Academic literature on the topic 'New FLL discriminator'
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Journal articles on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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Wang, Qian, Mengyue Han, Yuanlan Wen, Min He, and Xiufeng He. "Comparison of the Segmentation Results of Two Carrier Tracking Loop Types and Analysis of Theoretical Influencing Factors." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112035.
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This paper proposes an accurate quantitative segmentation method by analyzing the probability distribution of tracking variance and strict derivation based on the tracking loop theory. The segmentation points are taken as characteristics of phase lock loop (PLL) and frequency lock loop (FLL) performances, and the two factors that cause the performance difference are discriminator gain and filtering coefficient, which denote proportional and integration coefficients, respectively. The filtering coefficients lead to a difference of 2.5 dB-Hz between the FLL and PLL. Moreover, through the analysis of the normalized bandwidth and phase margin, it is found that the integration time and bandwidth need a dynamic balance to achieve the best performance. Finally, the simulation results and real data are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis results. The minimum mean error rate of the deviation between the real data and the theoretical data is only 1.8%. In the proposed method, the influence of external hardware factors on the tracking loop is removed, and the loop design factors are modeled directly. Instead of testing the denoising performance based on the ranging and angle measuring error after location calculation, the filter coefficient is proposed to evaluate the processing performance of the tracking loop objectively and directly at the theoretical level, which proposes a new performance evaluation method at the theoretical level. The results presented in this study provide theoretical support for the design of a new-type tracking loop with enhanced performances.
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Lorenzo, Rocío Alonso. "Untangling the "transnational social"." Focaal 2010, no. 56 (March 1, 2010): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2010.560104.
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This article analyzes how diversity-managing and affirmative action policies targeting Afro-descendants have been introduced into Brazilian workplaces since the late 1990s. It does so by exploring how international regulations and global normative regimes, namely the human rights and the corporate social responsibility movements, have penetrated and shaped the way Brazilian companies deal with racial discrimination. Contending interpretations by executives, managers, and activists are discussed from the perspective of “new legal pluralism,” by looking at how these different actors use the norms to induce, subvert, or even evade dominant orders in specific situations. It can be concluded that, even with no legally binding force, global normative regimes have been particularly effective in creating new “sites of opportunity” for Afro-Brazilians. Conversely, the corporate social responsibility premise of going beyond the law neither challenges the ineffectiveness of the national legal system nor disqualifies illegal discriminatory market behavior.
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Still, Clarinda. ""They have it in their stomachs but they can't vomit it up"." Focaal 2013, no. 65 (March 1, 2013): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2013.650107.
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This article examines the social effects of India's affirmative action policy (“reservations“) on the relationship between dalits and the dominant castes. Drawing on fieldwork in rural southern India, this article looks at the way people use their knowledge of reservations (however imperfect) to form opinions that shape behavior in everyday life. I argue that this policy is used to vindicate upper-caste antipathy toward dalits and has become an important part of new discriminatory attitudes. While discrimination on the basis of pollution has become muted, in its place reservations (combined with ideas about habits, morality, and cleanliness) have become the principal idiom through which the dominant openly express resentment toward dalits. In this sense, the language of reservations enables and legitimates an upsurge of anti-dalit feeling. This leads us to consider whether the positive effects of the policy can effectively counteract the caste antagonism caused by it in everyday life.
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Hoke, Tara. "Discrimination Allegation Would Fall under New Canon." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 87, no. 8 (September 2017): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001223.
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Peterlin, Pierre, Joelle Gaschet, Thierry Guillaume, Alice Garnier, Marion Eveillard, Amandine Le Bourgeois, Michel Cherel, et al. "A New Cytokine-Based Stratification Is Highly Predictive of Survivals in AML Patients." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125774.
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Introduction: Recently, a significant impact of the kinetics of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand concentration (FLc) during induction (day[D]1 to D22) has been reported on survivals in first-line acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (pts) (Peterlin et al, 2019). Three different FLc profiles were disclosed i) sustained increase of FLc (FLI group, good-risk), ii) increase from D1 to D15, then decrease at D22 (FLD group, intermediate-risk) and iii) stagnation of low levels (<1000 pg/mL, FLL group, high-risk). An update of this prospective monocentric study (www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02693899) is presented here evaluating also retrospectively the impact on outcomes of 6 other cytokine level profiles during induction. Methods: Between 05/2016 and 01/2018, 62 AML pts at diagnosis (median age 59 yo [29-71], <60 yo n=33) eligible for first intensive induction were included and provided informed consent. They received standard of care first-line chemotherapy. Serum samples collected on D1, 8, 15 & 22 of induction were frozen-stored until performing ELISA for FL, TNFa, SCF, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF. Normal values were assessed in 5 healthy controls. Pts outcomes considered were relapse/leukemia-free (LFS) and overall (OS) survivals. Results: FLI, FLD and FLL profiles were observed for 26, 22 and 14 pts respectively. A total of 372 samples were assayed for the 6 other cytokines. Median concentrations at D1, D8, D15, D22 for these 6 cytokines were as