Journal articles: 'New Generation Passive Optical Network'

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Clupek, Vlastimil, Tomas Horvath, Petr Munster, and Vaclav Oujezsky. "New Security Improvements in Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Stage 2." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204430.

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Passive optical networks are currently the most promising solution for access networks. These networks rely on broadcast signal distribution in the downstream direction and unicast signal transmission in the upstream direction. The upstream direction is controlled by optical line termination (OLT). The broadcast transmission method increases security vulnerability because the attacker is able to connect his/her modified optical network unit (ONU) to the free port of the splitter (commonly in the basement). We present the concept for the activation process of ONUs based on physical unclonable function (PUF) for next-generation passive optical networks stage 2 (NG-PON2). The use of PUF increases security in the NG-PON2. Furthermore, the registration identifier (ID) is not stored in a nonvolatile memory, in comparison with the common solution defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation G.989.3. An attacker cannot perform a reverse engineering attack to obtain the registration ID. For this reason, the attacker cannot clone an ONU. We proposed security improvements that involve authentication, encryption, integrity protection, and data origin verification methods in the NG-PON2. Our model uses the standard implementation of the transmission convergence layer of NG-PON2 with the new physical layer operations, administration, and maintenance (PLOAM) messages. The recommendation G.989.3 allows specifying own PLOAM messages since not all IDs are used in the current specification.

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Horvath, Tomas, Petr Munster, Vaclav Oujezsky, and Ning-Hai Bao. "Passive Optical Networks Progress: A Tutorial." Electronics 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071081.

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For many years, passive optical networks (PONs) have received a considerable amount of attraction regarding their potential for providing broadband connectivity to almost every citizen, especially in remote areas where fiber optics can attract people to populate regions that have been abandoned. Error-free connectivity without dropouts can offer new opportunities to communicate, earn money and enjoy cultural events. Transmission speeds are multigigabit with distances of a few tens of kilometers; these specifications were previously reserved for high-speed and long-haul backbone networks. PONs can also support a new class of applications, such as accurate time transfer or distributed fiber sensing and follow new trends in open networking. An outline of past and current standards and standards that have been proposed for the latest generation of multigigabit PONs is provided.

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Fayad, Abdulhalim, Tibor Cinkler, Jacek Rak, and Manish Jha. "Design of Cost-Efficient Optical Fronthaul for 5G/6G Networks: An Optimization Perspective." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 9394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239394.

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Currently, 5G and the forthcoming 6G mobile communication systems are the most promising cellular generations expected to beat the growing hunger for bandwidth and enable the fully connected world presented by the Internet of Everything (IoE). The cloud radio access network (CRAN) has been proposed as a promising architecture for meeting the needs and goals of 5G/6G (5G and beyond) networks. Nevertheless, the provisioning of cost-efficient connections between a large number of remote radio heads (RRHs) in the cell sites and the baseband unit (BBU) pool in the central location, known as the fronthaul, has emerged as a new challenge. Many wired and wireless solutions have been proposed to address this bottleneck. Specifically, optical technologies presented by passive optical networks (PONs) are introduced as the best suitable solution for 5G and beyond network fronthaul due to their properties of providing high capacity and low latency connections. We considered time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (TWDM-PONs) as a fronthaul for 5G and beyond. Taking that into consideration, in this paper, we propose an integer linear program (ILP) that results in the optimal optical fronthaul deployment while minimizing the total cost of 5G and beyond instances. However, for larger network instances, solving the ILP problem becomes unscalable and time-consuming. To address that, we developed two heuristic-based algorithms (the K-means clustering algorithm and the one based on the genetic algorithm—GA). We evaluated the suitability of our proposed ILP and heuristic algorithms in simulations by utilizing them to plan different network instances (dense and sparse).

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Ganesan, Elaiyasuriyan, Andrew Tanny Liem, I.-Shyan Hwang, Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Semmy Wellem Taju, and Mohammad Nowsin Amin Sheikh. "LSTM-Based DWBA Prediction for Tactile Applications in Optical Access Network." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010037.

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Historically, the optical access network (OAN) plays a crucial role of supporting emerging new services such as 4 k, 8 k multimedia streaming, telesurgery, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) applications in the context of Tactile Internet (TI). In order to prevent losing connectivity to the current mobile network and Tactile Internet, the OAN must expand capacity and improve the quality of Services (QoS) mainly for the low latency of 1 ms. The optical network has adopted artificial intelligence (AI) technology, such as deep learning (DL), in order to classify and predict complex data. This trend mainly focuses on bandwidth prediction. The software-defined network (SDN) and cloud technologies provide all the essential capabilities for deploying deep learning to enhance the performance of next-generation ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPONs). Therefore, in this paper, we propose a deep learning long-short-term-memory model-based predictive dynamic wavelength bandwidth allocation (DWBA) mechanism, termed LSTM-DWBA in NG-EPON. Future bandwidth for the end-user is predicted based on NG-EPON MPCP control messages exchanged between the OLT and ONUs and cycle times. This proposed LSTM-DWBA addresses the uplink control message overhead and QoS bottleneck of such networks. Finally, the extensive simulation results show the packet delay, jitter, packet drop, and utilization.

