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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'New institutional economics'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Tan, Elaine S. "Beyond cliometrics : essays in the new institutional economic history." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270850.

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2

Stettler, Michael. "Institutions, property rights and external effects : new institutional economics and the economics of John R. Commons /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00006017.pdf.

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3

Nhundu, Kenneth. "Effectiveness of irrigation water management institutions in Zimbabwe: a new institutional economics theory approach." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006784.

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Despite considerable advances in technology across the world, some scholars (Bratton, 1987; Namara et al., 2010) have argued that declining agricultural productivity among smallholder farmers in Africa remains a major bottleneck in the development of the continent. Unganai (1993) indicates that about 60% of the southern African region is semi-arid or arid and suffers from periodic droughts. In addition, World Bank (2003) notes that agricultural production is dominated by rain-fed agriculture and irrigation systems are limited. This is compounded by the scarcity and poor management of irrigation water resources. Water scarcity in agriculture has large impacts on the population, especially in rural areas, where more than 60 percent of the population are engaged in agriculture which represents their main source of food and income (FAO, 2008). On the macroeconomic level, agricultural share of the GDP is about 37 percent and 75 percent of the export value is generated from the agricultural sector globally. To this effect, management of agricultural water particularly in rain-fed systems remains imperative for improved farm level yields because the bulk of the food comes from rain-fed agriculture (FAO, 2008; Namara et al., 2010). However, increasing water scarcity and poor accessibility may become a limiting factor not only for agricultural production and the welfare of rural population but also for the entire economy. Improving the management of water resources and an efficient use of water by all sectors, including agricultural production, are therefore important if the welfare and health of the population, particularly in rural areas, are to be maintained and improved (Nyong & Kanaroglou, 1999).
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4

Pessali, Huáscar Fialho. "A rhetorical analysis of Oliver Williamson's transaction cost economics." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289667.

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5

Croxson, Bronwyn. "An economic analysis of a voluntary hospital : the foundation and institutional structure of the Middlesex Hospital, 1745-1900." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272547.

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6

Dildar, Yasemin. "Institutional Approaches To Technology And Economic History." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610822/index.pdf.

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This thesis is an attempt to reassess the long debated issues of economic history from the perspective of institutional economics. Besides examining different approaches to technology and its impact on economic and social life, it analyzes the role of institutions in history. It discusses the institutional interpretations of the critical developments of economic history such as, the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence, with an emphasis on differences between the two scholarly traditions, namely, the Original Institutional Economics and the New Institutional Economics. Although the arguments of New Institutionalists concerning the role of technology in history have been effectively incorporated into the economic history research, the potential contributions of the Original Institutional Economics to the study of economic history have remained for the most part unexplored. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the relevance and importance of original institutional analysis with respect to technology and economic history.
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7

Talbot-Jones, Julia. "The Institutional Economics of Granting a River Legal Standing." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132935.

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The governance of water is of increasing concern to policy analysts. Several property rights systems, which allow for ownership of water by the individual, community, or state have been advocated, but no approach has been uniformly successful in resolving water quality or scarcity issues. In some cases, identifying alternative property rights arrangements for governing water systems could be useful. This research examines how a river system can be granted legal standing and the institutional economic effects of doing so. It is the first academic treatment of this subject. Focusing on the case of the Whanganui River, New Zealand, a careful critique of the new property rights arrangement - termed resource self-determination - is given. Using Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, game theory, and economic experiments, the economic and socio-ecological outcomes observed under state ownership are compared with the outcomes expected under resource self-determination. To understand how and why the new property rights approach was identified for the Whanganui River, a critical analysis of the institutional variables central to the identification of resource self-determination is also undertaken using a new dynamic version of the IAD framework developed as part of this research. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of resource self-determination is likely to result in an increase in transaction costs and a redistribution of water within the system, but that the new framework could successfully deliver on the objectives of the new legislation. For policy makers interested in replicating the approach for other river systems, words of caution, as well as recommendations, are offered.
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8

Sjöquist, Rafiqui Pernilla. "Evolving economic landscapes : institutions and localized economies in time and space." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-958.

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9

Choy, Hung-tat Lennon. "Pricing under information asymmetry : an analysis of the housing presale market from the new institutional economics perspective /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37230207.

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10

Ngaruko, Deus Dominic. "Agrocredit supply chain response to market coordination failures in Tanzania : a new institutional economics approach." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443591.

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11

Campos, Marcelo Mallet Siqueira. "Mudanças institucionais a partir da proibição do tráfico de escravos : o caso do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15640.

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Esta dissertação procurou relacionar a teoria da Nova Economia Institucional e a Cliometria com o método de pesquisa em história econômica, a partir da revisão teórica das obras dos seus principais autores, Douglass North e Robert Fogel, respectivamente. Estas teorias serão relacionadas com os acontecimentos que ocorreram na história econômica do Brasil durante o século XIX, em específico no Rio Grande de Sul. Antes disso serão apresentadas diversas interpretações clássicas e modernas a respeito deste período de importantes transformações, focando a mais importante delas: a transição da escravidão para o trabalho assalariado. Por fim serão analisados dados relativos à riqueza financeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul neste período.
This dissertation seeks to relate New Institutional Economics theory and Cliometrics with economic history research method, since the theorethical review of it main autors, Douglass North and Robert Fogel. These theories will be related with happenings which occurred during the XIXth century in Economic History of Brazil, specifically at Rio Grande do Sul state. Before it, will be presented many classic and modern interpretations about this period of important changes focusing on the most important of them: the transition from slavery to free work. At the end will be analized data relative to financial richess in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
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12

Hysa, Ardit. "Institutions matter : A qualitative case study analysis of the institutional capacities of Albania in relation to the utilization of the EU funds." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193923.

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This dissertation is a case study of Albania regarding the influence institutions have over the utilization of the EU financial aid, more specifically, the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance II (IPA II) for the period of 2014-2020. Albania has been struggling with EU accession despite the allocation of numerous funds in the form of development programs for several years. The study attempts to identify the endogenous obstacles to development and the utilization of funds due to both formal and informal institutions. The reviewed literature shows a clear correlation between economic growth and good quality institutions. Besides, it indicates that informal institutions play a major role in the development process. Therefore the role of the Kanun in Albania is examined. As defined by mainly Douglas North, the New Institutional Economics theory is used to dive into Albania’s formal and informal institutions and discover how those determine the politico-economic and social structures. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine key participants who work in IPA II projects at the local level across the country. The country was divided into three regions in order to identify variations in the role of IPA II funds, institutions, and degree of development. Before the analysis is done and the results are presented, the historical background of the three key historical periods of the country, Ottoman, Communist and Democracy, is provided to set the base of the origin of present institutions. The results from the interviews and the macro-economic indicators of the three regions show a correlation between good defined formal institutions and economic growth and strong informal institutions and stagnation, as the theory suggested.
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13

Guerra, Fábio Bandeira. "Mercados brasileiro e canadense de etanol: uma análise comparativa sob a ótica da Nova Economia Institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-16082012-104550/.

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No atual contexto mundial de incessante busca por fontes renováveis de energia, o desenvolvimento do mercado de etanol tem sido recorrentemente discutido na academia, assim como na sociedade como um todo. Nesse sentido, abre-se espaço para estudos que visam o aperfeiçoamento desta cadeia agroindustrial, bem como o aprimoramento dos programas destinados à promoção deste biocombustível. Frente a esta demanda, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa entre os mercados brasileiro e canadense de etanol, tendo na Nova Economia Institucional o aporte teórico para efetuar esta avaliação, a qual permite identificar algumas semelhanças e divergências. Para tanto, são abordados os seguintes aspectos pertinentes a cada país: informações primárias dos mercados (complexo industrial, produção, consumo, matéria-prima, processo produtivo, frota automotiva, dentre outros aspectos), estrutura de governança (hierárquica, híbrida ou mercado) adotada pelas usinas na regência do elo de suprimento agrícola, e ambiente institucional em que as indústrias, brasileira e canadense, de etanol estão inseridas (políticas de promoção, proteção e regulação do mercado de etanol). Com relação à primeira vertente observada, nota-se que o Brasil possui um mercado de etanol muito mais consolidado em relação ao canadense, ainda que este último demonstre potencial de crescimento. Além disso, o etanol produzido pela indústria nacional apresenta expressiva vantagem competitiva em termos de rendimento agrícola/industrial e ambiental. No que diz respeito ao ambiente institucional, destaca-se a forte intervenção do governo canadense na conduta da indústria doméstica de etanol, de forma a contrastar com a atual posição do Estado nacional, já que este pouco tem atuado na arena decisória do setor sucroenergético brasileiro. Quanto à última questão avaliada, a estrutura de governança, para o mercado brasileiro foi identificado o regime hierárquico (integração vertical cana própria) como predominante, enquanto no Canadá a estrutura mais frequente é a híbrida (estabelecimentos de contratos de compra e venda junto aos fornecedores de matéria-prima agrícola). Divergência explicada, em grande parte, pela elevada especificidade da cana-de-açúcar frente ao milho e trigo.
In the current context of incessant search for renewable energies, the development of ethanol market has been often discussed at academic scenery, as well as the whole society. Thus, this situation creates room for studies aimed at improve the ethanol agro-industrial chain, even as the upgrading of programs linked with ethanol promotion. Facing it, this thesis makes a comparative analysis between Brazilian and Canadian ethanol markets, using the New Institutional Economics to identify some similarities and differences. In order to reach this goal, three aspects regarding each country are observed: primary information of markets (industrial complex, production, consumption, raw material, production process, automotive fleet and so on), governance structure (hierarchical, hybrid and market) adopted by ethanol plants to manage their agricultural raw material supply chain, and institutional environment where Brazilian and Canadian mills are involved (policies for promotion, protection and regulation of the ethanol market). Regarding the first analyzed item, it is possible to see that Brazil has an ethanol market much more consolidated than Canadian market, although the last one demonstrates potential for growth. Moreover, the ethanol produced by the domestic industry has significant competitive advantage in terms of agricultural/industrial and environmental yield. About the institutional environment, the results show strong intervention of Canadian government in the conducted of domestic ethanol industry, differently what happens in Brazil, where national state has currently made just few interventions on Brazilian ethanol sector. Regarding the third studied element, the governance structure, for Brazil hierarchical structure was identified as predominant, on the other hand hybrid (establishments of purchase and sale contracts with suppliers of agricultural raw material) structure was considered the most common in Canada. Divergence largely explained by the high specificity of sugarcane compared to corn and wheat.
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14

Choy, Hung-tat Lennon, and 蔡鴻達. "Pricing under information asymmetry: an analysis of the housing presale market from the new institutionaleconomics perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37908133.

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The Best PhD Thesis in the Faculties of Architecture, Arts, Business & Economics, Education, Law and Social Sciences (University of Hong Kong), Li Ka Shing Prize, 2006-2007.
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abstract
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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15

Rantlo, Montoeli Ashby. "Integration of small-scale mohair farmers into the commercial agricultural economy in Lesotho: a new institutional economics approach." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62275.

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Agriculture continues to be a strategic sector in the development of most low-income countries like Lesotho where small-scale farming is the dominant livelihood activity that provides income and employment to the people. Smallholder farmers' integration into the commercial agricultural markets is a crucial element for economic development and has become a part of development strategies for developing countries and the objectives of international development institutions. The integration of the smallholders into these markets is dependent upon a number of factors including formal and informal institutions. Factors like population growth and demographic changes, technological change and introduction of new commodities, development of infrastructure and market institutions, development of the nonfarm sector and broader economy, rising labour opportunity costs, and macroeconomic, trade and sectoral policies affecting prices and other driving forces determine market participation. In addition, development of input and output markets, institutions like property rights and land tenure, market regulations, cultural and social factors affecting consumption preferences, production and market opportunities and constraints, agro-climatic conditions, and production and market related risks are other factors that affect the commercialisation process. On the other hand, factors like smallholder resource endowments including land and other natural capital, labour, physical capital, and human capital among others are household specific and considered internal determinants of market participation. Nevertheless, the decision to participate in agricultural markets lies with the individual farming household. Under the New Institutional Economics (NIE), this decision is influenced by institutional factors such as risk and preferences, factors which affect household production and the level of costs associated with market transactions. These market transactions are commonly referred to as transaction costs. The study focused on investigating the institutions that limit the integration of small-scale mohair farmers into the commercial agricultural economy in Lesotho. The documentation and evaluation of the institutional structure of the mohair industry is performed whereby the institutional factors influencing participation of small-scale mohair farmers in formal, informal and illegal markets in Lesotho and factors contributing to transaction costs associated with the integration of small-scale farmers into the commercial mohair sector are investigated. Therefore, the investigation will help to address the institutional problems hindering the development of an effective marketing structure for the commercialisation of small-scale mohair producers in Lesotho. The results of the study show that the small-scale mohair farmers that use the formal markets are integrated into the commercial agricultural economy and these farmers' integration into the mainstream economy is influenced by access to government support in the form of shearing sheds, transport subsidies and advisory services. They also have access to market information, marketing infrastructure, knowledge of grades and standards and secure property rights. Other factors that helped their integration into the commercial economy is their contractual agreements with mohair buyers, path dependent based decision making as well as the collective approach to mohair farming. The small-scale mohair farmers using the informal markets do not receive the advantages received by the famers in the formal markets. These small-scale mohair farmers are not integrated into the commercial markets and their only option is the informal markets and their participation in these markets is enhanced by their marketing arrangements with the informal traders, culture influenced decisions, social capital and prompt payments. Despite integration into the commercial agricultural economy, small-scale farmers that use formal markets face the challenges of power imbalances, mistrust and conflicts which may affect this integration into the commercial markets if left unchecked. The study concludes that in the face of institutional challenges, the small-scale mohair farmers using the formal markets are integrated into the commercial agricultural economy and there is potential for improvement of their integration as well as the integration of the small-scale mohair farmers that use the informal markets if institutional challenges are addressed.
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16

Ellis, Andy. "An exploration of New Institutional Economics for the strategic analysis of e-business with reference to transformational change." Thesis, Brunel University, 2006. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/699.