follows, considering the whole cohort (and healthy donors): TNFa: 0.53, 0, 0, 0 (0); SCF: 5.91, 0, 0, 0 (3); IL-1b : 0, 0, 0, 0 (0); IL-6: 4.85, 16.28, 10.11, 7.1 (0), IL-10: 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) and GM-CSF:1.63, 1.8, 0.67, 1.34 (9.98). Median IL-6 and GM-CSF levels, compared to healthy controls, were respectively higher and lower during induction. No significant difference was observed in terms of median cytokine concentrations at any time when comparing the three FL sub-groups or FLI vs FLD pts. With a median follow-up of 28 months (range: 17-37), FLI and FLD pts show now similar 2-y LFS (62.9% vs 59%, p=0.63) and OS (69.2% vs 63.6%, p=0.70). FLL pts have a significantly higher rate of relapse (85,7% vs FLI 19,2% vs FLD 32%, p=0,0001). Comparing FLL vs FLI+FLD pts disclosed significantly different LFS (7.1% vs 61.1%, p<0.001) but not OS (36.7% vs 66.6%, p=0.11). In univariate analysis, 2y LFS and OS were not affected by the concentration (< or > median) of the 7 cytokines studied except for LFS and GM-CSFc at D8 (p=0,04) and D15 (p=0,08), for LFS and FLc at D1 (p=0.06), D8 (p=0,03), D15 (p=0,04) and D22 (p=0,03) and for OS and GM-CSF at D15 (p=0.08). A significant association between LFS was observed with ELN 2017 risk stratification (2-y LFS: favorable: 68,1% vs intermediate: 48,1% vs unfavorable: 30,7%, p=0.03) but not OS (2 y: 77% vs 55,5% vs 46,1%, p=0.09). Multivariate analysis showed that no factor was independently associated with OS while LFS remained significantly associated with the FLc profile (FLL vs others, HR: 5.79. 95%CI: 2.48-13.53, p<0.0001) and GM-CSF at D15 (HR: 0.45; 95%CI: 0.20-0.98, p=0.04) but not with ELN 2017 risk stratification (p=0.06). Cytokine levels were then assessed to try to better discriminate FLI and FLD pts. A significant higher IL-6 level at D22 was found in relapsed or deceased FLI/FLD pts (median:15,34 vs 5,42 pg/mL, p=0,04). FLI/FLD pts with low IL-6 at D22 (< median, 15.5 pg/mL, n=35 vs n=14 with high level) had significant better 2y LFS and OS (74,2% vs 38,4%, p=0,005 and 77,1% vs 38,4%, p=0,009, respectively). A new prognostic risk-stratification could thus be proposed, i.e. FLI/FLD with IL-6 <15.5 pg/mL (favorable), FLI/FLD with IL-6 >15.5 pg/mL (intermediate) and FLL (unfavorable). This new classification was considered for a second multivariate analysis, showing that it is the strongest factor associated with OS (p=0.006, ELN p=0.03, FL profile p=0.04) and LFS (p<0.0001, ELN p=0.005, GM-CSFc D15 p=0.03) (figure 1). Conclusion: This study confirms stagnation of low FLc during AML induction as a strong poor prognosis factor. Moreover, IL-6 levels at D22 further discriminate FLI/FLD pts. Thus, a new cytokine-based risk-stratification integrating FL kinetics and IL-6 levels during induction may help to better predict outcomes in first-line AML patients. These results need to be validated on a larger cohort of AML patients while anti-IL-6 therapy should be tested in combination with standard 3+7 chemotherapy. Figure 1 Disclosures Peterlin: AbbVie Inc: Consultancy; Jazz Pharma: Consultancy; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy. Moreau:Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria. Chevallier:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria.
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Conceição, R., L. Gibilisco, M. Pimenta, and B. Tomé. "Gamma/hadron discrimination at high energies through the azimuthal fluctuations of air shower particle distributions at the ground." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/10/086.
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Abstract Wide field-of-view gamma-ray observatories must fight the overwhelming cosmic ray background to identify very-high-energy astrophysical gamma-ray events. This work introduces a novel gamma/hadron discriminating variable, LCm, which quantifies the azimuthal non-uniformity of the particle distributions at the ground. This non-uniformity, due to the presence of hadronic sub-showers, is higher in proton-induced showers than in gamma showers. The discrimination power of this new variable is then discussed, as a function of the air shower array fill factor, in the energy range 10TeV to 1PeV, and compared to the classical gamma/hadron discriminator based on the measurement of the number of muons at the ground. The results obtained are extremely encouraging, paving the way for the use of the proposed quantity in present and future large ground-array gamma-ray observatories.
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Murillo, Elisa M., and Cameron R. Homeyer. "Severe Hail Fall and Hailstorm Detection Using Remote Sensing Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 5 (May 2019): 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0247.1.
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AbstractSevere hail days account for the vast majority of severe weather–induced property losses in the United States each year. In the United States, real-time detection of severe storms is largely conducted using ground-based radar observations, mostly using the operational Next Generation Weather Radar network (NEXRAD), which provides three-dimensional information on the physics and dynamics of storms at ~5-min time intervals. Recent NEXRAD upgrades to higher resolution and to dual-polarization capabilities have provided improved hydrometeor discrimination in real time. New geostationary satellite platforms have also led to significant changes in observing capabilities over the United States beginning in 2016, with spatiotemporal resolution that is comparable to that of NEXRAD. Given these recent improvements, a thorough assessment of their ability to identify hailstorms and hail occurrence and to discriminate between hail sizes is needed. This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing observational radar and satellite products from more than 10 000 storms objectively identified via radar echo-top tracking and nearly 6000 hail reports during 30 recent severe weather days (2013–present). It is found that radar observations provide the most skillful discrimination between severe and nonsevere hailstorms and identification of individual hail occurrence. Single-polarization and dual-polarization radar observations perform similarly at these tasks, with the greatest skill found from combining both single- and dual-polarization metrics. In addition, revisions to the “maximum expected size of hail” (MESH) metric are proposed and are shown to improve spatiotemporal comparisons between reported hail sizes and radar-based estimates for the cases studied.
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Bralić, Snježana, and Maja Bezić. "LA RAPPRESENTAZIONE MEDIATICA DEL MIGRANTE TRA ACCOGLIENZA E DIFFIDENZA." Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no. 30 (2020): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.30.2020.17.
