Academic literature on the topic 'New business enterprises – European Union countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "New business enterprises – European Union countries"
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Şchiopu, Ruxandra. "Business Digitization in the European Union." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0037.
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AbstractDigitalization nowadays can stretch in all aspects of the functioning of a business. Therefore, given the available technologies, the speed at which businesses merge with the digital world dictates the comparative advantage a like company can harness over its competition. However, integrating digital means into businesses can come at a considerable cost. Moreover, this creates a dichotomy between digitalizing an already existing and thriving company functioning on traditional channels and the creation of new fully digitalized enterprises. This paper aims at revealing the relevancy of digitalization in the business world by evaluating the cost efficiency of going digital or starting digital across economic sectors for enterprises in the European Union from 2017 onwards.The argument of designing a business from scratch in an automated and smart digitalized style is much more comprehensive in a connected globalized world. The intricacies stretch far beyond the pure digital and business areal since most transactions happen internationally. The borderless approach creates a demand for all aspects of a business to work cohesively. Therefore, business operations such as accounting, legal actions, storage, delivery, and marketing must be corroborated with business operations as they are conducted in an increasingly digitalized manner. Through analyzing secondary data, statistics and case studies about the level of business digitalization across sectors in the European Union, this paper targets to reveal witch are the fast evolving sectors in terms of digitalization for businesses and the most effective way in which digitalization creates increased value for business. The countries of the European Union experience different levels of digital technology integration, it peaks in Denmark while, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland are situated at the other end of the spectrum. Manufacturing is the sector with the least amount of digital updates across the sample while communications, computer programing, travel agencies, and accommodation services surge in the digital arena. There is a direct correlation between the size of the company and its propensity to exploit opportunities in digital transformation. However there is a new aspect of the speed at which small mainly digital companies acquire acumen and therefore profit. This paper synthesis the fastest growing digitalized sectors in the European Union and highlights opportunities for old and new businesses.
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Stanković, Jelena J., Ivana Marjanović, Sandra Milanović, and Milica Jovanović Vujatović. "DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 40, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.2.329.
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Since economic theory identifies new enterprises as one of the basic drivers of economic growth, it brings to the forefront the need to understand the existing dynamics of entrepreneurship. Consequently, the identification of the basic entrepreneurship’s determinants is a central issue from both a theoretical and a practical point of view in contemporary literature. A better understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship is a basic precondition for creating effective policies aimed at encouraging the creation of new companies, and consequently, the creation of new jobs. Therefore, this paper addresses several important issues. From the theoretical standpoint, the role of entrepreneurial determinants in creating a new business is examined. From a practical standpoint, the basic formal institutional factors influencing the birth rate of new companies are analyzed. The analysis was conducted on a sample of European Union countries for the period from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business database, as well as data on business dynamics from the Eurostat database. A panel data regression analysis using the fixed-effects estimation procedure with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors was conducted, and the results indicate that the dynamics of new enterprises’ foundation are negatively affected by the total tax burden, as well as the cost of property registration, while the amount of initial capital required to open a business has a positive impact. The results of the research can serve as a basis for fine-tuning policies that will facilitate and encourage the creation of new enterprises.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru, and Anna Kant. "Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.
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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
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Matuszyk, Anna. "Szanse i zagrożenia sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw wobec przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 54 (November 25, 2004): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.54.31.
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The process of integration with European Union means lots of changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises. They must adjust to norms and standards that are obligatory in EU. Polish market became a part of uniform European market. This situation forced economic entities to start adaptation processes to new conditions. Small and medium enterprises, that are the basis of economy, are particularly sensitive for changes in business environment. Their special needs should be taken into consideration. Majority of Polish entrepreneurs are satisfied with joining European Union. They lead business with countries that are members of EU.
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Shchetinina, K. I. "Green Economy in Hotel Business of EU Countries." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(28) (February 28, 2013): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-254-259.
