Journal articles: 'New South Wales Southern Highlands'

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Read, Roger W. "Highlights of the 2009 New South Wales Southern Highlands Conference on Heterocyclic Chemistry." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 5 (2010): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10182.

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Meetings that foster interaction between academic and industrial researchers, both operating at the forefront of science, serve to stimulate ideas and allow partnerships to develop. The Southern Highlands Conference brings together experts in the field of heterocyclic chemistry and, in this issue, some of the most recent advances are highlighted (The figure shows 2009 Conference student speakers with President Barbara Messerle).

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Morrison, Mark, and Michael Lockwood. "Informing Program Design for Connectivity Conservation in the New South Wales Southern Highlands, Australia." Society & Natural Resources 27, no. 1 (November 5, 2013): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2013.840814.

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Cook, IO, and PY Ladiges. "Morphological variation within Eucalyptus nitens s. lat. and recognition of a new species, E. denticulata." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 2 (1991): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910375.

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The complete geographic range of Eucalyptus nitens s. lat. (shining gum) was sampled to determine the pattern of variation in adult and seedling morphology. Analyses of the different data sets indicated the presence of two distinct taxa: one, characterised by denticulate adult leaf margins, is described as E. denticulata sp. nov.; the other, characterised by entire leaf margins, is E. nitens s. str. Many other characters distinguish the two taxa. Mature trees of E. denticulata have leaves with higher oil gland density, longer peduncles, more cup-shaped rather than barrel-shaped fruit, more frequently exserted valves, and rounded and longer flower buds compared with E. nitens s. str. Seedlings of the two species can be distinguished mainly on the basis that those of E. denticulata have longer internodes and leaves which clasp the stem to a lesser extent. The major occurrence of E. denticulata is on the Errinundra Plateau, East Gippsland, with limited occurrences in the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria. Eucalyptus nitens s. str. is found in isolated stands in New South Wales and Victoria. The two species are allopatric, with the exception of the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria where some stands are mixed. Eucalyptus nitens s. str. is also geographically variable, comprising three distinct geographic races: northern and central New South Wales, southern New South Wales, and the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria.

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Stevenson, M. A. "Disease incidence in dairy herds in the southern highlands district of New South Wales, Australia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 43, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00082-3.

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CONYERS, M. K., and B. G. DAVEY. "THE VARIABILITY OF pH IN ACID SOILS OF THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES." Soil Science 150, no. 4 (October 1990): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199010000-00004.

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Chenhall, Bryan E., Brian G. Jones, and Paul F. Carr. "Contact metamorphism of pelitic, psammitic and calcareous sediments in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 3 (September 1988): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098808729456.

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Murphy, Michael J. "The butterfly fauna of the Pilliga Forest, a large woodland remnant in the Brigalow Belt South bioregion in northern inland New South Wales, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 2 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18002.

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Sixty-three butterfly species representing five families have been recorded from the Pilliga Forest in northern inland New South Wales – the largest surviving remnant of native forest on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range. This is one of the richest recorded butterfly faunas of any location on the New South Wales western slopes and adjacent plains, reflecting the location of the Pilliga Forest in a biogeographic overlap zone between northern and southern faunal assemblages with proximity to both the western plains and outliers of the mesic eastern highlands. No narrow-range endemic species or species of state or national conservation concern were recorded; however, half of the species recorded have patchy, discontinuous distributions within their broad range due to specific habitat requirements. Some minor western range extensions are recorded and two hilltopping sites are documented. This study highlights the significant biodiversity conservation value of the Pilliga Forest in the predominantly cleared western slopes bioregions.

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Norton, Melinda A., Andrew W. Claridge, Kris French, and Alison Prentice. "Population biology of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 6 (2010): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10075.

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The population biology of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) was investigated at Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and Budderoo National Park in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales (NSW). Both study areas are important conservation reserves for this threatened species, with a large gap north (~300 km) to the next known viable population on the mid-north coast of NSW at Mount Royal. Potoroos were live-trapped using bandicoot-sized cage traps, each set ~100 m apart along walking tracks and fire trails. Trapping was conducted each autumn and spring over five years to enumerate the local population of potoroos and to describe their morphometrics. The local long-nosed potoroos were larger in size than those recorded to the south on mainland Australia, but smaller than those in north-eastern NSW, supporting the concept of a latitudinal cline in body size. Sexual dimorphism was observed, with adult males having larger body weights, head lengths and pes lengths. Between one-third and two-thirds of all males and females were captured in only a single trapping session, indicative of low levels of survivorship and/or high levels of dispersal or transience. Males regularly overlapped at trap sites with females, more so than with other males, while females rarely overlapped at trap sites. Barren Grounds Nature Reserve supported a larger number of potoroos and a greater degree of home range overlap between individuals.

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Catibog-Sinha, Corazon. "Visitor Impact and Biodiversity: A Monitoring Framework for Protected Areas in Southern Highlands, New South Wales, Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 13, no. 3 (September 2008): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941660802280364.

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McCormack, Robert B. "Conservation of imperiled crayfish, Euastacus dharawalus (Decapoda: Astacidea: Parastacidae), from the southern highlands of New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Crustacean Biology 33, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1937240x-00002138.

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Vadala, Anthony J., and Andrew N. Drinnan. "Elaborating the fossil history of Banksiinae: a new species of Banksieaephyllum (Proteaceae) from the late paleocene of New South Wales." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97021.

