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1
Taylor, Nicola J., and n/a. "Care of children : families, dispute resolution and the Family Court." University of Otago. Children's Issues Centre, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060810.120428.
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This study explored family members� experience of, and satisfaction with, New Zealand Family Court dispute resolution processes concerning children�s care arrangements following parental separation. A qualitative method was employed, using individual interviews with 22 parents and 8 children from 15 families, in three court districts, during 2001-2002. Follow-up interviews were also conducted with the parents one year later to assess the factors affecting compliance with their agreements and court orders. Focus groups were held with 16 Family Court professionals (lawyers, counsellors, specialist report writers and judges) in two cities to obtain their views on the family members� perspectives.
Sociocultural and ecological theories, the sociology of childhood and the UNCRC provided the conceptual basis for the research. Historical developments in child custody and divorce laws, which provided the impetus for the establishment of Family Courts internationally, have also been reviewed.
Each parent was legally represented, with 87% of the families also attending Family Court counselling and judge-led mediation conferences. Defended hearings occurred in 27% of the cases. Family members reported a broad range of views about their legal and court experiences. They valued their interactions with professionals who took an interest in them and their children, provided clear information and support, let them have their say, and competently managed the dispute resolution processes. Dissatisfaction was frequently expressed with the conduct of ex-partners and with professionals� styles of practice, particularly where these involved erratic or uncompromising attitudes and adversarial tactics. The desire to respond to what was written in an ex-partner�s affidavit escalated some parenting disputes onto a litigation pathway. Delay, cost, gender bias, lack of enforcement of court orders, and inadequate opportunities to feel heard, understood and respected were also identified as problems associated with Family Court proceedings. Earlier access to a wider range of information, support and conciliation services was recommended, together with more post-order explanation and support.
The professionals wanted a stronger emphasis on the Family Court as a court of law, rather than a social agency. A clearer demarcation between the court�s conciliation and adjudication functions was considered necessary to avoid clients having unrealistic expectations of the Family Court. Family members� therapeutic needs were important, but thought best met within community-based agencies.
The children were aware of their parents� court proceedings and most wanted the opportunity to play a more direct role in the decision about their future living arrangements.
Significant or modest changes had occurred in 60% of the families by the time of their follow-up interviews. Some changes had led to a reversal in the original care arrangements, while others had impacted upon the frequency of a child�s contact with their non-resident parent.
A new conceptual model for the resolution of post-separation parenting disputes has been developed. This integrates the theoretical framework underpinning the study with the international research evidence on the impact of parental separation and the principles and practices of an effective child-inclusive and culturally responsive family law system.
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Anderson, Vivienne, and n/a. "The experiences of international and New Zealand women in New Zealand higher education." University of Otago. Faculty of Education, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090812.101334.
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This thesis reports on an ethnographic research project that explored the experiences and perspectives of a group of women in New Zealand higher education, including international and New Zealand students and partners of international students. The study had two aims. The first was to disrupt the inattention to gender and to students' partners and families in New Zealand international education research and policy. The second was to problematise Eurocentric assumptions of (predominantly Asian) international students' 'cultural difference', and of New Zealanders' homogenised sameness.
The theoretical framework for the study was informed by a range of conceptual tools, including feminist, critical theory, post-structural, and postcolonial perspectives. In drawing on feminist perspectives, the study was driven by a concern with acknowledging the importance and value of women's lives, looking for women where they are absent from policy and analysis, and attending to the mechanisms through which some women's lives are rendered invisible in internationalised higher education. In considering these mechanisms and women's lives in relation to them the study also drew on post-structural notions of discourse, power, and agency. It explored how dominant discourses in internationalised higher education reveal and reproduce historically-grounded relations of power that are intentionally or unintentionally performed, subverted and/or resisted by women and those they encounter. Using Young's (1990, 2000) approach to critical theory, the study also considered alternative ways of constructing internationalised higher education that were suggested in women's accounts.
As a critical feminist ethnography the study was shaped by my theoretical framework (above), critical literature on heterogeneous social groups, and feminist concerns with relationship, reciprocity and power in the research process. Fieldwork took place during 2005 and 2006 and involved two aspects: the establishment and maintenance of an intercultural group for women associated with a higher education institution, and 28 interviews with 20 women over two years. Interviewees were recruited through the group and included eight international students, nine New Zealand students and three women partners of international students.
Study findings challenged the assumption that international and local students are distinct and oppositional groups. They also highlighted the importance of recognising the legitimate presence of international students' partners and accompanying family members at all levels in higher education. International and New Zealand women alike found the intercultural group a useful source of social and practical support and information, and a point of access to other sources of support and information. Women reflected on moving between many different kinds of living and learning contexts, highlighting the importance of: clear processes and pathways for accessing information and practical support when experiencing transition; teaching that is engaging, effective, and responsive; and opportunities to develop connections with other people both on and off campus. Rather than revealing clear patterns of difference or sameness across women, the study highlighted the importance of policy, research, teaching and support practices that are open and responsive to women's actual viewpoints and needs, and that neither re-entrench difference nor assume sameness.
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Todd, Amanda Claire. "Mating strategies and sperm competition in New Zealand geckos (Family Gekkonidae)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1421.
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Most species of reptile studied to date have polygynandrous mating systems and possess specialised sperm storage regions. Consequently, there is a high potential for sperm competition in this group. Using comparative analyses, I examined the level of sperm competition in New Zealand geckos and how this has influenced the evolution of their reproductive morphology. Across lizards and snakes, there was more than a 40-fold variation in relative testis size. New Zealand geckos fell in the middle of this range and lacked sexual dimorphism in head size, suggesting that most species have polygynandrous mating systems. I confirmed this for one species, Hoplodactylus maculatus, which is gregarious, lacks territoriality and has a courtship pattern that suggests a high level of promiscuity for both sexes. I found that hemipenis size in New Zealand geckos was positively correlated with relative testis size, suggesting that sperm competition has resulted in the evolution of larger intromittent organs. However, the surface features of the hemipenis were relatively conservative across species. Although there was no relationship between sperm length or putative sperm storage site (SST) morphology and relative testis size, species with fewer SSTs, and thus more intense sperm competition, had longer sperm. H. maculatus males produced two types of sperm which differed not only in length but also in fertilising capacity, the short morph lacking DNA. This is the first known example of such sperm polymorphism in a vertebrate and may have evolved in response to sperm competition, the non-fertilising morph potentially helping to block the sperm of rival males or filling sperm storage sites. The motility of these short sperm was positively correlated with temperature; however, at higher temperatures motility declined with time, suggesting a trade-off between motility and longevity. Such temperature influences on male reproductive physiology have important implications for males of ectothermic species under sperm competition.
4
Cross, Jennifer. "Policing family violence in Christchurch." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology and Anthropology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/908.
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Up until the 1980s, the police often reluctantly intervened in domestic disputes. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, the introduction of pro-arrest family violence policies throughout the U.S., the U.K., and New Zealand, signalled a significant shift in police practices. It was hoped that the adoption of these policies would help improve the police response to family violence, and it was anticipated that police behaviour would consequently change. Unfortunately, the implementation of these policies has been fraught with difficulties, and they have often not translated easily into practice, or resulted in the intended changes. The current study, which was conducted in Christchurch in 2004, sought to understand how a pro-arrest policy was implemented at the local level. Drawing on a symbolic interactionist approach, and utilising Lipksy's (1980) street-level bureaucracy theory, this research focuses on a number of issues, including the application of the pro-arrest policy at the street-level, and its associated problems, and the legitimate/illegitimate exercise of discretion. This study has found evidence of significant practical problems with the implementation of the pro-arrest policy, which are similar to those that have been reported overseas.
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Moynihan, Ann Marie. "Structural Violence in the New Hampshire Family Court System: An Autoethnographic Exploration." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/88.
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The family law system effectuates case outcomes affecting the lives of parents, children, and society through court orders imposing important life decisions upon divorcing or unmarried parents, children, and post divorce families. While some cases are resolved in alternative dispute resolution forums, others enter the courtroom and judicial decisions cause unintended consequences for millions of adults and children each year. This research details a parent’s suboptimal family law system experience caused by judicial decision-making, highlighting the need to examine the causes of unintended systemic outcomes. The purpose of this research is to raise awareness and provide justification for systemic reform to prevent unintended consequences of court ordered outcomes caused by underlying structural violence. Conflicting objectives of litigants and problem solvers are investigated to determine the causes of systemic failures so recommendations for improved outcomes can be formulated. Theories of justice, civil rights, public policy, systems, structural violence, and nonviolence are integral components of this research. Applied theory in the context of the researcher’s experience highlights the need to address this social system issue while demonstrating the system intended to resolve disputes actually exacerbates conflict, resulting in more disputes. This research contributes to the literature because many litigants are unable to share their stories due to their oppressed condition within the system. This autoethnography documents the effects of a social system for conflict management gone awry and establishes a foundation to promote dialogue in support of a new way to manage disputes that is conducive to conflict resolution instead of conflict escalation.
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Whiting, Rosalind Heather, and n/a. "Gender, family responsibilities and career success in the New Zealand accountancy profession." University of Otago. Department of Accountancy and Business Law, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070214.145101.