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This research applies institutional economics theory to management challenges arising in connection with e-business related transformational change. The research was carried out in response to widely recognised problems in managing IT-enabled change in complex organisations. A cyclic approach builds researcher competence in both the chosen theory, New Institutional Economics (NIE), and its application through a series of four contrasting case studies. The case situations, which derive from the researcher’s work as a technology management consultant, are treated as action research experiments which investigate e-business related transformational change in financial services, retail and government settings. A constructivist stance is adopted within the case situations with the researcher acting as a participant observer. Reflective practice is used to improve the experimental method for the case studies through the course of the research, leading to the use of participatory action research (PAR) for the final case. A literature review of NIE shows it to be loosely defined as a theory, so an analytic NIE framework is created to provide a cognitive model. This model is then modified and extended to produce a final theoretical framework. In parallel, a conceptual map of NIE is created from the research as a practical aid to illustrate NIE concepts and linkages. These two models, the theoretical framework and the conceptual map, evolve through the four case situations which were selected from a range of e-business consulting opportunities available to the researcher over the period of the research. The second case study drives the main development of the two models and draws out the necessary and complementary contributions of both transaction cost economics (TCE) and agency theory (AT) as parts of NIE, neither of which is sufficient on its own. The final case study demonstrates application to practice. The overall sequence of case studies shows the researcher’s cognitive growth from being a novice in the theory and its application in the first case through to a level of proficiency in applying NIE to the rigours of e-business practice in the final case. The research makes several contributions to knowledge. It makes a significant methodological contribution by bringing research methods developed for other forms of professional practice to the management discipline. It also makes a significant contribution to theoretical knowledge. It develops two theoretical models of NIE – a conceptual map and a theoretical framework – which present a way of linking NIE concepts in a meaningful way, and a structure by which NIE can be used in the analysis of highly complex organisational situations. These models clarify the complementary roles of TCE and AT, and indicate a reason why so many studies limited to TCE alone have been inconclusive. Applying NIE to the rigours of e-business management produces, in turn, a contribution to IT strategy formulation. The research makes a practical contribution by showing how NIE can be applied to e-business practice, subject to a number of significant caveats. NIE, as a descriptive theory, is shown to provide a powerful conceptual framework when combined with PAR, although both require deep knowledge and skill. In particular, adopting PAR as a case study method depends on an experienced, skilled and committed practitioner for its effective use. Finally, the research finds that NIE’s strengths as a framework for strategic analysis of large scale and complex e-business situations involving transformational change, which make it unduly sophisticated for less challenging situations, mean that NIE is suited to use by highly skilled, specialist consultants rather than by general managers.
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17

Capurro, Alejandro. "Comparing agricultural financing in Uruguay and New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2344.

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In 2008, New Zealand’s gross domestic product (GDP) was four times the size of Uruguay’s, and its export earnings were five times Uruguay’s. Nevertheless, agricultural products accounted for over 60% of export earnings for both economies. This highlighted the importance that the agricultural sectors of Uruguay and New Zealand had to their respective foreign trade sectors. The success with which both countries’ agricultural sectors solved their financial needs would be influential to their export sectors and overall economies. Through the use of expert interviews, a multiple-case study strategy was employed to carry out a comparative study of the agricultural financing systems of Uruguay and New Zealand. The findings revealed contrasting situations in both countries. Chief among them were the differences encountered in agricultural debt relative to agriculture’s contribution to total GDP in each country. In Uruguay this figure was 26% whereas in New Zealand it amounted to almost 400%. The differences found were largely attributable to the institutional frameworks in place in each country (i.e. the legal and cultural norms that structure political, social and economic interactions), as well as the historical contexts in which the institutions evolved. In Uruguay, the institutional framework limited producers’ possibilities of accessing bank credit due to restrictive central bank regulations. The lack of access to international credit markets by Uruguayan banks due to the country’s unfavourable credit risk rating was an additional factor which limited credit availability. These were largely a result of the financial crisis (and the subsequent recession) that had occurred in the region in 2002. Producers in Uruguay were able to access costlier seasonal capital and some medium-term capital from informal lenders such as cooperatives, processors and input suppliers. Nevertheless, if they required medium and long term credit, Uruguayan farmers needed to deal with the banking system. Furthermore, the high cost of registering mortgages, combined with long-term loan facilities that generally did not go for longer than ten years, resulted in a limited demand for high-volume, long-term credit on producers’ side. Almost the exact opposite situation was found in New Zealand. No great financial turmoil had affected New Zealand since the economic reforms of 1984, in which the economy in general was deregulated. An institutional framework which promoted access to credit, combined with a favourable country credit risk rating which promoted open access to overseas funding for banks, meant that the agricultural sector was able to expand its use of credit uninterruptedly since the early 1990s. Also, in contrast with the Uruguayan case, mortgaging of properties was relatively straightforward and inexpensive, and long term lending could be approved for terms of generally up to 20 years. These factors contributed to the expansion of rural credit in New Zealand. However, New Zealand’s agricultural debt was found to be greatly exposed to one subsector (the dairy farming sector). Moreover, the level of debt of New Zealand’s agricultural sector surpassed its contribution to GDP many times over, which raised doubts concerning the long-term sustainability of that level of debt.
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18

Karlsson, Evelina, and Alvåg Martina Strandberg. "Covid-19-pandemins påverkan på den svenska befolkningens konsumtion : Vilka faktorer orsakar förändring?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178036.

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19

Silva, Pedro Xavier da. "Análise de falhas organizacionais em um projeto de reaproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos para alimentação animal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/128106.

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A reutilização de resíduos orgânicos para alimentação animal é uma prática comum desde os tempos mais longínquos. Com a identificação das perdas e desperdícios de alimento como uma estratégia chave diante da crescente preocupação em relação à Segurança Alimentar Global, este mecanismo de reaproveitamento do resíduo gerado é posto como uma importante alternativa. No município de Porto Alegre (RS/ Brasil) é conduzido o Projeto de Reaproveitamento de Resíduos Orgânicos de Restaurante via Suinocultura, no qual o departamento de limpeza municipal intermedeia a transferência de resíduos alimentares para suinocultores da região (vinculados ao grupo Associação de Suinocultores da Zona Sul de Porto Alegre), produzindo produtos cárneos de origem e qualidade controladas. Para avaliar como está disposta a estrutura de governança desta cadeia produtiva, como ela se relaciona com o ambiente institucional que a delimita e se esta estrutura afeta a forma como o projeto é conduzido, foram utilizados conceitos da Nova Economia Institucional e da Economia de Custos de Transação. Foi possível identificar que o alto nível de especificidade de ativos e de incertezas nas transações são fontes significantes de custos de transações. Além disso, os estabelecimentos geradores de resíduo e os produtores agem de forma oportunista ao participar do Projeto e investimentos específicos demandados não são realizados devido à incerteza do ambiente. Em decorrência destes aspectos, emergem falhas organizacionais, identificadas nesta pesquisa como entraves na condução do projeto. Os principais entraves identificados para a condução do Projeto foram "alta de Licenciamento Ambiental", "Tratamento do Resíduo" e "Características da Associação", estando estes diretamente vinculados ao ambiente institucional.
The reuse of organic waste as animal diet is a common practice since the most ancient times. The identification of losses and food waste became a key strategy in the face of growing concern about the Global Food Security, and this mechanism that recycle of the waste generated is na important alternative. In Porto Alegre (RS State / Brazil) is leading the “Projeto de Reutilização de Resíduos Orgânicos de Restaurante via Suinocultura”, in which the municipal cleaning department mediates the transfer of food waste to pig farmers in the region (all of them linked to a Producers Association) to produce meat products with origin and quality controlled. To evaluate how is addressed the governance structure of this production chain, how is its relationship with the Institutional Environment and is this structure affects how the project is lead, were used concepts of the New Institutional Economics and the Economics of Transaction Costs. We observed that the high level of asset specificity and uncertainty in the transactions are significant sources of transaction costs. In addition, the waste generators establishments and producers act opportunistically to participate in the project and some demanded specific investments are not made due to environmental uncertainty. The main barriers identified (called in this study as organizational failures) for the well maintenance of the Project were ―Lack of Environmental Licensing‖, ―Treatment of Waste‖ and ―the Association Features‖, and these are directly linked to the institutional environment.
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20

Farias, Claudio Vinicius Silva. "O papel das instituições na formação e transformação da vitivinicultura da serra gaúcha : possibilidades de interpretações do desenvolvimento rural pela nova economia institucional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149314.

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A tese realiza uma discussão sobre o papel das instituições na formação e desenvolvimento da vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, tendo por base os pressupostos teóricos da Nova Economia Institucional. Partindo de uma análise de base histórica, o estudo se centra nas transformações recentes ocorridas na vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, desde o final da década de 1980. Após uma ampla revisão, se construiu um modelo analítico das principais transformações ocorridas, nos ambientes organizacionais, tecnológicos, competitivos e institucionais. A partir de tais análises, se propôs um conceito de desenvolvimento rural sob a ótica institucional. O que se pode perceber é que tanto as instituições formais quanto informais cumpriram um importante papel na consolidação de um desenvolvimento rural diferenciado na região, tendo na produção familiar de uvas e vinhos a raiz desse processo. Tais instituições, ao longo do tempo, não somente promoveram a melhora do desenvolvimento rural da região, como também afetaram a conformação do próprio Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) da Vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, responsável por mais de 90% de todo o vinho produzido no Brasil. Em síntese, as instituições criadas a partir do início dos anos 1990, e que continuam se desenvolvendo até a presente data, ajudaram, basicamente, na promoção da ação coletiva dos agentes econômicos do SAG; melhoraram as condições de produtividade, qualidade e de competição, em especial com os players internacionais; têm buscado desenvolver estratégias que privilegiem as economias de escopo, sobretudo entre os pequenos produtores; têm, a partir de programas e projetos específicos (por exemplo, FUNDOVITIS, MODERVITIS, Wines of Brasil etc.), buscado reduzir os custos de transação entre os agentes produtivos, principalmente porque têm auxiliado a melhorar a comunicação entre eles, bem como a qualidade da informação produzida.
The thesis makes a discussion on the role of institutions in training and development of the wine industry of Serra Gaucha, based on the theoretical assumptions of the New Institutional Economics. From a historical basis analysis, the study focuses on recent transformations in the wine industry of Serra Gaucha, since the late 1980s. After an extensive review, an analytical model was built of the major changes that have occurred in organizational, technological, competitive and institutional environments. From these analyzes, a concept of rural development in the institutional perspective was proposed. What can be seen is that both informal and formal institutions fulfilled an important role in the consolidation of a differentiated rural development in the region, and the family production of grapes and wines was the root of this process. Such institutions, over time, not only have promoted the improvement of rural development in the region, but also have affected the conformation of Agroindustrial System (SAG) of Viticulture in Serra Gaucha, responsible for over 90% of all wine produced in Brazil. In summary, the institutions that were created from the early 1990s and that continue being developed, helped basically in: promoting collective action of SAG economic agents; improved productivity conditions, quality and competition, especially with international players; they have sought to develop strategies that favor economies of scope, especially among small producers; they have sought to reduce transaction costs between productive agents as from specific programs and projects (eg FUNDOVITIS, MODERVITIS, Wines of Brazil etc.), mainly because they have helped to improve communication between producers and the quality the information produced.
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Šetele, Adam. "Dynamika švédského sociálního státu ve 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198254.

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In my thesis I focus on the concept of the Swedish welfare state, which many economists consider as a conclusive evidence that an extensive welfare state is fully compatible with a growing and competitive economy. The main hypothesis is that institutions of the welfare state leads in time to a continual pressure on change of overall condition of all social structures, expansion of the public sector, its overuse and increasing inefficiency. I examine a period from about 1850, when Sweden began to rapidly develop until the turn of the 20th and 21st century, when the Swedish welfare state fell into crisis. The hypothesis is verified by using the methodological approach of induction and with theoretical framework of new institutional economics. Findings of my work shows that the success of Swedish welfare state is rather a result of specific institutional factors that were favorable to business environment for most of the modern Swedish history. On contrary, excessive social spending, high taxes and market regulation from the second half of the 20th century made the system unsustainable and pointed to the need of reformation.
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Scherer, Catarina de Miranda. "Caracterização do ambiente institucional e sua mudança no Brasil entre 1889 e 1945." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12590.