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Leaf fragments from Late Paleocene sediments at Cambalong Creek in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales are assigned to a new species ofBanksieaephyllum Cookson & Duigan,B. praefastigatum. A study of leaf form andmicromorphological characters of extant Banksieae was carried out to identify possible affinities for the new taxon, and a compendium of the architecturaland micromorphological characters of leaves of all described species ofBanksieaephyllum andBanksieaeformis Hill & Christophel is presented.Banksieaephyllum praefastigatum has characteristicstomatal and trichome features of both extinct and extant species ofBanksiinae, but is dissimilar in leaf morphology to any extant species ofBanksia L.f., Dryandra R.Br., orthe oldest previously described species ofBanksieaephyllum, B. tayloriiCarpenter, Hill & Jordan, with which it was contemporaneous.Banksieaephyllum praefastigatum, with its stronglydeveloped areolation and superficial stomates, is different from extantspecies of Banksiinae and Musgraveinae, and may represent a now-extinct sistertaxon to these subtribes in Banksieae, one which had not changed substantiallyfrom hypothesised mesophytic ancestral Proteaceae. Leaf morphology ofB. praefastigatum indicates that serrate-, lobed-andentire-margined forms of Banksieaephyllum were coeval in many localities throughout southern Australia during the Tertiary, and that Banksiinae had diversified significantly by the Early Tertiary, reflecting diversification of at least several other subtribes of subfamily Grevilleoideae by that time.

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Chauhan, Yashvir S., and Merrill Ryan. "Frost Risk Management in Chickpea Using a Modelling Approach." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040460.

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Post-flowering frosts cause appreciable losses to the Australian chickpea industry. The Northern Grains Region (NGR) of Australia, which accounts for nearly 95% of chickpea production in Australia, is frequently subjected to such events. The objective of this study was to map frost risk in chickpea in the NGR and develop strategies to minimise the impacts of such risk. The Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) modelling framework was used to determine spatial and temporal trends in post-flowering frost risk. The NGR could be divided into six broad sub-regions, each delineating locations with similar frost risk. The risk was nearly two to three times greater in the Southern Downs and Darling Downs sub-regions as compared to the Central Queensland Highlands, Dawson Callide, New South Wales, and Northern New South Wales–Western Downs sub-regions. There was an increasing trend in the frequency of frost events in the Southern Downs and New South Wales sub-regions, and a decreasing trend in the Central Queensland Highlands and Dawson Callide sub-regions, consistent with the changing climate of the NGR. In each sub-region, frost risk declined with delayed sowings, but such sowings resulted in simulation of reduced water limited yield potential (unfrosted) as well. The model output was also used to compute 10, 30, 50, and 70% probabilities of the last day of experiencing −3 to 2 °C minimum temperatures and identify the earliest possible sowings that would avoid such temperatures after flowering. Choosing the earliest sowing times with a 30% frost risk could help increase overall yields in environments with high frost risk. Simulations involving genotype x environment x management interactions suggested additional opportunities to minimise frost losses through the adoption of particular cultivars of differing phenology and the use of different agronomy in various environments of the NGR. The study indicates that there is considerable variation in frost risk across the NGR and that manipulating flowering times either through time of sowing or cultivar choice could assist in minimising yield losses in chickpea due to frost.

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Patterson, David T. "Temperature Responses and Potential Range of the Grass Weed, Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma), in the United States." Weed Technology 8, no. 4 (December 1994): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028554.

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In controlled-environment chambers, serrated tussock achieved maximum growth in temperature regimes of 18/11, 18/23, 24/23, or 24/17 C day/night. Growth was significantly reduced at 30/11 C, and no plants survived at 36/29 C. Serrated tussock seedlings grew slowly at first but eventually produced vigorous tussocks with as many as 2800 tillers after 140 d in the 24/17 C regime. Comparisons of climatic conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States revealed that similar temperature conditions occur during the warmest eight mo of the year in areas as diverse as Oregon, Washington, the Sierran Nevada foothills of California, upper elevation rangelands in Arizona, and the southern Appalachian highlands. None of these areas has a precipitation pattern similar to those of the sites of serrated tussock weed infestation in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poorly managed pastures and unimproved rangelands in these diverse areas may be vulnerable to invasion by serrated tussock, should the weed become established in the United States.

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Parris, Kirsten M. "The distribution and habitat requirements of the great barred frog (Mixophyes fasciolatus)." Wildlife Research 29, no. 5 (2002): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01107.

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The great barred frog (Mixophyes fasciolatus) is a common, ground-dwelling frog from the forests of eastern Australia, with a wide geographic distribution extending from mid-east Queensland to southern New South Wales. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the distribution and habitat requirements of M. fasciolatus, using data collected during a stratified survey across its geographic and environmental range. I found M. fasciolatus at 55 of 124 sites, and in all areas of forest surveyed except for Girraween National Park in Queensland and the southern highlands of New South Wales. I detected 42 other species of frogs during the survey, including the introduced cane toad (Bufo marinus). Statistical habitat modelling indicated that in forests within its climatic range, M. fasciolatus was most likely to occur in wetter forests (wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest), in areas with lower precipitation and intermediate temperatures in the warmest (summer) quarter of the year. When present at a site, the number of individuals of M. fasciolatus detected during a survey (a measure of relative abundance) was predicted to decrease with increasing summer precipitation. This frog survey represents one of the largest ever undertaken in Australia, with a study area of 125�000 km2, and 124 survey sites in 21 State Forests and nine National Parks. Field data collected during the study and the resulting habitat models provide a baseline against which future changes in the distribution or abundance of M. fasciolatus may be assessed.

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Smith, S. A., and R. Shine. "Intraspecific Variation in Reproductive Mode within the Scincid Lizard Saiphos equalis." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 5 (1997): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97023.

