Academic literature on the topic 'New mineral species'
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Journal articles on the topic "New mineral species"
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Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., and Yulia Uvarova. "New Mineral Names,." American Mineralogist 106, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-nmn106921.
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Abstract In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 11 new species, including bohuslavite, fanfaniite, ferrierite-NH4, feynmanite, hjalmarite, kenngottite, potassic-richterite, rockbridgeite-group minerals (ferrirockbridgeite and ferrorockbridgeite), rudabányaite, and strontioperloffite.
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Nasdala, Lutz, and Igor V. Pekov. "Ravatite, C14H10, a new organic mineral species from Ravat, Tadzhikistan." European Journal of Mineralogy 5, no. 4 (July 22, 1993): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/5/4/0699.
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Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., Yulia Uvarova, and Fernando Cámara. "New Mineral Names*,†." American Mineralogist 105, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-nmn1051227.
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In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 13 new species, including falottaite, meieranite and high-pressure minerals found in meteorites, terrestrial impact rocks, and as inclusions in diamonds: hemleyite, hiroseite, ice-VII, kaitianite, maohokite, proxidecagonite, riesite, rubinite, uakitite, wangdaodeite, and zagamiite.
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Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., and Yulia Uvarova. "New Mineral Names,." American Mineralogist 106, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-nmn106818.
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Abstract In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 11 new species, including 7 minerals of jahnsite group: jahnsite-(NaMnMg), jahnsite-(NaMnMn), jahnsite-(CaMnZn), jahnsite-(MnMnFe), jahnsite-(MnMnMg), jahnsite-(MnMnZn), and whiteite-(MnMnMg); lasnierite, manganflurlite (with a new data for flurlite), tewite, and wumuite.
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Celestian, Aaron J. "New Mineral Names." American Mineralogist 107, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-nmn1071218.
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Abstract This issue of New Mineral Names provides a summary of several new species in the tetrahedrite-group along with examples of how museums are sharing type and cotype specimens. Currently there are approximately 50 sulfosalt mineral species in the tetrahedrite-group that have the general formula M2(A6)M1(B4C2)X3(D4)S1(Y12)S2(Z), with A = Cu+, Ag+, ☐; B = Cu+, Ag+; C = Zn2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe3+; D = Sb3+, As3+, Bi3+, Te4+; Y = S2–, Se2–; Z = S2–, Se2–, ☐. All members if the tetrahedrite-group are isometric and have potential applications high efficiency thermoelectric materials. Some the type specimens of tetrahedrite, and others in this review, are shared between museums. Having newly described minerals housed at multiple museums provides easier access to specimens for researchers around the world and serves to preserve these minerals in case of loss at any one the institutions. Here we look at the descriptions of stibiogoldfieldite, graulichite-(La), tennantite-(Cu), wildcatite, ellinaite, paqueite, burnettite, saccoite, and gurzhiite.
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Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., and Yulia Uvarova. "New Mineral Names,." American Mineralogist 106, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-nmn106714.
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Abstract In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 10 new species, including huenite, laverovite, pandoraite-Ba, pandoraite-Ca, and six new species of pyrochlore supergroup: cesiokenomicrolite, hydrokenopyrochlore, hydroxyplumbopyrochlore, kenoplumbomicrolite, oxybismutomicrolite, and oxycalciomicrolite.
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Atencio, Daniel. "The discovery of new mineral species and type minerals from Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Geology 45, no. 1 (March 2015): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/23174889201500010011.
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Minerals were seen merely as sources of chemicals: iron ore, copper ore, etc. However, minerals are not just chemicals associations, since they display crystal structures. These two features together provide properties that can be technologically useful. Even though a mineral occurs in very small amount, which does not allow its extraction, it can serve as a model for obtaining the synthetic analogue on an industrial scale. It is necessary that a new-mineral proposal be submitted for approval by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) before publication. Only 65 valid mineral species were first described from Brazil, that is, the type minerals from Brazil. Nineteen of these were published between 1789 and 1959 (0.11 per year). From 1959, when the CNMMN (today CNMNC) - IMA was established, to 2000, 18 approved Brazilian mineral species remain valid (0.43 per year). However, the number of type minerals from Brazil approved in the last 15 years (2000 to 2014) was substantially increased: 28 (1.87 per year). This number is very small considering the wide range of Brazilian geological environments. The two first type species from Brazil, discovered in the 18th century, chrysoberyl and euclase, are important gemological minerals. Two other gem minerals, tourmaline-supergroup members, were published only in the 21st century: uvite and fluor-elbaite. Some type minerals from Brazil are very important technologically speaking. Some examples are menezesite, coutinhoite, lindbergite, pauloabibite, and waimirite-(Y).
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Walter, Franz. "Weinebeneite, CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 ∙ 4H2O, a new mineral species: mineral data and crystal structure." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 6 (December 15, 1992): 1275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/6/1275.
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Topa, Dan, Emil Makovicky, Alan J. Criddle, Werner H. Paar, and Tonči Balič-unić. "Felbertalite, Cu2Pb6Bi8S19, a new mineral species from Felbertal, Salzburg Province, Austria." European Journal of Mineralogy 13, no. 5 (September 27, 2001): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013/0961.