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Negli ultimi decenni del Novecento le nuove guerre, le pulizie etniche e i disastri ambientali hanno creato un alto numero di migranti e profughi, persone in fuga e in transito che si spostano alla ricerca di migliori condizioni di vita. Dato che l'Europa, e in particolar modo l'Italia, si sentono in pericolo, colpiti dalla sindrome d'invasione per i continui arrivi di immigrati, si sono formati nuovi muri, non solo materiali, ma anche muri e frontiere mentali. Il nuovo clima ha favorito la nascita di parole nuove relative ai movimenti migratori e alla percezione della figura del migrante. Con la crescita del fenomeno, si è diffusa un'epidemia di pregiudizi e stereotipi di fronte alle persone percepite come oggettivamente diverse. I termini e le espressioni, a cui si ricorre per indicare i nuovi arrivati, abbondano di etichette del migrante la cui rappresentazione mediatica risulta per lo più negativa. Da diversi studi che trattano questo argomento si percepisce che il discorso mediatico italiano, centrato sull’emergenza, contribuisce alla stereotipizzazione negativa dello straniero, legata alla criminalità e pericolosità. Secondo Maneri e Dal Lago lo straniero viene percepito come una minaccia alla società italiana ed europea e discriminato innanzitutto dal linguaggio usato per rappresentarlo, mentre la contrapposizione tra Noi e Loro viene rafforzata da generalizzazioni e dall’uso del lessico metaforico. Il corpus che si propone di studiare e analizzare si riferisce agli articoli sul tema delle migrazioni, tratti dai due giornali quotidiani italiani di diffusione nazionale. Si prendono in esame gli articoli pubblicati in due periodi diversi, corrispondenti ai differenti contesti sociopolitici della realtà italiana (settembre 2015 e aprile 2017), e in tal modo si tenta di osservare e studiare la lingua nel suo ruolo da protagonista nella costruzione dell’immagine mediatica dei migranti.
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Lopez Severiche, Alfredo. "Aceptación, adaptación y adopción: La clave para que los refugiados colombianos en Nueva Zelanda superen las barreras de la pertenencia." Pensamiento Americano 15, no. 29 (May 1, 2022): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/penamer.15.29.454.
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Introduction: This article examines the barriers of integration that Colombian refugees confront in New Zealand, including culture shock, lack of English, unemployment, discrimination, relationship with others and issues of identity. It argues for a three-pronged framework of acceptance, adaptation and adoption in facilitating integration. Thirteen Colombian refugees resettled from Ecuador took part in this research, who came to New Zealand between 2007 and 2014. Objective: This research seeks to explore the barriers that impact the integration of Colombian refugees in New Zealand. Also, to fill this gap in the literature by providing new knowledge on the subject already described. Methodology: The qualitative methodological approach of this study is an ethnographic collection of oral stories. Oral history interviews, a focus group and personal diaries were used as data collection methods. Results: The findings of this study show that Colombian refugees face challenges that put at risk their integration into New Zealand’s society, the main challenges faced by them are culture shock, lack of English, unemployment, discrimination, relationship with others and issues of identity. Conclusion: Despite the challenges already mentioned, the development of qualities such as acceptance, adaptation and adoption has contributed to overcoming these barriers and achieving their integration in New Zealand.
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Ciotti, Manuela. "Remaking traditional sociality, ephemeral friendships and enduring political alliances." Focaal 2011, no. 59 (March 1, 2011): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.590102.
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This article explores histories of social separation, impermanent encounters, and lasting political alliances between Dalit (“untouchable”) Chamar male youth and members of the upper-caste Brahman community in a village in eastern Uttar Pradesh, North India. The entry of young Chamar people into educational institutions followed by political mobilization and, for some, the transition into employment, has led them to appropriate spaces often beyond the purview of previous generations. Against the backdrop of Chamar histories as agricultural laborers, powerless political subjects, and actors of religious marginality, new forms of masculinity, sociality, and class formation have come into being. The article focuses on young Chamar men’s involvement in village politics, particularly during the 2005 local elections. It is argued that village politics—rather than inter-caste friendships, which remain short-lived as a result of caste discrimination—has engendered an arena of sociality where caste-driven interest produce more durable social links between young low-caste men and members of the upper-caste community. As India’s political history illustrates, the episode of electoral politics analyzed in this article brings together differently situated communities within the nation, highlighting how the unresolved question of caste discrimination conflates with the compulsion to political power. If young Chamar men are the new protagonists in this history, their role is the outcome of broader changes in the consciousness around political participation and the opening up of democratic possibilities for minority populations in a postcolonial setting.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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TANG, XINHUA. "Development and Analysis of Advanced Techniques for GNSS Receivers." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2546939.
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With the rapid development of digital techniques, the concept of software-defined radio (SDR) emerged which accelerates the first appearance of of the real-time GNSS software receiver at the beginning of this century, in the frame of a software receiver, this thesis mainly explores the possible improvement in parameters estimate such as frequency estimate, code delay estimate and phase estimate.
In the first stage, acquisition process is focused, the theoretical mathematical expression of the cross-ambiguity function (CAF) is exploited to analyze the grid and improve the accuracy of the frequency estimate. Based on the simple equation derived from this mathematical expression of the CAF, a family of novel algorithms are proposed to refine the Doppler frequency estimate. In an ideal scenario where there is no noise and other nuisances, the frequency estimation error can be theoretically reduced to zero. On the other hand, in the presence of noise, the new algorithm almost reaches the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) which is derived as benchmark. For comparison, a least-square (LS) method is proposed. It is shown that the proposed solution achieves the same performance of LS, but requires a dramatically reduced computational burden. An averaging method is proposed to mitigate the influence of noise, especially when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Finally, the influence of the grid resolution in the search space is analyzed in both time and frequency domains.
In the next step, a new FLL discriminator based on energy is proposed to adapt to the changes brought by the new introduced signal modulation. This new discriminator can determine the frequency error only using the minimum period of data, it can also extend the pull-in range to nearly six times larger as the traditional arctangent discriminator. The whole derivation of the
method is presented. From the comparison with traditional ATAN and another similar discriminator that is also based on energy, it is shown that the new proposed discriminator can inherit the merits of these two references, avoiding their drawbacks at the same time. Owing to the property of the new discriminator, in case of composite GNSS signals such as Galileo E1 Open Service (OS) signal, coherent combination of data and pilot channels can be adopted to improve the frequency estimate by exploiting the full transmitted power.
In order to incorporate all the available information, the structure of a tracking loop with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is analyzed and implemented. The structure of an EKF-based software receiver is proposed including the special modules dedicated to the initialization and maintenance of the tracking loop. The EKF-based tracking architecture has been compared with a traditional one based on an FLL/PLL+DLL architecture, and the benefit of the EKF within the tracking stage has been evaluated in terms of final positioning accuracy. Further tests have been carried out to compare the Position-Velocity-Time (PVT) solution of this receiver with the one provided by two commercial receivers: a mass-market GPS module (Ublox LEA-5T) and a professional one (Septentrio PolaRx2e@). The results show that the accuracy in PVT of the software receiver can be remarkably improved if the tracking is designed with a proper EKF architecture and the performance we can achieve is even better than the one obtained by the mass market receiver, even when a simple one-shot least-squares approach is adopted for the computation of the navigation solution. Furthermore in depth, KF-based tracking loop is analyzed, a control model is derived to link the KF system and the traditional one which can provide an insight into the advantages of KF system.
