Journal articles: 'New fumigant'

1

Desmarchelier, James M., and Yong-Lin Ren. "Analysis of Fumigant Residues—A Critical Review." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1261.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This review concentrates on the main fumigants currently applied to commodities: phosphine (PH3) and methyl bromide (CH3Br). It discusses possible new fumigants, such as carbonyl sulfide (COS) and ethyl formate (EtF), that may be able to be applied in such a way that “residues” after fumigation do not exceed the range of natural levels. The review aims to raise some general issues and to suggest some general conclusions from a synthesis of studies on analytical chemistry and on fumigant behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Du, Xin, Wenjuan Zhang, Bo Liu, Tao Liu, Yu Xiao, Miyuki Taniguchi, and YongLin Ren. "Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit." Journal of AOAC International 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0093.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. Objective: The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues—phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate—in a range of food matrices were developed. The food matrices included grain, oilseed, dried fruit, and nut. Methods: The new method was used to determine residue levels from a fumigant complex in food matrices by monitoring the change of the absorption of spiked standards and desorption of fumigant from fumigated samples. Results: Based on the observation, the process of physical sorption and chemisorption was defined. The equilibrium time of the sample analysis was chosen at 5 hours. The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g. Response to a range of diluted authentic standards gave significant linear regressions (r2 > 0.9983), and the RSDs were ≤8.7% at the 3 ng/g level of aged spiking standard, except for sulfuryl fluoride, for which the LOD was 1.99 ng/g and the RSD value was 39.7% (6.64 ng/g). Conclusions: The performance of the HS-SPME-GCMS method was more sensitive than the use of a gas syringe, except for sulfuryl fluoride. Highlights: An innovative multifumigant residue detection method based on HS-SPME sampling technology with gas chromatograph-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) analysis was established, including phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl formate; The first report of a sorption study of the process of physical sorption and chemisorption of residual fumigant in fruit and food matrices by an HS-SPME-GCMS method; Consider the effect of time on fumigant behavior in dried fruit, grain, and nut; The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Du, Xin, Wenjuan Zhang, Bo Liu, Tao Liu, Yu Xiao, Miyuki Taniguchi, and YongLin Ren. "Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.6.1877.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background: Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. Objective: The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues—phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate—in a range of food matrices were developed. The food matrices included grain, oilseed, dried fruit, and nut. Methods: The new method was used to determine residue levels from a fumigant complex in food matrices by monitoring the change of the absorption of spiked standards and desorption of fumigant from fumigated samples. Results: Based on the observation, the process of physical sorption and chemisorption was defined. The equilibrium time of the sample analysis was chosen at 5 hours. The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g. Response to a range of diluted authentic standards gave significant linear regressions (r2 > 0.9983), and the RSDs were ≤8.7% at the 3 ng/g level of aged spiking standard, except for sulfuryl fluoride, for which the LOD was 1.99 ng/g and the RSD value was 39.7% (6.64 ng/g). Conclusions: The performance of the HS-SPME-GCMS method was more sensitive than the use of a gas syringe, except for sulfuryl fluoride. Highlights: An innovative multifumigant residue detection method based on HS-SPME sampling technology with gas chromatograph-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) analysis was established, including phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl formate; The first report of a sorption study of the process of physical sorption and chemisorption of residual fumigant in fruit and food matrices by an HS-SPME-GCMS method; Consider the effect of time on fumigant behavior in dried fruit, grain, and nut; The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

South, David B., William A. Carey, and Scott A. Enebak. "Chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73489-4.

Full text

Abstract:

Chloropicrin has been tested as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries throughout the world. From 1944 to the late 1960's, tests were conducted in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Since 1985, studies have been conducted in Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, chloropicrin reduced soilborne pathogens as effectively as twice as much methyl bromide. Advantages of chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in southern pine nurseries include: efficacy similar to methyl bromide (in regards to reduction in fungi, nematodes and insects), an increase in Trichoderma populations, it is not a Class 1 ozone depleting substance, and no plastic tarp is required. Adding chloropicrin to other fumigants has increased the spectrum of biological activity. A disadvantage of chloropicrin is that it has less herbicidal activity than methyl bromide. Key words: fungicide, methyl bromide, disease, nursery management, seedbeds

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Mohamed S, Khalil, and Selim Rasha E. "Fluorinated nematicides: Novel classes in the way." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001055.

Full text

Abstract:

The demand on non- fumigant nematicides was strongly increased in the last few years, and this interesting in nematicides are due to farmers are needed for safer pesticides and increasing of the regulatory pressure on many of the traditional nematicides. The control of plant parasitic nematodes with synthetic nematicides is the most widespread and preferred method, but not always effective enough. The most of synthetic nematicides especially non-fumigants are high toxic to non-target organisms. Thus, Novel non-fumigant nematicides were appeared as alternatives. The group of trifluoromethyl contains both fluensulfone and fluopyram which are different in mode of action than traditional nematicides as organophosphate and carbamate. Meanwhile, results indicated that fluensulfone and fluopyram are promising nematicides. These new nematicides are very different from traditional nematicides; they are more selective, less toxic and safer to use.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Hall, M. K. D., A. J. Najar-Rodriguez, T. Pranamornkith, A. R. Adlam, A. J. Hall, and D. W. Brash. "Influence of dose bark cover and endgrain sealing on ethanedinitrile (C₂N₂) sorption by pine (Pinus radiata D Don) logs." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5792.

Full text

Abstract:

High sorption by Pinus radiata (D Don) logs may limit insecticidal efficacy of a fumigant by rapidly removing it from the treated headspace The sorption characteristics of a new fumigant ethanedinitrile (EDN) were quantified for recently harvested pine logs and the robustness of a proposed EDN sorption model developed for sawn timber was tested Over a 10h period average concentrations were 173 plusmn;1048724; 07 of the initial dose for logs with sealed ends and 94 1048724;plusmn; 04 for unsealed ends This is a high rate of sorption compared with other fumigants such as methyl bromide A proportional drop in headspace concentration over time was consistent for the two doses (20 and 50 g/m3) evaluated confirming that EDN sorption is influenced by the dose applied Bark cover did not significantly influence EDN sorption A revised sorption model for EDN is proposed here

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Brierley, Sam, Anthony Adlam, and Matthew Hall. "Quantification of Ethanedinitrile in Air Using a New and Accurate Gas Chromatography Method." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2010001.