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Stanley, Christopher J., Gary C. Jones, Michael S. Rumsey, Christopher Blake, Andrew C. Roberts, John A. R. Stirling, Graham J. C. Carpenter, Pamela S. Whitfield, Joel D. Grice, and Yvon Lepage. "Jadarite, LiNaSiB3O7(OH), a new mineral species from the Jadar Basin, Serbia." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 4 (September 13, 2007): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-1741.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "New mineral species"
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Imbun, Benedict Y. "Industrial and employment relations in the Papua New Guinea mining industry : with special reference to the Porgera mine /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030701.093629/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998.Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1998), School of Employment Relations, University of Western Sydney, Nepean. Bibliography : p. 232-257.
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Elliott, Peter. "Crystal chemistry of cadmium oxysalt and associated minerals from Broken Hill, New South Wales." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/65481.
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Secondary minerals, formed at low temperature, are the product of the oxidation of primary sulphide ore bodies. The formation and mineralogy of oxidized zones, which phases are stable and which are not, and how toxic heavy metals become incorporated into the crystal structures of the constituent minerals have implications for the heavy metal mobility in the environment and in the disposal of heavy metal and the remediation of contaminated sites This thesis presents an inverstigation of the the crystal chemistry of a suite of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Se and As oxysalt minerals from Broken Hill, NSW; the new mineral species plimerite, nyholmite, liversidgeite and edwardsite, as well as gartrellite, munakataite, osakaite and cadmian serpierite. Crystal structures were studied using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, in conjunction with the results from electron microprobe analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structures are classified according to the mode of polymerization of strongly bonded coordination
polyhedra: chains, sheets or frameworks. The chemical compositions of the minerals and their stabilities are discussed in terms of a combinination of hierarchical ordering, bond-valence theory and the valence-matching principle. For the first time in natural minerals, extensive solid solutions involving cadmium have been observed. Solid solutions between Cd and Zn (in nyholmite), Cd and Ca (in serpierite), and Cd and (Pb+Ca) (in sampleite-lavendulan-zdenekite and conichalciteduftite)
are examined. The minerals examined in this study have implications for the mobility of heavy metals in the environment and in remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2010
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Varela, Eromise Solânge Semedo Cardoso. "Value and characterization of Cabo Verde Leguminosae plants as sources of new foods." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/113422.
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Legume species are important food sources to prevent starvation, under-, and malnutrition;
they also play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture in the tropical dry islands of Cabo
Verde. In order to improve the knowledge of the heritage of plant genetic resources in Cabo
Verde, namely of the Leguminosae family, this study had three main goals: i) to provide a
checklist of Leguminosae taxa used as food; ii) to investigate which legume species are
consumed and traded in local markets and to compare species for their chemical composition
and nutritional value; and iii) to discuss aspects concerning the agronomic value, sustainable
use of legumes, and their potential contribution to food security in this archipelago. Results
revealed that 15 Leguminosae species are used as food and all but one is cultivated. Five of
these species are widely consumed/traded in local markets, namely: Cajanus cajan, Lablab
purpureus, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Vigna unguiculata. Regarding the
nutritional value, Lablab purpureus, Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata present about
23% of protein. Cajanus cajan and Lablab purpureus showed the highest antioxidant
capacities, fibre and phenolic contents; Phaseolus vulgaris showed the highest ash and
moisture contents. The highest mineral content was found for the following elements and
species: Cu, in Cajanus cajan; Mg, and Mn, in Lablab purpureus; K, Ca, P, and Fe in
Phaseolus vulgaris; and Mg, S, and Zn in Vigna unguiculata. The role of these species as
sources of nutrients for food security is highlighted, and the native ones (Lablab purpureus
and Vigna unguiculata) stand-out as particularly well-adapted to the adverse climate of these
islands. The present study allowed concluding that the conservation and sustainable use of
these plant genetic resources can contribute to the reduction of hunger and poverty, thus
meeting some challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (zero hunger, good health
and well-being and climatic action).
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Imbun, Benedict Y., of Western Sydney Nepean University, Faculty of Commerce, and School of Employment Relations. "Industrial and employment relations in the Papua New Guinea mining industry : with special reference to the Porgera mine." 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/25488.
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This thesis presents the findings of research into industrial and employment relations in the PNG mining industry, with particular reference to the Porgera gold mine. The thesis examines the challenges multinational mining companies go through in the formation and control of the workforces in PNG mines. Recruitment, training, localisation and industrial relations issues are discussed in relation to several mines, including Porgera. The discussion analyses two crucial concepts, 'pluralism' and 'exceptionalism' to draw attention to the fact that PNG's industrial relations system is 'pluralistic' in nature and approach; and therefore, 'exceptional' when compared to similar developing countries. Further, the thesis also analyses two theoretical models: general mode of industrialisation and state model. It assesses their applicability and relevance to PNG's human resource development and industrial relations system, particularly in the mining industry. The research draws on data gathered through long periods of fieldwork and observation of indigenous workers in PNG mines. It discusses entry to and adaptation to industrial work by Papua New Guinea tribes people. Particularly, the emergence of an industrial workforce at Porgera mine and its human resource implications are explored and discussed. One theme is the role of recruitment and training on 'greenfield' sites in the remote locations where the mines are situated. This includes the issues, concerns and dilemmas which multinational mining companies face in trying to balance the employment expectations and training requirements of both local inhabitants and the PNG government. Attention is paid to explaining how multinational mining companies have overcome such pressures by introducing ethnic affirmative action policies which favours the employment of local inhabitants. The roles of the PNG government, mining companies, trade unions and community groups are highlighted in the operation of industrial employment relations in the mines. The general aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the emergence and interplay of pluralistic institutions and the formation of an industrial workforce as a result of the mining company.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Books on the topic "New mineral species"
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Ltd, Norecol Environmental Consultants. New methods for determination of key mineral species in acid generation prediction by acid base accounting. Ottawa, Ont: CANMET, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology=Centre canadien de la technologie des minéraux et de l'énergie, 1991.
