Journal articles: 'New Zealand Census'

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Lewis, James, and Andreas Baumann. "New Religions and the New Zealand Census." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v2i2.179.

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From the very beginning of NRM studies, researchers were focused on understanding who joined new religions and why. By the 1980s, we had reached a consensus profile of young, educated converts who joined primarily via social networks. However, by the twenty-first century, the situation on the ground had changed, in part because of the rising age and greater diversity of recruits to alternative religions and in part because of changes resulting from changes such as the emergence of the Internet as a new environment for non-traditional religions. The present article examines data from the New Zealand census to demonstrate the point that the earlier profile of members of non-traditional reached in the 1970s and 1980s has been superseded, and, further, that it is no longer possible to discuss NRM members “in general,” as a class demographically distinct from members of other religious organizations.

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Easton, Brian. "Smoking in New Zealand: a census investigation." Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00360.x.

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Blakely, Tony, Alistair Woodward, and Clare Salmond. "Anonymous linkage of New Zealand mortality and Census data." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24, no. 1 (February 2000): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00732.x.

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Butcher, Andrew. "From Settlement to Super-diversity: The Anglican Church and New Zealand’s Diversifying Population." Journal of Anglican Studies 15, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355316000267.

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AbstractAnglicanism in New Zealand can be traced back to the beginning of New Zealand settlement itself. From its earliest days, the Anglican Church has deliberately set out to bridge divides between New Zealand’s indigenous population, Māori, and Europeans, though with mixed success. This article will illustrate that, even with this experience in bicultural engagement, the Anglican Church has not adapted well to the super-diverse multicultural New Zealand of the twenty-first century. Census data reveal that the Anglican Church has had a precipitous drop in numbers, and has a demographic profile that is much older and whiter than the general New Zealand, let alone Christian, population. This poses significant challenges for its ongoing sustainability. Given the common experience of super-diversity with other Western countries, this article provides a case study and a cautionary tale about the challenges and realities of the Anglican Church adjusting to a new multicultural society.

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Hajat, Anjum, Tony Blakely, Saira Dayal, and Santosh Jatrana. "Do New Zealand's immigrants have a mortality advantage? Evidence from the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study." Ethnicity & Health 15, no. 5 (October 2010): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2010.496479.

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Meek, John. "Gangs in New Zealand Prisons." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 25, no. 3 (December 1992): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589202500304.

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Gangs became a permanent feature of New Zealand prisons during the 1980s. Surveys indicate that more than 20% of inmates have past or present gang affiliations. This article looks at the gang phenomenon both in the community and in prisons. A case study looking at the impact of gangs at Auckland Maximum Security Prison (Paremoremo) is included; a unique inmate subculture was destroyed and inter-gang conflict resulted in the prison being run on a unit basis. Using information from the 1989prison census, including unpublished material, the article examines the level of gang membership and compares gang members and unaffiliated inmates over a range of variables. Gang members were found to be more likely to be younger, classified as requiring medium or maximum security custody, convicted of violent offences and serving longer sentences. The article also looks at management approaches to gangs in prisons and a fresh approach being adopted by the Department of Justice.

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Broman, Patrick, and Tahu Kukutai. "Fixed not fluid: European identification in the Aotearoa New Zealand census." Journal of Population Research 38, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 103–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12546-021-09262-4.

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Campbell, Malcolm. "New Zealand Census 2013: A short commentary on the role which the Census plays and the findings of the 2013 Census." New Zealand Geographer 71, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12082.

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Gott, Merryn, Joanna Broad, Xian Zhang, Lene Jarlbaek, and David Clark. "Likelihood of death among hospital inpatients in New Zealand: prevalent cohort study." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016880.

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Objectives(1) To establish the likelihood of dying within 12 months for a cohort of hospital inpatients in New Zealand (NZ) on a fixed census date; (2) to identify associations between likelihood of death and key sociodemographic, diagnostic and service-related factors and (3) to compare results with, and extend findings of, a Scottish study undertaken for the same time period and census date. National databases of hospitalisations and death registrations were used, linked by unique health identifier.Participants6074 patients stayed overnight in NZ hospitals on the census date (10 April 2013), 40.8% of whom were aged ≥65 years; 54.4% were women; 69.1% of patients were NZ European; 15.3% were Maori; 7.6% were Pacific; 6.1% were Asian and 1.9% were ‘other’.SettingAll NZ hospitals.Results14.5% patients (n=878) had died within 12 months: 1.6% by 7 days; 4.5% by 30 days; 8.0% by 3 months and 10.9% by 6 months. In logistic regression models, the strongest predictors of death within 12 months were: age ≥80 years (OR=5.52(95% CI 4.31 to 7.07)); a history of cancer (OR=4.20(3.53 to 4.98)); being Māori (OR=1.62(1.25 to 2.10)) and being admitted to a medical specialty, compared with a surgical specialty (OR=3.16(2.66 to 3.76)).ConclusionWhile hospitals are an important site of end of life care in NZ, their role is less significant than in Scotland, where 30% of an inpatient cohort recruited using similar methods and undertaken on the same census date had died within 12 months. One reason for this finding may be the extended role of residential long-term care facilities in end of life care provision in NZ.

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Bycroft, Christine. "Census transformation in New Zealand: Using administrative data without a population register." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 31, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-150916.

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Deverell, Lil, and Bronwen Scott. "Orientation and Mobility in Australia and New Zealand: Situational Analysis and Census." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 108, no. 1 (January 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1410800109.

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Friesen, Manying Ip Wardlow. "The New Chinese Community in New Zealand: Local Outcomes of Transnationalism." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 10, no. 2 (June 2001): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680101000201.