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This study contributes to an understanding of the causes, consequences and complexities of gender inequity in career success (high levels of status and salary) in the New Zealand accounting profession. Sixty-nine (twenty-seven male and forty-two female) experienced Chartered Accountants were interviewed about their career histories. A feminist, interpretative and qualitative approach was followed and NVIVO was used for analysis. The first significant contribution of the study was the identification of five work/family strategies based on levels of family and work involvement (Traditional Men, Traditional Women, Family Balancers, Stepping Stone Men and Work First Women).
Secondly, the level of family responsibilities explained career success much better than gender alone, although these two factors were commonly (but not always) directly related.
The third contribution was the revision of the three-pronged model previously offered by Whiting & Wright (2001) to explain gender inequities in salary and status in the New Zealand accounting profession. Because the original model was derived from quantitative data, using qualitative data to revise the model constituted a sequential mixed method (pragmatic) approach. In the revised model, gender centrality and the three explanatory categories (Attributes, Structure and Attitudes) were removed. Career success was enhanced by high career aspirations (related to perceptions of stress, managerial and responsibility requirements and remuneration), long working hours and availability to clients, hard work, high technical competence and skills (enhanced by overseas experience), networking (less attractive to women), self-confidence (enhanced by mentoring for the least self-confident), flexibility to relocate if required (decreased by family and lifestyle ties) and large size and growth of the employing organisation.
Most influential were career aspirations and a long hours/available work ethic. This demonstrated the pervasiveness of the male linear career model (derived from the male breadwinner-female carer family structure), that rewarded (in terms of progression) unilateral allegiance to the firm. Career aspirations, desire for responsibility, perceived ability to handle pressure, long hours, availability to clients, networking and possibly technical skills (if there were periods of extended leave) were all influenced by the Chartered Accountant�s level of family responsibilities. Those with the least family responsibilities (childless, Traditional Men and Work First Women) demonstrated unswerving commitment to the firm and were equally the most successful career wise.
The impact of family responsibilities on career progression could be ameliorated by organisational cultural change. There were some indications of cultural change, being most prevalent in public sector and educational organisations. Enhancing conditions included a culture of flexibility and a concurrent atmosphere of trust, a less competitive work culture, absence of constant overtime demands and on-call work, encouraging top management who worked positively to retain and foster top performers over a longer period, and high level part-time positions supported by well-trained subordinate teams. To achieve these conditions provides an imminent challenge to organisations which employ Chartered Accountants, because the profession is increasing its proportion of females, has a younger generation more interested in work-life balance, and is losing many of its members overseas.
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Hilton, Zoe. "Physiological adaptation in the radiation of New Zealand triplefin fishes (Family Tripterygiidae)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5902.
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Physiological adaptation to divergent environments is a poorly understood factor in adaptive radiation. New Zealand (NZ) triplefin fishes (Tripterygiidae) have undergone a radiation associated with habitat diversification within NZ's coastal waters, where 26 closely-related endemic species occur in overlapping but divergent habitats, partitioned by depth and exposure. By investigating the relationship between respiratory physiological traits and habitat in these fishes, this thesis examines whether there is evidence in this group to support two proposed criteria for adaptive radiation; phenotype-environment correlation and trait utility. Significant interspecific differences were observed in rates of oxygen consumption (VO2) and critical oxygen concentration (O2 crit) in 12 species of triplefin examined. O2 crit correlated with species' habitat depth, with intertidal species displaying greater hypoxia tolerance than subtidal species, thus demonstrating phenotype-environment correlation and trait utility in relation to hypoxia exposure. Interspecific differences in VO2 were significantly influenced by phylogeny, indicating a lack of strong environmental selection on VO2. However, there was some indication of lower VO2 in species occupying more exposed habitats. Mitochondrial respiration was also examined in three species; the intertidal species displayed higher cytochrome c oxidase activity and was able to maintain efficient oxidative phosphorylation at higher temperatures than the two subtidal species, further indicating phenotype-environment correlation and trait utility. Haemoglobin (Hb) isoform expression was examined in 23 species. Isoform multiplicity declined with habitat depth, supporting the hypothesis that higher multiplicity may be associated with greater environmental variability. A lack of phylogenetic signal in Hb expression, and latitudinal variation in the relative isoform abundance in some species, indicated potential selection on this trait. However, there was no pattern in expression of cathodal Hbs, and the trait utility of this multiplicity is unknown. Overall, there is strong evidence that differences between intertidal and subtidal environments in exposure to high temperatures and hypoxia may have lead to divergence in O2 crit and mitochondrial function between intertidal and subtidal species. Therefore physiological adaptation may have enabled the expansion of species into the more demanding habitats such as the intertidal zone. Hb isoform multiplicity and VO2 were correlated with habitat in both intertidal and subtidal species, however the trait utility associated with these correlations is unknown and thus there remains a lack of evidence to support a direct role of physiological adaptation in habitat divergence of subtidal species - and therefore for adaptive radiation of the group as a whole.Whole document restricted until September 2011, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access. Please note some figures of the thesis have been previously published and are subject to copyright restrictions.
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Cornes, Richard. "Top court reform in the United Kingdom and New Zealand 1999-2011 : a participant perspective and critique." Thesis, University of Essex, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571266.
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The nine pieces that comprise this submission for a doctorate of philosophy in law are concerned with the reform debates in the United Kingdom and New Zealand between 1999 and 2011, and which led during that period to both countries establishing new Supreme Courts. My interest in top court reform in both countries has not been though simply as an academic commentator: three of the pieces were prepared to engage directly with the policy debates concerned: a briefing to a Royal Commission on Reform of the House of Lords covering the role of the Law Lords; an options study of possible reform models co-authored with Andrew Le Sueur and funded by the ESRC; and a submission to the UK Parliament on the Constitutional Reform Bill. My concern has been, and continues to be, to offer the insights of academic study to ongoing reform debates, and also to bring into my academic writing a sense of the realities which may flow from engaging with the policy making process. To give a sense of ongoing perspective I also outline in a closing chapter my current and possible future research projects, all of which continue in the theme of top court studies in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
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Brown, Margaret Mary Selman. "Genealogical Family History in Aotearoa-New Zealand: From Community of Practice to Transdisciplinary Academic Discourse?" The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2561.
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Genealogical Family Historians conduct research in order to reconstruct genealogical families, through the application of a rigorous methodology: weighing the evidence for placing each individual in a family group, linking family groups of the past and making contact with kin of the present. Genealogical Family Historians trace the movements and migrations of identified individuals and family groups; and study the local, national and international social settings of lives lived in families and households in different times and places, over many generations. A large worldwide Community of Practice with many constituent groups, including the New Zealand Society of Genealogists Incorporated, has formed itself around this research activity. In this transdisciplinary study focused on social learning, I have explored and analysed the domain, the practice and the community of Genealogical Family Historians researching in and from Aotearoa-New Zealand during the past 50 years. Genealogical Family Historians meet formally and informally, in small groups or at large conferences to pursue their self-directed learning. The collaborative practice includes publishing and teaching; and the locating, preserving and indexing of records. Many conduct research and communicate with others in the new world of cyberspace. My overarching research question has been: where is the future place for this scholarly discourse? My approach to this study is transdisciplinary: my point-of-view is above and across departments and disciplines. The ethos and vision of transdisciplinarity is attained only through existing disciplines, and transdisciplinary research has the potential to contribute to those disciplines, as I demonstrate in this thesis. The transdisciplinary scholarly discourse of Genealogical Family History owes much to the disciplines of history, geography and sociology; and draws on biology, law, religious studies, linguistics, demography, computer science and information technology. I have also drawn on understandings from my own prior and concurrent disciplinary knowledge and experience for this study. Other Genealogical Family Historians bring different disciplinary understandings to the discourse that is Genealogical Family History. My positionality is that of an insider, an involved member of the Community of Practice for many years. In this study, I have allowed my key informants to speak with their own voices; and I have sought illustration and evidence from documentation and observation in the wider Genealogical Family History Community, past and present. I have used enhanced reflection on my own practice in my analysis and in case studies. This study demonstrates how the Community of Practice has played an important role in developing a transdisciplinary mode of inquiry and suggests that there are some generic features of the field and practice of Genealogical Family History that form the substance of a transdisciplinary discourse ready to take its place in academia.
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Fee, Roderick Harold. "Sandcastles, and, The postmodern rules for family living a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Creative Writing (MCW), 2008." Click here to access exegesis online, 2008. http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/770.
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Lynch, Nessa, and n/a. "The rights of the young person in the New Zealand youth justice family group conference." University of Otago. Faculty of Law, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090728.105833.
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The youth justice family group conference (FGC) is a statutory decision making process whereby the young person, their family/whanau, state officials and the victim of the offence come together to decide on a response to offending by that young person. The FGC is an integral part of the youth justice system, involving thousands of young people and their families each year.
There is a considerable amount of literature available on the youth justice FGC, most notably in regard to the purported restorative justice nature of the process. However, for a legal process which involves so many young people on a daily basis, there is little information available on the due process rights of young people in the FGC. This thesis seeks to remedy this gap in the research knowledge.
Firstly, this thesis establishes the theoretical framework for the rights of the young person in the youth justice system. The historical context and theoretical justification for these rights is considered, and the benchmarks for rights coming from international and national human rights standards are identified. A key theoretical issue is the application of rights to the FGC. It is argued that although the FGC differs in format from the adversarial criminal process, it remains a state process involved in resolving a breach of the criminal law, and thus the young person's rights should be safeguarded.