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Tourism today is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The article gives a brief review of a new economic paradigm and development model: a green economy. It shows how green investment in European tourism sector can contribute to economically viable and robust growth, decent work creation and poverty alleviation, while improving resource efficiency and minimising environmental degradation. Much of the economic potential for green tourism is found in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which need better access to financing for investing in green tourism. Investments and policies of European Union government can leverage private sector actions on green tourism.
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Sieradzka, Katarzyna. "Innovativeness of enterprises in Poland." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072729.
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At a time of huge economic challenges, innovativeness is perceived as a way of overcoming difficulties, fostering and assuring socio-economic growth of particular countries. It is necessary to improve competitive standing of enterprises both in domestic and international economies. Launching of new or improved products, application of state of the art technologies and of new organisational and management solutions are key to enhanced effectiveness and better competitiveness of enterprises. Innovation standards of Polish enterprises are considerably lower than those of businesses operating in countries of the old European Union, therefore so much attention is paid to these issues.This paper undertakes to analyse innovative activities of enterprises in the Polish economy.Based on the report ‘Innovation Union Scoreboard’, a comparative analysis of Poland’s innovation standards in relation to other member states of the European Union is conducted, levels and structure of financial spending on innovative activities incurred by Polish industrial enterprises are discussed using statistics published by the National Office for Statistics and Ministry of Economy.
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Otavová, Milena, and Jana Gláserová. "The Impact of Changes in Accounting Regulations on Agricultural Entities and Their Business Accounts Since 2016." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 2 (2017): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020689.
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Financial accounting in the European Union is harmonized through directives. In 2013 Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and the Council was issued. It aims to improve the performance of micro and small entities by reducing their administrative burden. The primary requirement of the Directive is to introduce entity size classification. The paper identifies the impact of the transposition of the Directive on the size distribution of agricultural enterprises in the V4 countries and some other countries of the European Union using data from the Amadeus database. In the Czech Republic obligations which are part of financial reporting are determined for agricultural enterprises and their impact on fundamental accounting principles is detected. The implementation of the Directive in the Czech Republic significantly influenced valuation, accounting for and specially reporting of inventories of a company’s own activity and capitalization, which are typical for agricultural enterprises. A comparison of the regulation effective until the end of 2015 with the new regulation showed the impact on the amount of profit and turnover, which are also quantified. The degree of harmonization with IAS/IFRS is also examined.
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Staicu, Daniela. "Policy framework and legal forms of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0093.
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AbstractIn Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives that in the past had been either discouraged or had become part of the Communist state system, and opened new pathways to entrepreneurial initiatives. The 1990s was an open window to the creation of a significant number of non-profit organizations, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. When these countries became members of the European Union, the process of legal institutionalization of social enterprises started to be discussed and has taken place at various stages. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the policy frameworks and the legal forms and of social enterprises in eight countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The research seeks to determine the extent to which the development of national policy frameworks influences the development of legal forms under which social enterprises operate. For the purpose of this analysis, data were collected from relevant to this subject country reports, studies, laws released between 2009 and 2016. The research shows that European social enterprises are often ‘hidden’ among existing legal forms either as associations and foundations with commercial activities, cooperatives serving general or collective interests and mainstream enterprises pursuing an explicit and primary social aim. Further research needs to be done to determine the potential for growth of entities operating as associations and foundations with commercial activities. Furthermore, the research concluded that the countries with specific laws on social entrepreneurship generate 61 % of the social economy activity in Central and Eastern European countries. Further research needs to be done to determine if introducing a social enterprise specific legal form, will stimulate the development of the business models under which social enterprises operate and implicitly growth.
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Czerwonka, Leszek, and Jacek Jaworski. "Capital structure and its determinants in companies originating from two opposite sides of the European Union: Poland and Portugal." Economics and Business Review 8 (22), no. 1 (2022): 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.1.3.