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The new Chinese community in New Zealand (formed since 1987) is made up of immigrants from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Malaysia as well as other countries. Initially looked upon as harbingers of the “Asian economic miracle” by the New Zealand government, the new arrivals met with numerous unforeseen difficulties. This article is based on the findings of surveys and in-depth interviews in which the primary migrants were asked about their motives for migration, the economic and social outcomes of their migration, their perception of the comparative strengths of their native land and New Zealand, and their long-term view on settlement and return migration. The surveys are also set against background statistics from the 1996 census as well as immigration figures up to 2000. The findings challenge the assumption of the importance of the economic motivation of migration, and point to the primacy of social and environmental factors. They also suggest that transnationalism is a long-term strategy, instead of a temporary expediency, but also that most Chinese migrants in New Zealand have tried to integrate with the host society when possible.

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Opara, Oksana. "Trends and patterns of post-communist migration from Russia to New Zealand since the 1990s." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26, no. 4 (December 2017): 480–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196817747103.

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This article examines the Russian diaspora in New Zealand over the last 30 years. Using migration statistics and census data, post-communist migration trends and socio-economic outcomes of immigration from Russia to New Zealand are analyzed, to establish an empirical base for further qualitative and comparative investigation of the settlement experiences of Russian immigrants in New Zealand. Results reveal that the Russian diaspora has been growing, demonstrating spatial clustering in urban centers with the highest concentration in Auckland. While Russian immigrants have a high level of educational qualifications, their labor market outcomes have been weak and their income is lagging behind that of the New Zealand-born population and of migrants born in other countries. An over-representation of working-age female migrants is a distinctive feature of the Russian diaspora. Further research on the changing migration pathways and settlement strategies of the Russian immigrants in New Zealand is suggested.

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Winkelmann, Rainer. "The Labor Market Performance of European Immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s." International Migration Review 34, no. 1 (March 2000): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400102.

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Ever since New Zealand became a British colony in 1840, it has attracted considerable numbers of European migrants. In the 1996 Population Census, 80 percent of the 3.6 million New Zealand residents claim European ethnic descent. While European immigration always has been, and continues to be, dominated by the UK, some noticeable Dutch immigration took place since 1950. Beginning in the 1960s, the overall share of European migration started a downward trend, with more and more immigrants arriving from the Pacific Islands and Asia.

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Bycroft, Christine, and Nathaniel Matheson-Dunning. "Use of administrative records for non-response in the New Zealand 2018 Census." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-190591.

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Utanga, John. "Commentary: Pasifika media in the digital era." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v13i1.881.

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The proportion of people who identified as Pacific Islanders in New Zealand grew by 14.7 percent to 265,974 in the 2005 Census. Overall, Pacific people now comprise almost 7 percent of the total New Zealand population. As the Pacific communities have grown, so have the Pasifika media developed and grown. Today, most of the Pacific Islands community has become well served by radio, newspapers, online media and, to a lesser extent, television—but not well served by mainstream media. Almost all of the media services are owned/and or operated by Pacific Islands businesses or organisations based either in New Zealand or in the Islands. This commentary outlines the state of Pasifika media in New Zealand and the challenges ahead for telling Pacific stories in the digital era.

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Salmond, Clare, and Peter Crampton. "Measuring socioeconomic position in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 4 (2012): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12280.

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INTRODUCTION: Measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) are widely used in health research. AIM: To provide future researchers with empirically based guidance about the relative utility of five measures of SEP in predicting health outcomes. METHODS: Data from 12 488 adults were obtained from the 2006 New Zealand Health Survey. Seven health-related outcome measures with expected variations by SEP are modelled using five measures of SEP: a census-based small-area index of relative socioeconomic deprivation, NZDep2006; a questionnaire-based individual-level index of socioeconomic deprivation, NZiDep; an index of living standards, ELSI; education, measured by highest qualification; and equivalised household income. RESULTS: After including the individual measure of deprivation, the area-based measure of deprivation adds useful explanatory power, and, separately, the broader spectrum provided by the living standards index adds only a small amount of extra explanatory power. The education and household income variables add little extra explanatory power. DISCUSSION: Both NZiDep and ELSI are useful health-outcome predictors. NZiDep is the cheapest data to obtain and less prone to missing data. The area index, NZDep, is a useful addition to the arsenal of individual SEP indicators, and is a reasonable alternative to them where the use of individual measures is impracticable. Education and household income, using commonly used measurement tools, may be of limited use in research if more proximal indicators of SEP are available. NZDep and NZiDep are cost-effective measures of SEP in health research. Other or additional measures may be useful if costs allow and/or for topic-related hypothesis testing. KEYWORDS: Deprivation; inequalities; living standards; New Zealand; socioeconomic position

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Brosnan, Peter. "Religion and Income in New Zealand: An Examination of Data from the 1981 Census." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 24, no. 2 (August 1988): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078338802400204.

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Buckingham, Louisa. "Ethnolinguistic diversity in New Zealand: A socioeconomic analysis." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2020, no. 266 (November 26, 2020): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2108.

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AbstractChanges in New Zealand’s immigration policy from the 1980s onwards contributed to growing diversity in the source country of migrants, and has transformed the ethnolinguistic composition of the country’s population in recent decades. The number of people who speak non-official languages is increasing, while the proportion of the English-speaking monolingual population is gradually decreasing. Many immigrants have been unable to integrate into the local labour market at levels commensurate with their qualifications and prior experience, however, and previous studies have noted the institutional and attitudinal hurdles to their integration. This study employs data from five censuses between 1996 and 2013 to explore the socio-economic characteristics of individuals who speak non-official languages (grouped according to the extent of their reported multilingualism), compared with monolingual English speakers and the total population. Competence in non-official languages is increasingly becoming an Asian-related phenomenon in terms of birthplace and ethnic and religious affiliations. The more multilingual cohorts displayed substantially higher levels of educational qualifications than other groups, and a strong increase in the proportion employed over this timespan. Modest income levels nevertheless indicate enduring underemployment. Indicators from the last two census years suggest improved workplace integration of ethnolinguistically diverse individuals.