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Although viviparity (live-bearing) has evolved from oviparity (egg-laying) more frequently in squamate reptiles than in any other vertebrate lineage, there are few well-documented cases of taxa that either (i) exhibit a ‘transitional’ reproductive state (i.e. with a reproductive mode intermediate between ‘normal’ oviparity and viviparity) or (ii) contain both oviparous and viviparous populations within the same species. Although rare, such taxa offer exceptional opportunities to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. Our data show that the scincid lizard Saiphos equalis displays both of the characteristics listed above. These small semi-fossorial skinks from south-eastern Australia exhibit geographic variation in reproductive mode, and some populations show an ‘intermediate’ mode. We examined the reproductive mode of Saiphos equalis over the geographic range of the species using preserved museum specimens, and we gathered detailed information on reproductive output of captive lizards collected from a high-elevation site (Riamukka, in the northern highlands of New South Wales) and from a coastal area (Sydney, southern New South Wales). Lizards from Riamukka were viviparous (i.e. they produced fully formed young enclosed in membranous sacs), whereas Sydney lizards produced incompletely developed embryos inside partially calcified eggshells. Incubation periods of the eggs from Sydney lizards were very brief (5.5 1.7 days v. >35 days in sympatric oviparous skinks), indicating that oviparous S. equalis represent a true evolutionary intermediate between ‘normal’ oviparity and viviparity.

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Norton, Melinda A., Alison Prentice, Juliet Dingle, Kris French, and Andrew W. Claridge. "Population characteristics and management of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in high-quality habitat in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14026.

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Since European settlement in Australia the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) has suffered greatly from fox predation and habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. To better understand the threats it faces we examined the population dynamics of the potoroo at two study sites in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales over five years, using live-trapping. As neither site had experienced inappropriate habitat change for over 25 years, fox predation was considered the major threat to this population. An assessment of fox activity and diet was undertaken at both sites for comparison with potoroo abundance. Potoroos increased at both sites over time, although at one site this increase was only in density and not range. The density increase would not have been detected using camera surveys, a monitoring technique recommended for this species. The relative abundance of foxes fluctuated over the study despite fox control in one of the two sites. Analysis of fox scats at the same sites indicated high levels of predation on potoroos. Future management should aim to provide effective fox control (particularly following any fire due to the associated loss of ground cover) and improved fox monitoring to ensure an accurate understanding of what is happening to the fox population.

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A. McAlpine, C., D. B. Lindenmayer, T. J. Eyre, and S. R. Phinn. "Landscape surrogates of forest fragmentation: Synthesis of Australian Montreal Process case studies." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 2 (2002): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020108.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are key biodiversity indicators of the Montreal Protocol for monitoring progress towards ecologically sustainable forest management. Over the last 15 years, an array of landscape metrics have been developed as spatial measures of habitat loss and fragmentation. However, most metrics require rigorous empirical testing if they are to provide scientifically credible information to managers and policy makers. We present a synthesis of three Australian case studies for developing Montreal Indicator 1.1e, fragmentation of forest type, each representing different levels of landscape modification: St Mary State Forest, south-east Queensland; Tumut, southern New South Wales; and the Central Highlands, Victoria. Collectively, the studies found that no single landscape metric captured the response of the target species and fauna assemblages, or served as a reliable ecological surrogate for the conservation of a large set of species. Rather, species demonstrated a diversity of responses to habitat loss and fragmentation. Fragmentation effects were more important for the Tumut study, but not important for the Central Highlands study. Stand-scale habitat variables and area of suitable habitat were dominant explanatory variables for the St Mary study. Differences in observed response are partly explained by: (i) differences in landscape structure, particularly the proportion of preferred forest habitat remaining; (ii) differences in the ecology of target species; and (iii) the insensitivity of the landscape measures. Based on the outcomes of the three case studies, we propose principles for developing landscape surrogates for conserving biodiversity in Australia's eucalypt forest landscapes.

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Ng, Alex Hay-Man, Linlin Ge, Kui Zhang, Hsing-Chung Chang, Xiaojing Li, Chris Rizos, and Makoto Omura. "Deformation mapping in three dimensions for underground mining using InSAR – Southern highland coalfield in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, no. 22 (July 29, 2011): 7227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.519741.

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Melis, M. I., and R. I. Acworth. "An aeolian component in Pleistocene and Holocene valley aggradation: evidence from Dicks Creek catchment, Yass, New South Wales." Soil Research 39, no. 1 (2001): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99099.

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Four late Quaternary depositional units are identified overlying sub-vertically dipping Ordovician bedrock in the upper reaches of the Dicks Creek catchment, near Yass in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. The units are spatially discontinuous and separated from each other by erosional unconformities. They are found only on the lower slopes and in the valley floors, often exposed by recent gully erosion. The oldest unit (Unit 4) is a competent consolidated well-sorted fine to medium silt that unconformably overlies bedrock. It often forms the base to erosion gullies. Unit 3 is strongly dispersible and frequently has the characteristics of a debris flow. Unit 3 is particularly prone to sheet erosion and exhibits a high risk of dryland salinity development. Unit 2 is light to dark grey, poorly sorted, and often contains irregularly dispersed charcoal. Unit 2 is unconformably overlain by a predominantly pale yellow sand (Unit 1) that shows clear evidence of very recent deposition. Physical and chemical characteristics of Units 2, 3, and 4 suggest an aeolian component. The silt size (4–8 on phi scale) fraction of Unit 4 is often >70% of the total mass, with grain sizes consistent with an origin as aeolian dust. Unit 3 is yellow brown in colour and often has the characteristics of a diamict with a major grain size component similar in size to Unit 4. Unit 2 is typically uniform in appearance and contains a predominantly kaolinite and illite clay mineralogy that contrasts strongly with a predominance of quartz in the underlying bedrock. A simple sediment budget indicates that the volume of Unit 2 could be accounted for by a combination of sheet and rill erosion within the catchment and additional aeolian deposition in the order of 4–8 t/km 2 year. Radiocarbon dates for charcoal recovered from Unit 2 indicate that some deposition was associated with cooler, drier conditions of the late Holocene ‘Little Ice Age’, approximately 200–600 years ago.

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Norton, Melinda A., Kris French, and Andrew W. Claridge. "Habitat associations of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) at multiple spatial scales." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10042.

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This study examined the coarse- and fine-scale habitat preferences of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, in order to inform the management of this threatened species. Live-trapping was conducted in autumn and spring, from 2005 to 2008, at two sites. Macrohabitat preferences were examined by comparing trap success with numerous habitat attributes at each trap site. In spring 2007 and autumn 2008, microhabitat use was also examined, using the spool-and-line technique and forage digging assessments. While potoroos were trapped in a wide range of macrohabitats, they displayed some preference for greater canopy and shrub cover, and ground cover with lower floristic diversity. While most individuals also displayed preferences for various microhabitat attributes, no clear trends were evident across all individuals. Potoroos displayed some foraging preference for microhabitats with higher shrub cover densities and more open ground cover. Despite extensive fox predation risks, individual potoroos did not all preferentially utilise dense ground cover. Future management of known and potential potoroo habitat should aim to provide effective introduced predator control and enhance the diversity of vegetation attributes while avoiding practices that simplify the habitat.

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Vagholkar, Sanjyot, Lesley Hare, Iqbal Hasan, Nicholas Zwar, and David Perkins. "Better access to psychology services in primary mental health care: an evaluation." Australian Health Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060195.

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Introduction: The Access to Allied Psychological Services program was introduced as part of the Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care initiative in 2001?2002. Divisions of General Practice are funded to establish programs that allow GPs to refer patients for psychological treatments. The University of New South Wales evaluated programs run by the Southern Highlands and Illawarra Divisions of General Practice. This paper presents the findings of these evaluations. Method: Both evaluations analysed process and patient outcomes. This was obtained from a combination of program data and qualitative satisfaction data. Results: The two program models differed in the mechanism of retention of the psychologists and the method of referral of patients. Anxiety and depression were the main reasons for referral, and clinical data showed there was improvement in patient outcomes. Patients, GPs and psychologists expressed satisfaction with the programs. Discussion: The Access to Allied Psychological Services programs in both Divisions have proven popular. Flexibility in the program structure allows Divisions to develop a model which suits their local circumstances. There is support for ongoing Commonwealth funding and the challenge is to find the most effective and financially sustainable model of delivery for psychological services in primary care.

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Freer, M., J. R. Donnelly, A. Axelsen, L. F. Myers, J. L. Davidson, and J. Dymock. "Comparison of secale with other perennial grasses under grazing at a cool site in the high rainfall zone of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96062.

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Summary. In 2 field experiments on the southern highlands of New South Wales, the short-lived perennial grass secale (Secale montanum Guss. cv. Black Mountain) was grazed by Merino wether weaners at stocking rates of 10–17 animals/ha to test the suggestion that persistence might be enhanced by occasional deferment of grazing to encourage seedling germination. In the first of these experiments (experiment 1), designed to compare secale and phalaris, when accompanied by white and subterranean clovers, growth and survival of both grasses was poor, despite the application of >600 kg/ha superphosphate and the experiment was abandoned after 2 years. A subsequent pot trial (experiment 2) with secale grown in soil from the experimental site, where the fertiliser had been applied, showed a large growth response to additional phosphorus. Because inadequate soil fertility may have been the cause of poor grass persistence in experiment 1, a second field experiment (experiment 3) was established on the same site to compare secale, perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot, each accompanied by white and subterranean clovers and with the application of a further 850 kg/ha superphosphate over 3 years. Initial growth of all the grasses was good and animal production on the secale and ryegrass plots was high (up to 100 kg/ha greasy wool and 300 kg/ha liveweight gain). Secale failed to survive more than 3 years, despite deferment of grazing and it may be that persistence depends more on the reliability of autumn rainfall. However, mean weight gain from the clovers and volunteer grasses on the secale plots in the fourth year was as high as from the ryegrass plots and double that from the cocksfoot plots, which became increasingly cocksfoot-dominant. While the results indicate a need for more work on the fertiliser requirements of perennial grasses on these soils, they also raise questions about whether these grasses benefit animal production sufficiently to justify the cost of establishing them.

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Lindenmayer, D. B., R. D. Incoll, R. B. Cunningham, M. L. Pope, C. F. Donnelly, C. I. MacGregor, C. Tribolet, and B. E. Triggs. "Comparison of hairtube types for the detection of mammals." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99009.

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We compare detection rates of different species of mammals by three types of hairtubes in both the mountain ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria and a range of wet forest types at Tumut in southern New South Wales. The types of hairtubes were a small-diameter PVC pipe, a large-diameter PVC pipe and a newly constructed tapered hair funnel. Data were analysed for brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and common and mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula and T. caninus). The most effective hairtube type (i.e. the one yielding the highest number of detections) varied between species: small hairtubes forR. fuscipes, hair funnels for Trichosurus spp., and large hairtubes for V. ursinus and W. bicolor. For A. stuartii, the most effective hairtube type differed between the two study regions (hair funnels in Victoria and small hairtubes at Tumut). Detection by more than one hairtube type at a given plot was uncommon. Our findings have important implications for field surveys and how data gathered from such studies are interpreted. For example, if the aim of field survey is to detect a wide range of species then several types of hairtubes may need to be deployed.

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Smith, CJ, MB Peoples, G. Keerthisinghe, TR James, DL Garden, and SS Tuomi. "Effect of surface applications of lime, gypsum and phosphogypsum on the alleviating of surface and subsurface acidity in a soil under pasture." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940995.