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The aim of the paper is to identify differences in enterprises’ capital structure and its determinants in Poland and Portugal. The research applies statistical methods to the financial data of 22,775 Polish enterprises and 36,625 Portuguese enterprises for the years 2010–2017. The research results show that: (i) despite several years of ongoing economic integration in the EU differences in enterprises’ capital structure in old and new countries of the community still exist, (ii) in Portugal representing the old EU enterprises are more likely to use debt than in Poland being an emerging EU economy, (iii) in Polish enterprises, tangibility, profitability, liquidity and non-debt tax shield exert a negative impact on debt; while growth and size have a positive impact; in Portugal tangibility and a non-debt tax shield show the opposite, (iv) in both countries industry growth decreases indebtedness of enterprises while financial risk results in higher debt; in addition, in Portugal the capital intensity of industry increases the share of debt in capital structure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "New business enterprises – European Union countries"
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GATTO, Alexandra. "The responsibility of multinational enterprises for human rights violations in European Union law." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7018.
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Defence date: 18 June 2007Examining Board: Prof. Francesco Francioni, (EUI) ; Prof. Marise Cremona, (EUI) ; Prof. Enzo Cannizzaro, (University of Macerata) ; Prof. Olivier De Schutter, (Catholic University of Louvain)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis addresses the question as to how the European Union can ensure that EU based MNEs respect human rights when operating in third countries. Firstly, it identifies primary obligations on MNEs as developed by international law in order to tackle the above question. Secondly, on the basis of this theoretical framework it investigates how the European Union has acted to promote respect of human rights obligations by MNEs which are based on the territory of one of its Member States. Thirdly, the gap between the EU’s commitment to the respect and promotion of human rights, the potential to regulate the conduct of MNEs and the EU’s reluctance to impose human rights obligations on MNEs is explored. It is suggested that current human rights law should develop in the sense of considering companies as duty holders, together with States and other non-state actors, for the realisation of human rights. Moreover, a principle of graduation of responsibility is applied to MNEs, according to the specific human right involved, the proximity to the victim and the element of State authority exercised by the company in a particular situation. The above depicted graduation of responsibility (from the obligation to respect, to the obligation to promote human rights) should be matched by a graduation of corresponding implementing mechanisms. Applying this theoretical framework to the EU, three main recommendations have been formulated. Firstly, the EU should more firmly link the promotion of MNEs’ human rights obligations to international human rights law and support the constitution of an international law framework within the UN. Secondly, the EU should promote MNEs’ human rights obligations within the limits of its competence, both at the international and at an external level. It has been argued that a proactive attitude in this respect would not require the acquisition of new powers, but simply the recognition of a functional competence on the basis of Article 6 TEU in taking positive (and not merely negative) steps for the promotion of human rights in the areas of its competence occurring in international law and the international framework for MNEs’ responsibility. Finally, the EU should not abandon the option of exploring non-binding and incentive measures, both at the international and external levels, to be encouraged as a viable complement to binding measures.
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KRZYZANOWSKA, Olga. "What drives entrepreneurs? : a study of business formation by young people in Poland and Ireland." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12005.