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Brown, Jason, and Kara Tukuitonga. "Niuean." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000500.

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Niuean (ISO 639-3 code niu) is a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Niue, with an additional population of speakers living in New Zealand. Figure 1 indicates where Niue is located with respect to other neighboring islands in the South Pacific. The 2011 Niue Census of Populations and Households cited the number of individuals who had either basic or fluent spoken abilities at 1121 (with 101 non-speakers) (Statistics Niue 2012). English is the second most widely used language on the island. The 2013 New Zealand census cited 4548 individuals living in New Zealand who listed Niuean as one of their languages (Statistics New Zealand 2013). Niuean is classified as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (Moseley 2010). There are historically two distinct dialects: the older Motu dialect from the northern area, and the more recent Tafiti from the southern area. These dialect differences were once reflected in slight phonological differences in vocabulary items, but the differences have since eroded in the modern language (see McEwen 1970: ix). Previous research on Niuean phonetics and phonology includes a brief outline in Seiter (1980: x), two dictionaries (McEwen 1970, Sperlich 1997), and an article on vowel length (Rolle & Starks 2014). While these works provide an overview of some of the phenomena to be addressed below, this sketch attempts a more thorough documentation of the phonetic structures of Niuean, and provides novel acoustic and articulatory data from the language. Recordings accompanying this paper are of a male speaker (Mr. Krypton Okesene) and a female speaker (the second author).

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Mason, Kylie, Kirstin Lindberg, Carolin Haenfling, Allan Schori, Helene Marsters, Deborah Read, and Barry Borman. "Social Vulnerability Indicators for Flooding in Aotearoa New Zealand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083952.

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Social vulnerability indicators are a valuable tool for understanding which population groups are more vulnerable to experiencing negative impacts from disasters, and where these groups live, to inform disaster risk management activities. While many approaches have been used to measure social vulnerability to natural hazards, there is no single method or universally agreed approach. This paper proposes a novel approach to developing social vulnerability indicators, using the example of flooding in Aotearoa New Zealand. A conceptual framework was developed to guide selection of the social vulnerability indicators, based on previous frameworks (including the MOVE framework), consideration of climate change, and a holistic view of health and wellbeing. Using this framework, ten dimensions relating to social vulnerability were identified: exposure; children; older adults; health and disability status; money to cope with crises/losses; social connectedness; knowledge, skills and awareness of natural hazards; safe, secure and healthy housing; food and water to cope with shortage; and decision making and participation. For each dimension, key indicators were identified and implemented, mostly using national Census population data. After development, the indicators were assessed by end users using a case study of Porirua City, New Zealand, then implemented for the whole of New Zealand. These indicators will provide useful data about social vulnerability to floods in New Zealand, and these methods could potentially be adapted for other jurisdictions and other natural hazards, including those relating to climate change.

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Wilkinson, Tim J., and Richard Sainsbury. "A Census-Based Comparison of Centenarians in New Zealand with Those in the United States." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46, no. 4 (April 1998): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02472.x.

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Jatrana, Santosh, Saira Dayal, Ken Richardson, and Tony Blakely. "Socio-economic inequalities in mortality for Asian people: New Zealand Census-Mortality Study, 1996–2004." Journal of Population Research 35, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12546-018-9212-0.

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Sin, Isabelle, Bronwyn Bruce-Brand, and Charlotte Nesta Louise Chambers. "The gender wage gap among medical specialists: a quantitative analysis of the hourly pay of publicly employed senior doctors in New Zealand." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e045214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045214.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the gender gap in hourly wages earned by medical specialists in their main jobs after controlling for age, number of hours worked and medical specialty.DesignObservational using governmental administrative and survey data.SettingNew Zealand public employed medical workforce.Participants3510 medical specialists who were employed for wages or a salary in a medical capacity by a New Zealand district health board (DHB) at the time of the March 2013 census, whose census responses on hours worked were complete and can be matched to tax records of earnings to construct hourly earnings.Main outcome measuresHourly earnings in the DHB job calculated from usual weekly hours worked reported in the census and wage or salary earnings paid in the month recorded in administrative tax data.ResultsIn their DHB employment, female specialists earned on average 12.5% lower hourly wages than their male counterparts of the same age, in the same specialty, who work the same number of hours (95% CI 9.9% to 15.1%). Adding controls for a wide range of personal and work characteristics decreased the estimated gap only slightly to 11.2% (95% CI 8.6% to 13.8%). At most, 4.5 percentage points can be explained by gender differences in experience at the same age.ConclusionsMale specialists earn a large and statistically significant premium over their female colleagues. Age, specialty and hours of work do not appear to drive these wage gaps. These findings suggest that employment agreements that specify minimum wages for each level of experience, and progression through these levels, are insufficient to eliminate gender wage gaps between similar men and women with the same experience.

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Shackleton, Nichola, Eileen Li, Sheree Gibb, Amanda Kvalsvig, Michael Baker, Andrew Sporle, Rebecca Bentley, and Barry J. Milne. "The relationship between income poverty and child hospitalisations in New Zealand: Evidence from longitudinal household panel data and Census data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): e0243920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243920.