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Pelo menos até o primeiro governo Vargas, a dinâmica da economia brasileira era ditada pela produção primária para exportação, numa sucessão de produtos que culminou com a produção cafeeira. Esse quadro foi, porém, completamente alterado durante a década de 1930, quando se caracterizou um momento de inflexão econômica e institucional de grandes dimensões, que transformou a dinâmica de toda a economia. A solidificação da nova forma da economia só foi possível por ter sido acompanhada de uma alteração na estrutura institucional do país, tornando os sistemas financeiro, tributário e educacional, além das relações de trabalho, mais adequados a este novo panorama. Instituições são as regras do jogo em uma sociedade que moldam a interação entre os homens e, assim, fornecem estruturas estáveis para que as transações ocorram. Conhecer as características institucionais históricas de cada país pode trazer uma melhor compreensão de suas deficiências atuais e das alternativas viáveis de mudança para superá-las. O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar o ambiente institucional brasileiro do período entre 1889 e 1945, com base na Nova Economia Institucional, identificando, também, os efeitos destas instituições sobre o desempenho econômico e os processos de mudança institucional do período, especialmente a mudança ocorrida após a Revolução de 1930. Mostra-se que a nova estrutura institucional, então criada, permitiu a continuidade do processo de industrialização, com maior intervenção do Estado na economia, o qual dispôs de melhores instrumentos para alcançar seu objetivo industrializante e com regras mais claras, seja para o sistema financeiro e a concessão de crédito, seja para a contratação de mão-de-obra. Permitiu, ademais, que a economia brasileira se tornasse mais robusta, deixando de ser tão vulnerável às flutuações externas. As mudanças desta época foram importantes para o crescimento do período posterior por criar uma base mais sólida tributária, financeira, de relações de trabalho e de educação.
At least until the first Vargas government, the dynamics of the Brazilian economy was dictated by the primary production for exportation, in a succession of products that culminated with coffee. This situation was, however, completely modified during the decade of 1930, when a moment of economic and institutional inflection of great dimensions was characterized, that transformed the dynamics of the whole economy. The solidification of the new form of the economy was only possible because it came along with an alteration in the institutional structure of the country, rendering the financial, educational, tributary systems and work relations more adjusted to this new panorama. Institutions are the rules of the game in a society that shape human interactions, establishing stable structures for the occurrence of transactions. To know the historical institutional characteristics of the country can provide a better understanding of its current deficiencies and suggest the viable alternatives to surpass them. The present work intends to characterize the Brazilian institutional environment of the period between 1889 and 1945, on the basis of the New Institutional Economics, identifying, also, the effect of these institutions on the economic performance and the processes of institutional change of the period, especially those that occurred after the Revolution of 1930. It is shown that the then created institutional structure allowed the continuity of the industrialization process, with stronger intervention of the State in the economy and with clearer rules, both for the financial system and the concession of credit, and for hiring labor. The government had available better instruments to reach its industrializing objective. Moreover, it allowed the Brazilian economy to become more robust, becoming less vulnerable to the external fluctuations. The changes of this period were important for the growth of the following decades for it created a more solid tax, financial, educational and work relations structure.
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Sessa, Celso Bissoli. "Uma abordagem integrada da economia evolucionista e da nova economia institucional para entendimento da relação universidadeempresa: o caso NEXEM/UFES." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5994.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao parte 1.pdf: 1955854 bytes, checksum: 54675e10f9459d57523da8b021b34b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-04
Considering the growing importance of scientific knowledge for technological progress of companies, there is an important role played by universities. In this paper, the importance of the relationship between innovations and institutions in the interaction between universities and firms are analyzed through the framework of Evolutionary Economics and New Institutional Economics. The main models of university-industry interaction and its impact on scientific and technological policies in Brazil are presented, further an analysis of the Law of Innovation. The interaction between universities and companies in Brazil are analyzed using information from the directory of groups of CNPq and from the IBGE`s Industrial Research of Technological Innovation (Pintec). For empirical evidence of the study, are analyzed the Núcleo de Excelência em Estruturas Metálicas e Mistas (NEXEM), the result of partnership between the Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES) and Companhia Siderurgica de Tubarão (CST).
Tendo em vista a crescente importância do conhecimento científico para o progresso tecnológico das firmas, observa-se o importante papel desempenhado pelas universidades. Neste trabalho, procura-se analisar a importância da relação entre inovações e instituições na interação entre universidades e empresas por meio dos arcabouços da Economia Evolucionista e da Nova Economia Institucional. São apresentados os principais modelos de interação universidade-empresa e suas repercussões nas políticas científicas e tecnológicas do Brasil, além de uma análise da Lei de Inovação. A interação entre universidades e empresas no Brasil é analisada por meio das informações do Diretório de Grupos do CNPq e da Pesquisa Industrial de Inovação Tecnológica (Pintec), do IBGE. Para comprovação empírica do estudo, analisa-se o Núcleo de Excelência em Estruturas Metálicas e Mistas (NEXEM), resultado da parceria entre a Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) e a então Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão (CST), hoje Arcelor Mittal Tubarão.
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Nalukenge, Imelda Kibirige. "Impact of lending relationships on transaction costs incurred by financial intermediaries: case study in Central Ohio." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1068473959.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 168 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Larry Libby, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental & Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-168).
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Nekomanesh, Sarmad, and Martin Islo. "Institutions for Sustainability : The Case of Green Building Certifications." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120466.

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Society is becoming increasingly dependent on the development of institutions generatingsustainability. In order to speed up this development there is a need to find, evaluate andgeneralize existing institutional mechanisms holding this characteristic. In this study, the current theoretical framework is expanded to describe how an institution shouldbe designed to generate sustainability. To explain this, a distinction is made between short-termefficient markets (currently known as Pareto-efficient markets) and long-term efficient markets(currently known as ‘strong’ or ecologic sustainability). Further, a sustainable development isdefined as a combination of short-term and long-term Pareto-efficiency. This implies that aconsumption decision today cannot make an individual better off, without making anothercurrent or future individual worse off. Green building certifications are an interesting candidate to empirically test the theoreticalframework. An empirical study was made in cooperation with Confederation of Indian Industry -Indian Green Building Council, consisting of 18 qualitative interviews with companies andexperts in the Indian building industry. The main purpose of the study has been to investigatewhy actors engage in green building and green building certifications, or why they do not. Theresults have then been analyzed and put in an institutional context. Building on these results, conclusions have been drawn that bring a valuable perspective to theongoing debate on sustainability. Green building certifications have several interestingcharacteristics contributing to a sustainable development. Most importantly, results areindicating that short-term economic efficiency can lead to long-term mechanisms generatingsustainability. However, there are also limitations to the growth of certifications as an institution,e.g. cultural aspects, risk of ambiguity and insufficient levels of human capital.
Utvecklingen av institutioner som genererar hållbarhet blir allt viktigare. För att påskynda dennautveckling finns det ett behov av att hitta, utvärdera och generalisera befintliga institutionellamekanismer som uppfyller denna egenskap. För att kunna beskriva hur en institution bör utformas för att generera hållbarhet, utökar dennastudie det aktuella teoretiska ramverket. En distinktion görs mellan kortsiktigt Pareto-effektivamarknader (detta är att likställas med nuvarande begreppet ’Pareto-effektiva marknader’) ochlångsiktigt Pareto-effektiva marknader (detta är att likställas med ’ekologisk hållbarhet’). Vidareär hållbar utveckling definierad som en kombination av kortsiktigt- och långsiktigt effektivamarknader. Detta innebär att ett konsumptionsbeslut idag inte kan öka välfärden för en individ,utan att minska välfärden för en annan nuvarande eller framtida individ. Certifieringar för hållbart byggande är en intressant kandidat för att empiriskt testa det teoretiskaramverket. Fallstudien gjordes i samarbete med Confederation of Indian Industry - Indian GreenBuilding Council, och består av 18 kvalitativa intervjuer med företag och experter inom denindiska byggindustrin. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien har varit att undersöka varför aktörerengagerar sig i grönt byggande och certifieringar, eller varför de väljer att inte göra det.Resultaten har sedan analyserats och satts i ett institutionellt sammanhang. Som institution har certifieringarna flera intressanta egenskaper som bidrar till en hållbarutveckling. Slutsatserna i studien skänker ett värdefullt perspektiv till den pågåendehållbarhetsdiskussionen, framförallt genom att påvisa att kortsiktig ekonomisk effektivitet kanleda till mekanismer som skapar hållbar utveckling. Det finns också begränsningar i tillväxten avdenna typ av institution som kan härledas till t.ex. kulturella skillnader, antalet certifieringar påmarknaden samt tillgång till humankapital.
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Suleiman, Lina. "Water Governance in Transition." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Samhällsplanering och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12982.

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The constraints experienced by water utilities in developing countries, with regard to the universal provision of access to water and improved water services, have been defined by international policymakers as "a crisis of governance". This study departs from the theoretical perspectives on governance and aspires to accumulate knowledge and advance understanding on how the performance of water utilities can be enhanced. The thesis comprises five papers and the cover essay. Four of the papers address case studies and one is a theoretically based paper, while all five papers are supported by reviews from the literature relevant to the topic of each paper. The thesis uses insights from literature reviews mapping relevant scientific theories and concepts in the areas of mainly governance, deliberative policymaking and communicative planning, social capital, civil society and institutional theoretical perspectives. The study integrates different research methods and explores theoretical perspectives on governance to examine the governance aspects of water utilities in the transition phase from public to private management and operation. The study investigates whether the  governance structure that involves the private sector in the form of Public Private Partnership (PPP) of water utility has produced "good governance" and enhanced water governance in two cases, the Lema Water Company in Amman, Jordan and the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) in Accra, Ghana. The analysis highlights evidence of governance deficiency. Accordingly, the thesis argues against the policy design that assumes that simply transferring the management and operation of water utility to private operators would resolve the problems of water utilities and enhance water governance. The analyses and the conclusions reached in the papers, together with a review of the literature on New Institutional Economics theory that knits together all the theories that are utilised in the papers, offer insights in the understanding of aspects of water governance. The insights suggest that policymakers need to better understand how institutions at different levels impact the overall performance of a water utility. The performance of the water utility cannot be detached from the wider institutional setting or reduced to simply changing the operator.  What has been disregarded from the calculus of international policymakers, the thesis mainly argues, is the institutional perspective. The study concludes that actors’ performances are affected primarily by their institutional settings. The constraints of water utilities to provide a better performance and good governance processes reside in different kinds of institutional settings To address this, the thesis develops a generic institutional framework within which water governance aspects can be assessed at different institutional levels, from the higher level of politics to that of the individual level. According to this perspective, the study views governance process as "the interaction between actors from the spheres of a society within specific sets of formal and informal institutions in a social setting that produces certain political, economic and social outcomes".  It defines good governance as "the legitimacy given by the wider public to institutions in a social setting and the coherency of formal and informal institutions to produce socially effective outcomes for the collective public". The developed generic institutional framework is used to more thoroughly analyse the two cases integrated in the study. This approach to assessment of water governance provides an explanation for why the water utilities were not able to meet their performance goals and enriches our understanding of water governance processes. It also modestly maps the main problematic institutional areas that in each case constrained aspects of good water governance. In practical terms, this thesis emphasises that policymakers have to map and identify the institutional factors constraining the overall performance of a water utility, at all levels. The thesis also urges policymakers to be cautious regarding which formulated policies are seen as solutions. Policymakers should restrain themselves from experimenting with policy when they are not sure that certain outcomes are likely to be produced by adopting a particular policy. In the long run, inappropriate policies may negatively affect local institutional settings and are likely to undermine the capacity of local governance.
QC20100628
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Godoy, Sara Gurfinkel Marques de. "O Protocolo de Kyoto e os países em desenvolvimento: uma avaliação da utilização do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-21112011-233304/.

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Com base na Nova Economia Institucional, o foco desta pesquisa foi o de identificar os custos de transação existentes nos projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e investigar se eles são barreiras para o desenvolvimento do projeto, e se podem afetar a eficiência de projetos já implantados. Mais especificamente, foram analisadas as variáveis que afetam as diferenças entre as reduções de emissões estimadas nos projetos de MDL e as reduções realmente verificadas (Sucesso de Redução - SR), depois do projeto implantado e monitorado. A fim de cumprir esse objetivo, esta pesquisa contou com levantamento de dados secundários relativos aos projetos de MDL realizados em todo o mundo, e dados primários relativos aos projetos brasileiros de MDL. A análise das informações mostrou que os países mais relevantes em número de projetos são Índia, China, Brasil, mas este ranking se altera dependendo da variável analisada (por exemplo, volume de emissão reduzida ou estimada). Os setores mais relevantes em volume de redução são de HFC, N2O, mas este perfil se altera quando analisado o número de projetos, ficando em primeiro lugar biomassa, hidroelétrica e energia eólica. Em relação ao SR, a maior parte dos projetos não apresenta eficiência satisfatória. No entanto, em volume de reduções a maior parte dos projetos cumpre mais que 91% de SR. Os setores mundiais mais eficientes são N2O e HFC (Brasil N2O e troca de energia fóssil), e os setores de resíduos sólidos e agricultura (Brasil, agricultura e resíduos sólidos) são os menos eficientes. Finalmente, esta pesquisa conclui que custos de transação afetam o sucesso da redução de MDL, e os mais importantes são os custos ex-ante, resultantes de problemas de falhas de informação (como, por exemplo, problemas com as organizações que intermedeiam o processo dos MDLs) e problemas de mensuração (problemas relacionados com metodologias dos MDLs).
Based on the New Institutional Economics, the focus of this research was to identify transaction costs in CDM projects (Clean Development Mechanism) and investigate if they can affect project efficiency, and also if they create project development barriers. More specifically, this research analyzed the variables that could affect the differences between CDM estimated emission reduction projects and actual reductions obtained (Reduction Success - RS) after the project has been implemented and monitored. To fulfill this goal, this research included a secondary global CDM projects data survey, and primary data survey related to Brazilian CDM projects. Data analysis showed that the most important countries in terms of number of projects are India, China, Brazil, but depending on the variable analyzed (for instance, emission reduction volume) this ranking could change. The most relevant sectors in emission reduction volume were HFCs, N2O, but this would change when we analyze number of projects, where biomass would come first, followed by hydroelectric and wind energy. When considering RS, most projects do not show satisfactory performance. However, in terms of emission reductions amount, most of the projects achieve more than 91% RS. The most efficient sectors in the world are HFC and N2O (in Brazil, N2O and fossil fuel), and the least efficient sectors are solid waste and agriculture (in Brazil, agriculture and solid waste). Finally, this research concludes that transaction costs affect the success of CDM reductions, and the most relevant are ex-ante costs, resulting from information problem gaps (these problems relate to parties involved in the CDM process) and measurement problems (CDM methodologies).
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Ndung'u, Leah Wanjiru. "Assessing animal health delivery for tick and tick-borne disease control in smallholder dairy systems of Kenya an application of new institutional economics /." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03292005-101649/.