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Defence Date: 13/03/2009Examining Board: László Bruszt (EUI); Colin Crouch (Warwick Business School) (Supervisor); Colm O'Gorman (DCU Business School, Dublin); Andrzej Kozminski (Leon Kozminski Academy, Warsaw)
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Extant research that explores the motivations for self-employment has tended to focus on the motivational determinants of men’s self-employment decisions or that of the general population and there is a distinct lack of comparable work that examines the self-employment decisions of young people, in Poland and Ireland in particular. Similarly, among studies investigating the role of social capital and work experience for the choice of self-employment at the individual level, no space has been devoted to the young from these two country settings. This thesis fills such a gap and offers a comparative analysis of self-employment and entrepreneurship of the 20-35- year-olds in Poland and Ireland, conducted in 2005. It presents a comparison of motivations from a wide perspective of socio-economic context in which young entrepreneurs are embroiled. In addition, it provides analysis of social capital, work experience, institutional environment for business, and the ways of dealing with business management aspects. Yet, important input to the literature proposed by this study regards motivations to continue which evolve from the motivation for start over time when staying in business. To tackle such queries, in-depth qualitative and exploratory interviews with 40 entrepreneurs (20 in Warsaw and 20 in Dublin) were conducted. The thesis reveals that motivations do not have an association with unemployment in the Polish case and are dependent on economic growth in the Irish case. In both instances, this may be linked to the educational (human) and occupational capital, potentially increasing the likelihood of treating firm as a chance or an opportunity. Some of the motivational factors which are common to these two contexts are: desire to work for oneself, money, and dissatisfaction with work. Social capital conceived as weak and strong social ties proved to be an important factor accounting for the decision to move into self-employment and stay in it. The major differences were traced with respect to strategies and institutional assistance for entrepreneurship. The thesis may inform individual characteristics of entrepreneurship in the countries concerned. In addition, it appears as an initial step for testing the results obtained on bigger sample studies. It also formulates some tentative recommendations which may offer timely insights for decision-makers responsible for the promotion of entrepreneurship.
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COEN, David. "The large firm as a political actor in the European Union: an empirical study of the behaviour and logic." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5222.
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Defence date: 10 May 1996Examining board: Prof. Colin Crouch, EUI ; Prof. Wyn Grant, University of Warwick ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone, Supervisor ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter, Stanford University ; Prof. Susan Strange, University of Warwick
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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NOVÝ, Zdenek. "The new model of a business-to-consumer arbitration for the European Union." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32136.
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Award date: 27 June 2013Supervisor: Professor Hans Wolfgang Micklitz (European University Institute)
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The suitability of arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism for B2C disputes has aroused much interest in the recent academic literature. The relationship between arbitration and consumer protection is a complex one. On the one hand, arbitration has proved to be an effective alternative to court proceedings in business disputes. On the other hand, it has been acknowledged that arbitration might not be a viable option for the disputes involving weaker parties hence consumers. The aim of this thesis to examine what should the role of arbitration be for B2C disputes within the EU. It seeks to demonstrate that arbitration should be an ADR mechanism for B2C disputes provided that it meets certain requirements. Thus, the institutional design as well as the essential principles for the new model of B2C arbitration will be proposed.
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De, Cieri Helen. "The social dimension of the European Union : implications for strategic international human resource management in Australian multinational enterprises." Thesis, 1996. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19648/1/whole_DeCieriHelen1996_thesis.pdf.
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The development of the European Union (EU) has provided a forum for the
attention of social scientists, political analysts, economists, and management
researchers and practitioners over the past few decades. It has been argued that
developments in the social dimension of the EU will hold significance for
multinational enterprises (MNEs) (Blanpain & Engels, 1993; Brewster &
Hegewisch, 1994). The growth of the European Union as a significant player in
world markets has particular significance for Australian MNEs, as the EU is
Australia's largest economic partner in terms of total transactions in goods,
services and investment (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1994a).
Hence, the implications of the social dimension of the EU for Australian MNEs
provide the context of this thesis.
The two broad themes for this thesis are policy analysis and theory development.
First, policy analysis involves investigation of the environment, including Australia
and the EU Member States (at national level), and the EU (at supra-national level).
MNEs form the central unit of analysis in this thesis. The research approach is
aimed to permit contextualization of the findings, particularly with regard to
strategic international human resource management (SIHRM) (Schuler, Dowling &
De Cieri, 1993) in Australian MNEs operating in the EU. Second, this thesis aims to operationalize an integrative approach to theoretical
advancement in SEHRM. In order to analyse the development of SMIRK a
conceptual integrative framework developed by Schuler et al. (1993) is examined.
The thesis charts the development of the field of SIHRM, recognising that it is a
relatively new area of enquiry and practical significance for MNEs.