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Background Very little high quality evidence exists on the causal relationship between income poverty and childhood health. We provide a comprehensive overview of the association between household income poverty and hospitalisations for children. Methods We used New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) to link income poverty data from the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE; n = 21,759 households) and the 2013 New Zealand Census (n = 523,302 households) to publicly funded hospital records of children aged 0–17 (SoFIE: n = 39,459; Census, n = 986,901). Poverty was defined as equivalised household income below 60% of the median income, calculated both before and after housing costs, and using both self-reported and tax-recorded income. Results Correlations for the association between income poverty and hospitalisation were small (ranging from 0.02 to 0.05) and risk ratios were less than 1.35 for all but the rarest outcome—oral health hospitalisation. Weak or absent associations were apparent across age groups, waves of data collection, cumulative effects, and for estimates generated from fixed effects models and random effect models adjusted for age and ethnicity. Alternative measures of deprivation (area-level deprivation and material deprivation) showed stronger associations with hospitalisations (risk ratios ranged from 1.27–2.55) than income-based poverty measures. Conclusion Income poverty is at best weakly associated with hospitalisation in childhood. Measures of deprivation may have a stronger association. Income measures alone may not be sufficient to capture the diversity of household economic circumstances when assessing the poverty-health relationship.

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Britton, Emma, Simon Hales, Kamalesh Venugopal, and Michael G. Baker. "The impact of climate variability and change on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis rates in New Zealand." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2010): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.049.

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Aim: To investigate the spatial relationship between climate variability and cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis notifications in New Zealand between 1997 and 2006. Methods: Negative binomial regression was used to analyse spatial relationships between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis notifications in New Zealand between 1997 and 2006, and climatological average rainfall and temperature at the Census Area Unit (CAU) level. The quality of domestic water supplies, urban-rural status and deprivation were included as covariates. Main results: Giardiasis: There was a positive association between rainfall and giardiasis and between temperature and giardiasis. Cryptosporidiosis: There was a positive association between rainfall and cryptosporidiosis and a negative association between temperature and cryptosporidiosis. The effect of rainfall was modified by the quality of the domestic water supply. Conclusions: These findings suggest that climate variability affects protozoan disease rates in New Zealand. However, predicting the effect of climate change from this study is difficult, as these results suggest that the projected increases in temperature and rainfall may have opposing effects on cryptosporidiosis rates. Nevertheless, water supply quality appeared to modify the impact of increased rainfall on cryptosporidiosis rates. This finding suggests that improving water supply quality in New Zealand could reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change on protozoan diseases.

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Foliaki, Siale A., Jesse Kokaua, David Schaaf, and Colin Tukuitonga. "Twelve-Month and Lifetime Prevalences of Mental Disorders and Treatment Contact Among Pacific People in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01912.x.

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Objective: To show the 12 month and lifetime prevalences of mental disorders and 12 month treatment contact of Pacific people in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken in 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over including M ori (n = 2457), Pacific people (n = 2236), people of mixed Pacific and M ori ethnicity (n = 138), and ‘Others’ (a composite group of predominantly European descent) (n = 8161). Ethnicity was measured by self-identified ethnicity using the New Zealand 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorders. The overall response rate was 73.3%. Results: Pacific people have high rates of mental illness: the unadjusted 12 month prevalence for Pacific people was 25.0% compared with 20.7% for the total New Zealand population. There were also higher 12 month prevalences of suicidal ideation (4.5%) and suicide attempts (1.2%). Only 25.0% of Pacific people who had experienced a serious mental disorder had visited any health service for their mental health reason compared with 58.0% of the total New Zealand population. The prevalence of mental disorder was lower among Pacific people born in the Islands than among New Zealand-born Pacific people. Conclusion: Pacific people experience high prevalence of mental disorder and New Zealand-born Pacific people experience significantly higher prevalence than Island-born Pacific people.

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Pedersen, Anne, Alex Psirides, and Maureen Coombs. "Models and activities of critical care outreach in New Zealand hospitals: results of a national census." Nursing in Critical Care 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2014): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12080.

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Zinn, Caryn, Grant Schofield, and Clare Wall. "Evaluation of Sports Nutrition Knowledge of New Zealand Premier Club Rugby Coaches." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.214.

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Little is known about if and how team coaches disseminate nutrition information to athletes. In a census survey, New Zealand premier rugby coaches (n = 168) completed a psychometrically validated questionnaire, received by either Internet or standard mail (response rate, 46%), identifying their nutrition advice dissemination practices to players, their level of nutrition knowledge, and the factors determining this level of knowledge. The majority of coaches provided advice to their players (83.8%). Coaches responded correctly to 55.6% of all knowledge questions. An independent t-test showed coaches who imparted nutrition advice obtained a significantly greater score, 56.8%, than those not imparting advice, 48.4% (P = 0.008). One-way ANOVA showed significant relationships between total knowledge score of all coaches and qualifications [F(1,166) = 5.28, P = 0.001], own knowledge rating [F(3,164) = 6.88, P = 0.001] and nutrition training [F(1,166) = 9.83, P = 0.002]. We conclude that these rugby coaches were inadequately prepared to impart nutrition advice to athletes and could benefit from further nutrition training.

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Wilkinson, Tim J., and Richard Sainsbury. "The Association between Mortality, Morbidity and Age in New Zealand's Oldest Old." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 46, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9te4-jcb5-4c8t-pfk9.

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People aged eighty-five years and over (the oldest old) will form an increasing proportion of the population of New Zealand and many other countries. Because of their smaller numbers and relative inaccessibility, their health status has sometimes been extrapolated from populations of people aged sixty-five to eighty-four years. For people aged sixty-five to eighty-four years an exponential relationship is seen between age and morbidity and mortality. We explore if this exponential relationship extends to people aged ninety years and over. We analyzed data from the New Zealand 1991 Census and 1992 hospital discharge records and, for people aged sixty to eighty-nine years, confirmed an exponential relationship between age and mortality, inactivity, hospital utilization, and occupation of residential institutions. This exponential trend did not continue for people aged ninety years and over for whom mortality rates and indicators of morbidity were considerably lower than expected, and conclude that the actual health status of people aged ninety years and over is better than the status extrapolated from that of people aged sixty to eighty-nine years.

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Lilley, Rebbecca, Brandon de Graaf, Bridget Kool, Gabrielle Davie, Papaarangi Reid, Bridget Dicker, Ian Civil, Shanthi Ameratunga, and Charles Branas. "Geographical and population disparities in timely access to prehospital and advanced level emergency care in New Zealand: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e026026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026026.

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ObjectiveRapid access to advanced emergency medical and trauma care has been shown to significantly reduce mortality and disability. This study aims to systematically examine geographical access to prehospital care provided by emergency medical services (EMS) and advanced-level hospital care, for the smallest geographical units used in New Zealand and explores national disparities in geographical access to these services.DesignObservational study involving geospatial analysis estimating population access to EMS and advanced-level hospital care.SettingPopulation access to advanced-level hospital care via road and air EMS across New Zealand.ParticipantsNew Zealand population usually resident within geographical census meshblocks.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe proportion of the resident population with calculated EMS access to advanced-level hospital care within 60 min was examined by age, sex, ethnicity, level of deprivation and population density to identify disparities in geographical access.ResultsAn estimated 16% of the New Zealand population does not have timely EMS access to advanced-level hospital care via road or air. The 700 000 New Zealanders without timely access lived mostly in areas of low-moderate population density. Indigenous Māori, New Zealand European and older New Zealanders were less likely to have timely access.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that in New Zealand, geographically marginalised groups which tend to be rural and remote communities with disproportionately more indigenous Māori and older adults have poorer EMS access to advanced-level hospitals. Addressing these inequities in rapid access to medical care may lead to improvements in survival that have been documented for people who experience medical or surgical emergencies.

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Hardy, Ann, and Hēmi Whaanga. "Using the Stars to Indigenize the Public Sphere: Matariki over New Zealand." Religions 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10070431.

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As the rate of affiliation to Christian identity continues to decline in Aotearoa New Zealand (only 49 percent of the population said they were Christian in the last census), public space has become more receptive to other forms of religiosity. In particular, community rituals around the winter movements of the Matariki (Pleiades) constellation have gained support since the year 2000. For instance, the capital city, Wellington, has replaced a centuries’ old British fireworks festival, Guy Fawkes, with an enlarged version of its Matariki celebrations: an action seen as a tipping point in the incorporation of Māori spiritual values into public life. Interactions between European colonisers and Māori have been characterised for more than 250 years by tensions between the relational thinking of Māori who see human beings as both participating in and constrained by an environment resonant with divine energies, and the quantitative, hierarchical, ‘Great Chain of Being’ model that had long been dominant among Europeans. Now, when the natural environment worldwide is under strain from population and economic pressures, it seems to some both appropriate and vital to look to epistemological and spiritual models that are intimately responsive to the specificities of location.

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Blakely, T. "Income and mortality: the shape of the association and confounding New Zealand Census-Mortality Study, 1981-1999." International Journal of Epidemiology 33, no. 4 (July 28, 2004): 874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh156.

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McKenzie, Eric H. C., and Eric H. C. McKenzie. "Fungi anamorphici in Australasia." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 3 (2001): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99032.

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Fungi are everywhere but mycologists are not and the fungi anamorphici, which includes hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, is an under-studied group in Australasia. It is the second largest group of fungi and its members play an important role in nutrient cycling. Plant pathogenic species are the best-documented and fungi anamorphici feature prominently in lists of plant diseases for Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The few resident mycologists specialising in taxonomy and systematics of fungi anamorphici have made major advances in the study of plant pathogens (e.g. Bipolaris, Fusarium) and those of industrial importance (e.g. Penicillium). Visiting mycologists who have made significant collections of Australasian fungi anamorphici include B. C. Sutton in Australia, S. J. Hughes in New Zealand and T. Matsushima in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. A census of fungi anamorphici is being prepared forFungi of Australia and a database of all species recorded from New Zealand is being compiled. Australasian studies of fungi anamorphici in freshwater and marine environments and those associated with arthropods are discussed. Rainforests and numerous other habitats in Australasia remain a vast storehouse of unknown fungi anamorphici—thousands of species yet to be collected, classified and described.

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Taylor, Bruce V., John F. Pearson, Glynnis Clarke, Deborah F. Mason, David A. Abernethy, Ernie Willoughby, and Clive Sabel. "MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 12 (September 2, 2010): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510379614.

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Background: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not uniform, with a latitudinal gradient of prevalence present in most studies. Understanding the drivers of this gradient may allow a better understanding of the environmental factors involved in MS pathogenesis. Method: The New Zealand national MS prevalence study (NZMSPS) is a cross-sectional study of people with definite MS (DMS) (McDonald criteria 2005) resident in New Zealand on census night, 7 March 2006, utilizing multiple sources of notification. Capture—recapture analysis (CRA) was used to estimate missing cases. Results: Of 2917 people with DMS identified, the crude prevalence was 72.4 per 100,000 population, and 73.1 per 100,000 when age-standardized to the European population. CRA estimated that 96.7% of cases were identified. A latitudinal gradient was seen with MS prevalence increasing three-fold from the North (35°S) to the South (48°S). The gradient was non-uniform; females with relapsing—remitting/secondary-progressive (RRMS/SPMS) disease have a gradient 11 times greater than males with primary-progressive MS ( p < 1 × 10-7). DMS was significantly less common among those of Māori ethnicity. Conclusions: This study confirms the presence of a robust latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence in New Zealand. This gradient is largely driven by European females with the RRMS/SPMS phenotype. These results indicate that the environmental factors that underlie the latitudinal gradient act differentially by gender, ethnicity and MS phenotype. A better understanding of these factors may allow more targeted MS therapies aimed at modifiable environmental triggers at the population level.

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Kim, Hagyun, and Clare Hocking. "Attending to immigrants’ everyday activities: A new perspective on ensuring Asian immigrants’ quality of life." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 28, no. 3 (November 17, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol28iss3id248.