Finally, conclusions and main recommendations are presented.
Books on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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James, Celesta. Stability and change in equal opportunities policies between women and men in the United States of America, 1993-1994: A review of United States federal policies under the new administration. Dublin: Social Science Research Centre, UCD, 1994.
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Rhoden, William C. $40 million slaves: The rise, fall, and redemption of the black athlete. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006.
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Devil in the grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the dawn of a new America. New York: Harper, 2012.
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Elizabeth and Hazel: Two women of Little Rock. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
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Maraniss, Andrew. Strong inside: The true story of how Perry Wallace broke college basketball's color line. New York, NY: Philomel Books, 2017.
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Robinson, Anthony, David Ruebain, and Susie Uppal, eds. Blackstone's Guide to the Equality Act 2010. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870876.001.0001.
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The Equality Act 2010 was an extremely significant reform of the UK discrimination law, consolidating the existing mass of statutory provisions into one statute. The Act brought new rights against discrimination and imposed new duties on employers, service providers, and public authorities. It defined nine protected characteristics: age, disability, combined grounds, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. This fully revised edition covers all recent developments in the law relating to the Equality Act 2010 and considers the impact of exiting the EU, the transitional period, and the implications for the interaction of the Equality Act and EU law post-Brexit. The book includes new cases and judgments in several key sectors such as employment rights, education, premises, public sector, enforcement, and positive action. Combining the full text of the Act, as amended, with narrative from an expert team, the book is an invaluable resource for all who encounter the evolving legislation.
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Archer, Richard. Jim Crow North. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.001.0001.
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The struggle to overcome Jim Crow was part of a larger movement for equal rights in antebellum New England. Using sit-ins, boycotts, petition drives, and other initiatives, African American New Englanders and their white allies attempted to desegregate schools, transportation, neighborhoods, churches, and cultural venues. They worked to secure the franchise, improve educational opportunities, enlarge employment prospects, remove prohibitions against mixed marriages, and protect fugitive slaves from recapture. Above all they sought to be respected and treated as equals in a reputedly democratic society. Despite widespread racism, by the advent of the Civil War, African American men could vote and hold office in every New England state but Connecticut. Schools, except in the largest cities of Connecticut and Rhode Island, were integrated; railroads, stagecoaches, hotels, and cultural venues (with occasional aberrations) were free from discrimination; people of African descent and of European descent could marry one another and live peaceably; and fugitive slaves were safer in New England than in any other section of the United States. Most African Americans in New England, nonetheless, were mired in poverty, and that is the barrier that prevented full equality, then and now.
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Keels, Micere. Campus Counterspaces. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746888.001.0001.
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Frustrated with the flood of news articles and opinion pieces that were skeptical of minority students' “imagined” campus microaggressions, the author of this book set out to provide a detailed account of how racial-ethnic identity structures Black and Latinx students' college transition experiences. Tracking a cohort of more than five hundred Black and Latinx students since they enrolled at five historically white colleges and universities in the fall of 2013, the book finds that these students were not asking to be protected from new ideas. Instead, they relished exposure to new ideas, wanted to be intellectually challenged, and wanted to grow. However, the book argues, they were asking for access to counterspaces—safe spaces that enable radical growth. They wanted counterspaces where they could go beyond basic conversations about whether racism and discrimination still exist. They wanted time in counterspaces with likeminded others where they could simultaneously validate and challenge stereotypical representations of their marginalized identities and develop new counter narratives of those identities. This critique of how universities have responded to the challenges these students face offers a way forward that goes beyond making diversity statements to taking diversity actions.
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Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. National Reconciliation through Public Hearings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039423.003.0004.
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This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) turned from policy suggestions to the symbolic realm of public hearings as part of its efforts to construct and implement a new space of horizontal communication to facilitate the national reconciliation process. The PTRC public hearings aimed to build a new national narrative by giving voice to the victims/testimoniantes and educating the public on lesser-known aspects of the conflict utilizing a human rights framework. This chapter analyzes how procedural and representational issues hindered the full potential of the PTRC public hearings, including the selection of testimonies and the testimonies themselves that demonstrate the restricted qualities of both victimhood and motherhood. It also considers the politics of reception that characterizes the hearings and concludes by suggesting that careful attention to the workings of language, temporality, and gender representation could aid in overcoming the discrimination that impedes democracy and social harmony.
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Sanford-Jenson, Tiffany, and Marla H. Kohlman. Female Empowerment and the Chain of Command: Women in the U.S. Military. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.27.
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The U.S. military has garnered considerable scrutiny over how successfully it has incorporated women into full participation. With the formal infusion of women into the Armed Services in the last half of the twentieth century, scholars have begun to examine women’s military experiences as they have entered into new occupational roles, putting women ever closer to controversial combat-related work. Accompanying these increased career opportunities are age-old risks reported in the civilian workplace, including the increased likelihood of harassment, rape, discrimination, subjugation, and other types of gender-based inequality. This chapter provides a detailed synthesis of myriad social movement experiences for women in the military as they have sought to define new roles and participate more fully in the all-volunteer forces. Specifically, the chapter examines sexist practice, combat inclusion, sexual victimization, expansion of reproductive health care, veteran’s benefits, and legal avenues for women’s social movements both in public and private spheres.
Book chapters on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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Padrón, Thais Guerrero, Ljubinka Kovačević, and Mª Isabel Ribes Moreno. "Labour Law and Gender." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 583–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_17.