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Elmagzoub, M. A., Asadullah Shaikh, Abdullah Alghamdi, and Khairan Rajab. "A Review on MIMO Wireless Signals over Fibre for Next Generation Fibre Wireless (FiWi) Broadband Networks." Electronics 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122014.

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Next-generation access/mobile networks have set high standards in terms of providing wireless services at high data rates in order to keep up with the vast demands for other mobility and multiple services. Wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) technology, also known as fibre-wireless (FiWi), has uncovered incredible opportunities for the future of next-generation networks because it gets the best of both domains: huge bandwidth provided by the optical fibre and high ubiquity of the wireless domain. The objective of FiWi networks is to integrate the high data rate and long reach provided by optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless networks, with the target to decrease their expense and complexity. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) is an inevitable technique for most of the new mobile/wireless networks that are driven by the huge data rates required by today’s users. Consequently, to construct any FiWi system for next-generation (NG) access/broadband networks, an MIMO technique has to be considered. This article presents a comprehensive, contemporary review of the latest subsystems, architectures and integrated technologies of MIMO wireless signals backhauling using optical fibre or fibre access networks, such as passive optical networks (PONs). An overview for FiWi, PONs and MIMO wireless systems is provided. In addition, advanced techniques of accommodating the MIMO wireless signals over optical fibre are explained and compared. Different types of wireless MIMO signals over fibre, such as 5G, WiFi and related transport technologies, are reviewed. Moreover, future research trends are also discussed.

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Belkacem, Anes, and Ahmed Riad Borsali. "A new full-duplex analog RoF transmission system for 5G/5G+ broadband mobile communication." Journal of Electrical Engineering 74, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2023-0001.

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Abstract A new cost-effective mobile fronthaul architecture has been proposed by designing promising analog radio over fiber (ARoF) transmission system compliant with the next generation ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (UDWDM-PON). It is conceived for standalone 5G/5G+ mobile communication systems driven by broadband multi-input multi-output (MIMO) millimeter wave data signals using two high spectral efficient modulations. The feasibility of the proposed system was firstly proven in terms of spectral tracing supported by theoretical analysis that disclosed good agreement. Furthermore, the obtained simulation results regarding the system performance evaluation after 22 km bidirectional optical fiber links were revealed high reliable characteristics including error-free transmissions at low receiver sensitivities, and measured power penalties less than 1 dB. In addition, the recovered eye diagrams maintained wide openings with high-quality patterns.

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Ganesan, Elaiyasuriyan, I.-Shyan Hwang, Andrew Tanny Liem, and Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman. "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet Resource Provision via Software-Defined Optical Access Networks (SDOANs)." Photonics 8, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050140.

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Emerging research trends in smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications are based on 5G services, which can achieve ultra-reliable and low-latency communication networks. In such fields of application, haptic applications have gained importance. The invention of 5G wireless communication networks and advances in Tactile Internet (TI) technology, which provides controlled communications through the transmission of touch and actuation in real-time, have been envisioned as promising enablers of TI services. This study introduces TI-based smart hospital healthcare applications to enhance the alignment of services provided to patients. The existing telesurgery system has high communication delay and overhead, which limit its applicability. To alleviate these problems, we analyze and provide insights into the communication architecture for 5G-enabled low-latency telesurgery in a smart hospital. We then propose a new TI-software-defined optical access networking (TI-SDOANs) framework in Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2, which includes cloud-based human-to-machine steering servers and supports multiple cloud-based applications. We further propose the implementation of an effective TI-dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (TI-DWBA) resource provisioning scheme that meets the quality of service requirements of TI services. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can significantly improve the Quality of Service (QoS) performance in terms of the packet delay, jitter, throughput and packet drop.

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Rafiq, Ammar, and Muhammad Hayat. "QoS-Based DWBA Algorithm for NG-EPON." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020230.

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The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two architectures on the basis of the wavelength sharing by the optical network units (ONUs). The single scheduling domain (SSD) and multi-scheduling domain (MSD) EPON are the two different design architectures for NG-EPON. A vital task in NG-EPON is to design dynamic wavelength bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms that can meet the future demands of the network subscribers. A number of DWBA algorithms have been designed for time and wavelength division multiplex (TWDM) EPON. The existing DWBA algorithms for TWDM-EPON could be used in MSD-EPON by making necessary parametric changes. The design and implementation of new DWBA algorithms for MSD-EPON are still required specifically. In this paper, we have proposed a quality of service (QoS)-based DWBA algorithm for NG-EPON. We have comparatively analyzed our proposed DWBA with the existing algorithms like earlier finished time (EFT), weighted bipartite matching (WBM), and earlier finished time with void filling (EFT-VF). The results show that our proposed DWBA algorithm performs better as compared to EFT, WBM, and EFT-VF on the basis of average packet delay and average completion time for NG-EPON.

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Cosic, S., and I. Vokony. "Artificial Neural Networks – Based Method for Enhancing State Estimation of Grids with High Penetration of Renewables." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.346.