Secondly, this thesis evaluates legislation, policy and practice relating to the rights of the young person in the FGC. Three key areas of rights are considered: legal assistance, how the offence is proved, and outcomes of the FGC. Reference is made to practice examples derived from observation of the FGC in two centres in New Zealand.
Finally, as the FGC is certain to remain an integral part of the youth justice system, recommendations are made as to how legislation and practice could be improved to better safeguard the rights of young people in this process.
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Helbling, Rudolf. "Family farming without state intervention : economic factors underlying the prevalence of family farming : theoretical analysis and case study of New Zealand /." Zürich : VdF Hochschulverl. an der ETH, 1996. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3728124141.
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Billot, Jennie Margaret. "Women's agency in the North Shore and Waitakere cities of Auckland (New Zealand)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9908064.
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This thesis examines the ways in which women assess and seek resources in their urban contexts. I argue that the struggles of daily life in local communities and institutional groups can produce ideological spaces into which new practices, arising from increased consciousness of issues, can be developed. My aim has been to uncover women's experiences in a way that not only interprets meanings from their practices, but also encourages such practices to be seen as valid renderings of women's understandings. I examine women's initiatives through the analysis of varying contexts. While I acknowledge the historical importance of the domestic situation as a threshold for much historic activism, women's proactivity requires a broader situational analysis. I therefore present cases of proactivity within the domestic, public and business spheres, within the two cities of Waitakere and North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand. Through the search for new progressive social identities, women's activities at the inter-personal level are a prime source of social change. It is through the recursive relationship between women as agents and the social structure, that changing interpretations of social expectations are produced, allowing for creative activism. While women's initiatives may aim to transform particular social environments, they become part of the incremental process of change that alters the experience and structure of women's lives. The thesis has four parts. The first outlines the scope, objectives and theoretical framework, while the second conceptualises women's agency and its positioning within social gendered structures. Part Three presents the investigative processes linking the theoretical framework and the empirical analysis. Part Four submits the thematic interpretations of the thesis, concluding that women can be agents of social change in a diversity of ways. I acknowledge my feminist stance, one with layerings of objectives and motivations. I view women's circumstances as resulting from the interweaving of structural forces and personal capacities. The resulting awareness of women's experiences can challenge the values and concepts of masculine discourses. This is viewed through the concept of multiplicity. On a political level this means creating a resistance to hierarchies and a commitment to a plurality of voice, style and structure.Subscription resource available via Digital Dissertations only.
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Than, Tut. "The Court of Appeal decision in Accent Management Ltd v CIR [2007] NZCA 230 Statutory interpretation in New Zealand tax avoidance law : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business, 2007." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/416.
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Shephard, Sonia Lee. "The Sociocultural Model of Eating Disorders in New Zealand Women: Family Food-Related Experiences and Self-Compassion as Moderators." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7261.
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Eating disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions which often result in severe impairment in many life domains. The sociocultural model specifies mechanisms through which sociocultural pressure leads to eating pathology among young women (Stice, 1994) and posits that exposure to the Western cultural thin ideal, internalization of the ideal and experience of a difference between self and ideal leads to body dissatisfaction, which is a well validated precursor to eating pathology. The current research examined whether the relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction
were moderated by family food-related experiences and self-compassion. The current paper also investigated whether the strength of relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction are affected by certain types of family food-related experiences. Female university students (N = 106) completed self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that mindfulness, a constituent of self-compassion, moderated
the relationship between internalization of cultural thinness standards and body dissatisfaction. In addition, self-compassion, each component of self-compassion and women’s perception of negative maternal family food-related experiences predicted internalization of Western societal
norms of thinness, as well as body dissatisfaction. Moreover, women’s perception of negative paternal family food-related experiences predicted body dissatisfaction. Women’s perception of negative maternal commentary predicted internalization of Western beauty standards and body
dissatisfaction. Finally, women’s perception of negative paternal commentary and paternal modelling of eating difficulties and body image concerns predicted internalization of those values. Future research should attempt to clarify causal relationships among self-compassion and family food-related experiences within the sociocultural model of eating disorders.
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Bryant, Maxine Joyce. "Isolation, characterisation and molecular evolution of the actin gene family of the New Zealand black-footed abalone, Haliotis iris." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5974.
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Molluscs are biologically important; they form a diverse taxon and the most well known members of the Lophotrochozoa, the most understudied Bilaterian group. Despite this importance, few studies have characterised molluscs at the genetic level. The New Zealand black-footed abalone Haliotis iris, an economically and culturally valued species, was chosen as a model for genetic characterisation of a molluscan actin gene family. In H. iris, actin is essential for the production of a large muscular foot, which forms the bulk of the body mass. The structure, expression and evolution of actin genes were investigated to elucidate the function of the actin gene family in H. iris.
H. iris actin genes were isolated by PCR using gene subtype-specific primers designed from previously characterised partial H. iris actin sequences and generic primers derived from H. rufescens (Californian red abalone) and Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Three full length genes, H.irisA1, H.irisA2 and H.irisA3, and three partial genes, H.irisA1a, H.irisA1b and H.irisA1c, were isolated. The full length genes showed 82-95% sequence similarity to mollusc actin gene sequences deposited in GenBank. Sequence conservation confirmed the identity of the putative actin genes. The six genes contained a single variable length intron between codons 41 and 42. Intron lengths were: 174 nt,
H.irisA1; 1,078 nt, H.irisA2; 581 nt, H.irisA3; 301 nt, H.irisA1a; 282 nt, H.iris1l and 229 nt, H.irisA1c. The predicted proteins of the full length genes contained 375 aa and lacked the second amino acid usually found in invertebrate actin proteins. Southern hybridisation of genomic DNA suggested there was a large gene family composed of at least eight members.
The expression of H.irisA1, H.irisA2 and H.irisA3 in developmental stages and adult tissues was investigated by RT-PCR. RT-PCR demonstrated differential expression of H. iris actin genes during development and in adult tissues. H.irisA1 and H.irisA2 were expressed at low levels in fertilised eggs and blastula, with expression increasing in trochophore and veliger larvae. H.irisA3 was not expressed in eggs, but was faintly detected in blastula and highly expressed in trochophore and veliger larvae. H.irisA1 was ubiquitously expressed in adult gill, gonad, hepatopancreas, foot and mantle tissue, suggesting it may be a cytoplasmic-type actin. H.irisA2 was expressed in all tissues except the hepatopancreas, although low expression may not have been detectable by electrophoresis of RT -PCR products. Further characterisation is required to confirm whether H.irisA2 encodes a cytoplasmic-type actin. H.irisA3 was expressed at high levels in the muscular foot and mantle, and was faintly detected in gonad, suggesting it may be a muscle type actin.
Phylogenetic analyses of H. iris actin genes and other molluscan actin genes available on GenBank were performed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Analyses suggested that haliotid actins can be divided into two orthologous clades, the first clade containing H.irisA1,
H.irisA1a, H.irisA1b, H.irisA1c, H.virgA1a, H.virgA1b, H.virgA1c and H. Rufescens actin, the second clade containing H.irisA2, H.irisA3 and H. discus hannai actin. Orthology indicated that the last common ancestor of haliotids had at least two actin genes. Clustering of actin genes from individual haliotid species within orthologous actin gene clades suggests paralogy resulting from duplication of
actin genes within species. Evidence for gene orthology between mollusc actin genes was found, but further characterisation of actin genes from other mollusc species is required to infer the evolutionary significance of orthology.
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Panich, Wendy. "Family and personality factors in juvenile delinquency." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8402.
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The current study investigated relationships between youth offending, family factors, and personality factors. As a follow-up study to McLoughlin et al, one of the primary focus of this study was to examine whether callous-unemotional traits and aggression could predict offending. The second primary focus of this study was to determine whether family factors also predict offending in combination with callous-unemotional traits and aggression. Police records of 126 youths were obtained, and these were analysed along with the responses that were collected in the previous years during 2007-2010. Several theories involving crime and family factors were also addressed. The results revealed that callous-unemotional trait and aggression were both related to offending. Family factors, particularly ones related to parenting were correlated with youth offending and antisocial behavioural traits.
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Ichijima, Emiko. "Nursing Roles in Parental Support: A cross-cultural comparisons between Neonatal Intensive Care Units in New Zealand and Japan." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2372.
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Introduction: Past studies have indicated that nursing support reduces parental stress and anxiety during a child’s NICU hospitalisation and therefore fosters the parents’ abilities to cope with the difficulties they are facing. The importance of parental support has been emphasised in numerous studies in Western countries, however the nursing support which is responsive to the parents may vary between different cultures. The cultural norms of medical and nursing care environments can affect parental stress-related experiences as well as nursing roles in the NICUs across different countries. The aims of this study are, first, to compare the medical and nursing care environments of the two NICUs. Second, the study establishes any similarities and differences in sources of parental stress in the two NICUs. Third, the study illustrates the underlying philosophy of Doane and Varcoe’s (2005) relational approach to family nursing and highlights the importance of relational inquiry in the process of determining the parental support which best responds to individual families’ needs in the NICU.
Methods: This study analyses the nursing roles that support parents of children hospitalised in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It is a cross-cultural comparison between two NICUs, one in Christchurch, New Zealand and the other in Tokyo, Japan, with both quantitative and qualitative components. Thirty-one families participated voluntarily in the study from each NICU (n=121). The three main sources of data were a NICU staff interview, parental interview, and parental questionnaire using the Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PSS: NICU) (Miles, 2002). A thematic analysis was used in order to examine parental comments.