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AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of key labour law institutions, aiming at discussing the importance of the gender perspective in labour law. Therefore, the introductory section of the chapter will put this issue into the context of historical and conceptual framework genesis of regulating employment relationships. These issues are connected with the legal subordination and economic dependence of employees, which produce the need to create and implement norms that protect employees, as a weaker party to the employment relationship. This includes the limitation of employers’ (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives, in order to create the conditions for effective enjoyment of the right of jobseekers and employees for protection against gender-based discrimination. The labour law is, in this regard, traditionally conceived according to the model of a male worker, who is employed on the basis of a standard employment contract (open-ended full time employment contract). This then results in a failure to recognise or provide sufficient consideration of the specific needs that women have as participants in the labour market. The use of the feminist method, which included the understanding of gender as an analytical category in the field of labour law, opened up a new set of labour law issues. For example, in easing the ban on women working in physically demanding jobs, and the conceptualisation of the need to reconcile the professional and family duties of employees.. On the other hand, contemporary labour law, when creating conditions for achieving gender equality, is aimed primarily at women’s empowerment in the world of work. Persisting with this approach can lead to an oversimplified understanding of the principle of gender equality, ignoring the special needs of men in the world of work, as well as ignoring the importance of their role for consistent implementation of the principle of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The second section of the chapter will provide analysis of gender-based discrimination during the hiring process. Other sections will cover the risk of gender-based discrimination regarding rights, obligations and duties deriving from employment relationship, labour law measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health, work-life balance for parents and caregivers, sexual harassment at work and promotion of gender equality in collective labour law.
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Sharma, Shikha, and Nimarta Mann. "Workplace Discrimination." In Management Techniques for a Diverse and Cross-Cultural Workforce, 206–23. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4933-8.ch012.
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Diverse workforce is now a global phenomenon. The quality of interaction between people of diversified cultures in the organization has significant association with the marketing, managing, as well as human resource functions. The majority organizations are indulging in diversity management programmes so that they can benefit from the varied skills. But discriminatory behaviour against people of different backgrounds than majorities in the workplace act as a hindrance in taking full advantage of workplace diversity. This chapter reveals different forms in which discrimination can arise in a discrimination-free environment. The organizational as well as individual factors that cause discrimination at the workplace are discussed. The aftereffects that are related to discriminatory behavior at work, which render both employees as well as organization at disadvantage, are also highlighted. The chapter will help by highlighting the issue faced by thousands of employees every year and suggesting steps that need to be undertaken to remove discrimination from the workplace settings.
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Sharma, Shikha, and Nimarta Mann. "Workplace Discrimination." In Five Generations and Only One Workforce, 1–18. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0437-6.ch001.
Full textAbstract:
Diverse workforce is now a global phenomenon. The quality of interaction between people of diversified cultures in the organization has significant association with the marketing, managing, as well as human resource functions. The majority organizations are indulging in diversity management programmes so that they can benefit from the varied skills. But discriminatory behaviour against people of different backgrounds than majorities in the workplace act as a hindrance in taking full advantage of workplace diversity. This chapter reveals different forms in which discrimination can arise in a discrimination-free environment. The organizational as well as individual factors that cause discrimination at the workplace are discussed. The aftereffects that are related to discriminatory behavior at work, which render both employees as well as organization at disadvantage, are also highlighted. The chapter will help by highlighting the issue faced by thousands of employees every year and suggesting steps that need to be undertaken to remove discrimination from the workplace settings.
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Sinha, Keshav, Roma Kumari, Rakesh Kumar Chandan, Partha Paul, Naghma Khatoon, and Runmi Kundu. "A New Framework for Politics, Law, and Government in the Digital Era." In Handbook of Research on Digital Violence and Discrimination Studies, 589–609. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9187-1.ch026.
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In the 21st century, the digital world has taken over law and politics. Political war is on online platforms, and various decisions are made based on the digital data. Another problem is to provide security of online data. Most of the world is unsatisfied with the government and policymakers. A lack of satisfaction among the people leads towards civil war or it can cause the fall of an entire selected government, or it can collapse the law systems of the world. To cope with this problem, the authors propose the judge-based political system (JBPS). The new political system can deal with the advancement of technology and cybersecurity. Judge-based politics will help to control this type of threat and provide satisfaction in the upcoming era of democracy.
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Ogunremi, Dele, Ruimin Gao, Rosemarie Slowey, Shu Chen, Olga Andrievskaia, Sadjia Bekal, Lawrence Goodridge, and Roger C. Levesque. "Tracking Salmonella Enteritidis in the Genomics Era: Clade Definition Using a SNP-PCR Assay and Implications for Population Structure." In Salmonella spp. - A Global Challenge. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98309.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (or Salmonella Enteritidis, SE) is one of the oldest members of the genus Salmonella, based on the date of first description and has only gained prominence as a significant bacterial contaminant of food over the last three or four decades. Currently, SE is the most common Salmonella serovar causing foodborne illnesses. Control measures to alleviate human infections require that food isolates be characterized and this was until recently carried out using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage typing as the main laboratory subtyping tools for use in demonstrating relatedness of isolates recovered from infected humans and the food source. The results provided by these analytical tools were presented with easy-to-understand and comprehensible nomenclature, however, the techniques were inherently poorly discriminatory, which is attributable to the clonality of SE. The tools have now given way to whole genome sequencing which provides a full and comprehensive genetic attributes of an organism and a very attractive and superior tool for defining an isolate and for inferring genetic relatedness among isolates. A comparative phylogenomic analysis of isolates of choice provides both a visual appreciation of relatedness as well as quantifiable estimates of genetic distance. Despite the considerable information provided by whole genome analysis and development of a phylogenetic tree, the approach does not lend itself to generating a useful nomenclature-based description of SE subtypes. To this end, a highly discriminatory, cost-effective, high throughput, validated single nucleotide based genotypic polymerase chain reaction assay (SNP-PCR) was developed focussing on 60 polymorphic loci. The procedure was used to identify 25 circulating clades of SE, the largest number so far described for this organism. The new subtyping test, which exploited whole genome sequencing data, displays the attributes of an ideal subtyping test: high discrimination, low cost, rapid, highly reproducible and epidemiological concordance. The procedure is useful for identifying the subtype designation of an isolate, for defining the population structure of the organism as well as for surveillance and outbreak detection.