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Ltd, Norecol Environmental Consultants. New methods for determination of key mineral species in acid generation prediction by acid base accounting: Final report. Ottawa, Ont: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology = Centre canadien de la technologie des minéraux et de l'énergie, 1991.
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Imbun, Benedict Y. Industrial and employment relations in the Papua New Guinea mining industry: With special reference to the Porgera Mine. Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1999.
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Ksenofontov, Boris. Wastewater treatment: new flotation models and flotation combines of the KBS type and special purpose. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1230211.
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In this monograph, for the first time in the world literature, the multi-stage and generalized flotation models proposed by the author more than thirty years ago are considered in a broad aspect. The possibilities of their use in various areas of flotation water purification, precipitation thickening and mineral processing are shown. Issues related to new flotation equipment in the form of flotation combines of the KBS type and special purpose, developed on the basis of multi-stage and generalized models of the flotation process, are widely covered. The prospects and ways of intensification of flotation processes of water purification are indicated.
For a wide range of readers, including researchers, university teachers, postgraduates, masters, bachelors and undergraduates.
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Pratesi, Giovanni, ed. Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze. Le collezioni mineralogiche e litologiche | The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence.The Mineralogical and Lithological Collections. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-319-9.
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The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence, founded in 1775 by Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo d'Asburgo Lorena, is one of the oldest and most prestigious scientific museums in the world. The fourth volume on the Collections of the Mineralogy and Lithology Section, published like the previous volumes by the Firenze University Press, fits perfectly in the series dedicated to the collections of the University's Museum System. The first part of the book describes in great detail the paths that led to the formation of the collections, starting with those dating to the Medici period and arriving at the specimens collected during recent expeditions. The second part illustrates and documents the extraordinary specimens of minerals, hardstone carvings and meteorites which represent the material patrimony of this section. Particular attention is given to the holotypes, the Elban Collection and the minerals of pegmatites, as well as the methods and solutions adopted to realize the project of the new museum exhibition set-up. The third and last part describes the studies carried out on the materials: from the minerals of the systematic collections to the rock specimens that recount not only the geodiversity of a region but also the history of a city.
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Rocks and minerals for the collector. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1992.
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Sabina, Ann P. Rocks and minerals for the collector. Ottawa, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1986.
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Sabina, Ann P. Rocks and minerals for the collector. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, 1986.
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Sabina, Ann P. Rocks and minerals for the collector. Ottawa, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1987.
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Sabina, Ann P. Rocks and minerals for the collector. Ottawa: Geological Survey, Canada, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "New mineral species"
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Stracher, Glenn B. "Crystallochemical Behavior of Slag Minerals and the Occurrence of Potentially New Mineral Species From Lapanouse-de-Sévérac, France." In Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, 243–300. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-849885-9.00013-5.
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Bethke, Craig M. "Changing the Basis." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0008.
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To this point we have assumed the existence of a basis of chemical components that corresponds to the system to be modeled. The basis, as discussed in the previous chapter, includes water, each mineral in the equilibrium system, each gas at known fugacity, and certain aqueous species. The basis serves two purposes: each chemical reaction considered in the model is written in terms of the members of the basis set, and the system’s bulk composition is expressed in terms of the components in the basis. Since we could not possibly store each possible variation on the basis, it is important for us to be able at any point in the calculation to adapt the basis to match the current system. It may be necessary to change the basis (make a basis swap, in modeling vernacular) for several reasons. This chapter describes how basis swaps can be accomplished in a computer model, and Chapter 9 shows how this technique can be applied to automatically balance chemical reactions and calculate equilibrium constants. The modeler first encounters basis swapping in setting up a model, when it may be necessary to swap the basis to constrain the calculation. The thermodynamic dataset contains reactions written in terms of a preset basis that includes water and certain aqueous species (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-, HCO-3, SO4- -, H+, and so on) normally encountered in a chemical analysis. Some of the members of the original basis are likely to be appropriate for a calculation. When a mineral appears at equilibrium or a gas at known fugacity appears as a constraint, however, the modeler needs to swap the mineral or gas in question into the basis in place of one of these species. Over the course of a reaction model, a mineral may dissolve away completely or become supersaturated and precipitate. In either case, the modeling software must alter the basis to match the new mineral assemblage before continuing the calculation. Finally, the basis sometimes must be changed in response to numerical considerations (e.g., Coudrain-Ribstein and Jamet, 1989). Depending on the numerical technique employed, the model may have trouble converging to a solution for the governing equations when one of the basis species occurs at small concentration.
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Turgut Sahin, Halil, and Yasemin Simsek. "Mineral-Bonded Wood Composites: An Alternative Building Materials." In Engineered Wood Products for Construction [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98988.
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The manufacturing of cost-efficient construction materials is at the center of attention these days. The development of engineeringly design products has occurred mostly over the past few decades. However, the term of mineral bonded wood composite is relatively new, covers many of the products, and is used to describe a material that is produced by bonding woody material with mineral-based substrates. At present, millions of tons of bio-based composite materials are now manufactured annually from many wood species. Woods are sustainable and engineeringly have enough performance properties in composite matrix systems for many end-use areas. Thus, their utilization processes and intended uses vary accordingly. But at manufacturing, many variables affect binder hydration in composite structure and the networking/bonding between wood and binder. The mineral bonded wood products are high in density and the appropriate strength in the construction industry, an important advantage to engineering applications appears to lie in their ability to absorb and dissipate mechanical energy. Despite their higher weight-to-strength ratio, especially cement and gypsum bonded wood composites have become popular, for use in many internal and external applications to meet increasingly stringent building design regulations for insulation, and failure in service due to deterioration.