Results: The differences between the two NICUs in terms of the NICU care environment, including NICU regulations and routine nursing care, were identified by the staff interviews, highlighting the contrasting dominant ideologies of individualism and collectivism reflected in each culture. The three sources of parental stress, measured by PSS: NICU: Sights and Sounds; Baby’s Appearance and Behaviour; the Parental Role Alteration, were examined. The sources most responsible for parental stress differed between the four groups of parents. Overall, The Tokyo parents seemed to be most concerned about the infant’s condition. The Christchurch parents, however, perceived the change in parental role to be most stressful. Additionally, only the Tokyo fathers experienced stress in association with Sights and Sounds more often than other areas of stress. The infant’s medical/nursing care requirements, oxygen therapy and/or tube feeding, were associated with a high degree of stress for each of the parents’ groups except that of the Christchurch fathers. There was a positive relationship between parental NICU visiting and stress level among the Tokyo parents while this was not the case for the Christchurch parents. The infants’ and parental characteristics were found to be associated with stress level for the Tokyo mothers and Christchurch fathers only. The thematic analysis of interview data revealed three key themes of NICU parental experiences: Uncertainty, NICU contexts and Communication with staff. These themes were identical between the two NICUs.
Discussion: This study highlighted the influence of the norms of each NICU, particularly the NICU regulations and nursing care on parental stress-related experiences, and the importance of reflecting upon these norms to critique those professional beliefs which may hamper parental coping abilities. The areas of parental support needing attention were different between the two NICUs. These areas were: the establishment of oral feeding, and infants’ nursing care-related decision-making for the Christchurch NICU whilst parental information/involvement in the early stage of hospitalisation, the influence of visiting regulations, and importing Western-based NICU intervention for the Tokyo NICU. In providing these areas of parental support, the importance of effective, meaningful communication between parents and staff was equally evident in the two NICU settings. In the light of the relational approach to family nursing, this study demonstrated that how nurses communicate with families is not universal: one way to reach across the differences is to listen to parents, and this, it is clear, is crucial to the role of nurses in NICU settings.
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George, Robert H. "Reassessing relocation : a comparative analysis of legal approaches to disputes over family migration after parental separation in England and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0b7e3d4-f7de-41b4-8215-6a5f00cb733b.
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Relocation cases are disputes between separated parents which arise when one proposes to move to a new locality with their child and the other objects. Relocation disputes are increasingly common and are becoming a topic of international concern. This thesis takes a comparative socio-legal approach to examining the legal responses to relocation cases in England and New Zealand. In England, Payne v Payne [2001] 1 FLR 1052 continues to apply principles first enunciated in Poel v Poel [1970] 1 WLR 1469, and generally sees children’s welfare as being promoted by allowing primary carers to relocate, so long as such moves are bona fide and well-considered. New Zealand rejected this approach in the mid-1990s, and now places more emphasis on children having strong relationships with both parents. Consequently, where England is characterised as ‘pro-relocation’, New Zealand is ‘anti-relocation’. Qualitative interviews with legal practitioners in both countries suggest that these characterisations are reflective of the law in practice. Looking at hypothetical case-studies, English practitioners are more likely to support proposed relocations than New Zealanders. Many English practitioners think their law to be outdated, and in particular that it gives too much weight to applicants’ well-being and too little to the value of children having strong relationships with both parents. However, in New Zealand, where an approach similar to that favoured by many English participants is applied, practitioners have the opposite concern, that applicants’ well-being is given insufficient weight, and promoting strong relationships with both parents has become overly dominant when assessing children’s welfare. It is suggested that the current variation in approaches to relocation may fit broader trends in post-separation parenting in different countries. However, given the current ‘search for common principles’ which can be applied to relocation cases internationally, this thesis raises questions about the likelihood of international agreement being reached.
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Gallrach, Franziska. "Quality of Life of People with Dementia and their Informal Caregivers - A Clinical and Economic Analysis in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4818.
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Background:
Multivariate analyses of quality of life (QoL) in dementia are relatively rare. This study was the first aiming to measure QoL of persons with dementia and their informal caregivers in New Zealand. To date, it is also the only study examining what interventions from primary and secondary care in New Zealand are helpful for enhancing QoL and what these interventions cost.
Methods:
In this prospective cohort study, questionnaires (including the Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease Scale and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory) investigating various QoL-domains were administered to 53 outpatients of a memory clinic recently diagnosed with dementia, and their caregivers at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Time and resource utilisation were assessed in order to identify direct and indirect costs using questionnaires and diaries (over 12 months).
Results:
Cognition scores of persons with dementia (PWDs) ranged from 49 to 91 on the Modified-Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS); scores on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) ranged from 0.5 to 3, with 83% of PWDs being in the early stages of the illness at baseline (CDR ≤ 1).
Most PWD measurements confirmed the predicted correlations including a strong link between PWDs’ and caregivers’ QoL. Many correlations remained stable over 12 months. Combined information and support interventions achieved significantly better PWD and caregiver QoL than single interventions. Direct costs (including costs of informal caregiving time) increased with an increase in dementia severity, neuropsychiatric and behavioural symptoms and functional limitations. There was a clear trend that caregivers were more distressed if patients received less in-home support. Direct non-medical costs of PWDs living at home did not increase with the severity of PWDs’ cognitive impairment. In 2008/09, there were an estimated 1,896 persons in Canterbury providing a total of 5.47 million hours of care for PWDs. This unpaid care had a value of NZ $135.8 million. Caregivers were much more likely to be depressed if they had a low income. More than one-third of family-caregivers (39.5%) thought that financial compensation for their time spent caring would enable them to look after the PWD at home for longer.
Conclusions:
A mix of different clinical and non-clinical (including economic) factors can predict QoL in dementia. The strong link between PWDs’ and caregivers’ QoL calls for a systemic approach in dementia care. QoL can be sustained over 1 year in a cohort of mainly early dementia patients and their informal caregivers. Developing psychosocial and financial incentives could be a key factor to support PWDs and their informal caregivers in New Zealand, consequently enabling them to live in the community for longer. These outcomes also have implications for health professionals and social policy makers which must be addressed as health practitioners and the wider community strive both for best practice and for cost-effective care of our increasingly ageing population.
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Fenstad, Mona Høysæter. "Genetic Susceptibility to Preeclampsia : Studies on the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Cohort, an Australian/New Zealand Family Cohort and Decidua Basalis Tissue." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kreftforskning og molekylær medisin, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12671.
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Genetisk disposisjon for utvikling av svangerskapsforgiftning : Studier fra Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag, en familiekohort fra Australia/New Zealand og decidua basalis vev Svangerskapsforgiftning er en alvorlig komplikasjon ved graviditet, og på verdensbasis bidrar tilstanden til økt sykelighet og dødelighet for både mor og foster. Både arvelige og miljø-/livsstilsfaktorer kan påvirke risikoen for utvikling av svangerskapsforgiftning. Selv om det fortsatt er uklart hva som forårsaker sykdommen, har forståelsen økt de siste årene, og genetisk forskning har vært en viktig bidragsyter i dette. Når morkaken fester seg til livmorveggen, bryter morkakens celler ned muskellaget i livmorens forsynende blodårer, slik at morkaken etter hvert får god blodgjennomstrømning med tilgang på surstoff og næring til fosteret. Et uheldig samspill mellom fosteret og mors immunsystem ser ut til å være sentralt i sykdomsutviklingen ved svangerskapsforgiftning. Det kliniske bildet er preget av en overdrevet betennelsesreaksjon og sirkulatoriske forandringer. Dette sees også ved hjerte-kar lidelser, og svangerskapsforgiftning deler mange risikofaktorer med disse sykdommene. Kvinner som har hatt svangerskapsforgiftning har dessuten økt risiko for hjerte-kar lidelser senere i livet. Svangerskapsforgiftning viser en klar opphopning i familier, og ulike modeller for det genetiske bakteppet er blitt foreslått. Etter at man kartla hele den menneskelige arvestoffsekvensen (2003) kunne man begynne å analysere markører som er spredt i hele arvestoffet for å finne områder som påvirker risikoen for komplekse sykdommer som kreft, hjerte-kar sykdom og svangerskapsforgiftning. Da man begynte dette arbeidet trodde man at man i fremtiden ville kunne forutse sykdom hos enkeltpersoner ved å lese arvestoffsekvensen deres. Nå, syv år senere, har den teknologiske utviklingen snart gjort det mulig å lese hele arvestoffsekvensen til en person relativt raskt og til en overkommelig pris. Den genetiske forskningen som er gjort i løpet av disse årene har imidlertid endret vårt syn både på hvor stabilt og upåvirkelig arvestoffet er, og på hvor allmenn variasjonen som kan gi sykdom er. Med utgangspunkt i den andre Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT2) og Norsk Fødselsregister, har vi identifisert en relativt stor populasjonskohort av kvinner som har hatt svangerskapsforgiftning og kvinner som har hatt normale svangerskap. Kohorten er godt kartlagt med epidemiologiske data og vi har tilgang til blodprøver med mulighet for analyse av biokjemiske markører og isolering av arvestoff. Dette har gjort det mulig for oss å evaluere genetiske funn gjort i andre populasjoner. Vi har også undersøkt det globale genuttrykket i en samling av prøver tatt fra decidua basalis, møtepunktet for morkake og livmorvegg/mors blodårer, hos kvinner med kompliserte og normale svangerskap. De funnene som presenteres i artiklene inkludert i denne tesen må sees i sammenheng med annen forskning for å kunne bidra til en økt forståelse av det genetiske og biologiske grunnlaget for svangerskapsforgiftning. Resultatene støtter teorien om at en forstyrret immunbalanse har betydning. Vi har knyttet TNFSF13B, et gen som er med på å regulere immuncellers aktiveringsgrad og funksjon, til svangerskapsforgiftning i den australske familiekohorten. Tidligere har dette genet vært vist å disponere for spontanabort. Vi viser også at en av de biologiske prosessene som ser ut til å være mest forstyrret ved svangerskapsforgiftning, er tryptofan metabolismen, som har betydning for normal utvikling av immunceller. Både STOX1 og notch signalveier er involvert i nydannelse av blodårer og har vært knyttet til både svangerskapsforgiftning og nevrodegenerative sykdommer. Det er derfor fremsatt en teori om at disse tilstandene kan ha et felles genetisk grunnlag, og våre observasjoner støtter betydningen av disse prosessene for utvikling av svangerskapsforgiftning. Variasjon i COMT genet har vært vist å ha betydning både for utvikling av hjerte-kar sykdom og svangerskapsforgiftning, via regulering av cellens respons på lav oksygentilførsel. Vi bekrefter at dette genet kan bidra til risiko for svangerskapsforgiftning. Flere av forandringen som vi finner i genuttrykks studien bekrefter også den tette forbindelsen mellom oksygenering-reoksygenerings skader og svangerskapsforgiftning. Oppsummert har vi i løpet av de årene dette prosjektet har pågått opplevd en revolusjon i hvordan vi ser på genetisk variasjon som grunnlag for sykdomsutvikling. Vi har også opplevd en økende forståelse for de biologiske mekanismene som ligger bak utvikling av svangerskapsforgiftning. De funnene som presenteres her bidrar til noe av denne økte forståelsen og åpner for flere nye spørsmål. Videre forskning på dette feltet er nødvendig.