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Fox, Cybelle. "The WPA and the (Short-Lived) Triumph of Nativism." In Three Worlds of Relief. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the WPA was first authorized in 1935, there were no citizenship or legal status restrictions for access to the program. Just as with Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), New Deal officials expressly forbade local WPA administrators from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, or non-citizenship. Because of these non-discrimination provisions, blacks and Mexican Americans gained unprecedented access to WPA employment. Over time, however, Congress imposed successively harsher restrictions against aliens, barring the employment of illegal aliens on WPA projects in 1936 and imposing a full ban for legal non-citizens by 1939. While these citizenship restrictions constituted the greatest challenge to aliens' access to the welfare state during this period, its impact was short-lived and its effects fell disproportionately on Mexican non-citizens.
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Muncy, Robyn. "Challenged and Redeemed by the New Progressivism, 1960–1972." In Relentless Reformer. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0017.
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1960 to 1972. Once the miners' hospitals were safely preserved, Roche had reason to think the future looked bright. Coal production was picking up. The U.S. presidency was occupied by New Dealer Lyndon B. Johnson. The struggle for racial justice was winning landmark legislation that promised to end many forms of racial discrimination, and young people were taking to the streets, mouthing some of the same values that Roche's generation had extolled: equality, democracy, curbs on corporate power. A new mass movement on behalf of women's advancement was in the offing as well, making the 1960s all the more like the moment of Roche's introduction to progressive reform. Pushed by these social movements and the president, Congress was in the midst of a major expansion of federal responsibility for social and economic welfare that in some particulars built directly on the New Deal. Progressivism was again in full swing.
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Patricia, Schulz, Halperin-Kaddari Ruth, Rudolf Beate, and Freeman Marsha A. "Article 2." In The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and its Optional Protocol. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192862815.003.0004.
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This chapter evaluates Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which has been described by the Committee as ‘the very essence of the Convention’ and ‘crucial to its full implementation’. Indeed, Article 2 is a fundamental and overarching provision of the Convention that, together with Article 1, ensures that the obligations assumed by States parties under the treaty go well beyond the specific areas set out in its articles to include new issues, unseen or unknown at the time of its elaboration. Article 2 is crucial in enabling the Convention to remain a living and dynamic instrument that is responsive to women’s experience of discrimination and inequality. It forms the core of the State’s obligation to adopt legal, non-legal, innovative, and wide-ranging measures to eliminate discrimination against women. The Committee has interpreted this broad provision expansively and in accordance with its terms to guarantee that States parties are under obligations to ensure the elimination of discrimination in law and practice, whether by public bodies or private actors and across all fields of life.
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Parsons, Anne E. "Custodialism Reborn." In From Asylum to Prison, 98–122. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640631.003.0005.
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By the end of the 1960s, anti-institutionalism had extended beyond mental health and bled into prison reform. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of efforts to find alternatives to prisons. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, changes in psychiatry, politics, and the law led to a deinstitutionalization in both mental health and corrections policy making. Not only did politicians and advocates look for alternatives to mental hospitals, they also sought alternatives to prisons. They expanded probation, parole, and furlough and created community corrections initiatives such as halfway houses and work-release programs. The number of people in prisons and jails fell, even during a time of increased policing. These reforms came under attack, however, as politicians depicted people in prison as dangerous criminals and ushered in harsh sentencing reforms. A law and order politics that relied on racial discrimination halted efforts to deinstitutionalize prisons. By the mid-1970s, after more than a decade of decline, new prison construction began and the number of imprisoned people nationwide rose. These changes had a devastating effect on individuals with mental health conditions. Many of them were caught in the web of this new era of mass incarceration.
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Mulder, Jule. "Remote Working, Working from Home, and EU Sex Discrimination Law." In Exponential Inequalities, 276–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192872999.003.0015.
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Abstract The chapter discusses how EU sex discrimination law can respond to new work-life arrangements that are emerging due to the worldwide pandemic and put significant emphasis on flexibility and working from home. While flexible remote work arrangements can help carers to organize their work responsibilities around (unpaid) care responsibilities, such working arrangements can also carry significant disadvantages, as workers with care responsibilities have to renegotiate their private arrangements to accommodate work. For example, the creation of reasonable workspaces and time at home may seriously interfere with the way families’ private lives are organized and the absence from the workplace may mean that workers miss out on opportunities for progression and career development. Given that care responsibilities remain gendered across the EU and women are more likely to belong to the poorer parts of society or to be single parents, it is likely that these additional burdens fall on women more significantly than men. Against this background, the chapter considers remote work arrangements in the light of EU non-discrimination law. First, it evaluates how (indirect) sex discrimination law can facilitate access to and enjoyment of this new workplace organization and protect workers from disadvantages associated with them. Specially, it discusses how disadvantages within the private sphere can be considered under the scope of disadvantages recognized under the concept of indirect sex discrimination, as the Court of Justice of the European Union has often separated the public and private sphere. Secondly, it analyses to what degree employers indeed need to accommodate the enjoyment of such work rearrangements.
Conference papers on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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Shaaban, Noha, Fukuzo Masuda, and Hidetsugu Morota. "A New Waveform Signal Processing Method Based on Adaptive Clustering-Genetic Algorithms." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89866.
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We present a fast digital signal processing method for numerical analysis of individual pulses from CdZnTe compound semiconductor detectors. Using Maxi-Mini Distance Algorithm and Genetic Algorithms based discrimination technique. A parametric approach has been used for classifying the discriminated waveforms into a set of clusters each has a similar signal shape with a corresponding pulse height spectrum. A corrected total pulse height spectrum was obtained by applying a normalization factor for the full energy peak for each cluster with a highly improvements in the energy spectrum characteristics. This method applied successfully for both simulated and real measured data, it can be applied to any detector suffers from signal shape variation.
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YASUNO, TAKATO, JUNICHIRO FUJII, MICHIHIRO NAKAJIMA, and KAZUHIRO NODA. "BRIDGE SLAB ANOMALY DETECTOR USING U-NET GENERATOR WITH PATCH DISCRIMINATOR FOR ROBUST PROGNOSIS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36276.