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Franca, Camilla Custoias Vila. "Percepção de produtores de cosméticos verdes e consumidores sobre a certificação natural, orgânica e vegana no contexto da Nova Economia Institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-03012019-200633/.

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Cosméticos verdes são aqueles que alegam ser desenvolvidos de acordo com princípios ecológicos, sendo geralmente associados às características natural, orgânica e/ou vegana. Os sistemas de certificação desses produtos visam assegurar o cumprimento de diretrizes préestabelecidas e comunicar o consumidor sobre os atributos dos produtos. Considerando a importância da certificação para a consolidação e o fortalecimento desse mercado, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a percepção de empresas produtoras de cosméticos verdes e consumidores a respeito da certificação natural, orgânica e vegana sob a perspectiva da Nova Economia Institucional. Para isso, foi empregada a triangulação metodológica, baseada em diversas abordagens de pesquisa, incluindo a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes de empresas produtoras de cosméticos verdes certificadas e a aplicação de questionários de elaboração própria em amostra não-probabilística de 416 consumidores de cosméticos via Facebook. Os dados das entrevistas foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e os questionários foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, ambos interpretados à luz da Nova Economia Institucional. Verificou-se que as empresas produtoras de cosméticos verdes atribuem à certificação um importante papel na comunicação sobre apelos ecológicos aos consumidores, no alinhamento de princípios com fornecedores, atuando como mecanismos de execução contratual e na obtenção de vantagens de mercado. As principais desvantagens relatadas pelas empresas produtoras foram os custos de transação decorrentes da obtenção e manutenção da certificação e possíveis dificuldades de comunicação com os consumidores. Em relação aos consumidores, predominaram na amostra usuários de cosméticos verdes. Porém, de modo geral, os consumidores possuem baixo nível de conhecimento e baixo grau de confiança nas principais certificações de cosméticos naturais, orgânicos e veganos atuantes no Brasil, além de perceberem tais certificações como pouco rigorosas. A disposição dos consumidores para pagar por cosméticos certificados foi estimada em 10 a 50% do preço dos produtos não certificados. A disposição para pagar está correlacionada com o nível de conhecimento e o grau de confiança dos consumidores nas certificações. Considerando os resultados do estudo, foram sugeridas estratégias para minimizar as desvantagens relacionadas aos custos de transação e às dificuldades de comunicação das certificações com os consumidores e ampliar suas vantagens, principalmente no que se refere à redução de assimetrias de informação e à obtenção de vantagens de mercado, de modo a contribuir para a consolidação e expansão do crescente mercado desses produtos
Green cosmetics are those that claim to be developed according to ecological principles, and are generally associated with natural, organic and/or vegan characteristics. Certification systems for these products aim to ensure compliance with pre-established guidelines and communicate the consumer about the attributes of the products. Considering the importance of certification for the consolidation and strengthening of this market, it is necessary to analyze the role of certification systems, both for producers and consumers. Thus, this work aims at analyzing the perception of producers of green cosmetics and consumers regarding natural, organic and vegan certification from the perspective of the New Institutional Economy. In order to do that, we used methodological triangulation, based on multiple research approaches, including the collection of primary data through semi-structured interviews with representatives of certified producers of green cosmetics and the application of closed questionnaires in nonprobabilistic sample of cosmetic consumers via Facebook. The information obtained from the interviews were submitted to content analysis, while the results of the questionnaires were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Both results were interpreted in the context of the New Institutional Economics. It was found that green cosmetic companies attribute to certification an important role in communicating ecological appeals to consumers, in aligning principles with suppliers, acting as contractual enforcement mechanisms and in obtaining market advantages. The main disadvantages reported by the companies were the transaction costs from obtaining and maintaining certification and possible communication difficulties with consumers. Regarding the questionnaires applied to consumers, the sample was predominantly composed of users of green cosmetics. However, it was found that consumers, in general, have a low level of knowledge and a low degree of confidence in the main certifications of natural, organic and vegan cosmetics in Brazil. Consumers also perceive such certifications as not very strict. The willingness of consumers to pay for certified cosmetics has been estimated at 10 to 50% of the price of non-certified products. The willingness to pay is correlated with the level of knowledge and the degree of consumer confidence in the certifications. Based on the results of the study, we suggested strategies to minimize the disadvantages of certification systems related to transaction costs and the difficulties of communication and to extend their advantages, especially regarding the reduction of information asymmetries and the market advantages, aiming at contributing to the consolidation and expansion of the growing market of these products
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Maragno, Renata Camargo. "Reflexos das barreiras comerciais européias sobre as exportações brasileiras: uma abordagem utilizando a nova economia institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18140/tde-04122007-162855/.

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O tema referente ao aumento das exportações vem ganhando importância para o comércio exterior brasileiro. Desde 2003 as exportações brasileiras têm apresentado resultados recordes e o saldo da balança comercial acompanha este resultado. Entretanto, as exportações brasileiras tornam-se inexpressivas se comparadas às exportações que ocorrem no mundo, pois elas representam somente pouco mais de 1% das exportações mundiais. Um dos fatores responsáveis por este resultado seria a incidência de barreiras comerciais aos produtos brasileiros exportados, uma vez que estas barreiras aumentam os custos das transações envolvidos nos processos de exportações e são capazes de torná-los inviáveis. Assim, este trabalho possui como objetivo principal utilizar a abordagem da nova economia institucional (NEI) para analisar o desempenho de alguns dos principais produtos da pauta exportadora brasileira considerando a incidência de barreiras comerciais européias sobre eles. Para atingir este objetivo, faz-se necessário levantar as barreiras comerciais impostas pela União Européia, principal parceiro comercial do Brasil, aos produtos brasileiros e mostrar quais os possíveis reflexos que estas barreiras representam ao comportamento do comércio exterior brasileiro.
The subject that refers to the increase of the exports has been becoming an important issue to the brazilian international business. The brazilian exports have been showing an excellent performance since 2003 and the balance of trade imitates this result. However, the brazilian exports become insignificant when are compared to all exports that occur in the world, because they represent only around 1% of the global exports. One of the factors responsible for this result is the incidence of international trade barriers on brazilian exports, because these barriers increase the transaction costs involved in the export process and can discourage business. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to use the new institutional economics approach to analyze the performance of some of the most important products exported by Brazil considering the incidence of european trade barriers on them. To reach this aim, it is needed to show the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on brazilian exports and point the possible reflexes that these barriers represent to the brazilian international business. European Union represents the most important business partner of Brazil.
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31

Barrañón, Navarro Karen. "Antecedents and consequences of dynamic capabilities in new ventures: an international study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668201.

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Las capacidades dinámicas son elementos vitales en el emprendimiento y el desarrollo económico debido a sus efectos favorables en el desempeño de las empresas. Sin embargo, las capacidades dinámicas se han estudiado en su mayoría considerando un ángulo organizativo. En consecuencia, los académicos han mostrado interés en comprender este fenómeno, principalmente entre empresas multinacionales o grandes empresas. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es examinar los antecedentes y las consecuencias de las capacidades dinámicas en nuevas empresas dentro de un contexto internacional. Las metodologías aplicadas son cuantitativas y las técnicas estadísticas incluidas en esta tesis son análisis de regresión múltiple y datos de panel, utilizando principalmente datos de Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Esta base de datos se complementa con otras, como el Fondo Monetario Internacional, los Indicadores de Desarrollo Mundial del Banco Mundial, los Indicadores de Gobernanza Mundial y la Encuesta de Innovación Comunitaria de Eurostat. Desde el punto de vista conceptual, la investigación se enmarca en la teoría de las capacidades dinámicas, la teoría del capital humano, la teoría basada en los recursos, la teoría de la economía institucional y la teoría de la innovación abierta. Los principales hallazgos muestran la evolución de la investigación de capacidades dinámicas y sugerencias para futuras investigaciones; los antecedentes de las capacidades dinámicas; el entorno institucional que afecta a las capacidades dinámicas; el efecto de la innovación abierta en las capacidades dinámicas; y el efecto de las capacidades dinámicas sobre la competitividad. Además, diversos efectos moderadores de las instituciones formales e informales llaman la atención de esta investigación. Así mismo, los resultados apoyan la relación entre capacidades dinámicas y competitividad. Del mismo modo, las contribuciones de esta tesis son en términos de avanzar en el conocimiento de las capacidades dinámicas en nuevas empresas, vinculándolas con el campo del emprendimiento y realizando investigaciones empíricas dentro de un contexto internacional. Específicamente, los hallazgos de la tesis sugieren emprender una investigación adicional con respecto a los antecedentes y las consecuencias de las capacidades dinámicas en nuevas empresas y PYMEs en un contexto internacional. Además, se encontró que las instituciones formales e informales influyen en las capacidades dinámicas (capacidades de emprendimiento) en nuevas empresas. Adicionalmente, la relación entre las instituciones formales y DC (capacidades de emprendimiento) se fortalece cuando las instituciones informales actúan como moderadores. Además, los hallazgos determinan que el capital humano y las instituciones formales influyen en DC (capacidades de detección) en nuevas empresas. Más aún, se observó que la influencia del capital humano sobre el DC (capacidades de detección) es más fuerte cuando las instituciones formales se presentan como moderadores. De la misma manera, los resultados indicaron que el capital humano y las instituciones informales tienen una relación directa con DC (capacidades de aprendizaje) en nuevas empresas. De manera similar, las relaciones indirectas más fuertes entre el capital humano y el DC (capacidades de aprendizaje) se identificaron cuando fueron moderadas por instituciones informales. Por lo demás, los hallazgos expusieron que las capacidades de aprendizaje influyen negativamente en DC (capacidades de detección). En consecuencia, la relación entre las capacidades de aprendizaje y las capacidades de detección se fortalece cuando las instituciones informales moderan la relación. Adicionalmente, los resultados establecieron que los DC (capacidades de detección) tienen una influencia positiva en la competitividad. Asimismo, encontramos un efecto moderador de la eficacia del gobierno de la institución formal en la relación entre DC (capacidades de detección) y la competitividad. Finalmente, desde el punto de vista de los formuladores de políticas, los resultados podrían ser útiles para las políticas gubernamentales que apoyan la mejora de las capacidades dinámicas en nuevas empresas. Además, desde el punto de vista de los profesionales, los empresarios que desarrollan nuevas empresas podrían beneficiarse del conocimiento que destaca la moderación de las instituciones formales e informales.
Dynamic capabilities are vital elements in entrepreneurship and economic development due to their favorable effects on the performance of firms. However, dynamic capabilities have been mostly studied considering an organizational angle. Consequently, scholars have shown interest in understanding this phenomenon mainly among multinational enterprises or large businesses. The main objective of this investigation is to examine the antecedents and consequences of dynamic capabilities in new ventures within an international context. The methodologies applied are quantitative and the statistical techniques included in this thesis are multi-regression analysis and panel data, using mainly Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. This data base is complemented by others, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, Worldwide Governance Indicators, and the Eurostat Community Innovation Survey. From the conceptual point of view, the investigation is framed in the dynamic capabilities theory, the human capital theory, the resource-based theory, the institutional economics theory, and the open innovation theory. The main findings show the evolution of dynamic capabilities research and suggestions for future research; the antecedents of dynamic capabilities; the institutional environment that affects dynamic capabilities; the effect of open innovation on dynamic capabilities; and the effect of dynamic capabilities on competitiveness. Additionally, various moderating effects of formal and informal institutions draw the attention of this research. In addition, the results support the relationship between dynamic capabilities and competitiveness. Likewise, the contributions of this thesis are in terms of advancing the knowledge of dynamic capabilities in new ventures, by linking them with the entrepreneurship field and by conducting empirical research within an international context. Specifically, the findings of the thesis suggest undertaking further investigation regarding antecedents and consequences of the dynamic capabilities in new ventures and SMEs in an international context. Also, it was found that formal and informal institutions influence dynamic capabilities (entrepreneurial capabilities) in new ventures. Besides, the relationship between formal institutions and DC (entrepreneurial capabilities) is strengthened when informal institutions act as moderators. Furthermore, the findings determine that human capital and formal institutions influence DC (sensing capabilities) in new ventures. Moreover, it was observed that the influence of human capital over DC (sensing capabilities) is stronger when formal institutions are introduced as moderators. In the same way, the results indicated, that human capital and informal institutions have a direct relationship with DC (learning capabilities) in new ventures. Similarly, indirect stronger relationships between human capital and DC (learning capabilities) were identified when moderated by informal institutions. In addition, the findings exposed that learning capabilities negatively influence DC (sensing capabilities). Correspondingly, the relationship between learning capabilities and sensing capabilities become stronger when informal institutions moderate the relationship. Furthermore, the results established that DC (sensing capabilities) have a positive influence on competitiveness. Likewise, we find a moderating effect of the formal institution government effectiveness in the relationship between DC (sensing capabilities) and competitiveness. Moreover, from a policymaker point of view, the results could be helpful to government policies that support the enhancement of dynamic capabilities in new ventures. Furthermore, from a practitioner point of view, entrepreneurs developing new ventures could benefit from the knowledge that highlights moderations of formal and informal institutions.
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32