Four major research questions were identified for investigation. In addition, 16
research propositions generated by Schuler et al. (1993) were selected for
investigation in this thesis. The research methodology utilised in this thesis
incorporates questionnaire surveys and organizational case studies to analyse quantitative and qualitative data on SEHRM issues, functions, policies and practices
of Australian MNEs operating in the EU. Data collection consists of three major
components. First, a pilot study was conducted in a large MINE operating in the
EU, in order to identify major SEHRM themes and issues in the EU context.
Second, questionnaire surveys were conducted in December of 1992 and 1994 to
investigate the role of S1HRM in Australian MNEs operating in the EU. Third, a
major organizational case study was analysed.
The discussion and analysis of the thesis findings leads to conclusions with respect
to the implications of the social dimension of the EU for HERM in Australian
MNEs. This research holds a range of implications relevant to policy analysis and
development, theory development, research methodology, and STHRM practice. A
revision of the integrative framework of SIHRM is presented.
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ASSIMACOPOULOU, Elli. "L'harmonisation de la fiscalite de l'epargne das les pays de la Communaute." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4548.
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BEAUCHESNE, Benedicte. "La protection juridique des entreprises en droit communautaire de la concurrence." Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4558.
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Defence date: 27 May 1992Examining board: Prof. Marie-Chantal Boutard-Labarde (Université de Paris X-Nanterre) ; Prof. Fausto Capelli (Université de Parme) ; Prof. Peter Müller-Graff (Université de Trier) ; Prof. Jürgen Schwarze (Supervisor - EUI) ; Prof. Jean Vergès (Université de Paris I)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Books on the topic "New business enterprises – European Union countries"
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European Union law for international business: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Clifton, Judith. Privatisation in the European Union: Public enterprises and integration. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Francisco, Comín Comín, and Díaz Fuentes Daniel, eds. Privatisation in the European Union: Public enterprises and integration. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Clifton, Judith. Privatisation in the European Union: Public enterprises and integration. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Coping with accession to the European Union: New modes of environmental governance. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Grossfeld, Bernhard. Internationales und europäisches Unternehmensrecht: Das Organisationsrecht transnationaler Unternehmen. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 1995.
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Jenő, Kiss, Baticz Csaba, and Hungary. Gazdasági és Közlekedési Minisztérium., eds. Gyakorlati tudnivalók az Európai Unióról: Kézikönyv kis- és középvállalkozóknak : [kézikönyv. 3rd ed. Budapest: Gazdasági és Közlekedési Minisztérium, 2005.
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1964-, Pinnick Kathryn, ed. Russia and the European Union: Prospects for a new relationship. London: Routledge, 2004.
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Weninger, Patrick. Formulary apportionment in the EU. Mortsel (Antwerpen): Intersentia, 2009.
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Kościelniak, Helena. Organizational and financial aspects of functioning of Polish companies. Częstochowa: The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "New business enterprises – European Union countries"
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Vargas Vasserot, Carlos. "Social Enterprises in the European Union: Gradual Recognition of Their Importance and Models of Legal Regulation." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 27–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_3.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses social enterprises as a special corporate category, which in some European jurisdictions, and increasingly so after their promotion by the European Union, are provided with a specific legal framework to promote and encourage their development. The paper begins with a brief compilation of the several social enterprise concepts developed by economic doctrines both in the United States and Europe, which reveal a great diversity of approaches. This is followed by an analysis of the various documents published by the European Union, showing the increasing recognition of this business phenomenon, from the publication of the Social Business Initiative in 2011 to the recent Action Plan for the Social Economy in 2021. Finally, the results obtained from the analysis of the different European legal systems are presented, and three main models of legal regulation of social enterprises are distinguished, namely, the use of the social cooperative form, enactment of a special law, and integration into a social economy law. The chapter concludes with a table comparing the essential aspects of the regulation of social enterprises in 14 European countries.
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Gür, Betül. "The Relationship Between R&D Expenditures and Youth Unemployment in the European Union Countries: A Comparison of the Old and New Member States." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 133–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71869-5_9.