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This paper addresses state estimation as one of the most essential mechanisms in real-time operation and control of modern power systems, and proposes a novel solution to the issue of poor network observability, commonly faced in distribution system state estimation (DSSE) characterized by an ever-increasing penetration of renewable generation. The ongoing transformation from conventional passive, onedirectional power systems to active smart grids necessitates more accurate and reliable system state estimation to achieve optimal system performance. Real-time grid monitoring and control has been a routine task in transmission networks, but distribution grids cannot successfully utilize these capabilities due to different topologies, specific electrical characteristics, the low amount of available real-time measurements, as well as substantial communication effort needed to handle the data. Furthermore, with the advent of distributed generation, new types of loads and the vast surge of prosumers, a substantial amount of data is required to maintain system stability and controllability. For these reasons, reliable state estimation requires a high-quality creation process of pseudo-measurement, in addition to an efficient algorithm and an extremely accurate estimator. Thus, this paper proposes a novel framework of dynamic estimation methodology that includes the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the pseudo-measurements generation process, utilizes Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRWLS) algorithm and Schweppe-Huber Generalized Maximum Likelihood (SHGM) estimator. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methodology were assessed and verified on a benchmark network model.

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Abd El-Mottaleb, Somia A., Ahmed Métwalli, Abdellah Chehri, Hassan Yousif Ahmed, Medien Zeghid, and Akhtar Nawaz Khan. "New Algorithm for a Fixed Right Shift Code to Support Different Quality of Services in Smart and Sustainable Optical Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610337.

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Smart and sustainable cities require a network that can ensure many exchanges of information. In this sense, the deployment of optical fiber seems essential in order to guarantee urban interconnection. In this work, a new algorithm for the right shift code to be used in optical fiber communication (OFC) is proposed. The algorithm was designed to support different quality of services (audio, video, and data) for smart cities. This algorithm was based on varying the code weight for a certain number of users and transmitting a service to them. This algorithm was used for a spectral amplitude-coding optical code division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system. Two detection scheme approaches were used, which are the single photodiode (SPD) detection technique and the direct detection (DD) technique. The performance was analytically studied for the proposed system in terms of BER, SNR, and the maximum number of users. The obtained results, when our system used SPD, showed an improvement in the number of users, about 2.5% at 622 Mbps and 1.4% at 1.25 Gbps and 2.5 Gbps. It can support a number of users up to 151 for video services at BER = 10−12, 300 for audio services with BER = 10−3, and 162 for data services at BER = 10−9 at a data rate of 1.25 Gbps. Furthermore, the system was simulated and showed transmission distances of 30 km at 1.25 Gbps and 6 km at 2.5 Gbps for video services, 80 km at 1.25 Gbps and 30 km at 2.5 Gbps for audio services, and 44 km at 1.25 Gbps and 13 km at 2.5 Gbps for data services. Our proposed system is suggested to be implemented in a fixed fifth-generation passive optical network (F5G PON).

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Hambali, Akhmad, and Brian Pamukti. "Bidirectional Network in Hybrid Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Time Division Multiplexing (CWDM/TDM) on NG-PON2 for 40 Gbps." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 19, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v19.13-19.

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In this research, we propose hybrid Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Time Division Multiplexing (CWDM/TDM)-Passive Optical Networks (PON) scheme for optimizing the new technology of Gigabit-PON (GPON) called Next Generation-PON Stage 2 (NG-PON2). The simulation of using this scheme proved that Q-Factor increase and Bit Error Rate (BER) decreased, significantly. We use CWDM scheme for downstream while TDM is used for upstream, and we assimilate both of them with new configuration in bidirectional cable setting. CWDM is used due to low nonlinearity effect like Kerr effects. It has the same working principle based on (Time Wavelength Division Multiplexing-PON) TWDM-PON by differentiating the use of wavelength, it can be easily implemented on existing PON technology, and can be used in single-mode optical fiber (SMF) with greater bandwidth and much cheaper operational costs. From the calculations and simulations, it can be analyzed that the network Hybrid of CWDM / TDM-PON able to work on bit rate of 40/10 Gbps on the number of users 32, 64, and 128, with Q-Factor value is above 6 equal to International Telecommunication Union of Telecommunication (ITU-T) standard. The number of users 32 with two cable lengths of 10 and 20 km have value of Q-Factor 25.960 and 14.815 respectively, while64 users with the same cable length have Q-Factor value of 15.808 and 13.046 respectively. In addition, 128 users with the same cable length have BER value of 17.778 and 12.944 respectively.

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Li, Yong-An. "Realization of Seventh-Order Chebyshev Active Low-Pass Filter." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 15, no. 1 (February 2022): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096515666220221105958.

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Background: CCCII implementation of the classic seventh-order Chebyshev filter is relatively rare. This work is a supplement to it. Methods: By a floating negative simulating resistance using single the second generation current-controlled conveyor (CCCII), we design a new current buffer to employ one CCCII and one multiple output CCCII (MOCCCII), and a new grounded MOCCCII-employed the frequency-dependent negative resistance (FDNR). Moreover, by employing a classic seventh-order Chebyshev passive filter as a prototype and utilizing adjoint network theory, a seventh-order Chebyshev active low-pass filter is realized through applying the Bruton transform, frequency and impedance scaling technique, FDNR, and component replacement method. The filter employs only grounded capacitors and nine CCCIIs, and its the performance can be controlled through adjusting bias currents of the CCCIIs. Results: The designed circuit is simulated with Multisim, which shows that the filter is correct and effective. Conclusion: A seventh-order Chebyshev active low-pass filter with Amax=0.5 dB and fc=10 kHz, is realized.

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Vilcane, K., S. Matsenko, M. Parfjonovs, R. Murnieks, M. Aleksejeva, and S. Spolitis. "Implementation of Multi-Wavelength Source for DWDM-PON Fiber Optical Transmission Systems." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 57, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2020-0019.

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AbstractFour-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the well-known nonlinear optical effects (NOE), and it is considered as an adverse impact in fibre optical communication lines. This nonlinear optical effect as a productive one can be used in fibre optical communication systems for various optical processing functions, like wavelength conversion, high-speed time-division multiplexing (TDM), pulse compression, fibre optical parametric amplifiers (FOPA), etc. In most of the fibre optical communication systems, each data transmission channel requires one light source (e.g., laser) as a carrier, which can make these transmission systems expensive. For example, to provide operation of 4-channel dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) system four separate lasers at specific operation wavelengths are needed. On the contrary, through the FWM effect, which can be obtained in highly nonlinear optical fibre (HNLF) by using two high-power pump lasers, the generation of new multiple carriers forming the laser array or a multi-wavelength source is possible. Accordingly, within the present research, we investigate the latter approach for FWM light source implementation in DWDM passive optical networks (DWDM-PONs). We analyse up to 16-channel 50 GHz spaced DWDM-PON system with a bitrate of up to 10 Gbit/s per channel, constructed on the basis of two high-power continuous wave (CW) pump lasers. We evaluate the system performance against the number of its channels by changing it from 4 to 16 and in each case find the most optimal HNLF fibre length (for a 4-channel system it is 0.9 km; for an 8-channel system – 1.39 km; and for a 16-channel system – 1.05 km) and laser pump powers (for a 4-channel system it is 20 dBm; for an 8-channel system – 24.1 dBm; and for a 16-channel system – 26.3 dBm). These optimal parameters were found in order to get the highest system performance, respectively, the lowest BER (threshold BER≤10−10), and minimal power fluctuations among FWM generated carriers. The obtained results show that the proposed transmission system can be a promising solution for next-generation high-speed PONs.

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Gunasegaran, Premmilaah, Jagadheswaran Rajendran, Selvakumar Mariappan, Yusman Mohd Yusof, Zulfiqar Ali Abdul Aziz, and Narendra Kumar. "A fully matched dual stage CMOS power amplifier with integrated passive linearizer attaining 23 db gain, 40% PAE and 28 DBM OIP3." Microelectronics International 38, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-01-2021-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new linearization technique known as the passive linearizer technique which does not affect the power added efficiency (PAE) while maintaining a power gain of more than 20 dB for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) power amplifier (PA). Design/methodology/approach The linearization mechanism is executed with an aid of a passive linearizer implemented at the gate of the main amplifier to minimize the effect of Cgs capacitance through the generation of opposite phase response at the main amplifier. The inductor-less output matching network presents an almost lossless output matching network which contributes to high gain, PAE and output power. The linearity performance is improved without the penalty of power consumption, power gain and stability. Findings With this topology, the PA delivers more than 20 dB gain for the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Band from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz with a supply headroom of 1.8 V. At the center frequency of 2.45 GHz, the PA exhibits a gain of 23.3 dB with corresponding peak PAE of 40.11% at a maximum output power of 14.3 dBm. At a maximum linear output power of 12.7 dBm, a PAE of 37.3% has been achieved with a peak third order intermodulation product of 28.04 dBm with a power consumption of 50.58 mW. This corresponds to ACLR of – 20 dBc, thus qualifying the PA to operate for BLE operation. Practical implications The proposed technique is able to boost up the efficiency and output power, as well as linearize the PA closer to 1 dB compression point. This reduces the trade-off between linear output power and PAE in CMOS PA design. Originality/value The proposed CMOS PA can be integrated comfortably to a BLE transmitter, allowing it to reduce the transceiver’s overall power consumption.

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Boettcher, Lars, D. Manessis, S. Karaszkiewicz, A. Ostmann, and H. Reichl. "Next Generation System in a Package Manufacturing by Embedded Chip Technologies." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.261.

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The embedding of active and passive components offers a wide range of benefits and potentials. With the use of laminate based technology concepts, components can be moved from surface mount into the build-up layers of substrates by embedding and thereby the third dimension will be available for further layers or assemblies. This paper will briefly discuss the necessary process steps of the embedded chip technology and more importantly it will focus on new efforts to actually use chip embedding concepts for the realization of standard-type industrial quad flat packages with embedded chips (embedded chip QFN). Chips of 50 μm thickness, a pad pitch of 100 μm, and pad size of 85 μm are die bonded to a copper substrate and subsequently embedded in RCC (resin coated copper) layers by using vacuum lamination. The resulting QFN packages are only 160 μm thick and provide standard pads at 400 μm pitch and a total number of 84 I/Os with dimensions of 10 × 10 mm2. All embedded chip QFN packages at the prototype level are manufactured in 250 × 300 mm2 panels.

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Mauz, Florian, Remo Wigger, Tobias Wahl, Michal Kuffa, and Konrad Wegener. "Acoustic Roughness Measurement of Railway Tracks: Implementation of a Chord-Based Optical Measurement System on a Train." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 11988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311988.

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A large part of the noise emissions from rail traffic originates from rolling noise. This is significantly determined by the surface roughness of the wheel and the rail. To quantitatively assess the noise generation from the wheel–rail contact, it is necessary to measure the surface roughness of the rail network. Direct measurements via trolley devices are usually associated with the need for a free track and limitation in velocity. Indirect measurements of rail roughness, such as measuring axle-box accelerations, enable operation during regular passage but only estimate the acoustic roughness. In this study, the potential of an optical and consequently contact-free measurement method using laser triangulation sensors to measure rail roughness from the train is investigated. The approach can combine the advantage of operation during regular passage with the characteristics of a direct measurement, enabling large-scale monitoring of the rail network. A measurement run with a train was carried out on a meter-gauge track at speeds up to 80 km h−1 The results of the optical measurement approach were compared with a tactile reference measurement on the track. The results show good agreement of the new measurement setup for dry rail surface conditions at 50 km h−1, with a mean deviation of 1.48 dB.

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Fang, Li, Xiwu Zhan, Jifu Yin, Jicheng Liu, Mitchell Schull, Jeffrey P. Walker, Jun Wen, et al. "An Intercomparison Study of Algorithms for Downscaling SMAP Radiometer Soil Moisture Retrievals." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0034.1.

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AbstractIn the past decade, a variety of algorithms have been introduced to downscale passive microwave soil moisture observations. Some exploit the soil moisture information from optical/thermal sensing of land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation dynamics while others use active microwave (radar) observations. In this study, downscaled soil moisture data at 9- or 1-km resolution from several algorithms are intercompared against in situ soil moisture measurements to determine their reliability in an operational system. The finescale satellite data used here for downscaling the coarse-scale SMAP data are observations of LST from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and vegetation index (VI) from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the warm seasons in 2015 and 2016. Three recently developed downscaling algorithms are evaluated and compared: a simple regression algorithm based on 9-km thermal inertial data, a data mining approach called regression tree based on 9- and 1-km LST and VI, and the NASA SMAP enhanced 9-km soil moisture product algorithm. Seven sets of in situ soil moisture data from intensive networks were used for validation, including 1) the CREST-SMART network in Millbrook, New York; 2) Walnut Gulch Watershed in Arizona; 3) Little Washita Watershed in Oklahoma; 4) Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental Watersheds in Oklahoma; 5) Little River Watershed in Georgia; 6) the Tibetan Plateau network in China, and 7) the OzNet in Australia. Soil moisture measurements of the in situ networks were upscaled to the corresponding SMAP reference pixels at 9 km and used to assess the accuracy of downscaled products at a 9-km scale. Results revealed that the downscaled 9-km soil moisture products generally outperform the 36-km product for most in situ datasets. The linear regression algorithm using the thermal sensing based evaporative stress index (ESI) had the best agreement with the in situ measurements from networks in the contiguous United States according to the site-by-site comparison. In addition, the inertial thermal linear regression method demonstrated the lowest unbiased RMSE when comparing to the matched-up in situ datasets as well. In general, this method is promising for operational generation of fine-resolution soil moisture data product.

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Kramer, G., and G. Pesavento. "Ethernet passive optical network (EPON): building a next-generation optical access network." IEEE Communications Magazine 40, no. 2 (2002): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.983910.

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Fouli, Kerim, Martin Maier, and Muriel Medard. "Network coding in next-generation passive optical networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 49, no. 9 (September 2011): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2011.6011732.

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Hayal, Mohammed R., Bedir B. Yousif, and Mohamed A. Azim. "Performance Enhancement of DWDM-FSO Optical Fiber Communication Systems Based on Hybrid Modulation Techniques under Atmospheric Turbulence Channel." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110464.

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In this paper, we enhance the performance efficiency of the free-space optical (FSO) communication link using the hybrid on-off keying (OOK) modulation, M-ary digital pulse position modulation (M-ary DPPM), and M-pulse amplitude and position modulation (M-PAPM). This work analyzes and enhances the bit error rate (BER) performance of the moment generating function, modified Chernoff bound, and Gaussian approximation techniques. In the existence of both an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, atmospheric turbulence (AT) channels, and interchannel crosstalk (ICC), we propose a system model of the passive optical network (PON) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique for a dense WDM (DWDM) based on the hybrid fiber FSO (HFFSO) link. We use eight wavelength channels that have been transmitted at a data rate of 2.5 Gbps over a turbulent HFFSO-DWDM system and PON-FSO optical fiber start from 1550 nm channel spacing in the C-band of 100 GHz. The results demonstrate (2.5 Gbps × 8 channels) 20 Gbit/s-4000 m transmission with favorable performance. In this design, M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation is used to provide extra information bits to increase performance. We also propose to incorporate adaptive optics to mitigate the AT effect and improve the modulation efficiency. We investigate the impact of the turbulence effect on the proposed system performance based on OOK-M-ary PAPM-DPPM modulation as a function of M-ary DPPM-PAPM and other atmospheric parameters. The proposed M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM solution increases the receiver sensitivity compared to OOK, improves the reliability and achieves a lower power penalty of 0.2–3.0 dB at low coding level (M) 2 in the WDM-FSO systems for the weak turbulence. The OOK/M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM provides an optical signal-to-noise ratio of about 4–8 dB of the DWDM-HFFSO link for the strong turbulence at a target BER of 10−12. The numerical results indicate that the proposed design can be enhanced with the hybrid OOK/M-DPPM and M-PAPM for DWDM-HFFSO systems. The calculation results show that PAPM-DPPM has increased about 10–11 dB at BER of 10−12 more than the OOK-NRZ approach. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid optical modulation technique can be used in the DWDM-FSO hybrid links for optical-wireless and fiber-optic communication systems, significantly increasing their efficiency. Finally, the use of the hybrid OOK/M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation schemes is a new technique to reduce the AT, ICC, ASE noise for the DWDM-FSO optical fiber communication systems.