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More than 50 years aging civil infrastructures have deteriorated, then structural diagnosis and periodic prognosis become critical for predictive maintenance. In terms of the bridge inspection every 5 years in Japan, we have collected a lot of human eye inspection. In context of digital structural monitoring, in addition to the past human inspection we make the most of drone flight images. However, human subjective judge includes individual bias, then a measurable objective score should be quantified using a unified anomaly distance from a health condition. Supervised learning, e.g. classification and semantic segmentation method is not always robust for unseen data. If we address the unlearned blind feature without any experience, prediction error might be a higher hurdle to overcome low precision and less recall problem. The generative anomaly detection via unsupervised learning has been growing in various fields, e.g. medical, manufacturing, food, and materials. If the distance and angle to the target damage interest could be controlled among a feasible range, and if the background noise could be removed and relaxed, then concrete surface damage and steel paint peel or corrosion would enable to discriminate them for predictive maintenance. In this paper, we propose a steel anomaly detector method to compute anomalous scores automatically, where we customize several U-shape skip-connected generator network with patch GAN discriminator. Exactly, we have create an encoder-decoder network using the VGG19 based U-Net generator with a patch discriminator. Furthermore, we explore robust unified anomaly score indicator for the target concrete and painted steel parts to analyze deterioration prognosis, so as to monitor the current status far from a health condition. Finally, focusing on the bridge slab, we exploit toward the inspection images with the number of 10,400, where they contains reinforcement concrete slab at 400 bridges under the direct control of national managers. In order to be stable learning and robust structural health monitoring, we demonstrate to visualize several anomalous feature map for precisely and full-covered digital inspection.
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Tang, Shenghua, and Zhi Fang. "Damage Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Girders Using Crack Fractal and Frequency." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1527.
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<p>Two novel approaches are proposed in the present study to assess the damage degree of girders based on the fractal analysis of crack patterns and natural frequency. Two full scale simply‐supported prestressed concrete box girders were firstly designed and subjected to three‐point repeated load bending tests. Concrete cracking, deformation and natural frequency of the girder were investigated during the test. Then, the box‐counting method was improved by rectangle box to analyze the fractal dimension (FD) of girders based on the flexural crack pattern in each loading stage. It shows that the surface crack patterns of the tested girders possessed definite fractal character. The FD of the girders has also an approximately bilinear relationship with the natural frequency of girders. The turning point is very close to the yielding of the prestressed tendons in the girders. Based on this, a damage index is proposed to estimate the remnant stiffness of the girders based on the FD of visible cracks. The FD frequency curves can also be employed to discriminate the damage grades of the girders. Both of the two approaches have been verified with high accuracy.</p>
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Lindsey, Delwin T., and Davida Y. Teller. "Perception of moving isoluminant gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tha3.
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In a previous study (ARVO, 1989), we found that contrast thresholds for discriminating upward- from downward-moving isoluminant gratings (motion discrimination) are 4 to 16 times the thresholds measured for grating detection. We also found that minimum and maximum thresholds for motion discrimination fell on azimuths intermediate between those which define the isoluminant plane in Krauskopf-Lennie space. These results were obtained using 1.3-c/d, 13.75-Hz gratings produced by modulation of chromaticity around an 18-cd/m2 white point and presented in a 2.3 × 2.3° field located 0.75° from fixation. We now report that, in the same conditions, the contrast required for discrimination of the orientation (horizontal vs vertical) of moving isoluminant gratings is at or near that required for grating detection. Furthermore, preliminary measurements at an azimuth for which motion discrimination is poorest indicate that the discrimination of a moving from a stationary grating occurs at a contrast well above that required for grating detection, but below that required for motion discrimination. Thus, the failures of up-vs-down motion discrimination at contrasts well above those required for grating detection are related specifically to the processing of motion information in isoluminant gratings and cannot be attributed to failures of the visual system to encode an adequate representation of the spatial structure of the stimuli.
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Haines, Harvey, Lars Hörchens, and Jasper Schouten. "Adaptive Ultrasonic Imaging of Electric Resistance Welded Pipeline Seams." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78189.
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Imaging techniques using full matrix capture (FMC) ultrasonic NDE are well suited for in-service examination of electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe seams. We have been involved in developing an imagine technique since 2013 and presented results from Phase I at IPC in 2016 showing the system capable of detecting seam weld and SCC flaws and determining their orientation. The advantages over other methods such as phased array (PA) is the ability to image the flaw surface in addition to the flaw tip and corners where the flaw intersects the pipeline surface. This improves the ability to determine flaw orientation for discrimination of different types or crack-like features. The system produces UT images by overlaying multiple modes using reflections off the ID and OD pipe surface for ultrasonic illumination of the weld area from different directions. Using multiple modes produces a reflection off features regardless of flaw orientation from at least one of the modes. A complementary mode can then be used to size each feature by detecting the tips or ends of the feature from lower amplitude diffraction signals. Phase I used a model which assumed a cylindrical pipe shape. Real world use of this technique found limitations when pipe deviated from the assumed cylindrical shape such as severe offset plate edges, flat spots which can be the result of poor crimping adjacent the seam weld, or thickening of the seam caused by post weld heat treatment. In Phase II a need for reduced sizing error led to improved calibration and more advanced processing. To compensate for the non-perfect nature of real pipe, a new adaptive IWEX technique was developed to improve focusing and alignment of the various modes using the actual geometry to construct better focusing laws. First the OD and ID surfaces are imaged and the resulting surfaces are used to construct focusing laws which adapt to changes in the OD and ID surfaces. Results are better aligned UT images with the ability to image complex flaws with changes in orientation, and the ability to discriminate complex flaws from multiple small flaws in the pipe. Results show improvements in pipe with the greatest improvements in pipe with the largest deviations from a cylindrical shape.
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Hadley, G. Ronald. "Calculation of modal discrimination in leaky-mode diode-laser arrays using a triangular-mesh finite-difference method." In Integrated Photonics Research. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ipr.1990.tue5.