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Hardman, Lynda. "Cultural Influences on Artificial Intelligence: Along the New Silk Road." In Perspectives on Digital Humanism, 233–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_31.
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AbstractApplications of AI, in particular data-driven decision-making, concern citizens, governments, and corporations. China was one of the first countries to have identified AI as a key technology in which to invest heavily and develop a national strategy. This in turn has led to many other countries and the European Union (EU) to develop their own strategies. The societal investments and applications of AI are so far-reaching that looking only at the resulting technological innovations is insufficient. Instead, we need to be aware of the societal implications of AI applications—of which there are many—as well as the geopolitical role of business and academic players.
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Fröhlich, Mareike, Tatjana Jevremović Petrović, and Jelena Lepetić. "Gender, Business and the Law." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 667–709. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_19.
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AbstractThis chapter deals with gender equality in business law. For some time now, gender diversity has played an important role in the composition of dispute resolution bodies, boards of directors and supervisory boards, forcing the companies concerned to take action. The underlying initiatives of the EU regarding gender quotas in companies, as described in the chapter, are beginning to have an effect, as developments in the banking and financial sector also show. Although the European internal market and its fundamental freedoms do not have a direct impact, the European Union is strongly committed to the protection of gender equality, the economic empowerment of women as well as female entrepreneurship. This chapter explains in detail how forms of enterprises, financing options, education and networking can support women to become entrepreneurs and play a crucial role in business decision-making. Finally, the chapter describes the impact of international trade and investment agreements in this field. Gender mainstreaming now takes place in all recent trade agreements and opens up new opportunities for women. Although investment agreements secure and support foreign investments, which are needed to improve the welfare of states and their citizens, they also could undermine the promotion of gender equality in the investor state. These new changes could jeopardise the investment as national rules will be legally obliged to be changed.
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Gaweł, Aleksandra, Katarzyna Mroczek-Dąbrowska, and Maciej Pietrzykowski. "Digitalization and Its Impact on the Internationalization Models of SMEs." In FGF Studies in Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 19–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11371-0_2.
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AbstractIn the European Union, SMEs represent as much as 99% of businesses, but only 3 out of 10 companies have some international involvement. EU policy makers perceive SMEs internationalization as a desired path for global growth; thus, they have put forward certain tools which aim to boost the pace and scope of internationalization, i.e., by creating and facilitating access to support activities, sharing information, promoting cluster and networking initiatives, making support schemes consistent throughout the EU, etc. (Della Corte, Handbook of research on startegic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. IGI Global, 2014). However, a vital point in creating a successful internationalization framework requires understanding that SMEs internationalization models may and do differ from those of multinational enterprises (MNEs). SMEs have a different structure, and they act differently, since their aims vary from those of MNEs (Knight and Liesch, Journal of World Business 51(1): 93–102, 2016; Buckley, Journal of World Business, 51(1): 74–82, 2016).Former studies of European SMEs indicate that there are specific traits of company characteristics that determine their internationalization process. Amongst the distinguished factors, size, activities performed, age, and experience counted as the most significant determinants of the expansion. However, these findings refer to occurrences dating back at least 5 years. In the era of rapid digitalization and—still—ongoing globalization, the impact of these factors might have diminished, making place for others. Therefore, the rising importance of digitalization calls for the need to identify new barriers and opportunities for SMEs to become international.The aim of this chapter is to see whether and how digitalization has influenced the internationalization models of Polish SMEs. We do not provide quantitative analysis that would allow us to statistically verify hypotheses on that matter; however, given the recent developments of the business world and internationalization trends, we assume that digitalization has had an impact on how companies expand abroad nowadays. The study has a screening aim and should allow us to determine whether, in the case of the Polish context, the matter requires further pursuit. The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows: first, we discuss the internationalization models which commonly referred to the international expansion of SMEs. Secondly, we discuss how digitalization can influence the process and its determinants. Finally, we present our research results based on quasi-focus group discussion with Polish SMEs. The study concerned the impact the digitalization has on the internationalization experience of those companies.