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Luo, Yuanqiu, Meng Sui, and Frank Effenberger. "Energy-efficient next generation passive optical network supported access networking." Optical Switching and Networking 14 (August 2014): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2014.01.007.

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Kaur, Ramandeep, and Simranjit Singh. "All-optical encryption in 80-Gbps next-generation passive optical network stage 2." Optical Engineering 59, no. 07 (July 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.59.7.076117.

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23

Dixit, Abhishek, Bart Lannoo, Goutam Das, Didier Colle, Mario Pickavet, and Piet Demeester. "Flexible TDMA/WDMA passive optical network: Energy efficient next-generation optical access solution." Optical Switching and Networking 10, no. 4 (November 2013): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2013.03.001.

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Liu, Xin, Kerim Fouli, Rui Kang, and Martin Maier. "Network-Coding-Based Energy Management for Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks." Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, no. 6 (March 2012): 864–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2182633.

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Santos, Joao Miguel, Paulo Monteiro, and Marek Hajduczenia. "On triplexer design for next generation Ethernet passive optical network systems." International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems 2, no. 2/3 (2009): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcnds.2009.022333.

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Lin, Bangjiang, Xuan Tang, Yiwei Li, Shihao Zhang, Yi Wu, and Hui Li. "Performance study of DMT transmission for next generation passive optical network." Optik 127, no. 22 (November 2016): 11029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.08.093.

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Li, He, Hongxi Yin, and Shanshan Lin. "A novel optical network model for network burden release and congestion reduction based on passive optical network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 10 (October 2018): 155014771880765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718807652.

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In this article, a new optical network structure coping with network congestion is proposed, which is based on passive optical network, and adopts data storage devices coupled with optical line terminal to release network burden. It is shown by our network performance simulation that this network has many merits such as free-scale, fewer connections, larger clustering coefficient, and smaller average shortest path length in comparison to the passive optical network. The novel network structure can replace the far-end service connections with the near-end ones, reduce congestions in an optical network, and, furthermore, relieve traffic burden in optical backbone and metropolitan area networks.

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Bindhaiq, Salem, Abu Sahmah M. Supa׳at, Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli, Abu Bakar Mohammad, Redhwan Q. Shaddad, Mohamed A. Elmagzoub, and Ahmad Faisal. "Recent development on time and wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON) for next-generation passive optical network stage 2 (NG-PON2)." Optical Switching and Networking 15 (January 2015): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2014.06.007.

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Atan, F. M., N. Zulkifli, S. M. Idrus, N. A. Ismail, and A. M. Zin. "Understanding Degradation Attack and TCP Performance in Next Generation Passive Optical Network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1933, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1933/1/012107.

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Asaka, Kota. "Consideration of Tunable Components for Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2." Journal of Lightwave Technology 33, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2390773.

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31

Lin, Yu-min, and Po-lung Tien. "Next-generation OFDMA-based passive optical network architecture supporting radio-over-fiber." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 28, no. 6 (August 2010): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2010.100804.

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32

Fang Wuliang, 方武良, 张俊文 Zhang Junwen, 侯春宁 Hou Chunning, 刘霄 Liu Xiao, 郑曦 heng Xi, 黄德修 Huang Dexiu, and 迟楠 Chi Nan. "Employment of New Information Processing Technologies in Passive Optical Network." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 46, no. 12 (2009): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop20094612.0052.

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33

Leytón, G. V. "Software-Defined Optical Network (SDON), new generation networks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 519 (May 28, 2019): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/519/1/012013.

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Sanchez, Rafael, Jose Alberto Hernandez, Julio Montalvo Garcia, and David Larrabeiti. "Provisioning 1 Gb/s symmetrical services with next-generation passive optical network technologies." IEEE Communications Magazine 54, no. 2 (February 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2016.7402264.

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35

Zhao, Jijun, Wei Bai, Xin Liu, Nan Feng, and Martin Maier. "Hybrid scheduling mechanisms for Next-generation Passive Optical Networks based on network coding." Optical Fiber Technology 20, no. 5 (October 2014): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2014.06.001.

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Huang, Chi-Yo, Shih-Yu Chang, Yu-Hsien Yang, and Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. "Next Generation Passive Optical Networking Technology Predictions by Using Hybrid MCDM Methods." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, no. 4 (June 20, 2011): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0400.

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The evolution of broadband telecommunication technologies has enabled applications over networks, which, in turn, has enabled the emergence of novel network services and applications such as VoIP and video on demand in triggering demand for higher network bandwidth. Passive Optical Networking (PON) is suitable for eliminating bandwidth insufficiency, so national governments and communities are observing the emergence of Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) technologies. Ethernet-based Passive Optical Networks (EPON) and Gigabit-based PON (GPON) are two candidates for next-generation PON in bandwidth efficiency. To predict which is more suitable nationally, we define a foresight framework based on hybrid Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for selecting the most suitable PON. The development of next-generation PON, including Ethernet PON (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON), is introduced and compared. Experts from industry and academia were invited to predict the most suitable next-generation PON for Japan and emerging economies such as Taiwan. Results showed that EPON is most suitable for Japan and GPON most suitable for Taiwan. Results for the technological foresight can serve as the basis for national telecommunication policy and business product definition.

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Lesniak, Adam, Dawid Chudy, and Rafal Dzikowski. "Modelling of Distributed Resource Aggregation for the Provision of Ancillary Services." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184598.

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Nowadays, ancillary services (ASs) are usually provided by large power generating units located in transmission networks, while smaller assets connected to distribution systems remain passive. It is expected that active distribution systems will start to play an important role due to numerous issues related to power system operation caused mainly by developing renewable generation and restrictions imposed on conventional power generating units by climate policies. The future development of the power system management will also lead to the establishment of new market agents such as distributed resource aggregators (DRAs). The article presents the concept of the DRA as part of an active distribution system enabling small resources to participate in wholesale markets, provide ASs and indicates the functions of the DRA coordinator in the modern power system. The proposed method of the DRA structure modelling with the use of the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is aimed at evaluating the optimal operation pattern of participating resources, the desired shape of the load profile at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the AS provision. The performed simulations of the DRA’s operation show that various types of aggregated resources located in distribution networks are able to provide different services effectively to support the power system in terms of load–generation balancing and allow for further development of renewables.

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Li Rongling, 李荣玲, 张俊文 Zhang Junwen, 邵宇丰 Shao Yufeng, 方武良 Fang Wuliang, and 迟楠 Chi Nan. "Research of New Technologies Employed in Radio over Passive Optical Network." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 48, no. 10 (2011): 100603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop48.100603.

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Jin, Pei, and Changcheng Huang. "Sandwich Tree: A new datacenter network based on passive optical devices." Optical Switching and Networking 25 (July 2017): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2017.05.001.

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40

Alvarado-Jaimes, R., A. D. Rincón-Quintero, C. L. Sandoval-Rodriguez, B. E. Tarazona-Romero, and J. G. Ascanio-Villabona. "Design of a passive optical network test scenario." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1253, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1253/1/012016.

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Abstract Passive optical networks with gigabit ethernet speeds aim to bring internet and communications technologies using fiber optics to the end user. A test scenario for passive optical networks with gigabit ethernet speeds has been implemented. In this test scenario, practices are carried out from the installation of a manager for the administration, operation and maintenance of the active equipment, to the configuration of different types of services over this technology. Unicast and multicast traffic transport tests have been carried out. This test scenario of passive optical networks with low-cost gigabit ethernet speeds allowed simulations with different topologies and network configurations to be carried out and then transferred to real metropolitan networks. The design of the test scenario has been used to simulate the implementation of new technologies on this type of networks before they are implemented in the commercial networks of an Internet service provider. This test scenario has also been used for training in the design and implementation of passive optical networks with gigabit ethernet capabilities.

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41

Butt, Rizwan Aslam, Adnan Akhunzada, Muhammad Faheem, and Basit Raza. "Enhanced Energy Savings with Adaptive Watchful Sleep Mode for Next Generation Passive Optical Network." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051639.

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A single watchful sleep mode (WSM) combines the features of both cyclic sleep mode (CSM) and cyclic doze mode (CDM) in a single process by periodically turning ON and OFF the optical receiver (RX) of the optical network terminal (ONT) in a symmetric manner. This results in almost the same energy savings for the ONTs as achieved by the CSM process while significantly reducing the upstream delays. However, in this study we argue that the periodic ON and OFF periods of the ONT RX is not an energy efficient approach, as it reduces the ONT Asleep (AS) state time. Instead, this study proposes an adaptive watchful sleep mode (AWSM) in which the RX ON time of ONT is minimized during ONT Watch state by choosing it according to the length of the traffic queue of the type 1 (T1) traffic class. The performance of AWSM is compared with standard WSM and CSM schemes. The investigation reveals that by minimizing the RX ON time, the AWSM scheme achieves up to 71% average energy saving per ONT at low traffic loads. The comparative study results show that the ONT energy savings achieved by AWSM are 9% higher than the symmetric WSM with almost the same delay and delay variance performance.

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42

Xu, Yan, Peihua Yu, Nan Ye, and Yingxiong Song. "Experimental analysis of four-wave mixing effect on next generation Ethernet passive optical network." Optical Engineering 59, no. 07 (July 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.59.7.076114.

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43

Ismail, N. A., Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus, R. A. Butt, F. Iqbal, A. M. Zin, and F. Atan. "Performance evaluation of comprehensive bandwidth utilization for 10-gigabit passive optical network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1595.

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Bandwidth allocation during upstream transmission is crucial to determine the efficiency and performance of a XG-PON. For XG-PON, bandwidth assignment is done based on T-CONT which represents a traffic class as per ITU recommendation. DBA scheme used in this paper is based on CBU to assign bandwidth to ONUs based on the T-CONT supporting QoS as per SLA. In this paper, CATV traffic is used as traffic generator which used for generation of Ethernet frames and results showed expected trend of mean upstream delay for traffic class T2, T3 and T4 as compared to recommended value which is below 1.5ms. These results prove that CBU can also be implemented on real time traffic.

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44

Yang, Zhen. "Study on Application of Ethernet Passive Optical Network in Auxiliary Control System of Smart Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 6132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.6132.

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Ethernet passive optical network is a new optical access network technology characterized by low cost, high bandwidth, little electromagnetic interference, strong scalability, and powerful compatibility. The auxiliary control system of smart substation includes video surveillance system that carries large data volume but raises low real-time requirement. Constructing the auxiliary control system in the station with Ethernet passive optical network can effectively solve the problem of export bandwidth allocation without using a switch, thus greatly saving the investment in network construction and the costs for life-cycle maintenance. It is therefore regarded as an efficient new networking scheme for the auxiliary control system of smart substation. This paper analyzes the feasibility of applying Ethernet passive optical network technology in the auxiliary control system of smart substation, proposes a program to construct a 220kV smart substation using Ethernet passive optical network, and conducts an economic comparison, in an attempt to provide a new solution for the data transmission of the auxiliary control system of smart substation.

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Julus, L. Jerart, D. Manimegalai, and S. Sibi Chakkaravarthy. "FBMC-based dispersion compensation using artificial neural network equalization for long reach-passive optical network." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 18, no. 01 (April 9, 2019): 1941011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021969131941011x.

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This paper presents a Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), a viable waveform candidate for fifth generation (5G) communications using Staggered-Modulated Multitone (SMT). FBMC is preferred in optical communication because of its ability to work without Cyclic Prefix (CP). In any case, the operation of FBMC in optical access systems with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has not been broadly explored either downstream or upstream. This work presents an advanced Nonlinear Feed-Forward Equalizer (NFFE) that makes use of multilayer ANN for dispersion compensation. ANN is trained to act as a filter with an extensive equalizer training which has the ability to mitigate dispersion and increase the performance of the system. The simulation work is used to study the performance of intensity modulated FBMC system with direct detection in Long Reach-Passive Optical Networks (LR-PONs).The transmission data rate is varied between 8 and 10[Formula: see text]Gbps with the optical fiber length from 30 to 90[Formula: see text]km of Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF). The obtained result suggests that FBMC system with ANN-NFFE equalizer fundamentally builds the resilience to the Chromatic Dispersion (CD) distortion, and a CP-less transmission is possible upto 90[Formula: see text]km.

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Okeke, R. O., V. E. Idigo, M. O. Akemi, and S. K. Ogbuokebe. "Passive Optical Network: A Fibre to the ‘X’ Approach." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 6, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.3.2398.

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With the rapid increasing bandwidth demand mainly driven by the development of advanced broadband multimedia application, such as video-on-demand (VoD), interactive high-definition digital television (HDTV) and video conference, new access network solutions that provide high capacity are highly needed to satisfy these emerging services. In a largely populated and technologically exposed institution such the University of Port Harcourt, this demand is truly great. The Passive Optical Network (PON), which utilizes the Fibre Optic Technology, is a suitable solution to this problem. Hence this is geared towards the design and simulation of a Passive Optical Network for the University’s campus district. This Campus based Local Area Network consists of the Various Faculty buildings, the Senate building which is the central administrative building, and was centralized at the Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC), which served as the Central Office of the network. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique was utilized because of its dedicated bandwidth for each subscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The validation was carried out on a virtual computation environment called OptiSystem©.

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Okeke, R. O., V. E. Idigo, M. O. Akemi, and S. K. Ogbuokebe. "Passive Optical Network: A Fibre to the ‘X’ Approach." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 6, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.3.2398.

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With the rapid increasing bandwidth demand mainly driven by the development of advanced broadband multimedia application, such as video-on-demand (VoD), interactive high-definition digital television (HDTV) and video conference, new access network solutions that provide high capacity are highly needed to satisfy these emerging services. In a largely populated and technologically exposed institution such the University of Port Harcourt, this demand is truly great. The Passive Optical Network (PON), which utilizes the Fibre Optic Technology, is a suitable solution to this problem. Hence this is geared towards the design and simulation of a Passive Optical Network for the University’s campus district. This Campus based Local Area Network consists of the Various Faculty buildings, the Senate building which is the central administrative building, and was centralized at the Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC), which served as the Central Office of the network. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique was utilized because of its dedicated bandwidth for each subscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The validation was carried out on a virtual computation environment called OptiSystem©.

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Kumari, Meet, Reecha Sharma, and Anu Sheetal. "A hybrid next-generation passive optical network and visible light communication for future hospital applications." Optik 242 (September 2021): 166978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166978.

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Yang, Hui, Xianzhuo Zhang, Bangjiang Lin, Pengcheng Deng, and Anlin Yi. "Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Based on Sparse Code Multiple Access and Graph Neural Networks." IEEE Photonics Journal 14, no. 1 (February 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2021.3128420.

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Tang, Lei, Shibao Wu, Yulong Li, and Hongke Lu. "A novel self-surviving architecture for next-generation OFDM passive optical network supporting colorless ONUs." Photonic Network Communications 25, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-013-0393-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'New Generation Passive Optical Network'

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