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Lowenstam, Heinz A., and Stephen Weiner. "Arthropoda." In On Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049770.003.0009.
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The arthropods are distinguished by having segmented bodies and appendages, as well as hardened external skeletons. Growth is achieved by shedding the exoskeleton and then regenerating a new and larger one. The hardening of the exoskeleton usually occurs by chemical cross-linking (sclerotization) of the macromolecular constituents, mostly proteins and the polysaccharide, α-chitin. The major exception is the class Crustacea. The members of this group harden their skeleton not only by sclerotization, but also by the addition of inorganic minerals. After each molting, the new exoskeleton is remineralized. The result is that many Crustacea, particularly those that live in freshwater or on land where the availability of calcium is limited, have evolved novel and diverse temporary storage sites for mineral (reviewed by Greenaway 1985). From the perspective of biomineralization processes, this adaptation is certainly one of the “highlights” of the Arthropod phylum. Interestingly one taxonomic order within the Crustacea, the Cirripedia or barnacles, does not moult their heavily mineralized cuticles, even though their “organic” exoskeleton does go through periodic molting cycles (Darwin 1854). Table 7.1 lists many of the known reports of biomineralization processes in the Arthropoda. The table is already impressively long. However, as this phylum is by far the largest in the animal kingdom, we have no doubt whatsoever that the true extent of mineralization processes in the Arthropoda is far from having been ascertained. In the insects alone nearly half a million species have been described, and our list comprises just a few documented cases of insects that mineralize. Interestingly, the list of minerals formed by insects includes a number of so-called “organic minerals,” for example, uric acid, crystalline wax, and long chain paraffins. We strongly suspect that many more “organic minerals” have yet to be discovered among the insects.
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Bahadur, Amar. "Nematodes Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Crops in India." In Nematodes - Recent Advances, Management and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98850.
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Nematodes are the most plentiful animals on earth, commonly found in soil or water, including oceans. Some species of nematodes are parasites of plants and animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are non-segmented microscopic, eel-like round worms, obligate parasite possess stylets that live in soil causing damage to plants by feeding on roots or plant tissues. Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots, either within the root, some nematodes feed leaves. These nematodes cause breakdown of resistance to fungal diseases in fruit crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes living host tissue to feed on to grow and reproduce. Nematode life cycle consists of an egg, 4 pre-adult stages (juveniles) and an adult, life cycle depending on the species and the temperature. Nematodes do not move long distances (less than 6 inches per year). They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. Major nematodes associated in large number of vegetables crops in India such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.), reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus sp.) lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) etc. Root-knot nematodes are important pests of vegetables belonging to solanaceous (brinjal, tomato, chili), cucurbitaceous (biter ground, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd) leguminous (cowpea, bean, pea), cruciferous cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brussels, sprout), okra and several other root and bulb crops (onion, garlic, lettuce, celery, carrot, radish). Four species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are more than 95% of the root-knot nematode population worldwide distribution. Stem and Bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The nematodes spread from one area to another mainly through infested planting materials, water drains from infested areas into irrigation system, soil that adheres to implements, tyres of motor vehicles and shoes of plantation workers. Management recommendation through bio-pesticides, cultural practices, enrichment of FYM, Neem cake and other organic amendments.
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Bowes, Ashley. "Minerals." In A Practical Approach to Planning Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198833253.003.0023.
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Because of the particular nature and effect of mineral working, special provisions have been considered necessary to control its environmental effects. Following the report of the Stevens Committee on Planning Control over Mineral Working in 1976, the Government decided to implement many of the report’s recommendations, which it did in the Town and Country Planning (Minerals) Act 1981. The main features of that Act, which have now been incorporated in the 1990 Act, were as follows:
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Sivakumar, Deeksha. "A Little Lipstick Goes a Long Way: Chit-chatting with Women in the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata." In Soulless Matter, Seats of Energy: Metals, Gems and Minerals in South Asian Traditions, 201–18. Equinox Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/equinox.29658.
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Often times the word cosmetic connotes a superficial beautification of appearance. Once applied, mineral makeup can mask imperfections and make you more attractive. My analysis of two conversations that occur in Valmiki’s Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, will contend that cosmetics in the Hindu textual world appear hardly cosmetic, going skin-deep. Makeup techniques and the appropriate unguents and minerals are usually guarded and shared in confidence. In the Mahābhārata’s Virāṭaparvan, Satyabhama, competing for Krishna's attention with his many lovers, approaches Draupadi for advice on these womanly matters. In a confidential exchange Draupadi tells Satyabhama that the key to managing the attention of all five Pānḍava brothers is to “worship your husband wearing your costly flowers and jewels and makeup and scents.” The potential of learning a good makeup trick or two is a real asset for a woman, helping her acquire and keep her partner, or as Draupadi suggested, ensuring your husband’s affection and obedience. A youthful complexion is also cultivated by employing age-defying creams. In Valmiki’s Rāmāyaṇa, an older wife Anasuya gives the new bride Sita a special ointment to preserve eternal beauty, initiating her to cosmetics and their application. In my interpretation minerals are pivotal to arranging and maintaining personal and social relationships between a man and his wife. The sensorial experiences of mineral makeup -- through implication -- render Rama and the five Pānḍavas as connoisseurs aroused by well adorned women, and attractable through makeup. Mineral cosmetics and adorning one's self with makeup is hardly manipulative, but rather positively transforms marital relationships.