Full text

Abstract:

Compared to previously tested fumigants such as methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride and phosphine; ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a new fumigant which is being trialled around the world as a pre-plant soil treatment and as a quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) treatment of commodities. To collect the data necessary to assess the effectiveness of this fumigant, an accurate analytical method is needed across a wide concentration range. We reviewed the methods of detection for EDN described in recently published fumigation studies and have developed and validated a method to quantify EDN in air using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC–FID). Our tested method has a linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of R2 0.9988, 1.36%, 98.8%, 0.750 ppm and 1.073 ppm, respectively. These values were determined using internationally recognised guidelines for the validation of non-standard analytical methods, which means that our method can be applied to the different validation requirements of regulatory agencies and countries. Our method can be used for experimental conditions that require detection at low and high concentrations simultaneously because it is accurate, fast (0.6 min) and repeatable across a concentration range of 1 to 40,000 ppm. This method will help to standardise the quantification of EDN by research groups and facilitate acceptance of data by regulatory organisations around the world.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Hall, M. K. D., A. R. Adlam, A. J. Hall, and A. J. Najar-Rodriguez. "Monitoring the concentration of methyl bromide in the treated space during commercial fumigation of logs." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5933.

Full text

Abstract:

Development of sciencebased fumigation schedules for phytosanitary treatments relies on an understanding of the factors which influence the effectiveness of a fumigant under different conditions Understanding the sorption characteristics of a fumigant is a critical step in establishing commercial treatment schedules as this process which involves adsorption and absorption of fumigant molecules influences the concentration of the fumigant remaining in the treated space after fumigation and hence the amount of fumigant available to kill insects We monitored the concentration of methyl bromide during commercial fumigation of three log stacks (average volume 4078 m3) with 120 g/m3 methyl bromide for 13 h under a tarpaulin Pine (Pinus radiata D Don) logs were fumigated at South Port Bluff (New Zealand) during April 2015 Gas samples from the treated space were taken at 05 1 2 3 the treated space indicating that the rest of the fumigant was sorbed These data can now be combined with insect toxicity studies to guide the development of improved commercial treatment schedules to treat log exports from New Zealand

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Najar-Rodriguez, A. J., M. K. D. Hall, C. R. Wilks, A. R. Adlam, S. Brierley, S. Burgess, and G. K. Clare. "Comparing the toxicity of two fumigants to insects from the field vs laboratory — does insect origin matter?" New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.89.

Full text

Abstract:

The golden-haired bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, is one of the most common insects normally associated with New Zealand export logs. Here we tested the dose-mortality responses of H. ligniperda adults, from two different origins (field vs laboratory), to methyl bromide (MB) — the most widely used fumigant worldwide and ethanedinitrile (EDN), a new fumigant currently being considered as very promising for MB replacement. Naked insects were fumigated with either MB or EDN at 10˚C for 4 and 3 hours, respectively. Adults from the laboratory had been reared on an arti cial diet and under controlled conditions for over 10 generations at the time of the experiments. Field adults, on the other hand, had been recently collected from Lindgren funnel traps with lures of alpha-pinene and ethanol. Our results showed that there is a significant difference in the tolerance to the two fumigants tested according to the origin of the insects, with field-collected adults being less tolerant to MB and EDN than laboratory-reared ones. The implications of our results for the development of disinfestation schedules for New Zealand export logs will be discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Fennimore, S. A., M. J. Haar, and H. A. Ajwa. "Weed Control in Strawberry Provided by Shank- and Drip-applied Methyl Bromide Alternative Fumigants." HortScience 38, no. 1 (February 2003): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.1.55.

Full text

Abstract:

The loss of methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant has created the need for new weed management systems for crops such as strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne). Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide fumigation include 1,3-D, chloropicrin (CP), and metam sodium. Application of emulsified formulations of these fumigants through the drip irrigation system is being tested as an alternative to the standard shank injection method of fumigant application in strawberry production. The goal of this research was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of alternative fumigants applied through the drip irrigation system and by shank injection. The fumigant 1,3-D in a mixture with CP was drip-applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D plus 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 or shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D plus 35% CP) at 374 L·ha-1. Chloropicrin (CP EC, 95%) was drip-applied singly at 130 and 200 L·ha-1 or shank injected (CP, 99%) at 317 kg·ha-1. Vapam HL (metam sodium 42%) was drip-applied singly at 420 and 700 L·ha-1. InLine was drip-applied at 236 and 393 L·ha-1, and then 6 d later followed by (fb) drip-applied Vapam HL at 420 and 700 L·ha-1, respectively. CP EC was drip-applied simultaneously with Vapam HL at 130 plus 420 L·ha-1 and as a sequential application at 200 fb 420 L·ha-1, respectively. Results were compared to the commercial standard, MB : CP mixture (67:33) shank-applied at 425 kg·ha-1 and the untreated control. Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha-1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha-1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha-1. Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection. InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow (Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP. However, the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments, possibly due to the close proximity of the shank-injected fumigant to the edge of the bed. Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed. The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl bromide; trichloro-nitromethane (chloropicrin).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Douda, Ondřej, Marie Manasova, Miloslav Zouhar, Jonas Hnatek, and Vaclav Stejskal. "Field Validation of the Effect of Soil Fumigation of Ethanedinitrile (EDN) on the Mortality of Meloidogyne hapla and Carrot Yield Parameters." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020208.