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INTRODUCTION: The quality of Asian immigrants’ lives is significant to the harmony of New Zealand society where, at the 2013 Census, 11.8% of its residents identified as Asian. However, settlement can be stressful for new Asian immigrants because moving to a country with a different culture can disrupt most of their familiar routines, and it is strongly associated with marginalisation and isolation from society. Recognising these challenges, social workers have positioned themselves at the forefront of efforts to improve Asian immigrants’ quality of life.METHOD: An occupational perspective is applied to underpin an examination of Asian immigrants’ participation in Aotearoa New Zealand society. Occupational science is a basic social science grounded in the notion that people engage in occupations for their existence and that the drive to be occupied has evolutionary, psychological, social, and symbolic roots.CONCLUSIONS: This article suggests an occupational perspective as a new analytic framework which has the potential to give social workers clearer insight into the realities which Asian immigrants encounter; consequently, increasing their ability to support Asian immigrants’ full participation into a new society.

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Barrett-Walker, Tessa, Michael J. Plank, Rachael Ka'ai-Mahuta, Daniel Hikuroa, and Alex James. "Kia kaua te reo e rite ki te moa, ka ngaro: do not let the language suffer the same fate as the moa." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 162 (January 2020): 20190526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0526.

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More than a third of the world's languages are currently classified as endangered and more than half are expected to go extinct by 2100. Strategies aimed at revitalizing endangered languages have been implemented in numerous countries, with varying degrees of success. Here, we develop a new model regarding language transmission by dividing the population into defined proficiency categories and dynamically quantifying transition rates between categories. The model can predict changes in proficiency levels over time and, ultimately, whether a given endangered language is on a long-term trajectory towards extinction or recovery. We calibrate the model using data from Wales and show that the model predicts that the Welsh language will thrive in the long term. We then apply the model to te reo Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, as a case study. Initial conditions for this model are estimated using New Zealand census data. We modify the model to describe a country, such as New Zealand, where the endangered language is associated with a particular subpopulation representing the indigenous people. We conclude that, with current learning rates, te reo Māori is on a pathway towards extinction, but identify strategies that could help restore it to an upward trajectory.

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Khieu, Trang, Michelle Poland, and Kirsten Lovelock. "O7D.1 Investigating the difference of work-related harms in new zealand by ethnicity." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A66.2—A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.178.

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In New Zealand about 10% of workers are harmed every year, with approximately 2 00 000 claims made to Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) to cover the cost of injury and illness. Work-related injury and illness outcomes differ between ethnic groups. M&_x0101;ori (indigenous population) workplace fatality rates are 19% higher by industry and 10% higher by occupation than for non-M&_x0101;ori. According to Statistics New Zealand from 2002–2017, M&_x0101;ori were more likely to have higher rates of work-related claims than non-M&_x0101;ori. This study currently underway has used the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) to look at different injury types and explore injury distribution between M&_x0101;ori and non- M&_x0101;ori in terms of age, sex, industry and occupation. WorkSafe applied to Statistics New Zealand (Stats NZ) for access to microdata in the IDI in July 2018 and was granted access in September 2018. In this study, data for people with accepted work-related ACC claims has been linked to 2013 Census to identify the industry that ACC claimants have worked in and their occupations. This data has then been linked to data on sex, age and ethnicity as recorded for the IDI population. Confidentiality of data in this study has followed Stats NZ’s output rules including random rounding to base 3, suppression and aggregation.

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Mackirdy, Catherine, and Debbie Shepherd. "Capgras Syndrome: Possibly More Common Among the Maori of New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 5 (October 2000): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00816.x.

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Objective: The report describes an apparently greater incidence of Capgras syndrome among the Maori population compared with the European population, in the most easterly catchment area served by Tauranga Hospital in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty. Method: Over the last year we have become aware of five cases of Capgras syndrome in our catchment area. This area (population nearly 21 000) consists of a rapidly expanding new suburb of the city of Tauranga and a rural area extending 55 km east of the city. These figures were compared with those of the westerly catchment area served by Tauranga Hospital, where the psychiatric team is not aware of any examples of Capgras syndrome among their population. The 1996 census figures were obtained in order to calculate a population ethnicity breakdown. Results: Five cases of Capgras syndrome were identified in the most easterly catchment area where 19% of the population identified as Maori, 75% as European and 6% as other or non-specified. All of the cases occurred in Maori patients. This compares with no identified cases of Capgras syndrome in the most westerly catchment area where 12% of the population identified as Maori, 87% as European and 1% as other or non-specified. Four out of five cases were female. Two cases had a history of cannabis use. Three cases had exhibited dangerous behaviour towards family members. Conclusions: There is an apparently greater incidence of Capgras syndrome among the New Zealand Maori population compared with the European population in the most easterly catchment area served by Tauranga Hospital. In our population Capgras syndrome is a common, not rare, feature of psychotic illness, and the cases support a previously reported association of this syndrome with dangerousness.

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Simpson, Alexander I. F., Philip M. Brinded, Nigel Fairley, Tannis M. Laidlaw, and Fiona Malcolm. "Does Ethnicity Affect Need for Mental Health Service Among New Zealand Prisoners?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 6 (December 2003): 728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01260.x.