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Wothers, Peter. "Loadstones and Earths." In Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652723.003.0012.
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Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848), discoverer of the elements selenium, thorium, cerium, and silicon and deviser of the chemical symbols we use today, was one of the last in a long list of Swedish mineralogists and chemists active during the eighteenth century. Berzelius himself regarded one of his predecessors, Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722–65), as the founder of chemical mineralogy. We met Cronstedt in Chapter 2 as the discoverer of the element nickel, isolated from the ore kupfernickel. But another of Cronstedt’s achievements was perhaps of even greater significance: his development of a classification of minerals based not on their physical appearances, as had been common up to this time, but on their chemical compositions. He first published his scheme anonymously in Swedish in 1758, but it was later translated into English as An Essay towards a System of Mineralogy. Cronstedt recognized four general classes of minerals: earths, bitumens, salts, and metals. As their name suggests, the bitumens were flammable substances that might dissolve in oil but not in water. The main difference between the salts and the earths was that the former, which included the ‘alcaline mineral salt’ natron, could be dissolved in water and recrystallized from it. The earths he defined as ‘those substances which are not ductile, are mostly indissoluble in water or oil, and preserve their constitution in a strong heat’. Cronstedt initially recognized nine different classes of earth. By the time of Torbern Bergman (1735–84), these had been reduced to five which ‘cannot be derived from each other or from anything simpler’. Lavoisier and his collaborators included these five in their great work on nomenclature even though they suspected that, like soda and potash, they were most likely not simple substances, but species that contained new metals. In the 1788 English translation of the nomenclature these were called silice, alumina, barytes, lime, and magnesia. The first two eventually, in the early nineteenth century, yielded the elements silicon and aluminium. The word ‘silicon’ derives from the Latin ‘silex’ (meaning ‘flint’—a form of silicon dioxide), with the ending ‘-on’ reflecting its resemblance to the other non-metals carbon and boron.
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Bethke, Craig M. "Solving for the Equilibrium State." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0009.
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In Chapter 3, we developed equations that govern the equilibrium state of an aqueous fluid and coexisting minerals. The principal unknowns in these equations are the mass of water nw, the concentrations mi of the basis species, and the mole numbers nk of the minerals. If the governing equations were linear in these unknowns, we could solve them directly using linear algebra. However, some of the unknowns in these equations appear raised to exponents and multiplied by each other, so the equations are nonlinear. Chemists have devised a number of numerical methods to solve such equations (e.g., van Zeggeren and Storey, 1970; Smith and Missen, 1982). All the techniques are iterative and, except for the simplest chemical systems, require a computer. The methods include optimization by steepest descent (White et al., 1958; Boynton, 1960) and gradient descent (White, 1967), back substitution (Kharaka and Barnes, 1973; Truesdell and Jones, 1974), and progressive narrowing of the range of the values allowed for each variable (the monotone sequence method; Wolery and Walters, 1975). Geochemists, however, seem to have reached a consensus (e.g., Karpov and Kaz’min, 1972; Morel and Morgan, 1972; Crerar, 1975; Reed, 1982; Wolery, 1983) that Newton-Raphson iteration is the most powerful and reliable approach, especially in systems where mass is distributed over minerals as well as dissolved species. In this chapter, we consider the special difficulties posed by the nonlinear forms of the governing equations and discuss how the Newton-Raphson method can be used in geochemical modeling to solve the equations rapidly and reliably. The governing equations are composed of two parts: mass balance equations that require mass to be conserved, and mass action equations that prescribe chemical equilibrium among species and minerals.
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Kumar Sanadya, Sanjay, Surendra Singh Shekhawat, and Smrutishree Sahoo. "Sewan Grass: A Potential Forage Grass in Arid Environments." In Grasses and Grassland - New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98801.
Full textAbstract:
Sewan grass (Lasiurus scindicus), a popular pastoral species, is getting some much-needed attention as mechanization, modernity in agriculture, and illicit grazing pose severe risks to biodiversity conservation in arid and semi-arid areas. It is found mainly in wastelands, dunes, hammocks, and sandy plains but less popular for cultivation in farmer’s fields. Sewan grass has many features like good nutritional value, soil binder, tolerance to high temperature, high digestibility and palatability, and prolonged drought conditions contributed greatly towards its success as a potential forage species in arid environments. It contains significant quantities of crude fibres, lignin, minerals and crude protein, and varies in the proportion of their tissue that can be digested by ruminants. Most research focuses on the species as a forage plant and agronomical practices and is largely published in agricultural and grey literature. Meanwhile, there is a lack of information about breeding strategies and seed production technologies. Therefore, here we present a comprehensive review about agronomic management, breeding, and seed production strategies systematically that will aid in the management of sewan grass now and into the future.
Conference papers on the topic "New mineral species"
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Datieva, I. A. "GROWTH STIMULATOR FOR ONE-YEAR OLD CLOVER SPECIES." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-21.
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The article discusses the results of the application of scientific research practical methods for a new pre-sowing treatment of plant seeds of annual clover species with a growth stimulator of hydrothermal nanosilica (HNC) in combination with sulfur-containing mineral water.
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Kutuzova, Anel, Elena Provornaya, Ekaterina Sedova, and Nadezhda Tsybenko. "EFFICIENCY OF LEGUME-GRASS STANDS WITH USING NEW VARIETIES TO CREATE CULTURAL PASTURES IN THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-5-13.