Full text

Abstract:

With the increasing importance of soilborne plant pest nematodes and the relatively recent phase-out of methyl bromide as a key soil fumigant, there is an urgent need for new fumigants with good nematicidal properties. Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a promising fumigant and preparation because of its physical, agrochemical, and nematicidal properties. However, its efficacy against nematode pests of different crops under field conditions has not been fully validated and understood. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of two concentrations of EDN on the survival of northern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogynehapla) and on carrot yield and quality under field conditions. The evaluation was performed using naturally infested carrot plots, and EDN application to the soil was followed by covering the treated area with film. A high biological effect was observed for both EDN concentrations tested, with even the lower dose (30 g·m−2) being sufficient for M. hapla suppression. Positive effects of EDN application—likely due to EDN partial conversion into biologically available nitrogen in soil—on carrot root weight, in comparison with the untreated control, were also observed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Wang, Yaochen, Minghong Liu, Xiaobin Han, Yanfen Zheng, Jianmin Chao, and Cheng-Sheng Zhang. "Prickly Ash Seed Kernel: A New Bio-Fumigation Material Against Tobacco Black Shank." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060770.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study evaluated the fumigant effect and potential mechanisms of Chinese prickly ash seed kernel (PSK) against tobacco black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan. The results showed that PSK fumigant increased the soil organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen, available potassium, and total phosphorus significantly, while the pH was decreased. Application of 2% PSK promoted plant growth, with higher plant height, root length, and dry weight compared to those in the treatment with no PSK. Both in vitro and in vivo tests indicated that PSK fumigant effectively inhibited mycelial growth of P. nicotianae, and significantly reduced the severity of tobacco black shank. Based on the analysis of volatiles in PSK by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 28 components were identified, among which monoterpenes were the major components (accounting for 79.46% of peak area). Among the six top components, linalool, piperitone, sabinene, and limonene exhibited strong mycelial inhibition of P. nicotianae. Linalool was the most effective with an IC50 value of 18.03 μL/L. Results of GC-MS revealed that the main components of PSK extract were cis-Vaccenic acid (40.81%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.67%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (15.25%), Ethanone-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)- (10.32%), cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid (6.21%), and Psilocin (11.75%). Among them, Ethanone-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)- and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- have an obvious inhibitory effect on P. nicotianae. Additionally, changes in soil bacterial and fungal communities were observed. The relative abundance of some microbes, such as Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Thermomonas, Glutamicibacter, Dyella, and Trichoderma, increased, which have many beneficial microbes in these genera, indicating that microbial community shift could be one of the important outcomes of the PSK fumigant effect. In conclusion, PSK could be a new bio-fumigation material against plant soilborne pathogens, which can function as both a fungicide and fertilizer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Cao, Xiang, Zhengfei Guan, Gary E. Vallad, and Feng Wu. "Economics of fumigation in tomato production: the impact of methyl bromide phase-out on the Florida tomato industry." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0074.

Full text

Abstract:

The Florida tomato industry is facing challenges of increased production costs and decreased yields resulting from the methyl bromide (MBr) phase-out under the Montreal Protocol for environmental concerns. MBr and several accepted alternative soil fumigant systems are analyzed in this study from an economic perspective. This article focuses on identifying optimal fumigant systems by analyzing the cost effectiveness and economic risk associated with MBr and several other commercially available soil fumigant systems using data collected from scientific field trials. The results obtained show that a 67:33 formulation of MBr: chloropicrin is the most cost-effective treatment, and no alternative fumigant systems investigated can substitute MBr cost-effectively in Florida tomato production. The analysis indicated that switching from MBr (67:33) to the new industry standard PicChlor 60 approximately resulted in a loss of $3,569 per acre in gross revenue and $1,656 per acre in profit using market prices in the 2013/14 season. Higher market prices would further increase the loss.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, and Afshin Shahbazi. "Gastric ventilation: A new approach to metal phosphide fumigant ingestion." Clinical Toxicology 50, no. 5 (April 17, 2012): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2012.676648.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wolverton, Ann. "Retrospective evaluation of costs associated with methyl bromide critical use exemptions for open field strawberries in California." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-0025.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract:Methyl bromide (MBr) has been widely used as a fumigant to control pests in the agricultural sector, but it is also an ozone depleting substance. After 2005, methyl bromide could only be produced when a critical use exemption was agreed to by the signatories to the Montreal Protocol. This paper examines how the EPA’sex antecost analyses for open field fresh strawberries in California for the 2006–2010 seasons compare to anex postassessment of costs. A key input into theex antecost analysis is the assumed yield loss associated with methyl bromide alternatives. The EPA used conservative assumptions given the wide range of estimates in the literature at the time, but it appears that a number of viable MBr alternatives – either new fumigants or new ways of applying existing fumigants – may have become available more quickly and resulted in lower yield loss than initially anticipated. Likewise, it appears that farmers who substituted away from methyl bromide did so without imposing large negative impacts on production in prime California strawberry growing areas.Ex postevaluation also confirms the effect of California regulatory restrictions in limiting the use of various economically competitive alternatives. It is worth noting that unanticipated complications after switching away from methyl bromide, such as new diseases, slowed the transition to MBr alternatives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Douda, Ondřej, Václav Stejskal, Marie Manasova, Miloslav Zouhar, and Jonáš Hnatek. "Inexpensive Screening Method to Validate the Efficacy of Ethanedinitrile Fumigant on the Forest Invasive Nematode Pest Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114765.

Full text

Abstract:

At a global scale, the sustainability of forests is endangered by multiple invasive species, including the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a quarantine pest. International laws and standards require that all exported wood coming from countries in which B. xylophilus is present be chemically or physically treated. Since a major fumigant, methyl bromide, was banned, there has been a need to generate data for alternative fumigants, such as ethanedinitrile (EDN), for this purpose. Since the field screening of fumigants (i.e., the application of various doses to and exposure times of naturally infested wood logs) is prohibitively expensive, the aim of this study was to develop a quick and inexpensive laboratory method. Here, we suggest and describe an innovative method based on sawdust cultures for EDN efficacy screening. In the validation part of this study, we demonstrated (i) the high survival of the nematodes in the sawdust and (ii) the high efficacy of EDN against this pest under in vitro conditions; 100% mortality was observed after 6 h of EDN exposure to a dose of 25 g/m3. In particular, our newly developed model system could be used for the initial screening of various doses of and exposure protocols for EDN and similar types of fumigants developed with the intention of regulating B. xylophilus occurrence in exported wood. It is believed that the validated method may help to develop new and effective EDN fumigation procedures and thereby contribute to the long-term protection of forests worldwide.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Najar-Rodriguez, Adriana J., Matthew K. D. Hall, Catherine R. Wilks, Anthony R. Adlam, Sam Brierley, Steven Burgess, and Graeme K. Clare. "Comparing the toxicity of two fumigants to insects from the field vs laboratory - does insect origin matter?" New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 30, 2018): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.147.