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Objective: The National Study on Psychiatric Morbidity in New Zealand Prisons identified undiagnosed mental illness and unmet treatment needs for mentally disordered offenders. As approximately 50% of prisoners are of Maori and 8.3% Pacific Island ethnicity, we analyzed the data to determine if there were any differences in the rates of major mental disorders between ethnic groups. Method: A census of all female prisoners, all remand male prisoners and an 18% random sample of the sentenced male prisoners were interviewed employing the diagnostic interview for mental illness (CIDI-A), screening diagnostic interview for relevant personality disorders (PDQ) and suicide screening questions. Self-identified ethnicity was recorded. Ethnic groups were compared for sociodemographic variables, morbidity for mental disorder, treatment experience and suicidality. Results: The ethnic groups were largely similar in age and current prevalence for mental disorders, although there was some evidence of differing sociodemographic factors, especially younger age among the Maori prisoners. Maori report fewer suicidal thoughts, but acted suicidally at the same rate as non-Maori. Treatment for mental disorder was less common among Maori and Pacific Island prisoners than others, both in prison and in the community. Conclusion: Criminogenic factors present in the developmental histories of prisoners might also increase the risk of mental disorders. Ethnic groups were not different in the rate at which they manifest mental disorders in the face of such factors. Younger prisoners were disproportionately more likely to be of Maori or Pacific Island ethnicity. Both prior to and after entry to prison, services must improve responsiveness to Maori and Pacific Island people.

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GURNEY, J. K., J. STANLEY, M. G. BAKER, N. J. WILSON, and D. SARFATI. "Estimating the risk of acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand by age, ethnicity and deprivation." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 14 (June 17, 2016): 3058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001291.

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SUMMARYIn New Zealand, efforts to control acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and its sequelae have focused on school-age children in the poorest socioeconomic areas; however, it is unclear whether this approach is optimal given the strong association with demographic risk factors other than deprivation, especially ethnicity. The aim of this study was to estimate the stratum-specific risk of ARF by key sociodemographic characteristics. We used hospitalization and disease notification data to identify new cases of ARF between 2010 and 2013, and used population count data from the 2013 New Zealand Census as our denominator. Poisson logistic regression methods were used to estimate stratum-specific risk of ARF development. The likelihood of ARF development varied considerably by age, ethnicity and deprivation strata: while risk was greatest in Māori and Pacific children aged 10–14 years residing in the most extreme deprivation, both of these ethnic groups experienced elevated risk across a wide age range and across deprivation levels. Interventions that target populations based on deprivation will include the highest-risk strata, but they will also (a) include groups with very low risk of ARF, such as non-Māori/non-Pacific children; and (b) exclude groups with moderate risk of ARF, such as Māori and Pacific individuals living outside high deprivation areas.

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Maani, Sholeh A. "Private and Social Rates of Return to Secondary and Higher Education in New Zealand: Evidence from the 1991 Census." Australian Economic Review 29, no. 1 (January 1996): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1996.tb00917.x.

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Salmond, C., P. Crampton, J. Atkinson, and R. Edwards. "A Decade of Tobacco Control Efforts in New Zealand (1996-2006): Impacts on Inequalities in Census-Derived Smoking Prevalence." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 14, no. 6 (December 21, 2011): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr264.

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Blakely, Tony, Caroline Shaw, June Atkinson, Ruth Cunningham, and Diana Sarfati. "Social inequalities or inequities in cancer incidence? Repeated census-cancer cohort studies, New Zealand 1981–1986 to 2001–2004." Cancer Causes & Control 22, no. 9 (June 30, 2011): 1307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9804-x.

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Hayward, Bruce W., and Christopher M. Triggs. "Computer analysis of benthic foraminiferal associations in a tidal New Zealand inlet." Journal of Micropalaeontology 13, no. 2 (December 1, 1994): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.13.2.103.

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Abstract. Census data on benthic foraminiferal tests in 45 surface sediment samples from Pauatahanui Inlet, Wellington, New Zealand, are analysed by Correspondence Analysis and Non-Hierarchical classification techniques. The faunas are grouped into 7 associations: (A) Trochamminita irregularis/Miliammina fusca - at high tide level in a small tidal creek at the limits of salt water influence; (B) Trochammina inflata/Jadammina macrescens - in an extreme high tidal pool, close to the mouth of a small stream; (C) Miliammina fusca/Haplophragmoides wilberti/Trochammina inflata - intertidal and shallow subtidal (to 0.6 m depth), muddy sand over a large area in the upper reaches of the inlet, where most freshwater runoff enters; (D) Elphidium excavatum/Miliammina fusca - intertidal muddy sand associated with shelly beaches on the fringe of association C; (E) Ammonia beccarii/Haynesina depressula - in a wide variety of intertidal and shallow subtidal (to 3 m depth) sediments that form a belt between the more brackish associations (A–D) and the more normal salinity associations (F–G); (F) Bolivina cf. translucens/Textularia earlandi/Bolivina subexcavata - in mud to muddy, very fine sand in a shallow basin (1–2.5 m deep) in the middle of the inlet and in a small, sheltered backwater; (G) Elphidium charlottensis/Patellinella inconspicua/Quinqueloculina seminula - in sandy mud and muddy fine sand, intertidal to 10 m depth, in the mouth, entrance channel and adjacent outer and middle parts of the inlet, where a flush of normal salinity water enters during each tidal cycle.Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis, the factors most influential in determining the faunal distribution are, in decreasing importance: freshwater influence (salinity), exposure to the air during tidal cycles, proximity to the open sea, tidal current strength and percentage of mud in the substrate.

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Sopoaga, Faafetai, Ken Buckingham, and Charlotte Paul. "Causes of excess hospitalisations among Pacific peoples in New Zealand: implications for primary care." Journal of Primary Health Care 2, no. 2 (2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc10105.