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A new type of diode-laser array that emits a near-diffraction-limited beam at drive currents up to 10 times threshold has recently been reported.1 These devices, denoted leaky-mode arrays because of their tendency to lase on radiation modes, show great potential as high-power sources of focusable radiation. Realization of this potential, however, necessitates accurate modeling, which has so far proved difficult because of several problems. First, the use of the effective index method has been shown to be inaccurate for these arrays so that full two-dimensional (2D) waveguide modeling is necessary.2 Second, the use of highly absorbing GaAs regions requires a fully complex calculation. Finally, the accurate simulation of radiation modes necessitates lateral boundary conditions that are totally absorbing; i.e., they reflect no radiation back into the problem region.
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Cornu, Sylvain, Raymond Karé, Ahmed Sweedy, and Michael Sirois. "New Approaches in Utilizing Eddy Current Testing to Address Pipeline Inline Inspection Requirement." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87676.
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Abstract Eddy current testing is one of the most widely used NDT inspection techniques for both ferrous and non-ferrous materials. This may explain why it was one of the very early techniques implemented on an inline inspection tool (ILI) back in the 1970s, following the first implementation of Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tools. Eddy current testing is primarily developed to accurately detect and size surface breaking defects. The technology is now mature and has been deployed in various applications, most notably for pipeline in-ditch inspection. As of today, the technology as a crack detection technique is not deployed commercially on ILI tools as it can only detect cracks on the inner pipe wall. The most common use of the eddy current technology in ILI tools is the simple configuration for lift-off measurement. This offers a way to discriminate between internal and external corrosion on a volumetric tool (MFL) or enhance caliper-based geometry measurements. The most advanced applications of eddy current testing are targeting measurement of electromagnetic properties of the pipe wall to either measure material properties (pipe grade) or pipe stress due to external loading. Both pipe grade or pipe stress eddy current technologies can only operate successfully in combination with a magnetically saturated pipe wall, either prior to or during the measurement. The first objective of this development is to remove the requirement for magnetic saturation, thus removing the need for MFL magnets or large electromagnets. The second objective is to progress the established Eddy current development to allow for the measurement of an additional parameter. Current commercial stress measurement method is uniaxial and aligned in the axial/longitudinal direction with limited coverage around the pipe circumference. The new development will make measurements in 2-D, longitudinal and hoop directions, and will include a full array of sensors to provide a full coverage 2-D stress map of the pipe wall. The latest development will address accurate detection and sizing of defects on the internal wall of the pipeline. Most crack detection tools are focused on the outer wall, e.g. Stress Corrosion Cracking. However, the growing interest in hydrogen transportation and the potential for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) on the internal surface of pipelines, has focused the industry on developing tools for internal crack detection. Detection and sizing of surface breaking defects are at the core of eddy current technologies.
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Hadley, G. Ronald. "Recent progress with leaky-mode (antiguided) arrays." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.mk1.
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Although the first arrays employing anti-guiding were reported almost 10 years ago, renewed interest in leaky-mode arrays commenced only two years ago with the fabrication of arrays with considerably improved performance.1 These devices lased in the fundamental mode with a diffraction-limited on-axis far-field peak at currents as much as 2.5 times threshold. Since that time, further improvements have been made, both in our understanding of these devices and in our understanding of their emission characteristics. Theoretically, work began with the use of the effective-index method, which has provided important insights into the nature of leaky array modes.2 Newer work has employed both analytic and numerical methods that include the full two-dimensional cross-sectional structure of these devices.3,4 The two most significant achievements of this body of theoretical work have been (1) the illumination of the discrimination mechanisms present2-4 and (2) the discovery of resonance effects in device design.2 Recent experimental achievements include pulsed operation to 10 times threshold, cw operation of 250 mW per facet, and the design and fabrication of a new generation of devices. These new devices have lower internal losses than older devices and should eventually demonstrate improved efficiencies and emission quality.
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Alam, M. S., and M. A. Karim. "Joint transform correlator based arithmetic unit." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thpp7.
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Digital computing operations are generally performed either by using Boolean logic gates or by truth table lookup processing. The latter method is very fast since the output is realized in one step but requires a large content-addressable memory.1 Arithmetic processing may also be achieved by using optical pattern recognition systems. However, filter-based pattern recognition is not suitable for real-time operation since a complex filter is needed for each new input. A joint transform correlator (JTC) is particularly suitable for real-time optical pattern recognition since it does not involve filter fabrication. Herein, we investigate the application of a JTC for real-time optical arithmetic processing. As an illustration, we consider the implementation of a binary full adder with a JTC. But as the number of objects in the input joint image increases, the correlation signal is expected to suffer from reduced discrimination, large correlation sidelobes, large correlation bandwidth, and low optical efficiency, thus making the detection rather difficult. To alleviate these difficulties, therefore, we propose a multichannel JTC for implementing multi-input arithmetic operations. The performance of the proposed technique is finally verified by computer simulation.
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Hamah Saeed, Tahseen. "Assumptions and legal and political intellectual principles of positive discrimination of women and their application to the laws in force in the Kurdistan region." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp149-170.
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"This research enters into the field of philosophy of law. He investigated it about the positive differentiation of women in legal thought. After defining the assumptions of the concept, such as the necessity to distinguish between formal equality, and real equality, because positive differentiation is a privilege given to the disadvantaged as if it appears to create inequality, and it is formed until it compensates them with the forbidden, which was practiced before and is now practiced. And that positive differentiation is not only concerned with women but also with all other disadvantaged groups, such as minorities, children and the elderly, even if the female component is more visible. So it entered into the global legislative policy, whether in international law or in national law, so would hold international agreements, hold conferences and establish international organizations for that. Positive differentiation is considered a subsidiary legal principle and complementary to the principle of equality and fairness, and for this existence is related to the existence of that principle, and it is known that the principle are not often written in legislation, but the legislator must take them into account when setting legal rules. Positive the positive differentiation as a legal principle that is observed in global legislation, and the legislator in the Kurdistan region of Iraq tried to observe the principle at a time when the federal legislator did not pay much attention to the principle, and this legislative policy in the region is more in line with the global legislative policy, and this is why the Kurdistan legislator tried to repeal or amend federal law Or legislate new laws in implementation of the principle that fall within its powers, so the anti-family violence law is a perfect example of this, which has no parallel in Iraq so far."
Reports on the topic "New FLL discriminator"
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Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.
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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.