Full text

Abstract:

The golden-haired bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (F.), is a common forest insect which may be associated with pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs exported from New Zealand. We tested the dose-mortality responses of H. ligniperda adults, from two different origins (field vs laboratory), to methyl bromide (MB), the most widely used fumigant worldwide; and to ethanedinitrile (EDN), a potential alternative to MB. Naked insects were fumigated with either MB or EDN at 10°C for 4 and 3 hours, respectively. Laboratory adults had been reared on artificial diet under controlled conditions for >10 generations. Field adults, by contrast, had been recently collected from Lindgren funnel traps with lures of alpha-pinene and ethanol. Tolerance to the two fumigants tested was significantly different, according to the origin of the insects, with field-collected adults being less tolerant to MB and EDN than laboratory-reared ones. The implications of our results for the development of disinfestation schedules for New Zealand export logs will be discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Bartholomaeus, Andrew R., and Victoria S. Haritos. "Review of the toxicology of carbonyl sulfide, a new grain fumigant." Food and Chemical Toxicology 43, no. 12 (December 2005): 1687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Jaramillo-Colorado, Beatriz Eugenia, Samyr Suarez-López, and Vanessa Marrugo-Santander. "Volatile chemical composition of essential oil from Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch and their fumigant and repellent activities." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 41 (November 1, 2019): e46822. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.46822.

Full text

Abstract:

The objectives of this work were the study of the volatile chemical composition of essential oils (EO’s) from Bursera graveolens obtained in the locality of Malagana, municipality of Mahates, Bolívar, Colombia, as well as to evaluate their repellent and fumigant properties. EO’s were extracted by hydro-distillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds found in B. graveolens were limonene (42.2%), pulegone (20.9%), carvone (7.5%), caryophyllene (4.1%), and trans-carveol (3.8%). The repellent activity of EO’s was determined by the area preference method, where the EO of B. graveolens presented repellent activity against the Tribolium castaneum weevil at a concentration of 1 at 2% and 4 hours of exposure (88.1 and 88.6% respectively). B. graveolens essential oil was more effective in its fumigant activity with LC50 of 108.2 μg oil mL-1. Also, the fumigant and repellent activities of two individual compounds present in the oil were evaluated, that is, limonene (majority) and caryophyllene. The results indicated that B. graveolens essential oil could be a promising alternative to new natural repellents and biocides.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Zhang, Z., C. W. Van_Epenhuijsen, D. W. Brash, and G. P. Hosking. "Phosphine as a fumigant to control Hylastes ater and Arhopalus ferus pests of export logs." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6903.

Full text

Abstract:

The black pine bark beetle (Hylastes ater) and the burnt pine longhorn beetle (Arhopalus ferus) are major insect pests of Pinus radiata in New Zealand and are currently listed as undesirable on imported P radiata logs from New Zealand by AQISQ the Chinese quarantine authorities Any discoveries of these pests could endanger one of the most important export markets for New Zealand logs Experiments were carried out to examine the efficacy of the non ozonedepleting fumigant phosphine for eliminating these two pests from P radiata logs at egg larva and adult life stages Direct exposure to phosphine at levels as low as 200 ppm for up to 10 days has disinfested the three life stages of both pests Phosphine has the potential to control both pests in export logs before they arrive in the other countries and may be a replacement fumigant for the ozonedepleting methyl bromide

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Pranamornkith, T., M. K. D. Hall, A. R. Adlam, K. G. Somerfield, B. B. C. Page, A. J. Hall, and D. W. Brash. "Effect of fumigant dose timber moisture content endgrain sealing and chamber load factor on sorption by sawn timber fumigated with ethanedinitrile." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5753.

Full text

Abstract:

Ethanedinitrile (EDN syn cyanogen EDN Fumigas) is a relatively new fumigant with the potential to disinfest quarantine pests from radiata pine (Pinus radiata D Don) logs and sawn timber for export This research evaluated the effects of dose (20 g/m3 or 50 g/m3) timber moisture content (green or kiln dried sawn timber) endgrain sealing (sealed or unsealed timber endgrain) and load factor (11 or 44) on sorption of EDN fumigation chambers Chamber loading significantly influenced sorption with higher loading resulting in greater sorption Changes in the dose of EDN did not affect the sorption pattern Increased moisture content and endgrain sealing both reduced sorption but these effects were relatively small and the differences in sorption patterns caused by moisture content or endgrain sealing decreased over time

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Li, Li Xiu, Ling Yan Ge, Ting Xue, and Xi Hong Li. "Insecticidal Effects of the Insecticide Based on Porous Starch and Cinnamon Oil against Sitophilus zeamais." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.579.

Full text

Abstract:

We investigated that the bioefficacies of cinnamon oil and insecticide based on the mixture of porous starch and cinnamon oil. They were evaluated for their insecticidal activities and their mortality on adults of Sitophilus zeamais. Fumigant toxicity assayed by hanging in glass jars showed that these chemicals caused significant mortality of the test insect. Cinnamon oil evoked high repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LD50 = 0.030μL/cm3) against adults of Sitophilus zeamais. The two concentrations of the new insecticide 0.030μL/cm3 (LD50) and 0.040μL/cm3 (the highest) lose their insecticidal activity after a minimum of 144h and 168h, respectively. These results suggest that cinnamon oil starch powder is the most effective insecticide, and could increase its efficacy for use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Li, Xi Hong, Ling Yan Ge, and Jing Wang. "Repellent Effects of the Insecticide Based on Porous Starch and Fennel Essential Oil against Tribolium confusum." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.476.