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Changes in the chemistry of an acidic grey massive earth soil in response to various ameliorant treatments (gypsum and phosphogypsum in the presence or absence of lime) were investigated in a subterranean clover-based pasture in the southern highlands of New South Wales. Lime, gypsum, and phosphogypsum, or lime in combination with gypsum and phosphogypsum were broadcast at 2500 kg ha-1 on the surface of the soil in May 1990. Pasture production was determined and the soil was sampled to 25 cm depth, 6 and 18 months after treatment application. Surface soil pH was increased to 6-1 by the application of lime, gypsum plus lime and phosphogypsum plus lime treatments in the 0-5 cm depth interval, but remained unchanged when gypsum or phosphogypsum was used alone. Calcium chloride extractable aluminium increased down the soil profile under all treatments to 10-15 cm, but was highest in the gypsum treatment at depth. The application of phosphogypsum increased the 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable fluoride in the surface 5 cm from 26 to 43 �M. In contrast, fluoride concentrations were decreased to between 5.3 and 7.3 �M in the lime, gypsum plus lime and phosphogypsum plus lime treatments. Gypsum and phosphogypsum decreased the concentration of Al3+ in solution and on the exchange sites in the 0-5 cm depth interval. However, the effectiveness of the amendments to reduce toxic Al3+ concentrations were confined to the surface 5 cm. The concentration of aluminium and the activity of Al3+ in the 0-5 cm soil layer at both soil samplings were decreased by the amendments. Lime, and gypsum or phosphogypsum in combination with lime, were the most effective treatments for reducing the activity of Al3+. The activity of Al3+ increased with depth in all treatments. The pH and activity of Al3+ measured in the 0.01 m CaCl2 extracts plot near the gibbsite solubility line and suggest that Al solubility was controlled by this mineral. Exchangeable Ca in the 0-5 cm soil layer was significantly increased by the application of lime whereas exchangeable aluminium was decreased by lime, gypsum and phosphogypsum. There was no significant change in exchangeable cations other than Al below the surface 5 cm which suggests limited leaching of lime, gypsum and phosphogypsum in the profile within the 18 month study period. Pasture yield was significantly increased by the addition of lime and was related to the decrease in the activity of Al3+ in the surface soil.

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Mooney, C., and D. Farrier. "A micro case study of the legal and administrative arrangements for river health in the Kangaroo River (NSW)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0391.

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Kangaroo Valley is a drinking water supply catchment for Kangaroo Valley village, parts of the Southern Highlands and Sydney. It is also a popular recreation area both for swimming and canoeing. Land use has traditionally been dominated by dairy farming but there has been significant and continuing development of land for hobby farms and rural residential subdivision. Dairy industry restructuring has affected the viability of some farms in the Valley and created additional pressure for subdivision. River health is a function of flows, water quality, riparian vegetation, geomorphology and aquatic habitat and riverine biota. River flows in the Kangaroo River are affected by water extraction and storage for urban water supply and extraction by commercial irrigators and riparian land holders which have a significant impact at low flows. Current water quality often does not meet ANZECC Guidelines for primary contact and recreation and the river is a poor source of raw drinking water. Key sources of contaminants are wastewater runoff from agriculture, and poorly performing on-site sewage management systems. Riparian vegetation, which is critical to the maintenance of in-stream ecosystems suffers from uncontrolled stock access and weed infestation. The management of land use and resulting diffuse pollution sources is critical to the long term health of the river. The Healthy Rivers Commission of New South Wales Independent Inquiry into the Shoalhaven River System Final Report July, 1999 found that the longer term protection of the health of the Kangaroo River is contingent upon achievement of patterns of land use that have regard to land capability and also to the capability of the river to withstand the impacts of inappropriate or poorly managed land uses. This micro case study of Kangaroo Valley examines the complex legal and administrative arrangements with particular reference to the management of diffuse pollution for river health. In the past, diffuse pollution has fallen through the gaps in legislation and its administration. Although water pollution legislation is broad enough to embrace diffuse pollution, in practice the Environment Protection Authority has focused on regulating point sources. Water legislation has traditionally been concerned with issues of water quantity rather than water quality. Legislation which allows agency intervention in relation to land degradation has grown from soil conservation roots, neglecting the flow-on effects upon water quality. Under the land use planning system existing land uses are protected from new regulatory requirements. A number of recent developments in NSW law and its administration have set the scene for addressing this past neglect. Water planning provisions in the Water Management Act 2000 have the potential to enable community based Water Management Committees to move away from a narrow focus on water quantity to the broader issues of river health, including water quality. Improved management of on-site sewage management systems is expected as a result of the Local Government (Approvals) Amendment (Sewage Management Regulation) 1998. A draft Regional Environmental Plan prepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority aims to improve the assessment of new development in terms of its impact on drinking water quality. It also moves away from an exclusive concern with controlling new development towards grappling with existing uses. Proposed amendments to the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979 as detailed in the White Paper, Plan First (2001) include the integration of imperatives derived from catchment strategies and water management plans into local land use plans.

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26

Lindenmayer, David B., Ross B. Cunningham, Chris MacGregor, Rebecca Montague-Drake, Mason Crane, Damian Michael, and Bruce D. Lindenmayer. "Aves, Tumut, New South Wales, South-eastern Australia." Check List 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/3.3.168.

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A large-scale, long-term study of the impacts on vertebrates of landscape change and habitat fragmentation is taking place at Tumut in southern New South Wales, south-eastern Australia. Field surveys focus on counting birds within three broad kinds of sites in the study region. These are: (1) A randomized and replicated set of 85 sites in remnants or fragments of native Eucalyptus forest located within the boundaries of the Radiata Pine plantation. (2) Sites dominated by Radiata Pine plantation trees (N = 40 sites). (3) Sites in the large areas of continuous Eucalyptus forest adjacent to the plantation that act as “controls” (N = 40 sites). We list of birds recorded during 1996 and 1997. A total of 92 species from 34 families was recorded. The list will be useful for workers examining bird responses to fragmented landscapes as well as those interested in the biodiversity values of plantation landscapes.

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27

Makinson, Robert. "Grevillea wilkinsonii (Proteaceae) a new species from southern New South Wales." Telopea 5, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19934978.

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28

Groves, R. H., J. J. Burdon, and P. E. Kaye. "Demography and Genetics of Onopordum in Southern New South Wales." Journal of Ecology 78, no. 1 (March 1990): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261035.

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29

Timms, B. V. "Study of coastal freshwater lakes in southern New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 3 (1997): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96049.

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There are few freshwater lakes associated with coastal dunes in southern New South Wales (NSW). Lake Nargal near Narooma, Bondi Lake near Bega, and a small lagoon near Pambula have little in common limnologically with coastal dune lakes of northern NSW and southern Queensland. They differ in mode of origin, are less dominated by NaCl, are less acidic, are more speciose, have few characteristic dune-lake indicator species, and moreover contain certain southern species. However, a re-examination of data for Lakes Windermere and McKenzie further north at Jervis Bay suggest that these are classic dune-contact lakes rather similar to those in northern NSW. Differences and similarities are largely influenced by the extent and therefore the hydrological influence of the contextural coastal sand mass and by biogeography.

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30

Scott, B. J., D. J. Carpenter, B. D. Braysher, B. R. Cullis, and C. M. Evans. "Phosphorus fertiliser placement for lupins in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 1 (2003): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01201.

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Research in Western Australia and South Australia indicated that fertiliser phosphorus (P) banded below the seed of narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) at sowing was a more effective method of applying P�fertiliser than the usual placement of P with the seed. This technology has not been investigated in southern New South Wales where lupins have been known to be unresponsive to fertiliser P.We conducted 4 field experiments to examine the effect on lupin yield of applying 6 rates of P (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 kg/ha) either by placement with or below the seed. To further test responsiveness to P, an additional set of treatments was used; applying P at 40 kg/ha before sowing and then placing additional P below the seed at the 6�rates of application. The grain yield of lupin was increased by P application at all sites, despite the medium to high P�status of 3 of the 4 sites used in these experiments. However, the technique of banding P fertiliser below the seed depth rather than placing it in direct seed contact had only a small advantage in grain yield responsiveness to applied fertiliser P (P = 0.09). Fitted response curves indicated that when P was applied at 15 kg/ha, grain yield increased by 60 kg/ha at one site and 30 kg/ha at the other 3 sites, if P was deep-placed rather than applied in seed contact. This advantage of deep placement of P fertiliser was much smaller than has been reported in Western Australia.Placement of P below the seed of lupin when sown on the red earth and red-brown earth soils of southern New South Wales slightly enhanced the availability of fertiliser P. This applied even when sowing was quite shallow (2–3�cm), provided recommended rates of P fertiliser were used at conventional row spacing (17 cm). Separation of seed and fertiliser to avoid reduced germination may be an advantage when using double row spacing and higher P�application rates.

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31

Sinden, Jack A., and A. D. Jones. "EUCALYPT DIEBACK AND STOCKING RATES IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND, NEW SOUTH WALES." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 29, no. 2 (August 1985): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1985.tb00654.x.

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32

Briggs, S. V. "Guidelines for management of inland wetlands in southern New South Wales." Wetlands Australia 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.120.

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33

Robertson, S. M., M. A. Friend, and B. J. King. "Mild congenital goitre increases lamb mortality in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08005.

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Congenital goitre, symptomatic of iodine deficiency, can be associated with elevated levels of lamb mortality. This study details an outbreak east of Wagga Wagga in southern NSW, where goitre has previously not been documented. Measurements were taken on flocks at two sites near Ladysmith. Up to 82% of dead lambs had thyroid : weight ratios of more than 0.4 g/kg bodyweight, potentially large enough to affect survival. Up to 16% of lambs surviving to marking had enlarged thyroids (i.e. estimated by palpation). Lambs with enlarged thyroids may be more prone to dystocia, with ewes requiring assistance at delivery. Sex and birthweight were not related to thyroid size, but of lambs surviving to marking, a greater proportion of Merino than crossbred lambs had enlarged thyroids. At the second site, growth rate from birth to marking but not to weaning was reduced in lambs with higher thyroid scores. The high incidence of goitre in these flocks suggests that iodine deficiency may be an important factor in lamb mortality in some years in this region, but is unlikely to be detected due to the relatively small degree of thyroid enlargement.

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34

Cornish, PS, and GM Murray. "Low rainfall rarely limits wheat yields in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890077.

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Alternative models were compared for predicting the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) from water-use and water-use efficiency. A locally derived empirical model most closely predicted experimental yields at Wagga Wagga and was used to compute water-limited potential yields for the district surrounding Wagga Wagga for the period 1960-84. District yields were close to the predicted potential in dry years, but reached a plateau of about 2.0 t/ha regardless of rainfall and the water-limited potential yield. The yields were less than 50% of potential when water-use exceeded 300 mm, which occurred in 19 years between 1960 and 1984. Some individual farmer-yields approached the potential. These results are similar to others from South Australia. Together, they suggest that low rainfall does not directly limit yield in many years over much of the wheat belt of southern and south-eastern Australia. We suggest therefore that an analysis of the reasons for low yield on farms could lead to substantial increases in yield for many farmers.

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35

Young, R. W., K. L. White, and D. M. Price. "Fluvial deposition on the Shoalhaven deltaic plain, Southern New South Wales." Australian Geographer 27, no. 2 (November 1996): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189608703169.

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36

Somerville, D. C., and H. I. Nicol. "Mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 8 (2002): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01086.

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The mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from 34 floral species was analysed for 10 elements. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of major and minor elements were the following: potassium (K) 5530, phosphorus (P) 4600, sulfur (S) 2378, calcium (Ca) 1146, magnesium (Mg) 716, sodium (Na) 82, iron (Fe) 67, zinc�(Zn) 58, manganese (Mn) 33 and copper (Cu) 12. Close correlations existed between Mn and Cu, P and S, K and S and K and Zn. Single species demonstrated similar element profiles. Echium plantagineum pollen had a high mean concentration of P (7411 mg/kg) and S (3133 mg/kg) when compared with the mean of the total; Brassica�napus pollen had high concentration of Mg (1400 mg/kg) and Ca (1750 mg/kg) and low concentration of Fe (27 mg/kg); Hypochoeris radicata had low concentrations of 6 elements — Fe (4.5 mg/kg), Zn (20 mg/kg), Mg�(240 mg/kg), S (1400 mg/kg), P (2066 mg/kg) and K (2433 mg/kg). Asphodelus fistulosus had the highest concentration of K at 38 000 mg/kg, the next highest value of 8200 mg/kg being for Prunus dulcis.

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37

Faiz, M. M., and A. C. Hutton. "COAL SEAM GAS IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96025.

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The coal seam gas content of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures ranges from Methane that occurs within the basin was mainly derived as a by-product of coalification. Most of the CO2 was derived from intermittent magmatic activity between the Triassic and the Tertiary. This gas has subsequently migrated, mainly in solution, towards structural highs and accumulated in anticlines and near sealed faults.The total desorbable gas content of the coal seams is mainly related to depth, gas composition and geological structure. At depths

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38

Holloway, Joanne C., David G. Mayer, and Gregory J. Daglish. "Flight activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in southern New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Pest Science 91, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 1353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-0981-1.

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39

Franks, S. W. "Multi-decadal climate variability, New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0437.

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Traditional hydrological risk estimation has treated the observations of hydro-climatological extremes as being independent and identically distributed, implying a static climate risk. However, recent research has highlighted the persistence of multi-decadal epochs of distinct climate states across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Climatological studies have also revealed multi-decadal variability in the magnitude and frequency of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts. In this paper, examples of multi-decadal variability are presented with regard to flood and drought risk. The causal mechanisms for the observed variability are then explored. Finally, it is argued that the insights into climate variability provide (a) useful lead time for forecasting seasonal hydrological risk, (b) a strong rationale for a new framework for hydrological design and (c) a strong example of natural climate variability for use in the testing of General Circulation Models of climate change.

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40

Woodward, N. B. "Thrust systems in the Tamworth Zone, southern New England Orogen, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 2 (April 1995): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099508728183.

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41

Martin, H. A., L. Worrall, and J. Chalson. "The first occurrence of the PaleoceneLygistepollenites balmeiZone in the Eastern Highlands region, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 3 (September 1987): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098708729417.

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42

Dickman, CR, DH King, M. Adams, and PR Baverstock. "Electrophoretic Identification of a New Species of Antechinus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in Southeastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 4 (1988): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880455.

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Two electrophoretically distinct but morphologically cryptic forms of Antechinus 'stuartii', designated 'northern' and 'southern', occur together at Kioloa on the southern coast of New South Wales. These forms are distinguished by fixed allele differences in three proteins (albumin, glycollate oxidase and mannosephosphate isomerase) and by differences in allele frequencies for transferrin, and are separated by a Nei D of 0.11. The two forms are reproductively isolated in sympatry at Kioloa by asynchrony in the timing of reproduction, and may be considered separate biological species. Northern form populations were identified by screening for albumin and transferrin in seven localities on the central coast of New South Wales north of Kioloa. Southern form populations were identified similarly in 13 localities south of Kioloa and inland along the Great Dividing Range, and at a further locality in southern Victoria. Ovulation occurs at different rates of change of photoperiod in the two species, and may ensure that reproductive isolation is maintained in all potential areas of sympatry. The northern form represents A. stuartii sensu stricto and ranges from Kioloa north into south-eastern Queensland. The southern form is an undescribed species of Antechinus that appears to be widely distributed throughout southern New South Wales and Victoria.

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43

Dickman, C. R., H. E. Parnaby, M. S. Crowther, and D. H. King. "Antechinus agilis (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae), a new species from the A. stuartii complex in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97036.

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A new species from the Antechinus stuartii stuartii complex, A. agilis, sp. nov., is described from Victoria and south-eastern New South Wales. It differs from A. stuartii primarily in its smaller average size, lighter and greyer fur colour, relatively smaller anterior and posterior palatal vacuities, and more rounded premolars. The species can be distinguished in the field on external morphology. A. agilis resembles A. stuartii adustus from northern Queensland more closely in skull and dental morphology than it does A. stuartii from central coastal New South Wales, with which it is parapatric and occasionally sympatric in the southern coastal part of the State. Considerable morphological variation is apparent amongst populations regarded previously as A. stuartii from southern Queensland and northern New South Wales, suggesting that more than one taxon is included currently under A. stuartii. Further clarification of the relationships of A. agilis requires evaluation of variation in such populations of A. stuartii and also with A. flavipes from northern New South Wales and southern and central Queensland.

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44

Derrick, J. W., and D. C. Dumaresq. "Soil properties under organic and conventional management in southern New South Wales." Soil Research 37, no. 6 (1999): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98099.

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From 1991 to 1993 a program of soil sampling was undertaken on neighbouring properties, under organic and conventional management, at Ardlethan in southern NSW. The organic farm was long established, as organic management had commenced in 1963. The conventional farm was well managed in typical fashion for the district. Soil sampling took place in the autumns of 1991, 1992, and 1993. Samples were taken to a depth of 150 mm and analysed for a range of nutrients. Soil on the organic farm contained significantly lower concentrations of extractable P and exchangeable Mn, and had higher pH and higher concentrations of exchangeable Na, Ca, and K. There was no statistically significant difference between the farms in the concentrations of total Mg, Na, N, Mn, and K, nor in exchangeable Mg and organic carbon content.

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45

Bruce, S. E., J. A. Kirkegaard, J. E. Pratley, and G. N. Howe. "Impacts of retained wheat stubble on canola in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 4 (2005): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04133.

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Field experiments were conducted in southern New South Wales to determine the effect of surface-retained wheat stubble on the emergence, growth and yield of canola. The 5 experiments included treatments to investigate the impact of stubble load, stubble cultivar and level of decomposition as well as the impact of different environments on the crop response. Overall, 5 t/ha of surface-retained wheat stubble reduced the rate of emergence, plant establishment (mean reduction 33%), vegetative biomass (–56%) and yield (–23%), although the impact varied with site and season. Laboratory experiments assessing the phytoxicity of stubble revealed the possible role of allelopathy in the growth response at 1 site; however, there was no correlation between laboratory phytotoxicity of different stubble cultivars and their impact on canola growth at any other site. Wheat stubble comprising thinner stems (lower straw linear density) had a greater impact on emergence at 2 of the sites, indicating a possible role of reduced light penetration in the growth response. Colder temperatures on the surface of the stubble also reduced emergence and growth, and caused seedling death at the coldest sites. The experiments confirm the widely observed phenomenon of poor canola growth in surface-retained wheat stubble, and suggest several possible mechanisms for the effect, although further studies are required to determine their relative importance in different environments.

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46

O'Neill, C. J., E. Humphreys, J. Louis, and A. Katupitiya. "Maize productivity in southern New South Wales under furrow and pressurised irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06093.

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Irrigation farmers in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia are under considerable pressure to reduce the amount of water they use for irrigation, while sustaining production and profitability. Changing from surface to pressurised irrigation systems may provide some or all of these outcomes; however, little is known about the performance of alternative irrigation methods for broadacre annual crops in this region. Therefore, a demonstration site for comparing furrow, subsurface drip and sprinkler irrigation was established on a representative clay soil in the Coleambally Irrigation Area, NSW. The performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under the three irrigation systems was compared during the 2004–05 season. Subsurface drip irrigated maize out-performed sprinkler and furrow irrigated maize in terms of grain yield (drip 11.8 t/ha, sprinkler 10.5 t/ha, furrow 10.1 t/ha at 14% moisture), net irrigation water application (drip 5.1 ML/ha, sprinkler 6.2 ML/ha, furrow 5.3 ML/ha), net irrigation water productivity (drip 2.3 t/ML, sprinkler 1.7 t/ML, furrow 1.9 t/ML) and total water productivity (drip 1.7 t/ML, sprinkler 1.4 t/ML, furrow 1.3 t/ML). Thus, subsurface drip irrigation saved ~30% of the total amount of water (irrigation, rain, soil water) needed to produce the same quantity of grain using furrow irrigation, while sprinkler irrigation saved ~8% of the water used. The higher net irrigation with sprinkler irrigation was largely due to the lower soil water content in the sprinkler block at the time of sowing. An EM31 survey indicated considerable spatial soil variability within each irrigation block, and all irrigation systems had spatially variable water distribution. Yield variability was very high within all irrigation systems, and appeared to be more strongly associated with irrigation variability than soil variability. All irrigation blocks had large patches of early senescence and poor cob fill, which appeared to be due to nitrogen and/or water deficit stress. We expect that crop performance under all irrigation systems can be improved by improving irrigation, soil and N management.

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47

Humphreys, E., WS Meyer, SA Prathapar, and DJ Smith. "Estimation of evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941069.

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This paper reviews field measurements of evapotranspiration from rice (ET rice) in the Murrumbidgee Valley of southern New South Wales. The results are compared with US Class A open pan evaporation (E pan) at CSIRO Griffith, and with reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated using a locally calibrated Penman equation. Both methods (+ETrice = +Epan or +ETrice = +ETo) give good estimates of total evapotranspiration from flooded rice over the ponded season of about 5 months, from October to February. Variation between seasons in total ETo, rainfall, and ETo minus rainfall is large. Over 32 years, total seasonal ETo varied by a factor of 1.5, while rainfall varied >10-fold. The irrigation water requirement for rice +(ETo - rainfall) varied from 685 mm in 1992-93 to 1350 mm in 1990-91. This large variation highlights the need to adjust the rice water use limit (16 ML/ha or 1600 mm) on a seasonal basis, to detect and eliminate high water use paddocks where percolation to the groundwater or surface runoff is excessive (>2 ML/ha). On average, an irrigation requirement of 10.5 ML/ha is needed to replace net evaporative loss +(ETo - rainfall) for rice flooded for 5 months, October-February. Monthly totals of ETo are compared for several locations within the rice-growing areas of southern New South Wales, and differences between locations are found to be small and not significant. This reflects the strong dependence of evaporation on radiant energy, which is unlikely to vary spatially to a significant extent across the region. ETo calculated from meteorological data collected at CSIRO Griffith therefore provides a definitive basis for estimating evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales. Furthermore, CSIRO Griffith has a computerised meteorological data base going back to the 1930s. Current meteorological data and historical records are readily available by contacting the Metdata Manager. Therefore, the case is made for using CSIRO Griffith ETo as the reference for estimating evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales. This study provides farmers, Land and Water Management Plan groups, and policy makers with a tool that can be used, on a yearly basis, to evaluate rice paddock water use efficiency. It should be adopted to confine rice growing to the least permeable soils.

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48

LOCKE, RH, and NE COOMBES. "Prevalence of virulent footrot in sheep flocks in southern New South Wales." Australian Veterinary Journal 71, no. 10 (October 1994): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00919.x.

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49

Wray, Robert A. L., Robert W. Young, and David M. Price. "Cainozoic heritage in the modern landscape near Bungonia, southern New South Wales." Australian Geographer 24, no. 1 (May 1993): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189308703077.

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50

Wormald, R. J., and R. C. Price. "Peralkaline granites near Temora, southern New South Wales: Tectonic and petrological implications." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 1988): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14400958808527941.

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Journal articles on the topic 'New South Wales Southern Highlands'

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