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O'Driscoll, Stephen James, and n/a. "Conduct of counsel causing or contributing to a miscarriage of justice." University of Otago. Faculty of Law, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090506.091357.
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The Crimes Act 1961 and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 provide that a person accused of a criminal offence in New Zealand has the right to be represented at trial by counsel. The purpose of representation by counsel is to protect the accused�s interests; ensure that the accused is able to present their defence to the Court; ensure that the accused receives a fair trial; and ensure that the accused is not the subject of a miscarriage of justice.
It is implicit that criminal defence counsel must be competent if they are to be effective advocates on behalf of their clients. If counsel is not competent, there is a risk that counsel�s acts or omissions may cause or contribute to a miscarriage of justice.
The Crimes Act 1961 allows an accused to appeal against their conviction on the basis that they have been the subject of a miscarriage of justice through the conduct of their counsel. The thesis analyses the Supreme Court decision of R v Sungsuwan that sets out the test that an appellate court must consider when deciding to allow an appeal based on the conduct of counsel.
The thesis examines 239 Court of Appeal decisions between 1996 and 2007 that have considered appeals from jury trials where at least one of the grounds of appeal was that defence counsel caused or contributed to a miscarriage of justice. The thesis notes the increasing trend to use "conduct of counsel" as a ground of appeal. In 1996 there were 4 appeals; in 2006 there were 43 such appeals and in 2007 there were 29 appeals.
During the period under review the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and specifically held that counsel�s conduct, either alone or in combination with other grounds, caused or contributed to a miscarriage of justice in 41 cases. The thesis analyses the common complaints made by an accused against trial counsel and the common areas where the Court of Appeal upheld complaints against counsel.
The thesis takes into account the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 and the Lawyers and Conveyancers (Lawyer: Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2008 that came into existence on 1 August 2008. The new legislation places particular emphasis on the obligations of counsel to uphold the rule of law and to facilitate the administration of justice in New Zealand. Counsel also has an obligation to protect the interests of their clients.
The thesis concludes that the plethora of cases coming before the Court of Appeal, and the number of appeals allowed by the Court, demonstrate defence counsel do not always protect the interests of their clients and can cause or contribute to a miscarriage of justice.
The thesis makes a number of recommendations that may reduce the risk of both an accused appealing on the basis on the conduct of counsel and an appeal being allowed on the basis of the conduct of counsel. In particular, it is suggested that there should be greater degree of co-operation between the New Zealand Law Society and the Legal Services Agency to ensure the maintenance of high standards among criminal defence lawyers.
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Raju, Sushiela Diane. "Examining ICD-10 coding for family violence within a New Zealand District Health Board a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Science (MHSc), 2008." Abstract. Full dissertation, 2008.
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Dissertation (MHSc--Health Science) -- AUT University, 2008.Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (viii, 88 leaves ; 30 cm.) in North Shore Campus Theses Collection (T 362.9292 RAJ)
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Batistich, Christina. "Breaking the silence a critical analysis of integrating a community level intervention model within a domestic violence public awareness campaign in New Zealand : this thesis is submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts (Communication Studies), 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.
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Tu, Tina. "New Zealand household debt is it too high? a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/478.
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Thompson, Andrew Paul. "Whanau/family meetings in the paediatric intensive care unit: content, process, and family satisfaction : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy, Social Work, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1102.
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Family Meetings occur frequently in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) yet little data existed to guide clinicians in the conduct of these meetings. The medical team is required to deliver complex medical information and navigate complex decision-making with a traumatised family during a meeting. The objectives of this study were to describe the content and process of 15 whanau/family meetings in the PICU, identify family meeting characteristics and patient and family attributes that influence family satisfaction and recommend guidelines for health professionals working in the PICU. The study was conducted in a PICU in a university-affiliated children’s hospital in New Zealand (NZ). The process and content of 15 family meetings were analysed using a coding framework previously developed through a qualitative study of family meetings in the adult intensive care unit (Curtis, 2002a). A questionnaire providing a quantitative assessment of family satisfaction drawn from the same study was administered to 30 family members. Demographic data for the study were collected from the patient’s hospital record and these were combined with data relating to the meeting recording and transcript to identify family meeting characteristics and attributes that might influence family satisfaction. The content and process of family meetings in the PICU were described using a framework detailing 28 codes from the six domains: introductions, informational exchange, discussions of the future, decisions, discussions about death and dying, and closings. A comparison of family meeting characteristics and patient and family attributes revealed that longer meetings (40 minutes plus) were associated with lower family satisfaction and should therefore prompt clinicians to consider whether there are unresolved conflicts, difficulties or misunderstandings between the medical team and the family. Recommendations are proposed to guide health professionals in family meetings in the PICU. This is the first study to record and code the content of family meetings in the PICU. The findings from this study will assist clinicians in their meetings with families. The description of the family meeting content will also provide a foundation for future communication training and research in the health environment.
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Chan, Camellia K. Y. "Border crossing Work-life balance issues with Chinese entrepreneurs in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/391.
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Schänzel, Heike Annette. "Family time and own time on holiday : generation, gender, and group dynamic perspectives from New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1194.
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Oliver, Melody. "Physical activity in New Zealand preschoolers amount, associations, and accounts : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), 2008." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/433.
Full textAbstract:
Improving physical activity (PA) participation is a public health priority in developed and developing countries to curb the substantial and growing prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases. Early childhood may be an especially important time to encourage PA; however, there is a paucity of research in this area. The aim of this research was to contribute to the limited body of work in PA in early childhood by investigating PA measurement approaches in young children and applying this knowledge to determine socio-environmental associations of preschool PA. An initial literature review provided the background for the thesis and determined the approaches taken in the ensuing chapters. A second literature review provided a detailed critique of research specific to PA measurement in early childhood to further inform the empirical studies. Information for the empirical chapters was drawn from three research projects: two studies were completed that assessed tools for objectively measuring PA in young children (pedometers and accelerometers), and these studies informed a final project to quantify associates of PA in a sample of preschool-aged children. Novel and important findings from the preliminary studies were that pedometer accuracy for measuring free-living PA and walking in children aged 3-5 years was poor, especially for pedometers worn at the back of the child, or during slow walking. Furthermore, when investigating the utility of accelerometers (more complex and frequently adopted tools) to quantify PA intensity in preschoolers, their application and use of commonly employed thresholds resulted in systematic underestimation of PA intensity and poor agreement (=0.09) when compared with a direct observation criterion measure. Application of existing accelerometer thresholds to classify PA intensity in preschoolers was therefore likely to yield biased estimates. Given the dearth of robust alternatives, a novel approach was developed to calculate individual activity rates from the raw accelerometer data. To account for over-dispersion in accelerometer counts, daily average activity rates per second were derived for each participant using negative binomial generalised estimating equation (GEE) models with a first-order autoregressive (AR1) correlation structure. These rates were assumed to be exchangeable between days and normally distributed. Potential socio-environmental associates of children’s activity rates and body size were thus assessed using normal GEE models with exchangeable correlation structures. Parental PA and child age were independently and significantly associated with child activity rates (P≤0.04). No relationships between child body size and PA or television (TV) exposure were found. Common approaches to PA measurement and data consideration were challenged in this research and novel robust methods devised utilising contemporary statistical methods. Accelerometer data can be successfully reduced to individual activity rates to mitigate current issues related to objective PA quantification with preschoolers. Parental involvement in preschool PA interventions is worthy of further investigation, and younger children may stand to benefit more from increased activity. Further exploration of the complex interactions between PA, exposure to media, and health outcomes in preschool-aged children is warranted.
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Houghton, Rosalind Margaret Elise. ""We had to cope with what we had" : agency perspectives on domestic violence and disasters in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1159.
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Yu, Shanjiang. "Family factors in bilingual children's code-switching and language maintenance a New Zealand case study : thesis submitted to the School of Languages, Faculty of Applied Humanities, Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, November 28, 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2005.
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Clendon, Jillian Margaret. "Motherhood and the 'Plunket Book' : a social history : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/826.
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The Well Child/Tamariki Ora Health Book (the Plunket book) is a small booklet given to New Zealand mothers on the birth of a child. It has been used by nurses as a tool to record growth and development from birth to five years since the 1920s. Although use of the book decreases over time, it is frequently kept within the family and handed on from mother to child. Utilising an oral history approach, this study has traced the development of the Plunket book over time and explored the experiences of a group of 34 women and one man who have reflected on their ownership of, or involvement with, Plunket books. The study found that the Plunket book remains an effective clinical tool for mothers and nurses. Mothers have used the book as a tool to link past with present, to maintain kinship ties across generations, to deal with change intergenerationally, and in a manner that contributes to their self-identity as woman and mother. Although mothers were able to use the book to affirm their own knowledge and that of their mothers, a medically dominated discourse persists in the book. The book has also played a role in facilitating the interaction between mother and nurse, providing an opportunity to explore the relationship in detail. The study found that the most successful relationships at any time were those that bordered the division between a professional relationship and a personal one: it was not the information that nurses offered but the interaction and resulting care they provided that was important to the mothers in the study. The study recommends that nurses and other health professionals continue to use the Plunket book as a clinical tool mindful of the fact that the book remains in use beyond the health professional’s immediate involvement with the mother and child, playing an important role in the context of the New Zealand family across generations. Future versions of the book should contain written reference to the strengths and abilities the mother holds as she cares for her child, reaffirming her role and identity as mother not only when her children are younger but as they grow and become parents themselves.
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Bourke, Josephine Emily. "Elder care, self-employed women and work-family balance: an exploration using work-family border theory : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Human Resource Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1066.
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Despite work-life balance being an area of interest to many researchers, there is little reference to any effects related specifically to elder care. Current demographics indicate that the proportion of elderly in the community is increasing, and with greater workforce participation (particularly among women workers) the availability of family caregivers is less guaranteed. Women are more likely to be responsible for elder care, and as they seek to manage their work and life, are also more likely to seek workplace flexibility, sometimes through self-employment. The effect that elder care may be having on the work-life balance of self-employed women is the focus of this research project. Using work-family border theory as a lens, this research documented the effect that elder care had on the lives of a group of self-employed women who also had elder care responsibilities. Eight women from the Wellington region participated in this research, which was carried out from a broadly phenomenological perspective. Each participant shared information, using a case study approach, about their business and elder care responsibilities. The results of this research indicate the profound effect of emotions in the elder care situation, and also the effect of expectations from others whose influences affected the ability of the participants to achieve work-life balance.
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Korver, Ruth M. "In memory of cats : the camera and the ordinary moment : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Fine Arts at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/956.
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In memory of cats: The camera and the ordinary moment looks at the way in which families use photographs to remember the past. Photography’s offer of memory is limited to a visual trace, so strategies of oral telling are examined to interrogate the way in which memories can be recovered from photographs. Martha Langford’s study of the similarities between structures in oral culture and the photograph album and Annette Kuhn’s strategies for reading family photographs in a broader historical context, are used to examine and recover memories from my own photographic archive. Using moving image to record those memories and then tell how that photographic evidence has shaped my present, is a process suggested by Linda Williams in her writing about how postmodern documentary can use the past to intervene in the present. Other documentary styles, performative documentary and the essay film, offer a structure for personal memories to be revisited and re-presented to public viewers. Offering a space for personal or specific memories to be understood or related to by a viewer is discussed by Lisa Saltzman, who looks at indexical forms other than the photograph, like casting and tracing. These ideas culminated in my video work, A Clowder of Cats, which explores the losses that have been a part of my history, through photographs of the cats my family has owned. The camera gives us a strategy to remember moments that may otherwise have been forgotten, and moving image provides a space for those ordinary moments to be bought back to the present.
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Oakley, Simon Hardie. "Crystallographic determination of wild type, mutant and substrate-analogue inhibited structures of bacterial members of a family of superoxide dismutases : submitted as part of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Chemistry, Massey University, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1072.
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The iron and manganese superoxide dismutases are a family of metallo-enzymes with highly conserved protein folds, active sites and dimer interfaces. They catalyse the elimination of the cytotoxic free radical superoxide to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by alternate reduction then oxidation of the activesite with the concomitant transfer of protons from the solvent. There are many key aspects of enzymatic function that lack a structural explanation. The focus of this study is on three crystal structures. The iron-substituted manganese superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli complexed with azide, a substrate-mimicking inhibitor, was solved to 2.2 Å. This “wrong” metal form shows a binding pattern seen previously in the manganese superoxide dismutase from Thermus thermophilus. Wild-type manganese specific superoxide dismutase from the extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans was solved to 2.0 Å and has an active site reminiscent of other solved manganese superoxide dismutases despite a lack of product inhibition. The azide-inhibited manganese superoxide dismutase from Deinococcus radiodurans was determined to a resolution of 2.0 Å and showed binding of azide, and by inference superoxide, different to that seen in Thermus thermophilus, but reminiscent of that seen in azide-inhibited iron superoxide dismutases. These results indicate that the azide ion, and by inference superoxide, bind to the metal centre of manganese superoxide dismutases in two modes, and transition between the two modes may be entropy dependent. These structures, integrated with knowledge from other structures, known biochemistry and various spectra, provide insight into catalytic function. An outer-sphere mechanism of proton transfer that does not rely on through-peptide proton uptake is proposed and compared to a previously proposed inner-sphere mechanism. This is based on the observation that a water molecule moves into the active site of the manganese superoxide dismutase from Deinococcus radiodurans upon azide binding, providing a Grötthus pathway for rapid proton transfer to the active site from the bulk solvent. Also presented in this study are the partially refined structures of four point mutants (S82T, L83M, L133V, and M164L/L166V) of the manganese superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli all solved to roughly 2 Å resolution, designed to investigate product inhibition which varies across species.
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Titchener, Sharyn. "Entering unknown territory : exploring the impact on indigenous field researchers when conducting gender based violence and child abuse research in the Solomon Islands : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Philosophy in Social Work, Massey University, New Zealand." Massey University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1318.
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This study explores the reflective experiences of indigenous field researchers who were involved in conducting the first population representative research study on gender-based violence and child abuse in the Solomon Islands. The purpose of this thesis study was to gain an understanding and insight into the field researchers’ perceptions of the positive and negative impacts such involvement may have had on their lives. The term ‘impact’ was applied holistically and focus was given to whether negative impacts were mitigated by the positive benefits that may be present from being involved in such research. The research study design was exploratory and qualitative in nature, underpinned by a phenomenological approach. The participants were 29 Solomon Island women who had been employed in the role of ‘field researcher’ for the Solomon Island Family Health and Safety Study. Data collection methods included the use of both in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Eleven interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach. Three focus group discussions were facilitated, with the assistance of an open-ended questionnaire guideline. The findings identified a number of themes that emerged from the data collected. The themes highlighted primary impacts that included an emotional, physical and life-changing dimension. There was a pattern where different themes were more prevalent, dependent on what phase of the ‘research journey’ that the researchers’ were reflecting on. A significant finding was that although field researchers’ primarily reported negative impacts, they all unanimously stated that they would be interested in being involved in conducting research on violence against women and children in the future. These findings not only suggest that the positive benefits from being involved in such research mitigated the many negative impacts as reported by the field researchers, but also suggest that through being involved with such research, they developed an increased commitment within their own communities to assist in reducing violence against women and children. Conducting research on violence against women and children in a developing post-conflict country brings with it many physical and emotional challenges for indigenous field researchers. It is essential that field researchers are provided with considerable support during all phases of the research study. The application of ethical and safety standards needs to reflect the unique characteristics of the country where the study is being conducted, taking into account the situational and ambient dangers that field researchers may be confronted with during their time in the field.
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Ma, Yan. "Raising half the sky work-life balance of Chinese female administrative workers : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/501.