Full text

Abstract:

The insecticidal effects of the insecticide based on the mixture of porous starch and fennel essential oil was investigated. Its insecticidal activity and its mortality on adults of Tribolium confusum were evaluated. Moreover, the production methods used in the evaluation was studied. Fennel essential oil was put into the porous starch with glycerin and ethyl acrylate. Non-woven was chosen as the substrate, and ethyl acrylate as adhesives. Then the new insecticide was made. According to the fumigant toxicity and persistent of the new insecticide, the insecticidal effect of the insecticide was analyzed. Tribolium confusum mortality was dose dependant and after 4-day exposure the insecticide was more toxic than the pure fennel essential oil. There was, however, a highly significant loss of toxicity after 24 and 48 h following treated with essential oil and insecticide, respectively. The fennel essential oil evoked moderated repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LD50 = 0.030μL/cm3) against adults of Tribolium confusum.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Horner, I. J., E. G. Hough, and B. M. Fisher. "Preplant soil fumigation for control of violet root rot of carrots." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6552.

Full text

Abstract:

Violet root rot (VRR) caused by Rhizoctonia crocorum causes substantial economic losses and threatens the longterm viability of the carrot industry in the Ohakune region New Zealand Previous attempts at control have been largely unsuccessful Pre planting soil fumigation trials were carried out in two heavily infested Ohakune carrot fields In 2007/08 chloropicrindichloropropene (TriForm 60) and metam sodium (Fumasol) failed to provide a commercially useful level of VRR control Deficiencies in fumigant placement and distribution and inadequate sealing of the soil for gas retention were identified as likely reasons for the failure Modified application techniques improved soil sealing and different combinations of fumigants in the 2008/09 season provided excellent control in some treatments At Site A VRR incidence was 06 and 667 in the chloropicrinmetam sodium and chloropicrin treatments respectively compared with 986 incidence in untreated control plots At Site B VRR incidence was 23 and 38 in the chloropicrindichloropropene and combined chloropicrindichloropropene metam sodium treatments with and without plastic covering respectively compared with 415 in untreated control plots

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Duniway, J. M. "Status of Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Pre-Plant Fumigation of Soil." Phytopathology® 92, no. 12 (December 2002): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1337.

Full text

Abstract:

None of the chemical alternatives currently registered and available has the full spectrum of activity and versatility of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant. Chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) can provide significant control of many plant pathogens in soil and growth stimulation in annual crops. These compounds, however, provide limited control of weeds or other residual plant materials in soil of concern in nursery production systems, and some perennial replant diseases. Methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam sodium have broad biocidal activity in soil, but are more difficult to apply effectively. In most soil applications, the available alternatives are likely to be used in combinations, either as mixtures (e.g., 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin) or sequentially (e.g., chloropicrin followed by metam sodium). They may also be supplemented with other more specific pesticides and cultural controls. Among the alternatives currently under active development but not yet available, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide probably have activity that most closely parallels that of methyl bromide in soil. However, all of the chemical alternatives to methyl bromide will be subject to continuing review and more regulation. Furthermore, we do not know the actual prospects for registration of the new fumigants currently under development and there is a risk that registered fumigants will not be available for large-scale use in soil indefinitely.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Liu, Yong-Biao. "Nitric oxide as a new fumigant for postharvest pest control on fresh commodities." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1105 (December 2015): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1105.46.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, A. Chhagan, D. W. Brash, D. Klementz, B. L. Bycroft, P. G. Connolly, et al. "Phosphine fumigation to disinfest kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5370.

Full text

Abstract:

Global use of phosphine as a fumigant has increased in response to the need to replace methyl bromide and with the improved formulations ECO2FUME and VAPORPH3OS Phosphine is registered as a postharvest fumigant on kiwifruit in New Zealand and has been used commercially to reduce the risk of detecting live pests Scale insects mealybugs and diapausing twospotted spider mites were exposed to a range of phosphine treatments A 48h low temperature (1746C) fumigation (64083311 ppm) achieved 100 mortality of all life stages of oleander scale insects while a 12h exposure killed all longtailed mealybug life stages A 36h low temperature (2533C) fumigation (43322712 ppm) treatment achieved 100 mortality of all greedy scale insect life stages A 48 to 96h treatment (36001200 ppm) at 115C caused 913100 mortality of diapausing twospotted spider mite adults Use of phosphine as a commercial treatment for kiwifruit is discussed

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Harburguer, Laura, Gastón Beltrán, Lucila Goldberg, Laura Goldberg, Eduardo Zerba, Susana Licastro, and Héctor Masuh. "A New Strategy for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Control With Community Participation Using a New Fumigant Formulation." Journal of Medical Entomology 48, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me10074.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Rosskopf, Erin, Francesco Di Gioia, Jason C. Hong, Cristina Pisani, and Nancy Kokalis-Burelle. "Organic Amendments for Pathogen and Nematode Control." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 277–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035608.

Full text

Abstract:

The loss of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant and minimal advances in the development and registration of new chemical fumigants has resulted in a resurgence of interest in the application of organic amendments (OAs) for soilborne plant pathogen and plant-parasitic nematode management. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OAs, application of strategies for their use, and elucidation of mechanisms by which they suppress soilborne pests. Nonetheless, their utility is limited by the variability of disease control, expense, and the logistics of introducing them into crop production systems. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to significant progress in the elucidation of the role of bacteria and fungi and their metabolic products on disease suppression with the addition of OAs. Biosolarization and anaerobic soil disinfestation, developed to manipulate systems and favor beneficial microorganisms to maximize their impact on plant pathogens, are built on a strong historical research foundation in OAs and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of disease-suppressive soils. This review focuses on recent applications of OAs and their potential for the management of soilborne plant pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes, with emphasis primarily on annual fruit and vegetable production systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