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INTRODUCTION: Pacific people suffer disproportionately poorer health and reduced life expectancy at birth compared to the total New Zealand population. AIM: To assess causes of excess morbidity in the Pacific population, and identify lesser known or previously unknown causes which require further investigation. METHODS: We obtained public hospital discharge data from July 2000 to December 2002. The population data were from the 2001 Census. Standardised discharge ratios were calculated to compare Pacific peoples with the total New Zealand population. RESULTS: Pacific peoples were six times more likely to have a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and gout, and four to five times of rheumatic fever, gastric ulcer, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and diabetes. Respiratory diseases, skin abscesses, heart failure, cataracts, cerebral infarction and chronic renal failure were also significant causes of excess morbidity. Unexpected causes of excess morbidity included candidiasis, excess vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) and pterygium. DISCUSSION: The magnitude of established causes of excess morbidity among Pacific peoples were similar to our findings. Other causes of excess morbidity are less widely known, or are identified here for the first time. These are systemic lupus erythematosus, hyperemesis gravidarum, cardiomyopathy, gastric ulcer, candidiasis and pterygium. The findings draw attention to specific causes of excess morbidity in Pacific communities where effective interventions are available in primary care, and where further research may identify preventive or curative interventions. KEYWORDS: Pacific peoples; primary care; hyperemesis gravidarum; morbidity; hospitalizations

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Baxter, Joanne, Te Kani Kingi, Rees Tapsell, Mason Durie, and Magnus A. Mcgee. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders Among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01911.x.

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Objective: To describe the prevalence of mental disorders (period prevalence across aggregated disorders, 12 month and lifetime prevalence) among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken between 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over, including 2595 Māori. Ethnicity was measured using the 2001 New Zealand census ethnicity question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorder. The overall response rate was 73.3%. This paper presents selected findings for the level and pattern of mental disorder prevalence among Māori. Results: Māori lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 50.7%, 12 month prevalence 29.5% and 1 month prevalence 18.3%. The most common 12 month disorders were anxiety (19.4%), mood (11.4%) and substance (8.6%) disorders and the most common lifetime disorders were anxiety (31.3%), substance (26.5%) and mood (24.3%) disorders. Levels of lifetime comorbidity were high with 12 month prevalence showing 16.4% of Māori with one disorder, 7.6% with two disorders and 5.5% with three or more disorders. Twelvemonth disorders were more common in Māori females than in males (33.6% vs 24.8%) and in younger age groups: 16–24 years, 33.2%; 25–44 years, 32.9%; 45–64 years, 23.7%; and 65 years and over, 7.9%. Disorder prevalence was greatest among Māori with the lowest equivalized household income and least education. However, differences by urbanicity and region were not significant. Of Māori with any 12 month disorder, 29.6% had serious, 42.6% had moderate and 27.8% had mild disorders. Conclusion: Mental disorders overall and specific disorder groups (anxiety, mood and substance) are common among Māori and measures of severity indicate that disorders have considerable health impact. Findings provide a platform for informing public health policy and health sector responses to meeting mental health needs of Māori.

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Prakash, Suma. "An International Perspective on Peritoneal Dialysis among Indigenous Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 31, no. 4 (July 2011): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2010.00228.

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ObjectiveTo review utilization rates, outcomes, and barriers to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in indigenous peoples from an international perspective.MethodsArticles were obtained from Medline and EMBASE and from author name and reference searches. Data from census bureaus and renal registries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States were used. Studies were included if they contained information on utilization of, outcomes of, or barriers to PD in indigenous populations.ResultsIn 2007, of all prevalent PD patients, 7.0%, 5.1%, 28.2%, and 1.3% in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States respectively were of indigenous background. The proportions of prevalent renal replacement therapy patients on PD reflected the national rates—New Zealand being the highest at 0.29, and the United States the lowest at 0.05. Mortality was generally higher in indigenous than in non-indigenous PD patients. Variations in mortality study results likely reflect differences in the definitions of explanatory variables such as rurality and in the availability of local specialty care services. Technique failure and peritonitis rates were higher among indigenous than among non-indigenous patients.ConclusionsThe less favorable outcomes in indigenous PD patients across countries may, in part, be a manifestation of reduced access to resources. Understanding the effects of socio-economic, geographic, cultural, and language issues, and of health literacy discrepancies on various aspects of PD education, training, and outcomes can potentially identify ways in which outcomes might be improved among indigenous patients on PD.

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Nichani, Vikram, Kim Dirks, Bruce Burns, Amy Bird, Susan Morton, and Cameron Grant. "Green Space and Physical Activity in Pregnant Women: Evidence From the Growing Up in New Zealand Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 12 (December 2016): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0013.

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Background:Exposure to green space has been associated with increased physical activity. However, it is not clear whether this association is because active people preferentially live in greener areas. Relationships between exposure to green space and physical activity during pregnancy are not well defined. Our objective was to determine whether exposure to green space was associated with physical activity in pregnant women.Methods:The current study was completed within the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study of 6772 pregnant women. The proportion of green space in each census area unit was determined and geocoded to residential address. The association between exposure to green space and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analyses after controlling for confounding variables.Results:Exposure to green space was not associated with participation in physical activity during first trimester and the remainder of pregnancy once preference for living in greener neighborhoods was taken into account.Conclusions:The lack of association between green space and physical activity found in this study does not necessarily mean that living in green space will not translate into better pregnancy health. Preference for living in greener neighborhoods should be considered when investigating relationships between green space and physical activity.

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Giesen, Deirdre, Mario Vella, Charles F. Brady, Paul Brown, Daniela Ravindra, and Anita Vaasen-Otten. "Response Burden Management for Establishment Surveys at Four National Statistical Institutes." Journal of Official Statistics 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2018-0018.

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Abstract Managing response burden is key to ensuring an ongoing and efficient supply of fit-forpurpose data. While statistical organizations use multi-faceted approaches to achieve this, response burden management has become an essential element of the strategy used by the U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics New Zealand, Statistics Canada, and Statistics Netherlands. Working in collaboration with respondents, with internal resources dedicated to provide customized approaches for large respondents and with other stakeholders (constituency representatives, associations, etc.) response burden management endeavors to minimize burden and educate stakeholders on the benefit of official statistics. The role continues to evolve with important initiatives regarding the compilation of burden metrics, improvements to existing tracking tools, and an expanded communication role.

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Journal articles on the topic 'New Zealand Census'

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