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Based on the analysis of the results of a 5-year field experiment to study the effects of species and cultivars of white clover (VIC 70 and Lugovik), red clover (Tetraploidny VIC and Veteran), alfalfa common (88 Pasture and Agnes) pro-conducting for periods (1–2,
3–4 and 5 years of use) the influence of weather conditions, the years of life herbs, part legume component in the herbage yield, content of total and biological nitrogen in the aboveground mass, the concentration of metabolizable energy in the feed. Set the efficiency of the reception of pre-inoculated seed complementary strains of nodule bacteria in nitrogen and savings acquisition costs of mineral nitrogen fertilizers (at modern prices).
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Rudko, Georgii, Mariia Kyrilo, and Maksym Ozerko. "MULTICOMPONENT DEPOSITS WITH BY-PRODUCT AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF FELDSPAR RAW MATERIALS FOR MODERN TECHNOLOGIES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/32.
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"Feldspar is raw materials with a growing volume of production every year, as well as a price for it. Feldspar consumption has been gradually increasing in ceramics, glass industry for solar panels, housing, and building construction. Feldspar raw materials include intrusive, effusive rocks, weathering crust of crystalline rocks, sedimentary altered and altered rocks, as well as partially medium and basic aluminosilicate rocks. It was defined an industrial application for each species of feldspar. Potassium feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, sanidine) are used in electroceramic, electrode, abrasive, and ceramics industries. For these productions, the potash module is fixed in a ratio of 2: 1. For some industries, in particular the manufacture of high-voltage ceramics, the necessary feldspars are as close as possible to pure potassium (with a modulus of at least 4: 1, which corresponds to 80% of the orthoclase component). Potassium-sodium raw materials, from a potassium modulus of at least 0.9, are used for building construction. Sodium minerals with non-standardized potassium modulus are used for the glass industry, the production of enamels, and products such as vitreous porcelain. Calcium feldspars, represented by plagioclase of higher numbers, have limited practical application and their presence in feldspar concentrates is undesirable. According to mineral associations, all types of feldspar raw materials can be divided into five types: 1) feldspar (syenites, trachitis); 2) quartz-feldspar (pegmatites, granites, sands, etc.); 3) nepheline-feldspar (nepheline syenites, alkaline pegmatites); 4) quartz-sericite-feldspar (shales, secondary quartzites); 5) quartz-kaolinite-feldspar (sands, alkaline kaolins, secondary quartzites). It is shown on the example of Ukrainian deposits of feldspar minerals that complex deposits with by-products become the main source for production. Especially if these are new mining operation facilities. The authors have identified three main types of such complex multicomponent deposits: 1) deposits of intrusive rocks where weathering crust of crystalline rocks are mined as a byproduct; 2) complex deposits, where feldspar rocks are enclosing or overburden and can also be considered as byproducts; 3) deposits where feldspar concentrate can be produced as a product of ore components processing."
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Barouh, Nathalie, Claire Berton-Carabin, Thierry Chardot, Jean-Francois Fabre, Sabine D'andrea, Yann Gohon, Eric Lacroux, et al. "Exploring Plant Biodiversity to Extract Oil Bodies for Sustainable Food Applications." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wmkj8057.
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Oleoproteaginous and cereal seeds enclose a wide range of nutriments such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and various mineral and organic micronutrients. These nutrients are found under the form of natural assemblies such as oil or protein bodies or starch granules, that have interesting functionalities (micronic sizes, surface activity, high physicochemical stability, etc.). These assemblies are extracted by various processes using energy, organic solvents, steam, alone or in combination. Thus, their natural structures are often strongly damaged, and some of their functionalities disappear. Storming through natural assemblies’ biodiversity to address the societal demand for more natural and minimally-processed food, seems promising. Indeed, the soft extraction of such assemblies could be an alternative to traditional intensive fractionation methods of plant raw materials to isolate target ingredients (sucrose, starch, refined oils, etc.). This would allow energy savings and avoid solvent use, but must be balanced with potential challenges of this new green refinery scheme. The purpose of the present work is to highlight the physicochemical properties of various oil bodies from diverse plant origins. A green refinery protocol is proposed for their extraction from various matrices. Then their size distribution, surface activity, resistance to oxidation and fatty acids and liposoluble vitamins bioaccessibility is also presented. Omega-3 rich sources (linseed, chia, hemp…) are of special interest to correct the low dietary intake of US and European population as well as the ω6/ω3 balance. Oil bodies from these plant species can thus constitute new dietary carriers of ω3 and other bioactive molecules. Moreover, the combination of oil bodies with specific features (fatty acid profiles, stabilities, vitamin contents) can help meeting the requirements of specific nutritional targets (infants, children, elderly, athletes, etc.). Altogether, we are convinced that the valorization of these diverse oil bodies can be a strategic route in the development of sustainable food systems.
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Hassan, Anas M., Emad W. Al-Shalabi, Waleed AlAmeri, Muhammad S. Kamal, Shirish Patil, and Syed M. Shakil Hussain. "New Insights into Hybrid Low Salinity Polymer (LSP) Flooding Through a Coupled Geochemical-Based Modeling Approach." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210120-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Low Salinity Polymer (LSP) flooding is one of the emerging synergic techniques in enhance oil recovery (EOR). Previous experimental studies showed an exceptional improvement in displacement efficiency, polymer rheology, injectivity, and polymer viscoelasticity. Nevertheless, when it comes to modeling LSP flooding, it is still challenging to develop a mechanistic predictive model that captures polymer-rock-brine interactions. Therefore, this study employs a coupled geochemical-reservoir numerical model to investigate the effect of water chemistry on polymer-brine-rock geochemical interactions during LSP flooding through varying overall salinity as well as the concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions. In this study, the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) was coupled with a geochemical interface module i.e., pH-Redox-Equilibrium in C programming language (PHREEQC), termed as IPHREEQC. The coupled MRST-IPHREEQC simulator enables simulating the effects on different parameters on polymer viscosity including the Todd-Longstaff mixing model, inaccessible pore volume, permeability reduction, polymer adsorption, salinity, and shear rate. For describing the related geochemistry, the presence of polymer in the aqueous phase was considered by introducing novel solution specie to the Phreeqc database. Using this coupled simulator, several geochemical reactions and parameters can be assessed including rock and injected water compositions, injection schemes, and other polymer characteristics where the focus of this work is on water chemistry. Moreover, different injection schemes were analyzed including low-salinity water, low-salinity polymer injection (1×LSP), and 5-times spiked low-salinity polymer injection (5×LSP) with their related effects on polymer viscosity. The results showed that polymer viscosity during low-salinity polymer flooding is directly affected by calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions and indirectly affected by sulfate ion (SO42−) as a result of polymer-rock-brine interactions on a dolomite rock-forming mineral. Furthermore, the findings showed that monovalent ions such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) have less pronounced effects on the polymer viscosity. However, the release of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions due to the dissolution of dolomite led to the formation of polymer (acrylic acid, C3H4O2) complexes and consequently, a pronounced decrease in polymer viscosity. In addition, the increase of sulfate ion (SO42−) concentration in the injected LSP solution affects the interactions between the polymer and positively charged aqueous species and leads to less polymer viscosity loss. Additionally, as a de-risking measure for LSP flood designs, estimating the effect of each ion can be highly useful step. The effect of cations is also related to charge ratio (CR), which renders it the key objective to determine the optimum CR ratio at which viscosity loss of LSP flood is avoided or at least minimal. The coupled simulator works as an integrated tool, which is sound, precise, and adaptable with the ability to encapsulate the reactions required for LSP mechanistic modeling. This paper is among the very few, which describe mechanistic geochemical modeling of the low-salinity polymer flooding technique. The coupled simulator provided new insights into understanding the mechanisms controlling LSP flooding. Based on the findings of this work, several successful low salinity-polymer field pilots can be designed.
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Md Yusof, Muhammad Aslam, Mohamad Arif Ibrahim, Ismail M. Saaid, Ahmad Kamal Idris, Mazlin Idress, and Muhammad Azfar Mohamed. "Fines Migration During CO2 Injection: A Review of the Phenomenon and New Breakthrough." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200134-ms.
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Abstract Large volume of CO2 injection into the saline aquifer is considered to be the high potential CO2 storage method. Until now, the field of CO2 injectivity has been completely dominated by salt precipitation – and by far the most studied mechanism for the loss of injectivity. In this paper, our aim is to focus on recent findings on CO2 injectivity impairment by fines migration that should not be overlooked. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge obtained from theoretical, field studies, and experimental observations on CO2 injectivity impairment by fines migration in saline aquifers in the sense of CO2 storage. By gathering various data from books, DOE papers, field reports and SPE publications, a detailed and high quality data set for fines migration during CO2 injection into saline aquifer is created. Key reservoir/fluid/rock information, operational parameters and petrophysical evaluations are assessments are provided, providing the basis for comprehensive data analysis. The results are presented in terms of boxplot and histogram, where histogram displays the distribution of each parameter and identifies the best suitable ranges for best practices; boxplots are used to detect the special cases and summarize the ranges of each parameter. Previous coreflooding experiments concluded that salt precipitation, mineral precipitation, dissolution and mobilization are the main mechanisms that caused CO2 injectivity impairments. Dissolution of carbonate minerals is dominant and it increases the poro spaces and connectivity of sandstone core samples. Conversely, detachment, precipitation of salt and clay minerals and deposition of fines particles decreases the flow are and even clog the flow paths despite net dissolution. However, the results are case dependent and lack generality in terms of quantifying the petrophysical damage. It has been highlighted that injection scheme (flow rate, time frame), mineral composition (clay content, sensitive minerals), particulate process in porous media (pore geometry, particle and carrier fluid properties), and thermodynamic conditions (pressure, temperature, salinity, CO2 and brine composition) give substantial effect on the fines migration during CO2 injection. Additionally, the current experimental work is limited to rendering time and difficult to identify the dynamic process of fines migration during CO2 injection. A list of potential additional work has therefore been presented in this paper including the establishment of microscopic visualization of CO2-brine-rock interactions with representative pore-network under reservoir pressure and temperature. This is the first paper to summarize the contribution of fines migration on CO2 injectivity impairment in saline aquifer.
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Светова, Евгения, and Светлана Шанина. "Analysis of fluid inclusions in vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit by gas chromatography." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_14.
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The composition and content of fluid inclusions in the main structural and technological types of vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit were studied by gas chromatography. It is shown that H2O dominates (90–99%) in the gases composition released from quartz under heating to 1000°C, CO2, CO, N2 and hydrocarbon compounds contents are much less. Quartz is characterized by high gassing in the high-temperature region (600–1000°C) comparable to gassing in the low-temperature interval (100–600°C), which is a negative indicator of the quality of quartz as a raw material for high-quality glass melting. It is necessary to develop a special purification technology for this quartz, which will take into account the features of its saturation with gas-liquid inclusions.