STAN (TUDORA), Cătălina, Adriana MUSCALU, Ana Cristina FĂTU, Mihaela Monica DINU, and Florentina ISRAEL-ROMING. "Preliminary Tests Regarding Fumigant Effect of Volatile Oils Obtained from Medicinal Plants." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 76, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2018.0023.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this work was testing 4 volatile oils obtained from new varieties of medicinal plants (yellow basil; red basil; marigold; hyssop), over Beauveria brongniartii (BbgMm1a/09) entomopathogenic fungi and Sitophilus granarius, deposit insect. The results obtained showed that at different concentrations, red basil volatile oil showed the strongest inhibitory effect compared to the other tested oils (yellow basil, marigold and hyssop). Concerning the insecticidal action, the preliminary tests with the 4 volatile oils obtained from new varieties of medicinal plants had no effect on the test insect - Sitophilus granarius.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Khalil, Mohamed S., and Abdulqawi A. A. Alqadasi. "Potential of non-fumigant nematicides at different formulations against southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato plants." International Journal of Phytopathology 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.008.01.2899.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently, plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) especially root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. have been found involved in the global losses of tomato crops. The most employed tactic for managing PPN in Africa is non-fumigant nematicides. Recently, in Egypt abamectin was recorded as a new tool to control PPN. Thus, two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of abamectin and certain non-fumigant nematicides namely; oxamyl and ethoprophos at two different formulations (granular and liquid) against southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Results revealed the granular formulations of ethoprophos and oxamyl, in addition to abamectin, showed the same significance (P≤0.05) in suppressing tomato soil population and root galls of M. incognita, during both experiments. However, liquid formulations of ethoprophos and oxamyl gave relatively less decreasing in soil population and root galls. On the other hand, all applied treatments improved plant growth criteria ranging from 36.92 to 126.44% in shoot dry weight and from 31.25 to 137.50% in root dry weight for both experiments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Maluin, Farhatun Najat, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Nor Azah Yusof, Sharida Fakurazi, Abu Seman Idris, Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi, and Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim. "A Potent Antifungal Agent for Basal Stem Rot Disease Treatment in Oil Palms Based on Chitosan-Dazomet Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092247.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of nanotechnology could play a significant role in the agriculture sector, especially in the preparation of new-generation agronanochemicals. Currently, the economically important plant of Malaysia, the oil palm, faces the threat of a devastating disease which is particularly caused by a pathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense. For the development of an effective antifungal agent, a series of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with a fumigant, dazomet, were prepared using various concentrations of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)—2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL, abbreviated as CDEN2.5, CDEN5, CDEN10, and CDEN20, respectively. The effect of TPP as a crosslinking agent on the resulting particle size of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated using a particle size analyzer and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Both methods confirmed that increasing the TPP concentration resulted in smaller particles. In addition, in vitro fumigant release at pH 5.5 showed that the release of the fumigant from the nanoparticles was of a sustained manner, with a prolonged release time up to 24 h. Furthermore, the relationship between the chitosan-dazomet nanoparticles and the in vitro antifungal activity against G. boninense was also explored, where the nanoparticles of the smallest size, CDEN20, gave the highest antifungal efficacy with the lowest half maximum effective concentration (EC50) value of 13.7 ± 1.76 ppb. This indicates that the smaller-sized agronanoparticles were more effective as an antifungal agent. The size can be altered, which plays a crucial role in combatting the Ganoderma disease. The agronanoparticles have controlled release properties and high antifungal efficacy on G. boninense, thus making them a promising candidate to be applied in the field for Ganoderma treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Yao, Shengrui, Ian A. Merwin, and Janice E. Thies. "Apple Root stocks and Pre-plant Soil Treatments Alter Soil Microbial Community Composition in a New York Orchard." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1128C—1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1128c.

Full text

Abstract:

Apple (Malu ×domestica) replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease syndrome of complex etiology that occurs worldwide when establishing new orchards in old fruit-growing sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been an effective soil fumigant to control ARD, but safer alternatives to MB are needed. We evaluated soil microbial communities, tree growth, and fruit yield for three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and five clonal rootstocks (M7, M26, CG6210, CG30, and G16), in an apple replant site at Ithaca, N.Y. Molecular fingerprinting (PCR-DGGE) techniques were used to study soil microbial community composition of root-zone soil of the different soil treatments and rootstocks. Tree caliper, shoot growth, and yield were measured annually from 2002–04. Among the five rootstocks we compared, trees on CG6210 had the most growth and yield, while trees on M26 had the least growth and yield. Soil treatments altered soil microbial communities during the year after pre-plant treatments, and each treatment was associated with distinct microbial groups in hierarchical cluster analyses. However, those differences among fungal and bacterial communities diminished during the second year after planting, and soil fungal communities equilibrated faster than bacterial communities. Pre-plant soil treatments altered bulk-soil microbial community composition, but those shifts in soil microbial communities had no obvious correlation with tree performance. Rootstock genotypes were the dominant factor in tree performance after 3 years of observations, and different rootstocks were associated with characteristic bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal, and oomycetes communities in root-zone soil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ren, Yong Lin, Benjamin Padovan, and James M. Desmarchelier. "Evaluation of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Analysis of Phosphine Residues in Wheat." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.10-514.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In headspace (HS) analysis, a fumigant is released from a commodity into a gas-tight container by grinding, heating, or microwaves. A new technique uses HS-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for additional preconcentration of fumigant. HS-SPME was tested for detection of phosphine (PH3), chosen for examination because of its wide use on stored commodities. PH3 was applied to 50 g wheat in separate 250 mL sealed flasks, which were equipped either with a septum for conventional HS analysis or with one of four HS-SPME fibers [100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 85 μm carboxen (CAR)/PDMS, 75 μm CAR/PDMS, and 65 μm PDMS/divinylbenzene (DVB)]. The wheat was heated at 45°C for 20 min. In conventional HS analysis, a gaseous aliquot (80 μL) was taken from the HS and injected into the GC instrument. In the HS-SPME procedure, the fiber was removed from the HS and exposed in the heated injection port of the GC instrument. In all cases, PH3 was determined under the same chromatographic conditions with a GC pulsed flame photometric detector. In a comparison of the efficacy of the fibers, the bipolar fibers (CAR/PDMS and PDMS/DVB) contained more PH3 than the aliquot in the conventional HS analysis; larger size bipolar fibers extracted PH3 more efficiently than smaller fibers (e.g., 85 > 75 > 65 μm). The nonpolar fiber (PDMS) contained no PH3. Four fortification levels of PH3 on wheat were tested: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 μg/g. The response of each bipolar fiber increased with the fortification levels, but the conventional HS analysis detected no fumigant at the lowest fortification level of 0.01 mg/g. Under the conditions of the validation study, the LOD was in the range of 0.005–0.01 ng PH3/g wheat.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Najar-Rodriguez, A. J., M. K. D. Hall, A. R. Adlam, A. J. Hall, S. B. Burgess, K. G. Somerfield, B. B. C. Page, and D. W. Brash. "Developing new fumigation schedules for the phytosanitary treatment of New Zealand export logs comparative toxicity of two fumigants to the burnt pine longhorn beetle Arhopalus ferus." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5793.

