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Mason, Nicholas Craig. "Forging a New Global Commons Introducing common property into the global genetic resource debate." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Political Science and Communication, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/904.
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This thesis provides an analysis of recent attempts to regulate the governance of genetic resources through the initiation of new global commons regimes. These attempts have arisen out of a combination of the growing recognition of genetic resources' value and global nature; a new resurgence in support for the common property paradigm; and, during a period in which the world is becoming increasingly globalised, with many governance competencies moving to the supranational level. They can be viewed as part of a broader effort to proffer the common property approach as a legitimate alternative in the property regime debate: a debate that has increasingly become trapped in the public-private dichotomy at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the success of these attempts, and offer suggestions about how future attempts might be more successful. While there are a multitude of books, articles, opinion pieces and media reports produced that concern themselves with property theory, intellectual property theory, the efficacy or morality of applying property regimes to living materials, and the threats and promises of globalisation, all of which influence the notion of a potential global genetic commons, relatively little has been written directly on the idea of applying global common property regimes to genetic resource governance issues. The first part of this thesis constructs a theory of a global genetic commons, drawing inspiration from a variety of sources, while the second part tests this theory in order to analyse the outcomes of the recent attempts, and suggest directions for future research. The thesis finds that the conception of a global genetic commons is indeed a valid one, and that while not all attempts so far have been successful, the common property paradigm does offer valuable insights for the future governance of genetic resources at the global level.
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Moody, Mary E. "Information commons service model and community colleges in New Jersey /." Full text available online, 2008. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Banks, Tony John. "Pastoral commons in western China : a new imstituional economics perspective." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270504.
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This thesis has the two-fold purpose of describing and explaining institutional arrangements for natural resource management in an extensive pastoral area of western China. It makes an original contribution to knowledge in terms of the documentation of contemporary local-level pastoral tenure arrangements in a region and country where they have rarely been documented before. Originality also stems from the thesis' employment of the new institutional economics framework to explain pastoral tenure in general, and pastoral tenure in the economic, social and ecological context of western China in particular. A case study approach involving three pastoral villages, two Kazak and one Tuvan, is adopted. Methodologies include a semi-structured survey of 30% of households (201 in total) in the case study villages. Local-level institutional arrangements for natural resource management are characterised by community-based regulation, group tenure arrangements (despite the emphasis of grassland policy on the individualisation of tenure), and variation in the fuzziness of boundaries. While allowing for the possibility of some efficiency losses, the overall pastoral tenure situation is inconsistent with the common perception of it as a `tragedy of the commons'. The exclusivity of pastoral tenure arrangements across space/seasonis associatedw ith resource scarcity. The persistenceo f group tenure and, more generally, of community-based natural resource management, is due to the relatively -low cost of collective action coupled with the benefits derived, including: economies of size with respect to herd supervision; external and seasonal exclusion; and social insurance. a The above findings reinforce contemporary critiques of the evolutionary theory of land tenure and common property theory, and add a new dimension to the literature on property rights reform in rural China. The major policy implication is the need for an incremental, experimental and participatory approach to institutional improvement.
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Serres, Coline. "Social Ventures and the Commons." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/325761.
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Consciousness about the need for a more sustainable consumption and production patterns, as well as the will to cope with issues such as social exclusion and poverty, rose in the last decades. To answer such problems, new forms of social ventures have emerged on markets, including under the legal form of corporations. Social corporations are fully-fledged limited companies that officially commit themselves to a social mission by including the latter in their bylaws. Through their commercial activities, these new forms of social ventures target a specific social outcome. Either the whole population or a targeted group can benefit from this outcome. Thus, social corporations aim to pursue the common good. Entitled “Social Ventures and the Commons”, this doctoral dissertation aims to understand how new alternative profit-seeking business models, such as social corporations, can manage and contribute to the governance of common goods. With her seminal work, Elinor Ostrom widened the path for scholars to study the commons. Ever since, the academic world has extensively relied on her eight design principles when researching commons, allowing for a varied literature on the topic and the emergence of a paradigm in recent years; however, features of this paradigm are still fuzzy as different views and concepts of commons exist. While Ostrom conducted her research on the governance of traditional commons mainly, i.e. local natural resources collectively managed, the emergence of new concepts calls for a better of their governance mechanisms. Amongst the different concepts of commons existing, new commons have recently emerged. New commons are resources that have newly been recognized as commons. They derive from the principle of “commoning”: they are shared resources collectively organized and managed and can take the form of human-made commons, like culture, knowledge or urban spaces. They can be created both by humans and/or by organizations that are managed collectively. The first chapter of the dissertation, in the form of a conceptual paper, sheds light on the capacity of new alternative profit-seeking business models to govern new commons; a topic left out by scholars so far. It states under which conditions such unconventional forms of market-oriented organizations can contribute to the governance of commons and thus become commons-governing companies. Theoretical management principles applicable in the context of commons-governing companies are proposed and guide them to implement collective action through co-management with external and/or internal stakeholders. The second chapter of the dissertation presents an original global typology of social corporations that distinguishes between three generic types according to their legal structure and underlying motivation to integrate a social mission into their bylaws. It identifies four core social corporation governance elements: voting rights implementation, profit distribution, property regime, and ownership structure. Additionally, the typology is complemented with a multiple case study of three social corporations (one per generic type). The case study focuses on the five governance capabilities that social corporations develop to be sustainable in the long run, and that relate to the three main pillars of performance, conformance, and responsibility. The third and last chapter of the thesis aims to comprehend the governance mechanisms developed by social corporations governing new commons. To do so, it draws from the community-based enterprise theory and the theory of the commons. I use qualitative data used collected within three community-based enterprises governing commons, and that adopt a social corporation legal form, in the United Kingdom. These organizations vary by date of creation, size, location, legal form, and types of new commons they contribute to. Findings show that these ventures design a triple-levelled goal governance to (1) manage the organization, (2) govern the commons, and (3) foster social good in the community. This doctoral dissertation primarily aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship. First, it contributes to social entrepreneurship by embracing the growing phenomenon of profit-seeking social ventures and provides with a better comprehension of their governance mechanisms, also when governing commons. Second, it sustains the development and understanding of the newly recognized entrepreneurship theory of commons. It does so by understanding how privately-held profit-seeking social ventures – social corporations – contribute to the provision of commons and become commons-governing companies.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Dohrn, Charlotte L. "A New Commons: Considering Community-Based Co-Management for Sustainable Fisheries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/81.
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Commercial fisheries on the West Coast are traditionally managed under large-scale management and conservation plans implemented by state and federal agencies. This scale of management can present obstacles for fishing communities. This thesis examines emerging cases of attempts to define and implement sustainable management of commercial fisheries under a community-based co-management model. In Port Orford, Sitka, San Diego and Santa Barbara, preliminary community-based co-management models are enabling fishing communities to pursue social sustainability through preserving access, participating in local science, and direct marketing for fish products. These communities are actively reshaping traditional models of conceptualizing and managing common-pool resources like fisheries.
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Lebert, Thomas Siegfried. "Land tenure reform in Namaqualand: elite capture and the new commons of Leliefontein." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis provides a detailed examination of the development and implementation of a commonage management system on newly acquired municipal commonage in the Leliefontien communal area of Namaqualand, South Africa. This commonage has been acquired ostensibly for use by all of the Leliefontien's residents. A Commonage Committee made up of community members and state representatives manages this land on behalf of the municipality.
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Altif, Jessica. "ENGINEERING A NEW FORM OF ENCLOSURE: INTERNATIONAL CONVERGENCE IN GMO REGULATION." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2990.
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As society begins to recognize its impact on ecological systems, the belief that modern political institutions can offer a sense of control and certainty, as well as protect the health of its citizens, is increasingly questioned. In an era of uncertainty, faith in science and technology to alleviate industrial impacts on the environment is often embraced by policymakers yet questioned by the public who see the authoritative role of the sciences in the political sphere as contributing to global risk. The development of biotechnology, specifically genetically modified food, places an anthropocentric focus on resolving and/or adapting to environmental degradation, further reflecting an adherence to the dominant social paradigm to address the consequences of modernization. In order to explicate the dualism of human/nature relations inherent in biotechnology, the focus of this research provides an exploration into two competing paradigms of genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory policy: scientific rationality and social rationality. Through a careful examination of the evolution of GMO regulation in the United States and the European Union, the precarious relationships between science and politics and progress and precaution reveal an actual convergence instead of divergence between these two actors in the international system. Although existing literature proclaims a division between the values and ethics of U.S. and EU environmental policy, the end result of this comparison in GMO regulation illustrates that in both the risk assessment and precautionary approaches, nature is still viewed as an instrument for advancing enclosure of the commons.M.A.
Department of Political Science
Sciences
Political Science MA
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Phelan, Lara. "Economy to amenity : the commons of the New Forest and Ashdown Forest, 1851-1939." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249996.
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Wagner, John Richard 1949. "Commons in transition : an analysis of social and ecological change in a coastal rainforest environment in rural Papua New Guinea." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38435.
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This study describes the resource management practices of a rural community located in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Lababia, a community of 500 people, is located in a coastal rainforest environment and is dependant for its livelihood on swidden agriculture and fishing. Lababia is also the site of an integrated conservation and development project facilitated by a non-governmental organisation based in a nearby urban centre.The key resources on which Lababia depends are managed as the common property of either the village-as-a-whole or the various kin groups resident in the village, and for that reason common property theory has been used to inform the design of the research project and the analysis and interpretation of research results. However, the social foundations of resource management systems and the influence of external factors, commodity markets in particular, are not adequately represented in some of the more widely used analytical frameworks developed by common property theorists. These factors are of fundamental importance to the Lababia commons because of the many social, political and economic changes that have occurred there over the last century. For that reason the Lababia commons is referred to as a commons-in-transition .
Ethnographic and historical analysis, informed by common property theory, is used to develop a description of the property rights system existing at Lababia and resource management practices in the key sectors of fishing and agriculture. The management of forest resources is described on the basis of a comparison with Kui, a nearby village that, unlike Lababia, has allowed industrial logging activities on their lands. The impact of the conservation and development project on village life is also assessed and the study concludes by developing an analytical framework suitable to the Lababia commons and one that facilitates the development of policy appropriate to the planning of sustainable development projects generally and conservation and development projects in particular.
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Stettler, Michael. "Institutions, property rights and external effects : new institutional economics and the economics of John R. Commons /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00006017.pdf.
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Ball, Sophie Anita. "Reclaiming the commons : a discourse for new politics : how grassroots activists are shaping the future." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2015. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15146/.
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Where neoliberalism has encroached upon, privatised, destroyed or damaged commons, where it has limited or denied access to physical, economic, cultural and political spaces, then movements to reclaim spaces, to ‘reclaim the commons’, have emerged to counter these trends. This thesis argues that contemporary concepts of the commons help us to transcend the pro-capitalist/anti-capitalist dichotomy and to reconceptualise the political and economic sphere. The examples of discourse and practice that this thesis explores illustrate both the emergence of the language of the commons from many different spheres of life and also its influence across a range of fields. The analysis includes a historical overview of the commons, while focusing on the evolution of the concept from the latter half of the 20th century to the present day, with the most recent material taken from events occurring in 2012. In the case-study, contemporary grassroots activists talk about their work and what the notions of the commons mean to them. Through this vision, we recognise what is lost through the hegemony of ongoing capitalist appropriation, accumulation and exploitation of all aspects of life and reassert rights over - reclaim - that which has been lost. Through the struggle of all those involved in reclaiming the commons, a discourse for new politics emerges and shapes the future. This thesis suggests the emergence of a new discourse of the commons that makes possible a reconceptualisation of social, economic and political spaces.
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Edwards, Victoria Mary. "Managing the commons : a framework for the analysis of institutional change and its application to the management of the multiple use commons of the New Forest, Hampshire." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283376.
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Sarenmalm, Isabel. "Sustainable Development in International Law and the protection of the Global Commons." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325200.
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The four ‘Global Commons’ – the Atmosphere, Antarctica, the High Seas (Oceans) and Outer Space – are in international law identified and recognised as falling outside the jurisdiction of any state. Whilst crucial to mankind and the global ecosystem as a whole, the commons are severely impacted by the current anthropogenic climate change. This thesis argues that the global commons have a weak legal protection today. Given the significance of the global commons for the achievement of sustainable development, exploring possibilities to strengthen such protection through international law is crucial to secure the future of our world. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the issues relating to the current legal protection of the global commons and to address them in the perspective of international law and sustainable development as intersecting conceptual and theoretical frameworks. By applying and analysing the acknowledged New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development, this thesis will aim to provide insights, and maybe even a fresh point of view, as to how legal instruments could be structured and implemented in the strive for more effective and sustainable protection of the global commons.
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Gurney, Kim Janette. "The mattering of African contemporary art: value and valuation from the studio to the collection." Thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30380.
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This interdisciplinary research bridging geography and fine art (‘geo-aesthetics’) follows contemporary artwork journeys from the studio into the public domain to discover how notions of value shift as the artwork travels. It seeks transfigurative nodes and their catalysts to explore how art matters: firstly how it becomes matter in the studio, and then how it comes to matter beyond the studio door. Two case studies at key moments of revaluation, a buy-out and a buy-in, both reveal responses to uncertainty that stress different kinds of collectivity. The first case study follows artistic practice and process in four studios in a Johannesburg atelier to investigate intrinsic value and finds ‘artistic thinking’. The second case study follows the assemblage of a private art collection managed from Cape Town, initially as an art fund, to investigate extrinsic valuation and finds ‘structural thinking’. These different modalities in the production and consumption circuitry of the artworld have unexpected correlations including shared artists and three linking concepts, namely, uncertainty, mobility, and the web. These in turn inform three observations: nested capacity, derivative value, and art as a public good. Two key findings emerge: contemporary art is itself a vector of value that performs meaning as it moves; and public interest is a central characteristic from which other valuations flow. The research uses repeat interviews, site visits and visual methods, which are triangulated with artwork trajectories to surface linkages between space and imagination. It offers a performative theory of value that speaks to an expanded new materialism. Applying an ecological framework allows a final transfiguration for an artworld ecosystem that (re)values contemporary art as part of an undercommons.
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Deichmann, Jens W. "A Comparative Study of Resilience of the Water Commons in the Upper and Middle Rio Grande Basins of New Mexico." Thesis, Prescott College, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3604759.
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This dissertation is a study of two water management systems and their respective potential for adaptive change. It compares the principles of traditional common-pool resource communities with the policies and practices of contemporary acequias and the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District. A review of the biophysical environment and relevant water laws and institutions provides a historical and environmental perspective on how the two distinct systems evolved into their current forms. The respective systems' capacities to continue to function in their basic forms in the face of climate change are evaluated through the conceptual lenses of resilience theory and the adaptive change cycle. The severe and extended drought that New Mexico is experiencing is causing a sharpened focus on how to limit water use. Shortage sharing is a traditional practice in common-pool resource cultures, as are other measures to manage a limited and vital resource, including monitoring, sanctions, exclusion of free-riders, equity of use, and reliance on democratic institutions to ensure collective decisions. These principles and practices are present to varying degrees in both systems and provide solid bases upon which to innovate and adapt to new conditions. The challenge will be to mobilize the will to change sufficiently to adapt while honoring the cultural values represented in each system; in other words, to build resilience into the systems. Opportunities to do so are explored and evaluated for their potential positive effects and possible downsides
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Pender, J. W. (James William), and n/a. "Parliamentary administration in traditional Westminister [sic] parliaments : reflections on the role of procedure and management." University of Canberra. School of Management, 1990. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20041206.133427.
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Ruano, de la Haza Jonathan. "The Rise of the United States' Airfield Empire in Latin America, North Africa, the Middle East, and Southern Asia (1927-1945). How America's Political Leaders Achieved Mastery over the Global Commons and Created the "American Century"." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23557.
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This dissertation makes the argument that the Franklin Roosevelt administration (1933-1945) embarked upon a global hegemonic project to transform the United States into a world empire and bring about the "New World Order." In addition, the expansion of U.S. commercial and military air routes was seen as instrumental to the realization of this project.
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Trinh, Thuy Duong. "Ochrana autorských práv v on-line médiích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198040.
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This diploma thesis deals with protection of copyright within online media, with a focus on personal blogs. The author presents definition of basic terms of copyright, especially definition of usage of the work and description of way of use, and deals with the issue of liability for copyright infringement and identification of persons who carry the responsibility. This thesis is also dedicated to copyrights itself and its instruments of enforcement. Increased focus is put on available jurisdiction, especially jusrisdiction of The Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, the author conducted a survey among the authors who publish their works online to determine their experience with the violation of their rights.
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Siddique, Zahed. "Common platform development : designing for product variety." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17698.
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Oosthuizen, Ané. "A development and management framework for a new Octopus vulgaris fishery in South Africa." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/21/.
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Tocher, Mandy Darlene. "The New Zealand common gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus: an ecophysiological comparsion of two isolated populations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1431.
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Thermophysiological traits of two isolated Hoplodactylus maculatus populations were investigated to test adpatations to climate. Geckos were collected from Craigieburn (high altitude, generally cooler site) and Banks Peninsula. If climatic conditions at respective sites influenced physiology, I expected geckos from Craigieburn to exhibit cold-adapted physiological traits, whilst Banks Peninsula geckos would exhibit traits more characteristic of a warmclimate species. To this end I investigated four thermophysiological parameters: metabolism (SMR), preferred body temperature (PBT), locomotory performance and critical thermal minimum (CTMin). I hypothesized that if climate had an effect on SMR, Craigieburn geckos would exhibit higher levels of SMR which typically characterise other coolclimate reptiles. Craigieburn geckos displayed an average relative elevation of SMR over Banks Peninsula geckos of 26%. Furthermore, Craigieburn geckos appeared to be 'geared' towards lower body temperatures and exhibited a greater acclimatory and acclimatizatory ability of SMR. The PBT of Craigieburn geckos was consistently elevated above Banks Peninsula geckos. This finding was somewhat paradoxical in light of previous studies of this parameter. A closer examination of the ecology of the two populations is required to clarify the adaptive significance of a higher PBT in geckos from a cooler climate. With respect to locomotory performance, I hypothesized that if thermal extremes influenced activity, Craigieburn geckos would exhibit activity patterns which help ameliorate the adverse effects of cold temperature. Craigieburn geckos did in fact have greater independence of activity to temperature than Banks Peninsula geckos, especially over lower body temperatures. The final parameter investigated, that of the critical thermal minimum, failed to distinguish the populations decisively. However there was some evidence of a greater acclimatizatory and acclimatory range in Craigieburn geckos, providing somewhat limited support for a population difference. Investigations into all four parameters lead me to conclude that populations of Hoplodactylus maculatus from Craigieburn and Banks Peninsula are physiologically distinct and warrant a revision of nomenclature.
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Singer, Robert A. "A new harmonization of the gospels rethinking the common approach /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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McDowell, Arlene, and n/a. "Oral delivery of bioactive compounds to the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070306.151503.
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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the most significant vertebrate pest in New Zealand as an ecological threat to the indigenous biodiversity and an economic threat as a vector for bovine tuberculosis. Biological control is considered to be the most accepted management strategy to reduce the population, specifically by impairing fertility. Successful development of a biocontrol agent (most likely a protein or peptide macromolecule) requires identification of a compound that is species-specific and potent. The challenge is also to deliver the bioactive to this free-ranging, widespread, feral animal and ensure sufficient bioavailability. Macromolecules have low oral bioavailability, thus new formulation strategies are required to enhance stability and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of T. vulpecula. Oral administration of the bioactive contained within a non-toxic bait is the most practical delivery strategy.
Essential to designing an oral delivery system is to quantify the transit time of different sized delivery systems. The gastrointestinal transit in T. vulpecula was investigated (n = 72) by gamma scintigraphy. Technetium-labelled (99mTc) anion exchange resin particles (75 - 125 (mu)m or 500 - 700 (mu)m) or solution (99mTc-DTPA) was administered orally. After 3, 6, 12, 24 or 32 h, distribution of radioactivity in excised GITs was determined. Transit profiles were similar for each formulation. For delivery to the hindgut, bioactives need protection for 12 h though the upper GIT. Particulate formulations may be retained in the caecum for up to 32 h. Transit time was not different between animals dosed in the evening or the morning. Furthermore, GIT morphology is different between specimens in this study from southern New Zealand and Australian specimens. This may reflect improved diet quality in New Zealand.
A model protein (insulin) was incorporated into poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) (PECA) nanoparticles prepared by interfacial polymerisation of water-in-oil microemulsions. The mean size of nanoparticles was 220 nm with a mean entrapment efficiency of 78%, determined using reverse phase HPLC. In vitro release of insulin from PECA nanoparticles in phosphate buffer (0.067 M, pH 7.4) at 37°C was triphasic and not all entrapped insulin was released.
Following in vitro incubation of nanoparticles with enzyme solutions prepared from the GIT of T. vulpecula, lumen enzymes were more aggressive towards insulin compared to mucosal enzymes and the hindgut lumen was the GIT region with the lowest degradation.
For the first time in a marsupial species, the in vivo pharmacokinetics of insulin-loaded, PECA nanoparticles were investigated following i.v. and intra-caecal administration and measured by radioimmunoassay. The low cross reactivity of human and endogenous brushtail possum insulin means that T. vulpecula is a suitable non-diabetic model to study pharmacokinetics of insulin. The i.v. pharmacokinetics of insulin solution and insulin-loaded nanoparticles were similar. On intracaecal dosing, co-administration of a permeation enhancer (EDTA) resulted in a small increase in plasma insulin concentration compared to insulin-loaded nanoparticles alone.
In conclusion, transit time to the caecum of T. vulpecula following oral delivery was 12 h for fluid and particulate formulations < 1 mm diameter and was independent of the time of day the dose was given. T. vulpecula is a potential non-diabetic model for the study of insulin pharmacokinetics. This thesis demonstrates the potential application of oral peptide and protein delivery technology in the area of wildlife management.
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Chmil, Shawn M. "Assessing five common measures of interobserver reliability, proposing new refined measures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/MQ32911.pdf.
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Moloney, Peter. "From Common Market to European Union: Creating a New Model State?" Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3797.
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Thesis advisor: James CroninIn 1957, the Treaty of Rome was signed by six West European states to create the European Economic Community (EEC). Designed to foster a common internal market for a limited amount of industrial goods and to define a customs union within the Six, it did not at the time particularly stand out among contemporary international organizations. However, by 1992, within the space of a single generation, this initially limited trade zone had been dramatically expanded into the world's largest trade bloc and had pooled substantial sovereignty among its member states on a range of core state responsibilities. Most remarkably, this transformation resulted from a thoroughly novel political experiment that combined traditional interstate cooperation among its growing membership with an unprecedented transfer of sovereignty to centralized institutions. Though still lacking the traditional institutions and legitimacy of a fully-fledged state, in many policy areas, the European Union (EU) that emerged in 1992 was nonetheless collectively a global force. My dissertation argues that the organization's unprecedented transfer of national sovereignty challenged the very definition of the modern European state and its function. In structure and ambition, it represented far more than just a regional trade bloc among independent states: it became a unique political entity that effectively remodelled the fundamental blueprint of the conventional European state structure familiar to scholars for generations. How did such a dramatic transformation happen so quickly? I argue that three forces in particular were at play: the external pressures of globalization, the search for a new Western European and German identity within the Cold War world and the often unintended consequences of the interaction between member state governments and the Community's supranational institutions. In particular, I examine the history of the EEC's monetary union, common foreign policy, common social policy and the single market to explain the impact of the above forces of change on the EEC's rapid transformation
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
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McHugh, Paul Gerard. "The aboriginal rights of the New Zealand Maori at common law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244948.
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In 1840 the indigenous Maori tribes of New Zealand ceded the sovereignty of New Zealand to the British Crown in return for the protection of the chiefs' rangatiratanga (internal government of the tribe) and the tribes' lands, forests, and fisheries. This agreement is known as the Treaty of Waitangi. This thesis considers the extent to which the common law of England recognised the rights embodied in the Treaty of Waitangi upon the Crown's assumption of the territorial sovereignty over New Zealand. Since the principles of the common law developed in an organic manner through the history of British relations with non-Christian societies the present study has used comparative material of an historical as well as strictly legal character. It is believed previous studies of Maori rights upon British annexation have suffered from the failure to assess the Maori tribes' position in terms of a continuum of British colonial constitutional history. Having isolated the relevant common law principles from the body of British practice and other sources, each of the three Parts ends with the particular application of these principles to the New Zealand setting. The thesis is based upon the distinction between imperium (a right of government) and dominium (rights of private ownership) and is divided into three Parts. The first Part looks at the principles governing the Crown's erection of an imperium over non-Christian societies. Part II looks at the effect of British sovereignty upon the customary law of the Maori tribes. Finally, Part III assesses the common law's recognition of the traditional property rights of the Maori. The conclusion reached is that the common law recognised the continuity of Maori customary law and property rights but qualified this by limiting any viability of the customary code to Maori relations inter se and restricting the alienation of the tribal title to the Crown. To that extent the Treaty of Waitangi was not so much a source as declaratory of rules which would have applied in any event. The present study does not consider at length the contemporary status of these post-annexation rights given the Maori by the common law. However, it has significance for contemporary as well as historical Maori claims and amounts to a revision of previous assessments of the common law's response to British annexation of New Zealand.
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Dargay, Lauren Michelle. "Relationships between elite news frames and frames in user comments: An analysis of terrorism coverage and follow-up comments on the New York Times online." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1469783314.
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Quinn, John T. "Toward a new strategic framework : a unified command plan for the new world order /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277042.
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Quinn, John T. II. "Toward a new strategic framework: a unified command plan for the new world order." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/39735.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Since its origins in the years immediately following the Second World War, the Unified Command Plan (UCP) has evolved through the combined effects of external pressure from strategic planning for a global war with the Soviet Union and the internal bureaucratic and doctrinal infighting among the Joint Staff and the various services. This infighting was not merely over service' 'turf battles', but also touched the very heart of the individual services' philosophies on command in war. This thesis follows the history of that evolutionary process since World War II with an eye toward a future revision to the UCP. Given the fundamentally altered geo-strategic situation brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the author argues for a complete revision of the UCP based on distinct post-Cold War theater and regional missions. Instead of consolidating the bulk of U.S.-based forces into the U.S. Atlantic Command, the author proposes the retention of several separate (but joint) 'strategic' conventional forces commands based on mission, readiness, and deployability/sustainability criterion.
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Goodnough, Dana L. "The motivational significance of New Testament commands to pastors." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Ng, Mei Lin, and n/a. "In Search of the 'Golden Thread': Common Law Interactions With Indigenous Law in Canada, Australia and New Zealand." Griffith University. Griffith Law School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070314.163150.
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The thesis explores the interactions of the common law with indigenous law in three jurisdictions: Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Case law involving family, criminal and land law is examined in detail, to establish how the common law has interacted with indigenous law. Two aspects of common law interactions are explored: judicial approaches to the recognition of indigenous law; and, judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law. Courts faced with indigenous law have taken one of three approaches to recognising it. These are respectively referred to in the thesis as the non-recognition approach, the accommodation approach and the recognition approach. With regard to judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law, the case law reveals seven different perceptions. They are: no relationship; mere acknowledgement; separate but capable of recognition; adjustment; assimilation/domination; assimilation/search for partnership; and absorption. Where a relationship is acknowledged, although perceptions may vary, essentially they can be placed in one of three categories. Courts may regard the relationship as one between two separate bodies of law, with points of intersection. They may regard it as one of convergence, perhaps even partial integration, between separate legal traditions. Finally, they may regard indigenous law as having been absorbed into the dominant legal system. Courts with this latter perception regard indigenous law as analogous to English local customs. Having identified more than one approach to the recognition of indigenous law, consideration is given to the circumstances in which the approaches are used, exploring differences arising out of the subject area in question and the jurisdiction in which the case is considered. The thesis also demonstrates that some correlation exists between the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law and judicial perceptions about the relationship of the common law with indigenous law, though this correlation cannot be demonstrated in all cases. Lastly, the capacity of the common law to recognise changes to indigenous law is considered, where the case law reveals that both the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law, and judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law have a bearing on the capacity of the courts to recognise change. The thesis demonstrates that both the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law and judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law affect common law interactions with indigenous law.
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Koopmans, Wijntje Jeltje. "Common variable immunodeficiency in New Zealand : finding the molecular and cellular foundations." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/19414.
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder (CVID) is a disorder characterised by low level of serum immunoglobulin and increased susceptibility to infection. The aim of this study was to develop a better understanding and prognosis for CVID patients. Clinical details and disease histories were analysed in 39 CVID patients. The time taken to diagnose CVID when symptoms first appear was in steady decline for the past 80 years. Those who develop CVID at a young age were more likely to develop bronchiectasis. Ten genes known to cause CVID in human or mouse were analysed in 95 patients (45 CVID, 50 hypogammaglobulinaemia). Thirty one SNPs and one deletion were identified with certain mutations already reported in literature. The following new mutations were identified: R20H and K186del in TACI; G42V in Bob-1; S77N in IL-15; T75M and N146T in IL-15R��. The C104R mutation in TACI is linked to susceptibility to CVID. Segregation analysis was performed for a family with this mutation. Having one or both copies of the C104R allele is not a reliable predictor of CVID since the allele is not always present in family members with CVID. A healthy brother with the C104R/C104R genotype was identified. His markedly reduced immunoglobulin levels and reduced vaccine response requires close monitoring. The total CD8 central memory T cell or marginal zone B cell numbers could be potential health indicators in this family because these cell numbers are related to health status. B and T cell phenotyping were reported to predict clinical outcomes in CVID. The question is how consistent these assays are over time. The three B and one T cell assays were evaluated monthly over 6 and 3 months respectively. The EUROclass B cell classification system was the most consistent. CCR7 was the more reliable marker than CD62L for the memory T cell assay. Several potential markers for CVID were identified in this work. Certain cell subsets were significantly (p ��� 0.01) elevated (CD38low CD21low B cells, transitional B cells, CD4+ effector memory T cells and CD4+ Tim3+) or decreased (switched memory B cells and CD4+ nai��ve T cells) compared to normal donors.
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Waters, Christopher P. M. "Consumer boycotts in the "New Economy" : how should the common law respond?" Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20549.
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In the "New Economy", state regulation of corporations is in decline and there is little prospect of effective international control. Corporations are increasingly free vis a vis is the state to set their own standards in fields as diverse as working conditions, environmental discharge and relations with aboriginal communities. At the same time, the power of organized labour to control corporate behaviour appears on the wane. The decline of the state and organized labour has left consumer pressure---backed by boycotts---as one of the few checks on corporate power. This thesis examines the boycott phenomenon and the common law reaction to this form of popular protest. Although drawing heavily on political, historical and sociological insights, ultimately the author proposes a common law response that does not deny the autonomous and apolitical nature of private law reasoning.
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Waters, Christopher P. M. "Consumer boycotts in the new economy, how should the common law respond?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ44079.pdf.
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Manners, Ian James. "An anatomy of cooperation : achieving common security policy in the new Europe." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324264.
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Clode, Danielle. "New colonists and old colonials : mink predation of Arctic and Common terns." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670280.
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Leahy, William Jarleth. "Pageants, processions and plays : representations of royal and state power and the common audience in early modern England." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4315.
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This thesis examines certain important aspects of theatrical practice in earlymodern England, as they were manifested in Shakespeare's history plays and pageant literature produced for Queen Elizabeth 1 on procession. This study regards the events marked by these two literary forms as discrete though related theatrical formations, and seeks to examine and question the ways in which Shakespearean criticism and pageant analysis regard both genres as aesthetically equivalent as well as being cultural forms both characterised and linked by their valorisation of state authority. This thesis asserts that such a conceptualisation simplifies the nature of the plays and the pageants as material events, as well as the literature produced for these events. Instead, it argues that a closer examination of the human context in which pageants, processions and plays occurred, and in which the literature for them was performed, enables the construction of an alternative viewpoint. A reprocessing of primary and secondary material while prioritising the fact that a large proportion of audiences who witnessed the pageants, processions and plays were comprised of the common people of early modern England, allows for different perceptions of these cultural events. The presence of these common people has traditionally been either ignored or undervalued and, through a close examination of contemporary records, this thesis proceeds to argue that, as they were the targets of official, dominant ideology, their presence was significant.
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Foley, David C. "Command and control in new nuclear states : implications for stability /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA283932.
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Erickson, Matthew C. Oats Trey D. "The impact of new technologies on shipboard command and control /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FErickson.pdf.
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Oats, Trey D., and Matthew C. Erickson. "The impact of new technologies on shipboard command and control." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/995.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedAn investigation of how fuel cells, an integrated power system, and directed energy weapons will affect the shipboard command and control process. The focus is on the implementation of the new technologies onboard near-term and far-term destroyer variants and the resulting changes to the command and control process.
Ensign, United States Naval Reserve
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Asadi, Dena. "A New Sense to Common Sense : Context and Interdependence in Goodman and Nāgārjuna." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5137.
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Some form of absolutism has generally been the majority view within philosophy and in other traditions, and it is common to take absolutism for granted without providing rational arguments or empirical evidence in support of it. However, such attitudes are not viable if we want to avoid dogmatism. In this paper, I question absolutism and the closely associated correspondence theory of truth through the writings of Goodman and Nāgārjuna. I first describe Goodman‟s philosophy with a focus on his works dealing with „worldmaking‟ and multiple true versions. Subsequently follows an outline of Nāgārjuna‟s philosophy, in which he intended to show that the notion of an essence, an inherently existent entity or relation, is incoherent and that essences would be incompatible with experience. I then reflect on the relation between absolutism and relativism, and propose that the philosophies of Goodman and Nāgārjuna make it possible to transcend both. The paper ends with a discussion on the notion of knowledge in the absence of absolute entities and essences. From the works of Goodman, Nāgārjuna, and Bohm, I put forward the idea that an aspiration for a greater good and fitting is more general than a desire for knowledge of entities, and that it is therefore important to be aware of the larger context in which any given entity appears so that it can be seen to what extent further inquiry and use of it can lead to a greater good and fitting.
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Eckley, Michael C. "Aesthetic Values of Five Primary Wood Transporting Methods Common to Northern New England." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/EckleyMC2004.pdf.
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White, Garry. "A new adsorbent mixture for the collection of common ignitable liquid residue vapour." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/700895/.
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United Kingdom fire investigators use ad hoc adsorbents to investigate the suspected use of ignitable liquids and their residues (ILR) at fire scenes. It was unknown whether these materials adsorb all ignitable liquid target compounds specified by ASTM methods, or if they interfered with such analysis and therefore prevented the positive identification of ignitable liquids. This research has ascertained that adsorbents such as clay based cat litter, montmorillonite, limestone, Tampax®, Tenalady®, talc; sand and the use of a squeegee tool cannot adsorb the full range of ASTM target compounds in common ignitable liquid residues by themselves. However, some can adsorb a limited range of target compounds. For example, cat litter can adsorb C3 and C4 alkylbenzenes and other molecules for the identification of petrol, but cannot adsorb heavy alkanes such as those found in diesel fuel. In contrast, limestone can adsorb heavy alkanes but not all aromatic target compounds present in petrol. This study has found that when limestone was mixed with Fuller’s Earth (10:1 w/w) that a range of common ignitable liquids and their associated target compounds could be adsorbed and identified. Furthermore, the instrumentation and separation methods used with an automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (ATD-GC-MS) and Tenax TA® were improved and it is hoped that these would form a basis for a new standard method. Limestone and Fuller’s Earth as well as the limestone/Fuller’s Earth mixture were characterised with Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that mixing the components together did not alter the chemical composition of the adsorbent mixture and that the major phases in the mixture were identified as calcite, quartz and palygorskite. The performance of the adsorbents was assessed using a combination of a standard ASTM method for analysis using GC-MS and an improved oven separation time of six to nine hours. The ATD method was improved for real fire debris samples by setting the split flow valves to 40 mL/min to minimise instrument overloading. The adsorbents were subjected to evaluation in the laboratory using blind tests and also a field blind test at a real fire scene. The laboratory analysis and fire scene evaluation revealed that the limestone/Fuller’s Earth mixture adsorbed all ignitable liquid target compounds from different ignitable liquids and as a result were identified from extracted ion chromatograms. This is the first reported use of this novel mixture as a universal adsorbent for common ignitable liquids.
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Alves, Dias De Souza Marcelo. "The Brazilian model of precedents : a new hybrid between civil and common law?" Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-brazilian-model-of-precedents(6cc94747-f0be-47d9-8fd0-0d92ea92c571).html.
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This thesis offers, in response to the challenges of a globalised world, a coherent systematisation of the Brazilian model of precedents as a new hybrid between civil and common law. Conceptual and broadly comparative (constantly drawing knowledge from the English common law), it presents how precedents are understood and how they operate in Brazil. This thesis systematises the concepts and establishes a consistent vocabulary for the categories of creativeness, declarativeness, persuasiveness and bindingness of precedents, which can then be comprehended by both Brazilian and English audiences. In addition, it creates a unique reference to be applied in the comparative study throughout the thesis. This thesis also analyses the practical uses of precedents in Brazil and then compares them to the English model. It discusses how judges in Brazil deal with concepts such as the ratio decidendi, the distinguishing and the overruling of precedents. As the last few decades in Brazil have seen a clear increase in the use of precedents in terms of frequency, creativity and bindingness, this thesis offers a comprehensive taxonomy of the several Brazilian binding precedents that are expected to progressively transform the Brazilian approach to precedents into an example of a hybrid model. This thesis focuses on the new and very important Supreme Court’s Binding Súmula (a category of binding precedent introduced into Brazilian law by Amendment 45 to the Federal Constitution, passed in 2004), analysing its origins, features and significance under a dual perspective that could be interesting for both common and civil law traditions. This thesis finally focuses on some of the advantages of the doctrine of stare decisis – stability, certainty of law, equality, time-saving –, as positive criteria of functionality, in order to analyse improvements in the deliverance of justice in Brazil since the adoption of a more comprehensive approach to binding precedents. The last chapter also presents and debates some strengths of the new Brazilian approach to precedents, emphasising that the Brazilian mix of civil and common law elements has proven to be a very synergic model. Identifying many of the problems of Western precedent models as well as suggesting some solutions, this thesis aims to be used as a tool for both researchers and those dealing with law reform and to contribute to the development of the theory of precedents in both civil and common law legal worlds.
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Grindstaff, Seth. "New Criticism—Not So New to Tennessee’s High School English Teachers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3408.
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When Tennessee Department of Education adopted Common Core in 2010, Tennessee implemented New Critical ideas associated with the college classroom, but did not present this connection to English teachers. Comparing high school education reforms like A Nation at Risk (1983) and TNCore to the New Critical works of Cleanth Brooks, T. S. Eliot, John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren, William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley, reveals that New Criticism is the literary method grounding current ELA education reform. Referencing Deborah Appleman’s Critical Encounters in Secondary English (2015), Diana Ravitch’s The Death and Life of the Great American School System (2010), and questionnaires completed by Tennessee teachers, this study tracks New Criticism’s influence from the college classroom to the high school classroom. Presenting English teachers the history behind what and how they teach will equip them to explain their methodology to students.
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Birkelund, Per Morten. "Implementing new work processes at the Royal Norwegian Navy Material Command." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/1999/Dec/99Dec_Birkelund.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1999."December 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Roger Evered, Erik Jansen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113). Also available online.
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Davis, Reginald F. "Command and control of specialized aviation assets a new operational concept /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401367.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis (Command, Control and Communications))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2001.Thesis Advisor(s): Kemple, William G. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82). Also available in print.
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Schieber, Ty Alan. "Command and control in operations other than war: a new framework." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28038.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.The author presents a new framework for approaching command and control in operations other than war (OOTW). Currently, no common doctrine exists between potential coalition partners to guide the command and control process in this particular environment. As a consequence, coalitions are formed ad-hoc, which has potential consequences for the adequacy of the resulting command and control process and system, and commensurately, for the speed and impact a coalition may have in a target environment. The author examines current U.S. perceptions concerning command and control, intelligence, and communications, and the conceptual adjustments required for U.S. forces involved in the irregular environment. Challenges and lessons learned from recent OOTW are then discussed in order to identifiy, to the degree possible, specific impediments to optimum coalition command and control. Conclusions stress that a common and standardized approach is required to blend the political agendas, capabilities, and limitations of a diverse coalition into an efficient and effective entity. To accomplish this, the approach must include a methodical and iterative process which logically, chronologically, and holistically frames and links the problem at hand, the resources arrayed to address the problem, and the functions that compromise the problem solving process, in a manner appropriate to existing conditions at any particular time. The COordination, COoperation, and COnsensus (CO3) Loop presented in this thesis makes an initial effort at providing the common approach required
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Monica, G. Della, and E. Tonello. "NEW GENERATION COMMAND RECEIVER FOR SATELLITE USING BENEFITS OF DIGITAL PROCESSING." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607344.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaPresentation of Alcatel Espace last studies and developments regarding TT&C receiver Products for satellite. This document lays on 3 parts: · a technical point of view showing digital demodulation principles used (base band recovery, analytical head, PM or FM demodulation) and their related offered possibilities(digital controlling loop, lock status detection, jammer detection,....) · a technology/design description · a synthesis showing performance and results
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Boulinguez, Marc. "NEW CONCEPTS AND TRENDS IN SPACECRAFT TELEMETRY, COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614465.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaThis paper presents a new family of telemetry and command front-end products, as applied to spacecraft ground segment systems. The general philosophy behind both check-out systems and command and control stations has recently evolved from large host computers to a more distributed architecture, where more processing for either recovering telemetry data or encoding commands is done at the front-end level. The overall reliability and safety of such systems have also called for communications oriented subsystems, complying with international standards (ETHERNET, IEEE 488, CCITT X25...). For the same reasons, satellite manufacturers and operators are now requesting more integrated front-end subsystems, which include in one unit subcarrier modulation (PSK or FSK) and baseband functions (Telemetry synchronisation or command encoding), as well as the corresponding built-in test capabilities. The 3000 series family of products complies with all the criteria enumerated above. Furthermore, it offers a line of matching telemetry and command units, available in both overall check-out (O.C.O.E.) and Telemetry, Tracking and Command (T.T.&C.) versions, thus facilitating the complete integration of a spacecraft system from ground test to in-orbit operation. The choice of industry standards such as the VME bus, the hostbased development of firmware in “C”, also ensure product modularity, allowing easy expansion or adjustments to the specific requirements of particular missions or programs. The 3000 series complies with the European Space Agency (E.S.A.) PSS-45 and PSS-46 standards, which are compatible with NASA/GSFC Aerospace Data Systems Standards and the NASCOM message format. These concepts are illustrated in the application of the 3000 series products in the EUTELSAT II program. Architectures for both the ground check-out systems and the control stations are presented; technical choices for system set-up and control and communications in-between subsystems are discussed. Future trends and new standards in spacecraft telemetry, command and control systems are presented, and particularly the implementation in the 3000 series products of the recommendations from the Consultative Commitee on Space Data Systems (C.C.S.D.S) on “Packet” Telemetry and Telecommand, as well as channel coding (Viterbi and ReedSolomon algo- rythms) using proprietary developments of VLSI circuits.