Ferreira, Ricardo António Pará Mendes. "Uma abordagem sistémica do desenvolvimento enquanto processo de transformação institucional : cultura local, estado e democracia." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19675.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
O desenvolvimento deve ser interpretado como um processo de transformação institucional, que envolve uma articulação entre as diversas instituições sociais (economia, política, cultura e história) e organizações (actores sociais), ou seja, estamos perante um sistema complexo, o que exclui uma abordagem do tipo atomizado. Assim, nos casos em que os Estados não apresentam uma homogeneidade política e geográfica, estando distantes das populações, um desenvolvimento integrado do tipo "dialogante" pode apresentar bons resultados. Este tipo de "Desenvolvimento Dialogante" deverá garantir a robustez das instituições locais (emanadas da cultura) integradas num contexto de Estado nacional, cujas instituições centrais também deverão ser reforçadas. A forma de garantir uma apropriação do Estado pela burocracia é a de garantir que as preferências, geradas endogenamente, são materializas através de um esquema político de democracia participativa. Por fim, deverá estar sempre presente que o Homem é o centro do desenvolvimento, pelo que os direitos consagrados pela Declaração dos Direitos Humanos deverão estar sempre presentes como o meio e o fim deste processo. A Nova Economia Institucional fornece enquadramento teórico utilizado
Development is a process of institutional change involving the whole social institutions (economics, politics, culture and history) and organizations (social players) that can be interpreted as a complex system, which excludes any type of atomised approach. For weak States, that are politically and regionally heterogeneous, the "dialoguing" type of development process can lead to good results. Local institutions (informal) resulting from local culture should be enhanced but always within a context of enhancing also the central formal institutions (the State). A way of avoid rent seeking kind of procedures is, assuring endogenous preferences, though politicai mechanisms of participatory democracy. Last, but not least, development should always be focused on Man so that the human rights granted on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights should be the used as the best proxy for development both in term of means and end. The theoretical framework used is the New Institutional Economics.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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33

Terencio, Juliana Peres. "Análise das transações nas indústrias arrozeiras de Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4185.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The work aims to identify the main sources of transaction costs in the governance structures of rice industries in the State of Goiás, their characteristics, as well as how these organizations respond to these phenomena. The research is theoretical basis for New Institutional Economics, Economics of Transaction Costs starting with a review of concepts and approaches used in the study of business inside the agribusiness sector. After reviewing the literature, the rice got contextualized in the world, in Brazil and Goiás. Data about production, inventory, marketing, consumer preferences, and also changes in the market were considered in order to justify the work and inform the importance of this commodity as food.Defined and presented the characteristic of the studied object, the next step was the preparation of a questionnaire to verify the sources of transaction costs, its characteristics and the way organizations treat the phenomenon. In the results, applying the methodology described in 22% of industries installed in the State, it was found the standard of competition required by the market; which payment policies of the raw materials implemented by companies; view toward the short term, undercapitalization and low propensity to adopt technological innovations, including a disorganized institutional environment, as a reality for the vast majority of companies researched. Furthermore, consistent with the theory stated, the main sources of transaction costs relate to opportunism and main attributes of transactions: asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty. The analysis indicated that in addition to the main attributes of transactions, the nature of the coordination process implemented occurs, mainly through the market,that industries could improve coordination and reduce costs with the adoption of hybrid instruments of coordination and long and medium term contracts. But despite the lack of an improvement in coordination, Goiás industry gets the best and biggest trading margins for processed rice market in Goiás. This may be a reflection of a market with monopoly characteristics that the leader of the sector practices between producers, distributors and between companies related to the segment.
O trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as principais fontes de custos de transação nas estruturas de governança das indústrias arrozeiras goianas, suas características, bem como a forma como essas organizações reagem a estes fenômenos. A pesquisa tem por base teórica a Nova Economia Institucional, Economia dos Custos de Transação começando com uma revisão de conceitos e abordagens utilizadas no estudo de empresas no setor agroindustrial. Após a revisão de literatura, contextualizou-se o arroz no mundo, no Brasil e em Goiás. Dados sobre a produção, estoque, comercialização, preferências do consumidor, mudanças no mercado foram consideradas com o intuito de justificar o trabalho e informar a importância dessa commodity como alimento. Definidas e apresentadas as característica do objeto estudado partiu-se para a elaboração de um questionário para a verificação das fontes de custos de transação, suas características e a forma como as organizações tratam o fenômeno. Nos resultados, aplicando a metodologia descrita em 22% das indústrias instaladas no estado, foi encontrado o padrão de concorrência estabelecido no mercado; quais as políticas de pagamento das matérias-primas implementadas pelas empresas; visão voltada para o curto prazo, descapitalização e baixa propensão à adoção de inovações tecnológicas, além de um ambiente institucional desorganizado, como uma realidade para a grande maioria das firmas pesquisadas. Além disso, coerentemente com o indicado pela teoria, as principais fontes de custos de transação se relacionam com o oportunismo e com os principais atributos das transações: especificidade de ativo, freqüência e incerteza. A análise indicou que além dos principais atributos das transações, a natureza do processo de coordenação implementado se dá, majoritariamente via mercado, que as indústrias poderiam melhorar sua coordenação e reduzir custos com adoção de instrumentos híbridos de coordenação como contratos de longo e médio prazos, porém apesar da falta de um aprimoramento na coordenação, a indústria goiana consegue as melhores e maiores margens de comercialização de arroz beneficiado no mercado goiano. Isso pode ser o reflexo de um mercado com características de monopólio que a empresa líder do setor exerce entre produtores, distribuidores e entre firmas relacionadas ao segmento.
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34

Dreyhaupt, Stephan J. "Locational tournaments in the context of the EU competitive environment a new institutional economics approach to foreign direct investment policy competition between governments in Europe /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10231776.

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35

Castro, Éverton de Carvalho. "Cadeia de produção de sementes de feijão no Brasil: análise institucional da relação entre obtentores de cultivares e multiplicadores." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7101.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The purpose of this work is to study the production chain of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds, observing the organizational arrangements, as well as the influence of the establishment of institutions to guarantee property rights and others Topics of the New Institutional Economy, such as “limited rationality”, “transaction cost” and “asset specificity”. Through interviews with representatives of the protection holders of common bean cultivars, the decisions and motivations for structuring the seed production chain were raised, and with official MAPA data the current situation in Brazil was exposed. Seed multiplication occurs mostly through licensing contracts, in the face of much concern about the existence of illegal seed trade. Among findings, we verify that uncertainty and moral hazard may indicate the reason for the development of common bean cultivars in Brazil to be headed by public organizations and with little participation of the private sector.
A proposta deste trabalho é aprofundar o estudo da cadeia de produção de sementes de feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), com observação das formações de arranjos organizacionais, bem como da influência do estabelecimento de instituições para a garantia do direito de propriedade e outros tópicos da Nova Economia Institucional, como “racionalidade limitada”, “custo de transação” e “especificidade de ativos”. Por meio de entrevistas realizadas com representantes dos detentores de proteção de cultivares de feijão-comum foram levantadas as decisões e motivações para a estruturação da cadeia produtiva de sementes, e com dados oficiais do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Mapa) foi exposta a atual conjuntura no Brasil. A multiplicação de sementes ocorre na maioria das vezes por meio de contratos de licenciamento, diante de muita preocupação com a existência do comércio ilegal de sementes. Entre os achados, verifica-se que a incerteza e o risco moral podem indicar a razão de o desenvolvimento de cultivares de feijão-comum no Brasil ser encabeçado por organizações públicas, com pouca participação da iniciativa privada.
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36

QUAGLIETTI, LUCIA. "Effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo. Un'analisi istituzionale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/799.

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La ricerca considera il problema dell'effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo secondo una prospettiva istituzionale. Nello specifico,la sostenibilità di accordi cooperativi tra donors and recipients viene considerata con riferimento a modelli istituzionali teorici. Il sistema di incentivi che determina la natura della relazione d'aiuto nel caso del General Budget Support è inoltre considerato con riferimento alla più recente prassi sviluppatasi in Tanzania.
The researches considers that issues that are inherently connected with the type of donor-recipient relationship affect the productivity of aid. This is mainly because incentives embodied in the relation shape party behaviours. The basic elements that characterized the aid relationship and the incentives that aid organization face, are in fact altered according to the institutional set in which money flows. Different aid modalities bear in themselves the potential of acting on the aid relationship by changing the basic rules of the game. General Budget Support (GBS), as a new aid modality represents quite an interesting institution. Getting the “incentives” right for cooperation, in such a context, would imply a rethinking of the basic theoretical model and organizational features on the ground of the evolving practices and specific technology of provision. The research aim is opening a route of possible investigation into the dynamics of incentives related to international cooperation at country level. Tanzania has been chosen among a series of possible cases study as in the Sub Saharan Africa panorama it represents one of most successful cases of GBS implementation. The analysis is grounded on a general institutional analysis that puts at the centre of observation the structure of the negotiations between the group of donors and the recipient government. The framework employed represents an adaptation of the Institutional Analysis for Development. The purpose of understanding the set of explicit and hidden motivations is functional to better delineate the contractual set in which the bulk of relations takes place.Results obtained from the empirical analysis are considered in a theoretical fashion with the purpose of generalizing on the main structural change caused by GBS on the donor-recipient relation. Concepts are taken from NIE and organizational theory to study the governance structure of aid relations.
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37

QUAGLIETTI, LUCIA. "Effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo. Un'analisi istituzionale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/799.

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La ricerca considera il problema dell'effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo secondo una prospettiva istituzionale. Nello specifico,la sostenibilità di accordi cooperativi tra donors and recipients viene considerata con riferimento a modelli istituzionali teorici. Il sistema di incentivi che determina la natura della relazione d'aiuto nel caso del General Budget Support è inoltre considerato con riferimento alla più recente prassi sviluppatasi in Tanzania.
The researches considers that issues that are inherently connected with the type of donor-recipient relationship affect the productivity of aid. This is mainly because incentives embodied in the relation shape party behaviours. The basic elements that characterized the aid relationship and the incentives that aid organization face, are in fact altered according to the institutional set in which money flows. Different aid modalities bear in themselves the potential of acting on the aid relationship by changing the basic rules of the game. General Budget Support (GBS), as a new aid modality represents quite an interesting institution. Getting the “incentives” right for cooperation, in such a context, would imply a rethinking of the basic theoretical model and organizational features on the ground of the evolving practices and specific technology of provision. The research aim is opening a route of possible investigation into the dynamics of incentives related to international cooperation at country level. Tanzania has been chosen among a series of possible cases study as in the Sub Saharan Africa panorama it represents one of most successful cases of GBS implementation. The analysis is grounded on a general institutional analysis that puts at the centre of observation the structure of the negotiations between the group of donors and the recipient government. The framework employed represents an adaptation of the Institutional Analysis for Development. The purpose of understanding the set of explicit and hidden motivations is functional to better delineate the contractual set in which the bulk of relations takes place.Results obtained from the empirical analysis are considered in a theoretical fashion with the purpose of generalizing on the main structural change caused by GBS on the donor-recipient relation. Concepts are taken from NIE and organizational theory to study the governance structure of aid relations.
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38

Marques, Leonardo Albuquerque. "Direito e nova economia institucional: um estudo sobre a regulação dos serviços de praticagem a partir da eficiência adaptativa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7061.

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This study investigates the limits of the possibilities of an efficient design for legal institutions, focusing its analysis on the structure of pilotage services market. It is carried out a critique over the neoclassical concept of efficiency, which, from a historical perspective, is not a concept a priori. From approach adopted in this study, the traditional concept of static efficiency (in its allocative and productive dimensions) is a cultural construction, subject to biases, judgments and perspectivisms, and is therefore susceptible to a great variety of criticisms, where the state has a naturally limited role in solving social conflicts that arise through time. This being said, it is argued that the study of efficiency must focus on the structure of institutions (legal or not), to allow a reduction of transaction costs and the possibility of the various stakeholders in interaction situations through transactions (on the market or outside it) to have the opportunity to develop standards of conduct for themselves through trial, error and learning. And this trial, error and learning, in order to spread its improving prospects to the maximum, must lead to the maximization of communication exchanges possibilities and to allow variation and selection of new ideas. That is, it is argued that law should aspire to maximize the possibilities of institutional adaptation through trial, error and learning by expanding communication exchanges. With these assumptions, we try to study the structure of pilotage services market, pointing out the errors of a cycle of public hearings conducted by CNAP (object chosen for case study). In this regard, it is understood that there is an ideological lock-in problem that prevents the upcoming of a sustainable cycle of creative destruction under the pilotage services, which inhibits the improvement of available technologies and institutions. From the development done in the theoretical exposition of this thesis, some proposals for the structure of pilotage services that facilitate this adaptive efficiency are presented, not only for the stakeholders directly related to the market (service providers and buyers) as well as for others who may be affected by negative externalities provided by the risk of the activity
O presente trabalho procura investigar quais são os limites da possibilidade de um desenho eficiente para instituições jurídicas, focando a sua análise na estruturação dos mercados de serviços de praticagem. Realiza-se uma crítica ao conceito neoclássico de eficiência, o qual, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, não é um dado a priori. Na perspectiva aqui adotada, o conceito de eficiência estática tradicional, nas dimensões alocativa e produtiva, é uma construção cultural, sujeitas a vieses, arbítrios e perspectivismos, sendo, portanto, suscetível a uma imensidão de críticas, e onde o Estado tem um papel naturalmente limitado na resolução dos conflitos sociais que surgem no devir. Isso colocado, defende-se que o estudo da eficiência deve se voltar para a estruturação das instituições (jurídicas ou não), de modo a permitir a diminuição dos custos de transação e a possibilidade de que os diversos stakeholders em situação de interação por meio de transações (no mercado ou fora dele) tenham a perspectiva de desenvolver padrões de condutas próprios por meio de tentativa, erro e aprendizado. E a maximização das chances dessa tentativa, erro e aprendizado deve pressupor a maximização das possibilidades de trocas de comunicações para permitir a variação e seleção de novas ideias. Isto é, defende-se que o Direito deve aspirar a maximizar as possibilidades de adaptação das instituições por meio tentativa, erro e aprendizagem por meio da ampliação das trocas de comunicações. Com essas premissas, procura-se estudar a estrutura de mercado dos serviços de praticagem, apontando os erros de um ciclo de consultas públicas conduzida pela CNAP (objeto escolhido para estudo de caso). Nesse particular, entende-se que há um problema de lock-in ideológico que impede o surgimento de um ciclo sustentável de destruição criativa no âmbito dos serviços de praticagem, o que inibe o aprimoramento das tecnologias e das instituições disponíveis. A partir do desenvolvimento realizado na exposição teórica da presente tese, são apresentadas algumas propostas para a estruturação dos serviços da praticagem que facilitem essa eficiência adaptativa, não só para os stakeholders diretamente relacionados ao mercado (prestadores e tomadores de serviços) como também para os demais que possam ser afetados pelas externalidades negativas propiciadas pelo risco da atividade
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39

Haklai, Merav. "Money in the Roman Empire from Hadrian to the Severi : a study of attitudes and practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c09bcf2f-054b-4f7c-b583-8b4ec02535e8.

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The present study offers an in-depth examination of the institutional framework within which money operated as an economic agent in the Roman empire. Analyses focus on Classical Roman Law as reflected in the writings of Roman jurists from the second and early-third centuries CE. The legal sources are augmented by documentary materials, which give independent, albeit sporadic, evidence for actual practice. The thesis follows current trends in economic history to adopt approaches advanced by New Institutional Economics (NIE), while generally accepting Keynesian claims for the endogenous nature of money. Its innovative contribution is in suggesting a complexity-oriented approach to modelling the behaviour of money in the Roman empire; seeing money as a complex economic phenomenon, i.e. as a diverse and manifold apparatus which allows for new patterns of activity to be created by individuals, who self-adjust their use of it to the continuously evolving system in which they operate. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first is introductory. The second concerns the legal institutional framework for economic interaction; with discussions generally organised according to Roman legal categorisation, and considers developments in the role allocated to money in legal definitions for exchange transaction. The third part examines two study-cases of money-related institutions, namely, the instrument of interest, and interest-bearing deposits, demonstrating how money stimulated the interconnected dynamics within and between legal traditions operating under Roman regime. The fourth and last part is dedicated to a more general analysis of the complex nature of Roman money, attempting to model the historical example of Roman money with the help of complexity-oriented visualisations.
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Tegnér, Marcus. "Den hybrida yrkesrollen : En studie om verksamhetschefer inom svensk sjukvård." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20619.

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De senaste decennierna har sjukvården förändrats. Förändringsarbetet är inspirerat av New Public Management genom införandet av reformer. Teorier och organisatoriska modeller som fungerat bra inom det privata näringslivet har applicerats på organisationer inom den offentliga sektorn, vilket medfört en ökad admininistrativ arbetsbörda. Verksamhetsreformen gjorde det möjligt för andra yrkesgrupper än läkare att ta plats inom högre ledande positioner inom offentlig svensk sjukvård. Förändringarna inom sjukvården har krockat med den medicinska professionen. Läkare som har ett ledningsansvar hamnar i en korsning med ökade krav avseende politik, ekonomi och styrning jämfört med tidigare. Denna studie fokuserade på verksamhetschefer som är läkare, vilket ledde till studiens forskningsfråga: Hur förhåller sig verksamhetschefer till sitt arbete inom offentlig sjukvård?   Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen av hur läkare i en ledande position upplever och relaterar till sin egen arbetssituation inom den svenska sjukvården.   Det är en hermeneutisk studie som har en abduktiv forskningsansats. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer har gjorts via telefon med totalt åtta intervjupersoner. Intervjupersonerna har två gemensamma faktorer – de är läkare och verksamhetschefer.   Ökade krav på styrning, mätning och admininstration har gjort att verksamhetscheferna upplever att sjukvården blivit mer produktionsbaserad. Fokus på ekonomi har ibland tenderat till att bygga över medicinska prioriteringar. Verksamhetschefens ansvar borde minska och fler stödfunktioner borde implementeras för att underlätta det administrativa arbetet. Alla verksamhetschefer har valt att fortsätta med kliniskt arbete vid sidan av sina övriga uppgifter. Flera personer delegerade även en del administrativa arbetsuppgifter. Möten och personalrelaterade frågor uppfattades vara tidskrävande arbetsuppgifter. Medicinsk kompetens i form av att vara läkare ansågs vara nödvändig för att förstå verksamheten, något som politiker och centrala ledningsfunktioner saknar. Mer makt och inflytande borde förslagsvis flyttas över från politiker till den operativa nivån.
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Pavez, Iciar. "Les contrats inter-entreprises dans le commerce de produits périssables : le cas des exportations de fruits du Chili analysé avec la Théorie des Coûts de Transaction et l’Analyse Institutionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0016/document.

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Cette thèse examine les déterminants qui expliquent les types de contrats choisis par les exportateurs et les importateurs pour gérer les risques du commerce international. Elle analyse le cas des exportations chiliennes comme l'un des leaders de l'hémisphère sud sur le commerce des fruits. En appliquant la Théorie de Coûts de Transaction et l'Analyse Institutionnelle, ce travail étudie l'influence de l'incertitude environnementale et comportementale ainsi que la spécificité des actifs sur le degré de complétude, la formalisation et l'exécution des contrats. Cette recherche applique une méthodologie multistrand intégrant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L'analyse utilise les informations provenant de 39 entretiens directs avec des exportateurs et des importateurs et de 65 enquêtes auprès d' exportateurs conduites à l'aide d'un questionnaire. Elle s'appuie également sur une base de données exhaustive issue des douanes chiliennes et documentant les 170370 transactions avec leurs contrats respectifs réalisées par le Chili dans ses exportations vers l'ensemble du monde sur la période 2009-2010. Elle s'appuie enfin sur 44 cas d'arbitrage international dans le commerce de fruits et légumes. Les résultats montrent que les niveaux d'incertitude environnementale liés aux « risques - pays importateurs » conduisent à des contrats plus complets tandis que des niveaux d'incertitude liés à la périssabilité des fruits conduisent à des contrats moins complets. De son côté, la pénurie d'offre sur le marché met l'entreprise exportatrice dans une position favorable pour négocier des contrats plus complets. Ces transactions internationales sont supportées par des moyens oraux et écrits; dans le négoce international des fruits, les contrats signés sont plus importants que pressenti, et leur rôle est davantage destiné à satisfaire les exigences institutionnelles qu'à compenser les risques. Pour faire respecter les contrats, les entreprises adoptent des mécanismes formels comme les inspections, les assurances et l'arbitrage, ainsi que des mécanismes informels tels que la confiance et la réputation. Cette étude a ses limites car elle porte principalement sur le point de vue de l'exportateur, la base de données des douanes ne fournissant pas l'identité de l'importateur et l'analyse transversale ne permettant pas d'observer l'évolution des pratiques contractuelles dans la durée. Jusqu'à présent, peu de recherches empiriques ont été faites sur les contrats intégrés dans différents contextes institutionnels; cette thèse contribue donc à la connaissance des choix contractuels dans 117 pays importateurs et plus généralement à la compréhension du commerce international des produits périssables. Elle est sur le plan académique, une contribution à la littérature économique et gestionnaire des contrats (complétude, formalisation, exécution) et des changements de forme de gouvernance dans les filières internationales
This doctoral dissertation examines the determinants explaining the type of contracts chosen by exporters and importers to manage the hazards of international trade. It analyzes the case of Chilean off-season exports as one of the southern-hemisphere leaders in the fruit trade. Applying Transaction Cost Economics and Institutional Analysis as a framework, this work will analyze the influence of environmental and behavioral uncertainty and time-specificity on the degree of completeness, formalization and enforcement of contracts. A multi-strand research design integrating qualitative-quantitative methods is applied to analyze information gathered through: 39 face-to-face interviews with exporters and importers; questionnaire surveys from 65 exporters; an exhaustive Chilean customs database containing 170,370 shipments and contracts from Chile to worldwide buyers; and 44 international arbitration cases for the fruit and vegetable trade. The results show that high levels of uncertainty in the alternative importing countries increase the use of more complete contracts. When levels of fruit perishability are high, this often leads to less complete contracts. Shortage of market supply allows the exporting company a favorable position to negotiate a more complete contract. International transactions are supported by oral and written means; the use of signed contracts is more important than perceived in the fruit industry, but its role is more oriented to respond to institutional requirements rather than as a mechanism to offset hazards, such as exporting to risky countries or dealing with distrustful importers. To enforce contracts firms adopt formal and informal mechanisms. These include inspections, insurance, arbitration, in addition to trust and reputation. Limitations of this study include: the customs database does not include the identity of the importer, the cross-sectional analysis performed does not allow observing the evolution of contracting practices, the study is placed predominately from the exporter's perspective. There is also little empirical research on contracts analyzing transactions embedded in different institutional settings. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of contractual choices in 117 importing countries. It contributes to the understanding of international trade of perishable products. It also contributes to the economics and management literature on international contract completeness, formalization, enforceability, and to literature focusing on the changes of governance in the international supply chains
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Marino, Matheus Kfouri. "Implementação de estratégias e governança: estudo de múltiplas firmas de distribuição de defensivos agrícolas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-06122005-100738/.

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A grande maioria das organizações falha no processo de implementação de estratégias. A farta literatura de administração de empresas evidencia o fenômeno, e desafia os cientistas das organizações a buscarem aprimoramentos para o problema em questão. A presente tese identifica as principais variáveis críticas de sucesso para a implementação de estratégias, e desenvolve uma análise empírica do sistema de distribuição de defensivos agrícolas no Brasil. O referencial teórico empregado inova, ao trazer as abordagens da Economia das Organizações, na vertente da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), para a análise de um problema de governança corporativa, complementando as tradicionais abordagens de Management, adotadas nas disciplinas de Administração Geral. A análise por meio da Economia das Organizações traz o embasamento econômico e a descrição social do comportamento humano aos processos de geração e implementação de estratégias, preenchendo uma lacuna teórica. A ECT desenvolve uma visão contratual do processo de implementação de estratégias, que analisa a relação entre os proprietários e executivos, para o desenvolvimento de ações definidas pelas estratégias. Assim, a tese associa as estruturas de governança minimizadoras dos custos de transação para a implementação de estratégias com as características das diversas organizações. A tese identificou como variáveis críticas de sucesso no processo de implementação de estratégias: i) a presença de gestão contratada, com executivos (gestores contratados) iniciando as estratégias, estrategistas (proprietários) ratificando-as, executivos implementando-as e estrategistas monitorando-as, para organizações complexas; ii) a existência de mecanismos de adaptação do processo de implementação de estratégias; iii) a existência de salvaguardas contratuais em função da necessidade de investimentos em ativos específicos, gerados a partir das estratégias; e iv) a existência de salvaguardas contratuais em função das incertezas do ambiente de negócio. A pesquisa empírica desenvolveu-se por meio de um survey, que analisou o processo de implementação de estratégias em 32 canais de distribuição de defensivos agrícolas no Brasil. Assim, tornou-se possível o desenvolvimento de uma discussão empírica das hipóteses, que evidencia a relevância das variáveis críticas de sucesso identificadas na revisão teórica. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica apontaram, com exceção da restrição ao resíduo do tomador de decisão, para empresas não complexas, que todas as variáveis críticas de sucesso identificadas na revisão teórica apresentaram relação direta e positiva com a performance do processo de implementação de estratégias, variando entretanto, com relação à significância estatística. A variável gestão contratada não apresentou significância estatística, o que se justifica em parte, pela presença de poucas organizações que apresentam profissionais contratados para gerirem as empresas que compõem a amostra, fato que dificultou a análise. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica não podem ser extrapolados para a população, uma vez que a amostra não é aleatória nem representativa. A partir da revisão teórica e das evidências da pesquisa empírica, a tese elaborou uma proposta metodológica que promove o desenvolvimento de estruturas de governança a partir da análise das variáveis críticas de sucesso, que geram eficiência no processo de implementação de estratégias. Foram estruturadas três dinâmicas que exploram as variações do comportamento dos agentes nas organizações, a necessidade de investimentos em ativos específicos em função das estratégias definidas no processo, e o nível de exposição a incertezas do ambiente de negócios das organizações. A tese consolidou um modelo de gestão estratégica e as dinâmicas são focadas na fase de implementação, após a definição das estratégias.
The great majority of organizations fail when it comes to implement strategies. The great amount of literature in business administration shows such a fact, and challenges the scientists of organizations to find improvements to this issue. The following thesis identifies the main critical success variables to implement strategies and comes up with an empirical analysis of the distribution system of agricultural agrochemical in Brazil. The theoretical references employed are innovative, for they bring the approaches of the Economy of Organizations, under the lines of Transactional Costs Economics (TCE), to the analysis of an issue of corporate governance, in addition to the traditional approaches of Management adopted in the subject matters of Business. The analysis through Economy of Organizations has the economic foundation and the social description of human behavior in the processes of generation and implementation of strategies, thus fulfilling a theoretical gap. TCE develops a contractual approach of the strategies implementation process, one which analyzes the relationship between owners and executives to develop actions defined by strategies. Thus, the thesis associates governance structures which are diminishing factors of cost transactions to implement strategies with the characteristics of several organizations. The thesis identified as critical success variables in the process of implementing strategies: i) the presence of contracted management, with executives (contracted managers) initiating the strategies, strategists (owners) ratifying them, executives implementing them and strategists monitoring them in complex organizations; ii) the presence of mechanisms to adapt the process of strategies implementation; iii) the existence of contractual safeguards due to the need for investments in specific assets generated as result of strategies; and iv) the presence of contractual safeguards due to the uncertainties of the business environment. The empirical research was conducted through a survey, which analyzed the process of strategies implementation in 32 agricultural agrochemical distribution channels in Brazil. Thus it was possible to develop an empiric discussion of the hypothesis that demonstrates the relevance of the critical success variables identified in the theoretical review. The results of the empirical survey show, with the exception of the restriction to the remnant of the decision maker for non-complex enterprises, that all critical success variables identified in the theoretical review showed a direct and positive relation with the performance of the process of strategies implementation, but with variations in relation to their statistical significance. The variable contracted management showed no statistical significance, partially due to the existence of few organizations with contracted professionals to manage the companies, a factor which hindered the analysis. The results of the empirical survey cannot be extended to the population, since the sampling is neither aleatory nor representative. With the theoretical review and the evidence presented in the empirical survey the thesis established a methodological proposal that promotes the development of governance structures from the analysis of critical success variables that generate efficiency in the strategies implementation process. Three dynamics were structured which explore the behavioral variations of agents in organizations, the need of investments in specific assets according to the strategies defined in the process and the level of exposure to uncertainties in the business environment of organizations. The thesis consolidated a model of strategic management and the dynamics are focused in the implementation phase, after the definition of strategies.
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Siman, Renildes Fortunato. "Estudo dos determinantes das perfomances socioeconômicas dos assentamentos de reforma agrária do Rio de Grande do Sul : análise comparada nas perspectivas do capital social e da nova economia institucional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18317.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar as performances socioeconômicas dos assentamentos de reforma agrária do estado do Rio Grande do Sul por meio da análise dos indicadores de capital social e de suas instituições. O problema de pesquisa foi exposto com a seguinte questão: Em que medida as abordagens da Nova Economia Institucional e do Capital Social explicam as distintas performances dos assentamentos de reforma agrária? Tratou-se de estudar as relações entre os assentados e entre esses e os demais atores envolvidos no processo de desenvolvimento dos assentamentos para conhecer o tipo de capital social que é gerado e acumulado internamente. As áreas de estudos compreenderam três assentamentos da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, a saber: Capela, 19 de Setembro e Integração Gaúcha localizados nos municípios de Nova Santa Rita, Guaíba e Eldorado do Sul, respectivamente. A metodologia utilizada foi a de corte qualitativo fazendo-se uso do método histórico, do comparativo, do survey de questionários e entrevistas pessoais semi-estruturadas. A base de dados foi organizada utilizando o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) e cotejada por meio da análise de Variância, Crosstabulation e Regressão Linear. O estudo foi dividido em sete capítulos. O primeiro, a introdução, expõe o problema de pesquisa, os objetivos e hipóteses, os procedimentos metodológicos e a área de estudo. O segundo apresenta o referencial teórico metodológico abordando as teorias do Capital Social e da Nova Economia Institucional. O terceiro capítulo trata da discussão e análise dos resultados. Começam com a caracterização dos assentamentos e exposição da trajetória de luta dos assentados desde o acampamento até a criação dos assentamentos, período muito difícil para aquelas famílias, mesmo depois de assentadas. Inicialmente os assentamentos se organizaram em cooperativas. A única que continua em operação é a Coopan do assentamento Capela. A falta de orientação e o desconhecimento sobre como gerir uma cooperativa foram as causas da liquidação das outras. A continuidade da Coopan pode ser atribuída ao estoque de capital social que vinha se acumulando antes mesmo dos acampamentos. O quarto capítulo identifica e caracteriza as organizações que atuam nos assentamentos. Observou-se que as relações entre assentados e outras organizações se restringem ao Movimento Social de Trabalhadores sem Terra (MST). O quinto capítulo investiga a percepção dos assentados sobre a confiança e a honestidade dentro do grupo (assentamento) e nas relações com outros agentes. Observou-se que o MST é a organização em que eles mais confiam e consideram a mais honesta. O governo federal aparece em segundo lugar. Apesar do MST ser uma organização não formal é ele quem estabelece as regras a serem seguidas dentro dos assentamentos. No sexto capítulo são analisadas as dimensões do capital social, relacionando-as com as performances dos assentamentos. As análises estatísticas mostraram não haver diferenças significativas com relação às dimensões do capital social, analisadas entre os três assentamentos. No entanto as informações socioeconômicas coletadas permitem afirmar que o grupo Coopan do assentamento Capela é o que apresenta melhor performance socioeconômica. O sétimo capítulo apresenta as conclusões.
This study had the aim of studying the socioeconomic performances of settlements of the agrarian reform in the Rio Grande do Sul state (southerm Brazil), through the analysis of indicators of social capital and their institutions. The research problem is exposed by means of the following question: in what extent the approach of the New Institutional Economy and the Social Capital can explain the different performances of the settlements of agrarian reform? The attempt was to study the relationships among the different settlements and among them and other actors involved in the process of development of settlement to know the type of social capital which is created and accumulated inside the settlements. The areas of this study included three settlements of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, as follows: "Capela", "19 de Setembro" and "Integração Gaúcha", located in the municipalities of Nova Santa Rita, Guaíba and Eldorado do Sul, respectively. The used methods were of qualitative type that employs historical and comparative methods, survey inquiries and semi-structured personal interviews. The data base was organized utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and compared through analysis of variance, cross tabulation and linear regression. The study was divided in seven chapters. The first chapter, which is the introduction, expounds the research problem, the objectives, the hypothesis, the methodological procedures and the area of study. The second chapter presents the theoretical reference with the approaching theories of the Social Capital and the New Institutional Economy. The third chapter tackles the discussion and analysis of the results. It begins with the characterization of the settlements and the presentation of the path of struggle of the settled people from the occupation camp until the settlement formation that was very hard even after the settlement formation. Initially the settled people were organized in cooperatives. The only cooperative currently in activity is that from the settlement "Capela" (Coopan). Lack of orientation and knowledge about managing were the causes of the liquidation of the cooperatives. The continuity of the Coopan may be attributed to the social capital stoking accumulated before the settlement was established. The fourth chapter identifies and characterizes the organizations that act inside the settlements. It was observed that the relationships maintained between the settlements and organizations are restricted to the MST (landless movement). The fifth chapter investigates the perception of the settled people concerning the confidence and honesty inside the group (settlement) and the relationships with other agents. It was observed that the MST is the organization in which they have more confidence and that consider to be more honest. The federal government appears in the second place. In spite of the MST being a non formal organization, the settlement follows the rules established by that organization. The sixth chapter analyses the dimensions of the social capital in relation to the performances of the settlements. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in relation to the dimensions and the social capital in the three settlements. However the socioeconomic information that was collected let state that the Coopan group from "Capela" settlement was that of the best socioeconomic performance. The seventh chapter presents the conclusion.
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44

Del, Fiori Diogo. "Industrialização do Brasil na década de 1930 : uma aplicação com teoria dos jogos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/40254.

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O presente trabalho propõe-se analisar a industrialização do Brasil no contexto de mudanças econômicas e políticas no primeiro governo de Getúlio Vargas, de 1930 até 1945. Na literatura de economia brasileira com relação ao surgimento da indústria no Brasil, duas visões se contrapõem: de um lado, a industrialização como subproduto da intervenção do governo no setor cafeeiro; de outro, a industrialização intencionalmente promovida pelo governo. Com base em uma análise de equilíbrio em um jogo dinâmico de informação imperfeita, é evidenciada a racionalidade da criação de instituições para o desenvolvimento industrial na década de 1930. Este resultado de equilíbrio mostra as mudanças pela qual o Brasil passou a partir da década de 1930, com mudanças da estrutura tributária, educacional, financeira e relações de trabalho, ou seja, essa mudança institucional gerou campo fértil para o surgimento do processo de industrialização que caracterizou o primeiro governo Vargas e também mostra a intencionalidade desse governo, quando se observa a transformação do sistema tributário, de tal modo a ficar imune das oscilações econômicas externas e também as mudanças educacionais, que passou a incentivar o ensino primário, secundário e técnico profissionalizante, medidas essas feitas para atender o novo panorama econômico brasileiro. Outro ponto que corrobora o resultado do equilíbrio de Nash perfeito em subjogos é a perda da importância do setor cafeeiro no período que engloba o século XIX até o final do primeiro governo Vargas, onde as evidências mostram que os cafeicultores tinham, antes e durante a década de 1930, tendências a diversificarem investimentos por conta da perda da renda com o setor cafeicultor.
This study proposes to examine the industrialization of Brazil in the context of economic and political changes in the first government of Getulio Vargas, from 1930 until 1945. In the literature of the Brazilian economy with the coming of industry in Brazil, two visions are in opposition: on one hand, industrialization as a byproduct of government intervention in the coffee sector, on the other, deliberately promoted industrialization by the government. Based on an analysis of equilibrium in a dynamic game of imperfect information, rationality is evident from the creation of institutions for industrial development in the 1930s. The result shows the changes of equilibrium in which Brazil went from the 1930s, with changes in the tax structure, educational, financial and labor relations, that institutional change created fertile ground for the rise of industrialization that characterized the first Vargas government and also shows the intention of this government, when one observes the transformation of the tax system, so be immune to external economic fluctuations and also educational changes, which came to encourage the primary, secondary and technical vocational, measures designed to meet the new economic landscape of Brazil. Another point that confirms the outcome of the Nash equilibrium is perfect in subgame the loss of the importance of the coffee sector in the period that includes the nineteenth century until the end of the first Vargas government, where the evidence shows that farmers had, since the decade of 1930, to diversify investment trends due to the loss of income to the grower industry.
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45

Lange, Gloria. "Bilanzrecht und Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts- Ansatzpunkte und Überlegungen zum § 249 HGB -." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14444.

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Mit zunehmender Globalisierung wird es für deutsche Unternehmen als notwendig angesehen, deutsches Bilanzrecht zu Gunsten internationaler Regeln aufzugeben, um Zugang zu den internationalen Kapitalmärkten zu erhalten. Aber ist das deutsche Bilanzrecht tatsächlich schlechter als internationale Bilanzierungsstandards und sollte es demzufolge an diese ange-paßt werden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird versucht, die Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts auf Bilanzierungsregeln anzuwenden, wobei § 249 HGB als typisches Beispiel dient. Es wird ein einfaches Unternehmensmodell in einer neo-institutionalistischen Welt eingeführt, dessen Schwerpunkt auf den Finanzierungsbeziehungen der Unternehmung liegt. Es wird unter-schieden zwischen den finanziellen Beziehungen der Anteilseigner, die das Unternehmen gegründet haben, den Beziehungen zwischen gegenwärtigen und potentiellen Anteilseignern und schließlich der Beziehung von Unternehmung und Banken. Während traditionelle Bilanztheorien oder -ansätze nicht einmal geeignet sind, den § 249 HGB in seiner Gesamtheit zu erklären, gelingt es den neueren Ansätze, die Agency Theorie bzw. die Theorie des Marktver-sagens mit Bilanztheorien verbinden, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in einzelnen finanziellen Beziehungen zu erklären. Jedoch ist keiner dieser Ansätze in der Lage, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in allen Beziehungen des Modells auf einmal zu erklären. Durch Anwendung der jüngst entwickelten Neuen Institutionenökonomie, die verschiedene Ansätze miteinander verbindet, gelingt es unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ökono-mischen Vertragstheorie alle finanziellen Beziehungen in der Unternehmung und zwischen der Unternehmung und den Finanzmärkten als Verträge zu interpretieren. Dadurch erhalten juristisches Denken und Bilanztheorien einen gemeinsamen Nenner. Verschiedene Ansätze können zu einem umfassenden System verknüpft werden, in welchem die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in den verschie-denen finanziellen Beziehungen positiv analysiert werden können. Die positive Analyse beantwortet jedoch nicht die Frage wie Bilanzierungsregeln ausgestaltet sein sollten. An dieser Stelle kann die Konstitu-tionenökonomie das fehlende Bindeglied darstellen. Sie faßt sämtliche Beziehungen als Ergebnis individueller Verträge zwischen Individuen auf. Alle Regeln können dann normativ analysiert werden, indem gefragt wird, ob sich die Betroffenen für oder gegen die Regel ausgesprochen hätten, wenn sie vorher gefragt worden wären. Hätten sie sich für eine Regel entschieden, dann dient diese Regel ihren Interessen. Ist mehr Wissen verfügbar, kann die Befragung wiederholt werden, und das Ergebnis kann sich zugunsten einer besseren Regel ändern. Es wird als ausreichend angesehen, wenn sich die Betroffenen freiwillig auf abstrakte Regeln einigen, wie die Verfassung. Vergleicht man den Gesellschaftsvertrag, den die Unternehmensgründer schließen, mit der Verfassung, läßt sich zeigen, daß Unterneh-mensgründer unter bestimmten Umständen freiwillig bereit wären, sich auf Regeln wie den § 249 HGB zu einigen. Ob die Einigung zustande kommt, hängt davon ab, wie die Unternehmung finanziert werden soll. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß die Besonderheiten des deutschen Bilanzrechts, die der § 249 HGB repräsentiert, nicht einfach aufgegeben werden sollten, nur um Forderungen internationaler Märkte zu folgen. Für bestimmte Unternehmen erfüllen deut-sche Bilanzierungsstandards ihren Zweck und sollten für diese als Option erhalten bleiben.
With the world turning into a global village it is generally considered necessary for German companies to abandon German accounting rules in favor of international standards in order to access money markets. But is German accounting law as laid down in the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) really inferior to international standards and should it consequently be adjusted to international rules? To answer these questions it is attempted to apply economic theory of law to accounting rules, using § 249 HGB as a typical example. To this purpose a simple business model in a in a neo-institutional world is introduced where the emphasis is put on different kinds of financial relations. A distinction is made between the financial relations between the shareholders that founded the company, the financial relations between new shareholders and the founders of the company and finally the relationship between the company and banks financing the business. Whereas traditional accounting theories or approaches even fail to fully explain the set of rules put down in § 249 HGB, newer approaches combining agency theory and/or the theory of market failure with accounting theory are able to explain the function of § 249 HGB in one financial relation at a time. However, none of these approaches is applicable to all financial relations as depicted in the model. Using new institutional economics, a recently developed theory combining different other approaches in economics, and putting the emphasis on (economic) contract theory, it is possible to understand all financial relations within a company as well as the financial relations between a company and the money markets as contracts. This way legal thinking and newer accounting theories have a common denominator. Different approaches can be combined to form a comprehensive system. Within this system the functions of § 249 HGB in the model´s different financial relations can be positively analyzed. However, positive analysis does not provide the answer to the question of how German accounting rules should be. This is where constitutional economics may provide the missing link. Constitutional economics interpret all kinds of relationships as individual contracts between human beings. Then any given rule can be normatively analyzed by simply asking the people if they would have voted for or against the rule if they had been asked in advance. If they had voted for the rule then the rule is made the way it serves peoples´ interests best. However, if more knowledge is available the questioning can be repeated and the outcome may change in favor of better rules. It is considered sufficient that people voluntarily agree to a rule on a very abstract level, e.g. to the constitution. If the contract the founders of a company have to agree to is compared to the constitution, it can be shown that the founders of the company might under certain circumstances voluntarily agree to the rules as they are laid down in § 249 HGB. If agreement can be reached depends on the financial plans they have for the company. Therefore it can be concluded that specifics of German accounting law as represented in § 249 HGB should not simply be given up to follow the demands of the international money markets. For certain classes of companies German accounting rules serve their purpose and should at least be kept as an option for these companies.
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46

Bortolotti, Monica Aparecida. "GOVERNANÇA NA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DE SUÍNOS: ESTUDO DE CASO DE DUAS COOPERATIVAS NO OESTE CATARINENSE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8828.

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This work aims to identify the determining factors of coexistence of different systems of chain governance of supply in swineculture of cutting in cooperative enterprize organizations in west of Santa Catarina. This research relies on the New Institutional Economy, emphasizing the analysis of Management of Supply Chain. The methodology that was used was the Case Study, like the method that seemed the most appropriated to the proposed study. Two cases were analyzed: A1 cooperative and Alpha Regional Cooperative, both are associated to Aurora Alimentos. The results enabled to identify the two principal factors that determinate the coexistence of systems of chain governance of supply in the studied cases, they are: the importance of the cooperative organizations in primeggiaring for the principles of cooperativism, and, for fulfilling the contract from the cooperatives with Aurora, because a mass escape from the producers would cause incalculable losses to the cooperatives and to Aurora. According to the Transaction Costs Economy, just two systems show the same characteristics, in other words, the 02 System of A1 Cooperative and 02 System of Alpha Cooperative. The other systems are different from each other. Regarding to the ideas characteristics, it was found out that: in a general way the agents are identified; the actions are not conjoint; the relationship of New-Classic contracts between cooperatives and producers predominates, the productions is thought in short-sight, in other words, the most part of the contracts are at a minimum of four months, and at a most of six months; 100% of swine producers identify their cooperative as the top, the control systems need to be fixed, but they are inside of what is expected; the technique assistance is ideal; and, lastly, the changes of information is under expectations. Therefore, the coexistence of different systems of chain governance of supply in swineculture of cutting in cooperative enterprize organizations in west of Santa Catarina happens because of the necessity of keeping in market, and not for a simple option of actives diversification.
O trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os fatores determinantes da coexistência de deferentes sistemas de governança em cadeia de suprimentos na suinocultura de corte em organizações cooperativas no Oeste Catarinense. A pesquisa tem como base teórica a Nova Economia Institucional, enfatizando a análise da Gestão de Cadeias de Suprimentos. A metodologia utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso, como método que se mostrou mais adequado ao estudo proposto. Foram analisados dois casos: A Cooperativa A1 e a Cooperativa Regional Alfa, ambas associadas à Aurora Alimentos. Os resultados permitiram identificar os dois principais fatores que determinam a coexistência de sistemas de governança na cadeia de suprimentos nos casos estudados, que são: a importância das organizações cooperativas em primar pelos princípios do cooperativismo, e, por cumprimento de contrato das Cooperativas com a Aurora, pois a fuga em massa dos produtores iria causar prejuízos incalculáveis para as cooperativas e para a Aurora. De acordo com a Economia dos Custos de Transação, apenas dois sistemas apresentam as mesmas características, ou seja, o Sistema 02 da Cooperativa A1 e o Sistema 02 da Cooperativa Alfa, os quadro demais sistemas são distintos entre si. Quanto às características idéias constatou-se que: de modo geral os agentes são identificados; as ações não são conjuntas; prevalece a relação de contratos neoclássicos entre cooperativas e produtores; a produção é pensada a curto prazo, ou seja, a maioria dos contratos são de no mínimo quatro meses e no máximo seis meses; 100% dos suinocultores identificam a sua Cooperativa como liderança; os sistemas de controle precisam de ajustes, mas estão dentro do esperado; a assistência técnica é ideal; e, por fim, a troca de informações está abaixo do esperado. Portanto a coexistência de diferentes sistemas de governança da cadeia de suprimentos da suinocultura de corte, em organizações cooperativas no Oeste de Santa Catarina se dá em virtude das necessidades de manter-se no mercado e não por uma simples opção de diversificação de ativos.
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47

Huq, Asif M. "How does accounting and auditing regulations affect firm growth and cost of capital?" Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28408.

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This thesis provides an understanding of how new audit regulation affect firm growth and how audits affect the cost of capital. To investigate the effect of audit reforms on employment growth, we exploited a Swedish reform made in November 2010 that gave certain firms the option to opt out of previously imposed statutory audits. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.39%. Furthermore, the reform was also exploited to investigate if audited financial statements add value for firms in the private debt market. We find that firms with audited financial statements, on average, save 1.26 percentage points on cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. Thus, the reform creates a possibility for firms that have the ambition to grow in employment to do so by not auditing, and those who want to grow by investments in capital to do so by reducing the cost of such investments by auditing. However, the current ceiling of the reform is also likely to force some firms to operate at sub-optimal levels, those without having the option to opt out of audit even though they might not accrue any benefit from auditing, at least in the short-run. One can argue that is partly due to how institutions evolve, generally slower than other actors in the society do.
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48

Huq, Asif. "How does accounting and auditing regulations affect firm growth and cost of capital?" Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28408.

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This thesis provides an understanding of how new audit regulation affect firm growth and how audits affect the cost of capital. To investigate the effect of audit reforms on employment growth, we exploited a Swedish reform made in November 2010 that gave certain firms the option to opt out of previously imposed statutory audits. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.39%. Furthermore, the reform was also exploited to investigate if audited financial statements add value for firms in the private debt market. We find that firms with audited financial statements, on average, save 1.26 percentage points on cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. Thus, the reform creates a possibility for firms that have the ambition to grow in employment to do so by not auditing, and those who want to grow by investments in capital to do so by reducing the cost of such investments by auditing. However, the current ceiling of the reform is also likely to force some firms to operate at sub-optimal levels, those without having the option to opt out of audit even though they might not accrue any benefit from auditing, at least in the short-run. One can argue that is partly due to how institutions evolve, generally slower than other actors in the society do.
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49

Cavalli, Cássio Machado. "Empresa, direito e economia : elaboração de um conceito jurídico de empresa no direito comercial brasileiro contemporâneo a partir do dado teórico econômico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/55327.

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Questa tesi ha lo scopo di verificare l’influenza che la teoria economica esercita sullo sviluppo del concetto di impresa giuridicamente e funzionalmente rilevanti per il diritto commerciale brasiliano contemporaneo. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare come le modalità di costruzione di rapporti tra diritto ed economia rendono difficile da un lato, per realizzare il compito di elaborare un concetto giuridico dell’impresa, e dall’altro, di individuare possibili alternative alle reimpostazione del problema per facilitare la stesura di um concetto di impresa giuridicamente rilevante fondati negli dati pertinenti il teorico economico. L’indagine è condotta dalla messa in discussione dei fini normativi svolte dall’impresa e il concetto economico di impresa per cui lavorano gli giuristi. Questi aspetti della teoria sono raccolti per verificare la coerenza tra la finalità normativa dell’impresa e il suo concetto economico dominante. Il test viene effettuato analizzando il concetto giuridico di impresa e il concetto economico di impresa. Nella seconda parte di questa tesi, si indaga le teorie economiche dell’impresa fornito dall'economia neoclassica e dalla Nuova Economia Istituzionale, per verificare le strutture e le funzioni dell’impresa. Poi, per intraprendere uno sforzo interdisciplinare di integrazione tra diritto ed economia, dai presupposti metodologici del Funzionalismo Giuridico. Sulla base del risultato dell’affermazione di dialogo interdisciplinare, si procede alla elaborazione di un concetto giuridico di impresa fondati nel dato teorico economico, per verificare l’ipotesi che la impresa è una situazione giuridica complessa.
Esta tese tem por objeto a influência que dado teórico econômico exerce na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável no direito comercial brasileiro contemporâneo. Seu objetivo consiste em identificar de que modo as formas de construção das relações entre direito e economia dificultam, por um lado, a consecução da tarefa de elaborar-se um conceito jurídico de empresa, e, de outro lado, identificar alternativas possíveis para a reimpostação do problema que auxiliem na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico. A pesquisa é conduzida a partir do questionamento das funções normativas desempenhadas pela empresa e o do conceito econômico de empresa com o qual trabalham os juristas. Estes aspectos da teoria são cotejados para verificar se há congruência entre a função normativa preponderante da empresa e o seu conceito econômico. Este teste é realizado mediante a análise do conceito jurídico de empresa e o conceito econômico de empresa. Na segunda parte desta tese, investiga-se as teorias econômicas da empresa fornecidas pela economia neoclássica e pela Nova Economia Institucional, para verificar-se as estruturas e funções da empresa. Em seguida, empreende-se esforço de integração interdisciplinar entre direito e economia, a partir das pressuposições metodológicas do Funcionalismo Jurídico. Com base no resultado da afirmação do diálogo interdisciplinar, parte-se para a elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico, mediante o teste da hipótese segundo a qual a empresa constitui uma situação jurídica complexa.
This thesis aims at verifying the influence that the economic data has on the legal concept of firm in contemporary brazilian commercial law. Its goal is to identify how the distinct ways chosen to build the relationships between law and economics make it difficult to achieve the task of drawing up a legal concept of the firm and to identify possible alternatives to face the problem in a way that could lead to a relevant legal concept of the firm. The survey is conducted from the questioning of legal functions performed by the firm and how the lawyers build an economic concept of the firm. This test is performed by the analysis of the legal concept of enterpreneur and the economic concept of the firm. In the second part, this thesis investigates the economic theories of the firm provided by neoclassical economics and by New Institutional Economics, to check the economic structures and functions of the firm. Then, it undertakes an interdisciplinary effort between law and economics, from the theoretical assumptions provided by the Legal Functionalism. Based on the result of the interdisciplinary dialogue, it proceeds to the development of a legal concept of the firm starting from the economic theory, by testing the hypothesis that the legal meaning of the firm is a nexus of contracts relationship.
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50

Scemama, Pierre. "Analyse néo-institutionnelle de l'investissement dans la biodiversité : choix organisationnels et leurs conséquences sur la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0029/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les contraintes économiques à prendre en compte pour encourager l’investissement (public et prive) dans la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques à partir du prisme de l’économie néo-institutionnelle. Au cours de ce travail nous avons mobilisé des matériaux et des méthodes variés qui nous ont permis d’identifier trois types de contraintes : des contraintes de coûts, des contraintes organisationnelles et des contraintes institutionnelles.Nos résultats montrent que ces projets sont exposés à une grande variabilité de coûts de production dans laquelle certains attributs jouent un rôle clé: le type d’écosystème cible, le contexte institutionnel, le degré de perturbation initial, l’ampleur des travaux à réaliser, le climat et la taille des projets.La mobilisation du cadre de l’économie néo-institutionnelle nous a conduits à nous intéresser aux coûts de transaction qui entourent les actions d’investissement dans la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques. Ces coûts sont liés à l’existence de dispositifs de coordination particuliers entre acteurs du fait de la complexité des dynamiques de la biodiversité. Trois caractéristiques des projets sont à l’origine des coûts de transaction : la spécificité des actifs, l’incertitude et la fréquence des transactions. À partir de l’étude du marché de la compensation aux États-Unis et de quatre cas d’étude en France, nous montrons le lien qui existe entre source des coûts de transaction et efficacité organisationnelle du système. Nous montrons notamment qu’il existe une tension entre un objectif ambitieux de conservation et un objectif de développement des incitations à l’investissement
The objective of this work was to develop the framework of the new institutional economics to identify the economic constraints to overcome in order to encourage public or private agents to invest in restoring aquatic ecosystems. In the course of this work we mobilized different materials and methods that allowed us to identify three types of constraints: cost constraints, organizational constraints and institutional constraints.Our results show that these projects are exposed to a great variability of production costs, some key attributes play a decisive role in this variability: the type of targeted ecosystem, the institutional context, the initial degree of disturbance, the amount of works needed, the climate and the size of projects.Using the new institutional economics framework, we were interested in the transaction costs that surround investment project of restoring aquatic ecosystems. These costs are associated to the need of specific coordination devices between actors adapted to the complexity of biodiversity dynamics. Transaction costs originate from three different characteristics of projects: asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency of transactions. From the study of the market of wetland mitigation in the United States and of four case study in France, we show the link between the origin of transaction costs and organizational efficacy of the system. Among other results, we show that there is a tradeoff between an objective of challenging conservation and an objective of creating incentives for investment for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems
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