Full text

Abstract:

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) has been identified as a possible alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB) as a phytosanitary treatment for New Zealand export logs A review of MB phytosanitary schedules has indicated that the treatment rates used in New Zealand may be able to be significantly reduced The toxicity of EDN was compared in the laboratory to that of reduced rates of MB using different life stages of the burnt pine longhorn beetle Arhopalus ferus Naked insects were fumigated with MB at 10C and 20C for 4 h or with EDN at the same temperatures for 3 h The mortalities achieved and the CT products calculated indicate that (1) a reduction in MB usage may be possible for the treatment of logs exported from New Zealand and that (2) EDN has potential as a phytosanitary alternative to MB for the treatment of logs

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Hunnicutt, Clinton J., Andrew W. MacRae, and Vance M. Whitaker. "Response of Four Strawberry Cultivars to Clopyralid Applied during Fruiting Stage." HortTechnology 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.3.301.

Full text

Abstract:

With the reduction in the availability of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant for Florida strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) culture, annual broadleaf weeds are expected to become increasingly troublesome to control. Recent studies show that along with the new fumigant systems, separate but complementary herbicide applications throughout the growing season will also be a necessity for acceptable weed control. The purpose of the study reported herein was to evaluate the impacts of multiple rates of the herbicide clopyralid on the growth and fruit production of four annual strawberry cultivars. Two greenhouse trials were conducted, evaluating the application of varying rates of clopyralid as a directed spray to well-established, mature plants of ‘Strawberry Festival’, ‘Florida Radiance’, ‘Treasure’, and Winterstar™ ‘FL 05–107’. Leaf production, leaf malformation, and marketable yield were evaluated to determine negative effects because of the physiological herbicidal effects, phytotoxic herbicidal effects, or both of clopyralid. Results from these studies showed that when clopyralid was applied at the maximum labeled rate of 3 oz/acre, less than 12% leaf malformation was observed among all cultivars, and marketable yield exhibited a linear increase as the rate of clopyralid increased, possibly due to a reduction in canopy coverage leading to more effective pollination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Patiño Bayona, William Ramiro, Erika Plazas, Jenifer Jhoana Bustos Cortes, Juliet Angélica Prieto Rodríguez, and Oscar Javier Patiño Ladino. "Essential Oils of Three Hypericum Species from Colombia: Chemical Composition, Insecticidal and Repellent Activity Against Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Records of Natural Products 15, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rnp.192.20.05.1665.

Full text

Abstract:

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is one of the main insect responsible of significant losses in stored products, and to keep nutritional value of them to find effective and safe solutions are very important. The Hypericum genus might be a potential source of new bio-insecticides due to the chemical composition of essential oils. In this study, components of essential oils of three Hypericum species were investigated for first time by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and, fumigant and contact toxicities as well as the repellent activity of essential oils of them were evaluated against S. zeamais adults. While the main components in H. mexicanum oil were determined as n-nonane (53.08%) and α-pinene (25.28%), the major constituents were determined as α-pinene (45.52%) and β-caryophyllene (13.59%) in the essential oil of H. myricariifolium. Chemical composition of essential oil of H. juniperinum were found to be n-nonane (12.0%), α-pinene (8.25%), geranyl acetate (7.93%), and β-caryophyllene (13.60%). The results revealed that H. mexicanum and H. myricariifolium oils have fumigant toxicity (LC50 < 500 µL/L air) and a potential action as repellents (RP > 70% at 6.2–22.7 μL/L air) for the control of the pest.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Rick, David L., and Leslle P. McCarty. "The Determination of the Odor Threshold of Telone® II Soil Fumigant by a New Method." Applied Industrial Hygiene 3, no. 11 (November 1988): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1988.10389861.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Li, Jingjing, Zhen Meng, Na Li, Bei Dong, Xiaoxue Ji, Shouan Zhang, and Kang Qiao. "Evaluating a new non-fumigant nematicide fluopimomide for management of southern root-knot nematodes in tomato." Crop Protection 129 (March 2020): 105040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105040.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Jiang, Guo Hua, Quan Ru Liu, Sha Sha Chu, and Zhi Long Liu. "Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oil of Artemisia eriopoda against Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 2 (February 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700241.

Full text

Abstract:

In our screening program for new agrochemicals from local wild plants, Artemisia eriopoda was found to possess insecticidal activities against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. The essential oil of the aerial parts of A. eriopoda was obtained by hydrodistillation and investigated by GC and GC-MS. The main components of the essential oil are germacrene D (21.6%) and eucalyptol (14.2%). The essential oil possesses fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais adults with a LC50 value of 11.5 mg/L air and also shows contact toxicity against S. zeamais adults with a LD50 value of 24.8 μg/adult, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Mulay, Prakash R., Philip Cavicchia, Sharon M. Watkins, Antonio Tovar-Aguilar, Michael Wiese, and Geoffrey M. Calvert. "Acute Illness Associated with Exposure to a New Soil Fumigant Containing Dimethyl Disulfide—Hillsborough County, Florida, 2014." Journal of Agromedicine 21, no. 4 (July 13, 2016): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1059924x.2016.1211574.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Finkelman, Simcha, Shlomo Navarro, Ali A. Isikber, and Ezra Donahaye. "A new method of ensuring even distribution of a fumigant in flexible fumigation chambers using external fans." Journal of Stored Products Research 41, no. 3 (January 2005): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2004.04.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Šimůnek, Jiří, Miroslav Šejna, and Martinus Th van Genuchten. "New features of version 3 of the HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software package." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0050.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe capabilities of the HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) software packages continuously expanded during the last two decades. Various new capabilities were added recently to both software packages, mostly by developing new standard add-on modules such as HPx, C-Ride, UnsatChem, Wetland, Fumigant, DualPerm, and Slope Stability. The new modules may be used to simulate flow and transport processes in one- and two-dimensional transport domains and are fully supported by the HYDRUS graphical user interface (GUI). Several nonstandard add-on modules, such as Overland, Isotope, and Centrifuge, have also been developed, but are not fully supported by the HYDRUS GUI. The objective of this manuscript is to describe several additional features of the upcoming Version 3 of HYDRUS (2D/3D), which was unveiled at a recent (March 2017) HYDRUS conference and workshop in Prague. The new features include a flexible reservoir boundary condition, expanded root growth features, and new graphical capabilities of the GUI. Mathematical descriptions of the new features are provided, as well as two examples illustrating applications of the reservoir boundary condition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Qin, Ruijun, Suduan Gao, Husein Ajwa, David Sullivan, Dong Wang, and Bradley D. Hanson. "Field Evaluation of a New Plastic Film (Vapor Safe) to Reduce Fumigant Emissions and Improve Distribution in Soil." Journal of Environmental Quality 40, no. 4 (July 2011): 1195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0443.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Bond, E. J., and D. M. Miller. "A new technique for measuring the combustibility of gases at reduced pressures and its application to the fumigant phosphine." Journal of Stored Products Research 24, no. 4 (October 1988): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(88)90023-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Boraei, Doaa. "Toxicity of Two Fixed Plant Oils by Using a New Fumigant Method Against Trogoderma granarium Everts and Stegopium paniceum (L.)." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2016.52431.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Leocata, S., G. Pirruccio, E. Medico, A. Myrta, and N. Greco. "DIMETHYL DISULFIDE (DMDS): A NEW SOIL FUMIGANT TO CONTROL ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES, MELOIDOGYNE SPP., IN PROTECTED CROPS IN SICILY, ITALY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1044 (July 2014): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1044.57.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

MacLeod, W. J., and M. W. Sweetingham. "A root disease of Lupinus angustifolius caused by a new species of binucleate Rhizoctonia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96021.

Full text

Abstract:

A new root disease of narrow-leafed lupins that is common in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia wa found to be caused by a slow-growing binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. with characteristically narrow hyphae (2–4 µm). The new root disease causes distinct patches of poor growth superficially similar to rhizoctonia bare patch. This root disease of lupins is widespread in the northern lupin-growing areas of Western Australia. The biological nature of the disorder was established by transfer of soil from a patch to a clean area and by treating patches using a soil fumigant (methyl bromide–chloropicrin). The thin binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. (TBR) was isolated directly from soil within, but not outside, patches by using a soil immersion plate technique. Lupins grown in pots inoculated with the TBR developed symptoms consistent with those seen on plants in patches in the field, and the fungus was re-isolated from the diseased roots. Field soil was inoculated with TBR, and in the following year, lupins were sown over the inoculated area and developed patches identical to the stunted patches occurring naturally. The fungus was re-isolated from diseased lupin roots taken from inoculated patches but not from diseased roots from outside patches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

King, Stephen R., Angela R. Davis, Wenge Liu, and Amnon Levi. "Grafting for Disease Resistance." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1673.

Full text

Abstract:

The primary purpose of grafting vegetables worldwide has been to provide resistance to soilborne diseases. The potential loss of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant combined with pathogen resistance to commonly used pesticides will make resistance to soilborne pathogens even more important in the future. The major disease problems addressed by grafting include fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, verticillium wilt, monosporascus root rot, and nematodes. Grafting has also been shown in some instances to increase tolerance to foliar fungal diseases, viruses, and insects. If the area devoted to grafting increases in the future, there will likely be a shift in the soil microbial environment that could lead to the development of new diseases or changes in the pathogen population of current diseases. This shift in pathogen populations could lead to the development of new diseases or the re-emergence of previously controlled diseases. Although grafting has been demonstrated to control many common diseases, the ultimate success will likely depend on how well we monitor for changes in pathogen populations and other unexpected consequences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Marks, Clive A. "Fumigation of rabbit warrens with chloropicrin produces poor welfare outcomes - a review." Wildlife Research 36, no. 4 (2009): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06128.

Full text

Abstract:

Chloropicrin (CLPN) is used in Australia and New Zealand as a warren fumigant for the control of exotic European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) but is no longer registered for this purpose in the United States or the European Union. This review summarises the mammalian toxicology and clinical records from 56 accounts where signs, symptoms and pathology have been related to a range of CLPN concentrations. The approach follows a general principle where an assessment of the humaneness of vertebrate pest control techniques should be firstly based upon a thorough synopsis of published behavioural, physiological and pathological impacts. Chloropicrin produces intense irritation by stimulation of trigeminal nerves and brief exposures to concentrations of ≤1 ppm can severely irritate the eyes and cause lacrimation in mammals. Beyond 8 ppm, exposures are reported to be painful and incapacitating in humans. Mammals experience an array of common signs and symptoms including: headache, nausea, diarrhoea, laboured breathing, decrease in spontaneous motor activity, salivation, rhinorrhea, blood stains around the nose and mouth, painful irritation of mucous membranes, profuse lacrimation, audible obstruction of respiration and distress vocalisation. Acute pathological changes from CLPN exposure can cause death in mammals from pulmonary oedema, bronchopneumonia, emphysema or general destructive changes and necrosis of the small and medium bronchi. Overall, the signs, symptoms and pathology arising from CLPN exposure at any airborne concentration beyond 0.3 ppm indicate that it must be assumed to cause suffering in all mammals. Exposure to CLPN that is not acutely lethal may debilitate rabbits and other species and cause a protracted death over hours or days. To produce a humane death a fumigant must be non-irritating, have an initial depressive action on the central nervous system and/or produce a rapid death without protracted distress while having little ability to cause debilitation or chronic injury. Given that CLPN has none of these characteristics, it cannot be considered to be acceptably humane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'New fumigant'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles