismic disturbance. A corollary is that non-ductile failure of any member must be suppressed by consideration of the capacity loads on it that can be generated by the yielding mechanism.
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Gómez-Gallego, Mireia, Jared M. LeBoldus, Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader, Everett Hansen, Lloyd Donaldson, and Nari Michelle Williams. "Contrasting the Pathogen Loads in Co-Existing Populations of Phytophthora pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii in Douglas Fir Plantations in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States." Phytopathology® 109, no. 11 (November 2019): 1908–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-18-0479-r.
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The emergence of Phytophthora pluvialis as a foliar pathogen of Douglas fir in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States has raised questions about its interaction with the widespread Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease. During Spring 2017, we repeatedly sampled 30 trees along an environmental gradient in each region and 292 additional trees in a longitudinal transect to assess the P. pluvialis epidemic and the association between P. pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, which are causal agents of SNC. Both pathogens were consistently more abundant in the host’s exotic environment in New Zealand. In both areas, the two pathogens co-exist in different spatial scales for regions and needles. The relative abundance of both pathogens was negatively correlated in the Pacific Northwest, where both presumably have co-existed for longer. Our findings confirmed the interaction of P. pluvialis and N. gaeumannii as foliar pathogens of Douglas fir and suggest a within-site spatial variation in the Pacific Northwest.
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Battley, Phil F., and Theunis Piersma. "Body Composition and Flight Ranges of Bar-Tailed Godwits (Limosa Lapponica Baueri) From New Zealand." Auk 122, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 922–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.3.922.
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AbstractBody composition analysis was performed on 37 Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri) that had been illegally shot during migratory fueling in northern New Zealand in March 1992. Adults (n = 35) were heavy (442–721 g), with fat loads of 30–45% of body mass. Two first-year males had only 5.4% and 8.9% fat, respectively, and had 13% less lean (fat-free dry) tissue than the average adult male. Males and females scaled along the same size axes, with little overlap between the sexes (females were larger). Larger birds carried more fat, but fat loads did not differ systematically with size (and, therefore, sex). Fatter birds (after accounting for body size) had larger flight muscle and lung masses, implying premigratory hypertrophy. Males that were not in body molt were fatter, but less colorful, than molting birds. They were also longer-winged and had larger testes but smaller intestines and salt glands, which suggests that they may belong to a subpopulation with a different fueling and molt strategy. Comparison between L. l. baueri and a smaller subspecies (L. l. taymyrensis) indicated that although the two subspecies scaled along the same lean mass-size axes, L. l. baueri deposited much more fat for their body size (1.7 × more than the equivalent-sized L. l. taymyrensis). On the basis of estimated travel costs for L. l. taymyrensis, predicted flight ranges for L. l. baueri ranged from 6,000 to 8,600 km, depending on whether wind assistance is assumed. That suggests that direct flights from New Zealand to southeastern or eastern Asia are possible (e.g. Philippines, 7,200 km; Japan, 8,700; South Korea, 9,100 km).Composition Corporelle et Distance de Vol chez Limosa lapponica baueri de Nouvelle-Zélande
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Pearce, H. G., W. R. Anderson, L. G. Fogarty, C. L. Todoroki, and S. A. J. Anderson. "Linear mixed-effects models for estimating biomass and fuel loads in shrublands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 10 (October 2010): 2015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-139.
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Shrubland biomass is important for fire management programmes and for carbon estimates. Aboveground biomass and the combustible portion of biomass, the fuel load, in the past have been measured using destructive techniques. These techniques are detailed, highly labour intensive, and costly; hence, an alternative approach was sought. The new approach used linear mixed-effects models to estimate biomass and fuel loads from easily measured field variables: shrub overstorey height and cover, and understorey height and cover. Site was regarded as a random effect. Sampling sites were located throughout New Zealand and included a range of shrubland vegetation types: manuka ( Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. et G. Forst.) and kanuka ( Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thomps.) scrub and heath, pakihi (mixed low heath, fern, and rushes), and gorse ( Ulex europaeus L.). The approach was extended and confidence intervals were constructed for the regression models. Statistical analysis showed that understorey height and overstorey cover were significant (at the 5% level) in some cases. Overstorey height was highly significant in all cases (p < 0.0001), allowing development of models useful to the operational user. The models allow rapid estimation of average fuel loads or biomass on new sites, and double sampling theory can be applied to calculate the error in the resultant biomass estimate.
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Mouritsen, K. N., S. McKechnie, E. Meenken, J. L. Toynbee, and R. Poulin. "Spatial heterogeneity in parasite loads in the New Zealand cockle: the importance of host condition and density." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 2 (March 20, 2003): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007124h.
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Samples of the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi (Veneridae) collected at two different intertidal levels were found to be heavily infected by the echinostome trematode Curtuteria australis which use the mud flat whelk Cominella glandiformis and shorebirds as first and definitive host, respectively. Parasite loads were on average more than 2-fold higher at the high site than at the low site, whereas the density of Curtuteria australis metacercariae per square metre showed the opposite trend. This pattern appeared unrelated to the abundance of first intermediate hosts and C. australis prevalence within this host that did not differ between sites. At both sites there was a positive relationship between parasite load and cockle condition, a likely by-product of the relationship between condition-based filtration capacity and the rate at which individual cockles encounter the free-swimming trematode larvae. The results suggest that the between-site variation in parasitism is a consequence of the much higher density of cockles at the low site. There, the dense cockle population is able to clear the water column of parasites and consequently individual cockles virtually ‘compete’ for parasite larvae. This will depress mean infection intensity per cockle but elevate mean parasite density per square metre.
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Charters, Frances J., Thomas A. Cochrane, and Aisling D. O’Sullivan. "Predicting Event-Based Sediment and Heavy Metal Loads in Untreated Urban Runoff from Impermeable Surfaces." Water 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040969.
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Understanding the amount of pollutants contributed by impermeable urban surfaces during rain events is necessary for developing effective stormwater management. A process-based pollutant load model, named Modelled Estimates of Discharges for Urban Stormwater Assessments (MEDUSA), was further developed (MEDUSA2.0; Christchurch, New Zealand) to include simulations of dissolved metal loadings and improve total suspended solids (TSS) loading estimations. The model uses antecedent dry days, rainfall pH, average event intensity and duration to predict sediment and heavy metal loads generated by individual surfaces. The MEDUSA2.0 improvements provided a moderate to strong degree of fit to observed sediment, copper, and zinc loads for each modelled road and roof surface type. The individual surface-scale modelling performed by MEDUSA2.0 allows for identification of specific source areas of high pollution for targeted surface management within urban catchments.
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Lancashire, J. A., M. P. Ralston, and D. J. Scott. "CONTAMINATION OF WHITE CLOVER SEED CROPS BY BURIED SEEDS." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 2 (January 1, 1985): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.2.1985.3303.
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Thirty five certified seed lines of 'Grasslands Pitau' white clover produced under OECD rules showed marked variations in growth and morphological characteristics according to their region of origin. Of lines grown in Oamaru district, South Canterbury, 90% were significantly different from a Pitau breeders (pre-basic) line in winter growth scores, leaf size and picric acid scores. 90% of lines grown in Marlborough were similar to a Pitau breeders line. Buried white clover seed counts were 260/m' (2 kg/ha) in Marlborough and 1060/m (7.5 kg/ha) in Oamaru. Plants grown from buried seed collected in Canterbury generally had smaller leaves, less winter growth and lower picric acid scores than Pitau. The additional possibility that natural selection of genotypes occurred because some crops of Pitau have been grown under climates and/or managements to which it is not adapted, is also discussed. Preliminary studies of 43 commercial lines of 15 cultivars from 4 countries grown outside New Zealand indicated that 3540% showed significant differences in winter growth and leaf size between lines of the same cultivar. New Zealand grown commercial lines of Huia obtained overseas showed good uniformity. It appears that there is a world-wide problem of genetic contamination in white clover cultivars. High buried seed loads are a potential long term source of contamination which is being exaggerated by the increasing numbers of cultivars. New Zealand has already moved to implement tighter certification standards than those recommended by OECD. Keywords: Trifolium repens, 'Grasslands Pitau', buried seed, seed certification, OECD, genetic contamination.
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Schiel, David R., and Clive Howard-Williams. "Controlling inputs from the land to sea: limit-setting, cumulative impacts and ki uta ki tai." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 1 (2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14295.
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The coastal zone worldwide is not well served by management policies that fail to deal effectively with land-sourced contaminants from streams, rivers and urban runoff. We discuss this using examples from New Zealand, where there is a wide recognition of such problems but little effective policy that specifically accounts for the interconnectedness of the land-to-freshwater-to-sea domain. Increasing land-use intensification, mostly in arable pasture, has greatly increased the nutrient load to the coast and has contributed to the already high sediment loading of coastal waters. We argue that renewed effort is needed for a more holistic approach to management, encapsulated in the New Zealand Maori concept of ki uta ki tai – an appreciation of mountains-to-sea connections. Limit-setting, especially of nitrogen from terrestrial sources, seems to a main way forward for reducing loads and halting cumulative effects. However, this must account for current impacts and also the ‘load to come’ because of time lags associated with accumulated groundwater nutrients and cumulative impacts in receiving waters. Despite many approaches being tried, there are increasing impacts of catchment activities on coasts worldwide. The need is therefore great for new approaches, renewed effort, and for a very long-term perspective to ensure effective and enduring solutions.