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In recent years, a growing body of research has examined the issue of work–life balance (WLB). WLB initiatives have been developed by organisations, not only to aid employees in leading healthier and more satisfying lives, but to attract and retain talent. One area where WLB issues have not been examined in detail is from the perspective of Chinese immigrant women. As one of the largest and growing Asian ethnic groups, the WLB issues faced by Chinese women are especially worthy of being examined and addressed. The primary purpose of this research was to explore the WLB experience of Chinese women in administrative roles at Auckland University of Technology (AUT). It also aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on WLB issues for minority ethnic groups and investigated Chinese women’s coping strategies for integrating work with their non-work roles. An exploratory qualitative case study approach was adopted for this study in order to compare and contrast organisational initiatives and policies for WLB with women’s experiences. A triangulated research design was also employed to glean qualitative data by virtue of multiple methods including archival evidence such as publicly available documentation, secondary research on WLB and AUT’s WLB policies, and semi-structured interviews. This study involved 12 Chinese female administrative staff and three staff members from the Human Resource Department (HRD), the Asian Staff Network (ASN) and the AUT Branch of Tertiary Institutes Allied Staff Association (TIASA). Participants were recruited by utilising sources such as the Asian Staff Network (ASN) and the researcher’s network of contacts within AUT. The findings of the study indicated that Chinese women’s WLB experience and ways of handling work–family conflict (WFC) and family–work conflict (FWC) were affected by their experiences of immigration and cultural backgrounds. In particular, their family situation had a critical influence on the way they organised their households and arranged for childcare or eldercare. Child/elder care responsibilities, personal/family emergencies, and personal/individual sacrifice engendered tensions around their ability to integrate WLB. In addition, work factors such as heavy workloads, meeting deadlines, and working longer hours, and cultural barriers caused emotional stress and physical consequences. While informal support from managers and colleagues and the WLB policies offered by the university helped women address their WLB issues, some policies were underutilised. A variety of coping strategies such as family members, win-lose strategies, time management, building clear boundaries, changing mindsets, and demonstrating commitment were actively adopted by Chinese women as mechanisms to cope with tensions between their work and family lives. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the theory and practice of WLB.
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Fouvaa, Papaaliitele Moeimanono. "O le a�� le mata��faioi o le fono a le a��iga ma le fono a le lotu i le fa'atumau ai o le gagana Samoa i Niu Sila? = What is the role of family fono and church fono in the maintenance of Samoan language in New Zealand?" Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/19400.
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Language maintenance is becoming a worldwide issue; particularly the decline of minority languages including Pasifika (Pacific) languages. One of the Pasifika languages known to be declining is the Samoan language. The purpose of the study was to examine ways to maintain the Samoan language in New Zealand. This study used the concept of fono a le nu'u (village fono in Samoa) to examine strategies and practices associated with it as it is reconfigured in the New Zealand context in the family fono and church fono. Data were gathered from two churches and their congregations through questionnaires, interviews and observations. The questionnaire responses were analysed according to the participants' responses and their description of fono properties. The interview responses were analysed using the same process and properties of fono as vehicles for language socialisation. The observations were analysed based on the interactions in Sunday schools and in homes. This included direct teaching and recitation. The results from the questionnaires show that participants' views on the understanding of fono are based on three core properties. The first core property is sharing views in order to come to consensus over the decision making. The next core property is building unity within the fono. This occurs when the community is united in order to make effective decisions. The third core property is being responsible by giving and receiving guidance. This is to offer advice and to guide people on using the language and processes of performing a task. The findings from the interviews showed that the respondents had built on the core properties by describing these properties (in the questionnaires) as vehicles for language socialisation. For example, the core property of sharing of views, when done openly and interactively, effectively encouraged young people to use their language. In addition, it provided advice on how they should achieve their educational goals. The observations in the Sunday schools and in the homes illustrated that there were two pedagogical forms which are related to language socialisation. These were direct teaching and modelling, and recitation of tauloto. The direct teaching occurred when students are asked to perform the tasks, including the learning of their tauloto. In summary, the core properties of fono revealed the true nature of what fono is in its real sense and in relation to the cultural setting. In addition, the importance of these core properties as vehicles for language socialisation, it is argued, can enhance language learning of young people in particular, and for Samoans in general. They should be utilised in order to maintain their language.
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Zeestraten, J. "Strolling to the beat of another drum : living the 'Slow Life'." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/833.
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As the pace of life in contemporary Western society accelerates, an increasing number of people are engaging in an alternative lifestyle: ‘Slow Living’. Although popular in the media, Slow Living, which addresses issues of quality of life, is a relatively new area of academic enquiry. Given a lack of empirical research, especially on the realities of the Slow Life in a New Zealand context, this ethnographic study aims to augment the knowledge on this lifestyle by focusing on how families experience Slow Living. The key research question is: How do families live their interpretations of a Slow Life? To answer this question, this study examined the everyday lives of five Slow Living families in Canterbury, New Zealand. Adult family members were given a time-use diary to complete over two days. These diaries were then used as a foundation for in-depth interviews and participant observation. Slow Living families hold to a number of personal values, such as personal agency, conscious living and leading meaningful lives. These comprise their ideal way of living. The families are also faced with a number of challenges and have to employ strategies to balance their ideal and what is possible. The different ways families adapt produces a variety of Slow Living lifestyles.
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Zondag, Berry. "Procedural innovation in the New Zealand Family Courts: the Parenting Hearings Programme." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5764.
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Parenting disputes are the main source of litigation in the New Zealand Family Courts. Although ninety five per cent of the 13,000 cases filed annually are resolved in the “conciliatory arm” of the Court, the remaining five per cent require judicial determination. Of those, a large number return to court, showing that the outcomes in these difficult cases are of poor quality, despite their disproportional use of resources. It is often suggested that the root cause of quality and resourcing problems lies in the characteristics of adversarial litigation. A procedural innovation that addressed these issues was recently trialed. The “Parenting Hearings Programme” (PHP) promises a less adversarial and more child focused process, achieved by changing the judge's role. The judge, not the parties, determines the relevant issues and the scope and nature of the evidential process. Judges apply mediative and adjudicative interventions in a “hybrid” process with “inquisitorial” characteristics. This thesis discusses the social and legal context of parenting disputes and evaluates the PHP from different perspectives, including comparative law, conflict theory, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methodology, natural justice, and compliance with court rules. The empirical component includes the results from a survey of family lawyers. While my findings confirm the potential disadvantages of adversarial litigation, the principles and procedures that constitute the PHP are not endorsed. Conflict- and ADR theory unearth serious shortcomings in the PHP concept. Comparison with a truly inquisitorial system suggests that changing the nature of some aspects of the court process has little prospect of sustained success. The innovation is arguably outside the rules and rule making powers of the Family Court, and it is doubted whether the PHP complies with fundamental tenets of the New Zealand justice system. The pilot process is found to have been lacking in methodology and execution, and the PHP innovation has not achieved the required level of endorsement and support from the legal profession. This study suggests a focus on improving the operational efficiency and resourcing of the Family Courts, rather than continued engagement in innovative experiments that ultimately fail to improve accessibility and quality of justice.
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Maxton, Julie. "Contempt of court in New Zealand." 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3439.
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This thesis examines four aspects of the contempt power in New Zealand. It does not, therefore, purport to be an exhaustive study of the law of contempt in all its protean forms. Rather, its aims are to assess what the law is, and why, and to consider whether it aptly describes the values of the society it purports to protect. The law of contempt has suffered from an excess of dichotomies and classifications which nowhere guarantee its clarity. The most enduring classification is that which distinguishes between criminal and civil contempts, largely on the basis of whether the sanctions which follow are punitive or coercive. Three types of criminal contempt are discussed. Contempt in the face of the court concerns the jurisdiction to punish summarily contumelious behaviour in court. It is argued that, since the summary procedure permits the imposition of sanctions without the usual trial safeguards, the contempt power ought to be limited to the removal of the contemnor from the court. Any more extensive contempt power arguably infringes the freedoms protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. The law of sub judice contempt seeks to strike a balance between the competing values of freedom of expression and the right to a fair trial. Judicial insistence on the existence of a real risk as a matter of practical reality before the actus reus of this form of contempt is met has effectively restrained criticisms of the rule. Nevertheless, since it can penalise non-negligent practices, it is suggested that sub judice contempt should be treated as a crime of strict liability. The third form of criminal contempt, scandalising a court or judge, is said to be necessary to ensure confidence in the administration of justice. However, there is little evidence that the public perception of the judiciary would suffer through debate over the abilities of its judges. This arm of contempt ought not to be perceived as a form of judicial protectionism. For that reason, and because it arguably infringes the Bill of Rights Act 1990, it is urged that contempt through scandalising a court or judge should be abolished. The law of civil contempt is dealt with through a discussion of breaches of injunctions and undertakings. Since the sanctions which follow may serve both punitive and coercive ends the distinction between this category and the other three is regarded as incomplete. It is contended, however, that there are many similarities between criminal and civil contempts which merit their treatment as a genus. Whenever punitive sanctions are imposed (whether for a criminal or civil contempt) normal trial safeguards ought to exist. On the other hand, if enforcement of a court order is sought, such protection is inappropriate. A procedural approach to the different types of sanctions ought to rid contempt law of perplexing categorisations which fail to address the essential characteristics of the contempt power.
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Innes, Bronwen M. "Speaking up in court: repair and powerless language in New Zealand courtrooms." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/366.