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Dizon, Lisa Stephanie, Robert S. Bertrand, Mark Zappi, Rafael Hernandez, William Holmes, Dhan Lord Fortela, and Emmanuel Revellame. "Effects of Growth Conditions on the Bacterial Conversion of Methane to Lipids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kevn4864.
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The huge decline in natural gas prices led to an increase in flaring which embodies wasted product, lost energy, lost revenues, and major greenhouse gas emission (GHG). Methane is a major component of natural gas that could be diverted as microbial substrate for the production of valuable products. Methanotrophs are gaining interests due to their ability to utilize CH4 as its sole carbon and energy source to produce a wide variety of bio-products such as lipids, carbohydrates, fuels and power, biomolecules, proteins and renewable chemicals. The lipids derived from the intracellular membrane of methanotrophs are vital precursors for the production of biodiesel and human health supplements. This study aimed to establish the growth conditions of methanotrophs that maximize methane consumption and lipid production. Growth parameters were varied to study the effects of media (nitrate mineral salts (NMS) and synthetic wastewater (SW)), pH (4.0 and 6.8) and CH4 to air ratio (1:1 and 1:4) on the bacterial conversion of methane to lipids. A multi-level categoric design of experiment was employed to verify the most suitable conditions for CH4 consumption and lipid production. Methane consumption was monitored via gas chromatography analysis of the headspace gases. Full length 16S rRNA gene diversity analysis was done to identify the species present in the consortium and to determine the changes in their relative abundance. After 18 days of incubation, results show that the highest CH4 consumption was 6.62% with a lipid yield of 6.93% that can be achieved using SW medium, at pH=6.8, and CH4 to air ratio of 1:1. Thus, this research provides new insights on the potential of natural microbial consortium to convert CH4 into lipids that could address concerns on greenhouse gas emission reduction as well as for value-added resources recovery.
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Tosovic, Radule. "Strategic Definition of Direct Economic Effects of Valorization of Mineral Raw Materials from Ore Deposits in Mineral Production." In 27th International Scientific Conference Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Economics in Subotica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46541/978-86-7233-406-7_256.
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In modern market conditions, determining the economic viability of geological exploration and exploitation of mineral resources is accompanied by a number of traditional and new influencing factors, which need to be analyzed. The complexity of the economic evaluation of mineral reserves stems from the fact that the valorization of mineral resources is carried out in the age of exploitation, which for most ore deposits is longer than a decade. In the subject economic evaluation, it is especially important to consider the current traditional and new factors on the profitability of mineral resources. In the case of certain current events in the mineral sector of Serbia, related to geological exploration and potential exploitation of deposits, economic viability is important from the point of view of the company, but especially from the point of view of the community and additional economic benefits from production activation. The main goal is to realistically consider and plan the successful operation of the company with the most favorable contribution to the community based on the valorization of mineral resources. In the preparation of the necessary data and the accompanying analysis, the expert economic evaluation of the mineral reserves and the mineral deposit in question is of special importance. The method of expert economic evaluation, with the application of comparative analysis, enables efficient collection, processing and interpretation of necessary value indicators, necessary for strategic decision-making on mineral production, with economic profitability, with appropriate direct economic effects on the company and society.
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Czernichowski, Albin, Piotr Czernichowski, and Krystyna Wesolowska. "Plasma-Catalytical Partial Oxidation of Various Carbonaceous Feeds Into Synthesis Gas." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2537.
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We propose a sulfur-resistant process in which a gaseous or liquid carbonaceous matter is converted into the Synthesis Gas in a presence of high-voltage cold-plasma (“GlidArc”) that assists the exothermal Partial Oxidation. This process is performed in our 0.6 to 2-Liter reactors using atmospheric air. The reactants are mixed at the reactor entry without use of vaporizers or nozzles. Our process is initiated in the discharges’ zone in presence of active electrons, ions, and radicals generated directly in the entering mixture. Then the partially reacted steam enters a post-plasma zone of the same reactor. This zone is filled with a metallic and/or mineral material. We found several solids that present some catalytic properties enhanced by high temperatures and active species generated in the cold plasma. Atmospheric pressure reforming is presently studied. This paper recalls our earlier tests with natural gas, propane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, various gasolines, diesel oils (including logistic ones), and the Rapeseed oil. New experiments are then presented on the reforming of heavy naphtha and an aviation fuel. The synthesis gas issued from the last one has been successfully converted into electric energy in an on-line inserted Solid Oxide fuel Cell. All tested feeds are totally reformed into Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and some Methane. Other components are Steam and Carbon Dioxide. All these products are diluted in Nitrogen coming from the air. No soot, coke or tars are produced even from highly aromatic liquids. The output Synthesis Gas power issued as the result of our tests can presently reach 11 kW (accounted as the Lower Heating Value of produced H2 + CO stream). Only 0.05–0.2 kW of electric power is necessary to drive such cold-plasma-assisted reformer. Up to 45 vol.% of H2 + CO mixture (dry basis) is produced in long runs. We obtain a better than 70% thermal efficiency of the process (defined as the output combustion enthalpy of H2 + CO at 25°C concerning the Lower Heating Value of the feed). However a large part of remaining percentage of the energy leaving the reformer (the sensitive heat and CH4 at 2–3 vol.% level) can be further reused in the high-temperature Fuel Cells.
Reports on the topic "New mineral species"
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.