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Law courts purport to be seats of justice, yet there is constant debate about the evenhandedness of that justice and ordinary people’s access to it. This thesis reports on a study of seven criminal hearings in the District Court in Auckland, New Zealand. The study focussed on repair (as defined in conversation analysis) and various phenomena which have been identified previously as characteristic of “powerless language” (that is, the speech used by those in subordinate positions to their social superiors). These phenomena included hesitations, hedges, intensifiers, witnesses asking questions, tag questions, high rising terminal intonation, polite terms, terms of address and well. The results of the analysis have led to two interesting conclusions. First, traditionally linguists have considered repair as a means of dealing with problems. As such, repair itself has often been thought of as a problem. As far as these seven hearings are concerned, it is evident that repair is being used as a highly effective interactional resource in the process of “coming to an understanding” which seems to me to be the basis of courtroom interaction. Second, the study calls the notion of powerless language into question. While it is true that many researchers have found that people evaluate powerless language negatively, this study finds that a) the features which have been said to form the powerless style in English are not used only by the powerless people in these hearings and b) these features cannot always or necessarily be said to operate in a powerless manner during the hearings. The analysis has produced a more detailed account of the features and their use than previous studies have achieved. The results show that the notion of powerless language is highly questionable. This in turn means that further study is necessary into how people make judgements on language use and what role such judgements play in the decisions of juries.
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Garbacz, Stanley Andrew. "A multidimensional examination of New Zealand family involvement in education." 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885107971&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=14215&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009.Title from title screen (site viewed January 5, 2010). PDF text: vii, 116 p. ; 1.22 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3354837. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.
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Wellenreuther, Maren. "Ecological factors associated with speciation in New Zealand triplefin fishes (Family Tripterygiidae)." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/407.
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Theoretical research has demonstrated that ecological interactions in sympatry or parapatry can generate disruptive selection that in concert with assortative mating can lead to speciation. However, empirical examples are few and restricted to terrestrial and lacustrine systems. New Zealand triplefin fishes (Family Tripterygiidae) are an ideal model system to study speciation in the sea, as they conform to the criteria of an adaptive radiation, being philopatric, speciose and abundant, and having largely sympatric distributions. This thesis investigates two key aspects of the New Zealand triplefin radiation: 1) which ecological traits are under selection?; and 2) which traits are potentially available for the development of assortative mating? Habitat use was identified as a possible key trait for selection and investigated in detail in this thesis. Habitat use of the majority of New Zealand triplefin species was censused quantitatively throughout most of their latitudinal range and analysed using novel statistical methods. Analyses showed that habitat use was highly divergent between species and thus diversification in habitat may have been a major component in the evolution of this clade. The phylogenetic analysis of habitat characters confirmed that there has been rapid evolution in habitat use among species. Habitat selection at settlement was highly species-specific, indicating that interspecific differences in adult habitat use may be the outcome of active habitat choice established at settlement. These species-specific habitat associations showed no evidence for geographic variation in habitat use. Laboratory trials and field observations of the sister-species pair Ruanoho decemdigitatus and R. whero showed that competition was linked with body size, with R. decemdigitatus being the larger and consequently dominant species. The second part of this thesis investigated which traits may have contributed to prezygotic isolation, and thus to assortative mating. Little evidence was found for divergence in breeding season or male colour patterns. However, divergence in habitat affected breeding habitat choice, as triplefins court and mate in the same territory as that occupied year round. This suggests that assortative mating in New Zealand triplefin species could be the by-product of adaptation to habitat resources. Body size affected mate choice and time at first maturity in the Ruanoho sister-species pair, suggesting that size is important in the maintenance of reproductive isolation in these species. Differences in body size may have also lead to assortative mating in other New Zealand triplefin sister-species pairs, as all sister-species pairs differ in maximum body size. The findings of this thesis invoke a strong role for ecologically-based selection in speciation, and support the hypothesis that adaptation to habitat has been a major factor in speciation in this system.This PhD was funded by the New Zealand Royal Society (Marsden Fund 02-UOA-005 to Kendall Clements), the Tertiary Education Commission (Top Achiever Doctoral Scholarship), and the University of Auckland (University of Auckland Doctoral Scholarship.
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Forret, Joan. "An interface between science and law : what is science for members of New Zealand's Environment Court? /." 2006. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20060829.145822/index.html.
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Brown, Margaret Selman. "Genealogical family history in Aotearoa-New Zealand from community of practice to transdisciplinary academic discourse? /." 2008. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20081203.145115/index.html.
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Benjamin, Julie Maree. "Transparencies: New Zealand from 1953 to 1974 through the slide photography of Gladys Cunningham." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/4964.
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Transparencies: New Zealand from 1953 to 1974 through the Slide Photography of Gladys Cunningham This thesis focuses on the amateur slide photography of Gladys Cunningham, formerly of Onehunga, Auckland. Viewed collectively, these slides provide a visual autobiography of a New Zealand woman’s life, as well as a larger social narrative. As Gladys’s granddaughter, I argue that Gladys’s 35mm colour transparencies, nostalgic fragments that memorialise a family history, are informed by the social history of European New Zealanders between the early 1950s and early 1970s. Gladys’s slides reflect stabilities and changes for the photographer herself, her family and New Zealand society. While the term “transparency” suggests that the meaning of a slide can be understood by all, in reality further contextual information is necessary to appreciate the family and public histories from which these scenes have been separated. To situate Gladys’s slides, I refer to popular magazines and tourist texts from this period, including The Weekly News, National Geographic and New Zealand Holiday, and to commercial slides, postcards and travel marketing texts. I analyse the near absence of Maori within Gladys’s slides and travel journalism, suggesting that their omissions represent a lack of dialogue between Pakeha and Maori. In New Zealand and overseas, slide photography was the popular medium for recording extraordinary family events during the 1950 and 1960s. Through an analysis of memory, leisure and photography, this study examines how Gladys’s photography documents family and community membership and celebration. I explore how aesthetically pleasing representations of family leisure also contain partly concealed clues to less positive memories and to secrets that were not unique to this family. I discuss the impact of private and public transport on Gladys’s slide photography, noting how car travel facilitated spatial and temporal freedoms, and how slide photography strengthened connections to extended family and distant communities. In contrast, Gladys and Jim’s later dependence on coach transport enhanced their ability to take slides and expanded the “family” gaze of their camera, but limited their photographic opportunities.
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Buckingham, Judith. "Patterns of violence in intimate relationships : a critical examination of legal responses : submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Law, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand /." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/849.
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Muller, Diane P. "Children's sleep in the family environment : a pilot study using actigraphy with 6-8-year-old New Zealand children : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1704.
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Historically, children were considered to rarely experience sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in middle childhood (5 – 12-years of age), however more recent findings indicate this may have changed. Psychosocial and environmental factors, such as technology use and bedtime routines, have been associated with reduced sleep quantity and/or quality. Links have also emerged between shorter sleep duration in children, and an increased risk of obesity in childhood and adulthood. Although a number of studies have investigated children’s sleep internationally, data are limited on both average sleep duration and the stability of sleep patterns of New Zealand children. This study aimed to collect normative data on the sleep of 6 – 8-year-olds, living in New Zealand, across both school and non-school nights, identify modifiable factors that impact on children’s sleep within the family environment, explore the relationship between children’s sleep and BMI, and pilot methods for potential future research. Actigraphy and diaries were used for seven consecutive days and nights, as well as a questionnaire incorporating the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), with 52 families living in the Wellington region. Stable objectively measured sleep patterns were identified, consistent with findings of Nixon et al. (2008). School night sleep duration was found to be, on average, longer than non-school night sleep, and parents tended to over-estimate their children’s sleep duration. Mean school night sleep duration was 9.9 hours (SD = 0.5) and non-school night sleep duration was 9.5 hours (SD = 0.7). No differences were identified between boys’ and girls’ sleep, and the 14% of children categorised as being overweight did not exhibit significantly different sleep patterns from the rest of the sample. Modifiable factors of technology and caffeine use were associated with differences in children’s sleep, as were non-modifiable familial factors of shiftworking adults living in the home, childcare duration and finishing times, and younger children in the household. Recommendations for future research include increasing the size and diversity of the sample, extending actigraphic recording to at least 10 consecutive days and nights to incorporate two weekends, using PSG with a sub-sample of children, and implementing a longitudinal study.
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Sanders, Jacqueline Ruth. "Subject child : the everyday experiences of a group of small town Aotearoa/New Zealand children : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1624.
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This thesis presents an ethnographic account of everyday life for eighteen healthy and safe, small town, Aotearoa/New Zealand children aged between ten and eleven years. It undertakes a social constructionist analysis of five domains of the children's lives; self and identity, their relationships with each other, their relationships with adults, time and space, and safety and risk. These domains reflect the intersection between the children's own lives and their wider contexts. The approach taken is consistent with the new social studies of childhood perspective that has been articulated over the past 15-20 years. This approach, developed in response to a perceived over-determinism in the developmental accounts of childhood, brings to the foreground the need to document more fully children's standpoints. The children held a sense of themselves as good people and their thoughts about the future, relationships and themes of stability were prominent areas of self-development for them. Their friendships provided important social and emotional resources. Making and sustaining friendships involved delicate processes of positioning and while they provided emotional sustenance they could also be a source of confusion and anxiety. Intense friendships were important for both boys and girls. Relationships with adults were critical and time was an important component of good relationships. The children thought about time in a variety of ways, but the linear progression of time from the present out to the future was not a strong component of this. Home was important place to the children, home as stability, as a place for time with parents and for free time were prominent themes. It was also a place of self-care for a number of the children. School time was experienced as time to play with friends and socialise, and schoolwork time. Social time was more prominent in the children's thinking than work time. Global discourses about risk and safety played a powerful role in influencing the ways in which the children spent their time, particularly the ways in which they utilised public spaces. The children were keen to participate in the research and were insightful social commentators demonstrating a passionate interest in being able to express their views and to think about the way that different dimensions of their social worlds influenced the things they were able to do.