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Tardieu, Hubert. "Role of Gaia-X in the European Data Space Ecosystem." In Designing Data Spaces, 41–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93975-5_4.
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AbstractThe Gaia-X project was initiated in 2019 by the German and French Ministers of Economy to ensure that companies would not lose control of their industrial data when it is hosted by non-EU cloud service providers.Since then, Gaia-X holds an international association presence in Belgium with more than 334 members, representing both users and providers across 20 countries and 16 national hubs and 5 candidate countries.The Association aims to increase the adoption of cloud services and accelerate data exchanges by European businesses through the facilitation of business data sovereignty with jointly approved (user and provider) policy rules on data portability and interoperability.Although for many enterprises, data sovereignty is seen as a prerequisite for using the cloud, a significant driver to boost the digital economy in business is incentivizing business data sharing. Two decades of cost optimization have constrained business value creation, driving many companies to neglect the opportunity to create shared value within a wider industry ecosystem.Now, thanks to the participation of large numbers of cloud users in the domains of Finance, Health, Energy, Automotive, Travel Aeronautics, Manufacturing, Agriculture, and Mobility, among others, Gaia-X is ideally positioned to help industries define appropriate data spaces and identify/develop compelling use cases, which can then be jointly deployed to a compliant-by-design platform architecture under the Gaia-X specifications, trust, and labeling frameworks.The creation of national Gaia-X hubs that act as independent think tanks, ambassadors, or influencers of the Association further facilitates the emergence of new data spaces and use/enabler cases at a country level, before these are subsequently extended to a European scope and beyond. Gaia-X partners share the view that data spaces will play a similar role in digital business as the web played 40 years ago to help the Internet take off.The Gaia-X Working Groups are at the core of the Gaia-X discussions and deliverables. There are three committees: the Technical, the Policies and Rules, and the Data Spaces and Business.The Technical Committee focus on key architectural elements and their evolution, such as and not limited to: Identity and Access Management: bridge the traditional X509 realm and new SSI realm, creating a decentralized network of identity federations Service Composition: how to assemble services in order to create new services with higher added value Self-Description: how to build digital trust at scale with measurable and comparable criteria The Policy and Rules Committee creates the deliverables required to develop the Gaia-X framework (compliance requirements, labels and qualification processes, credentials matrix, contractual agreements, etc.): The Labels and Qualification working group defines the E2E process for labels and qualification, from defining and evolving the levels of label, the process for defining new labels, and identifying and certifying existing CABS. The Credentials and Trust Anchors working group will develop and maintain a matrix of credentials and their verification methods to enable the implementation of compliance through automation, contractual clauses, certifications, or other methods. The Compliance working group collects compliance requirements from all sources to build a unique compliance requirements pool. The Data Spaces Business Committee helps the Association expanding and accelerating the creation of new Gaia-X service in the market: The Finance working group focuses on business modeling and supports the project office of the Association. The Technical working group analyzes the technical requirements from a business perspective. The Operational Requirements working group is the business requirements unit. The Hub working groups hold close contact with all Gaia-X Hubs and support the collection and creation of the Gaia-X use and business cases. These working groups maintain the international list of all use cases and data spaces and coordinate the Hubs.
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Jung, Philipp Roman. "Multinational Migration in the Global South: Complex and Non-linear Trajectories of Senegalese Migrants in Brazil." In IMISCOE Research Series, 159–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12503-4_8.
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AbstractA growing number of studies emphasise the non-linearity of migration. Aspirations and capabilities for multinational migration often develop or change during the migration process. These dynamics have mostly been analysed with regards to movements within the European Union or to countries in the so-called ‘Global North’. This chapter aims to broaden this focus by including movements in the context of South-South migration. It discusses multinational migration by Senegalese migrants in Brazil, which is both a destination and an origin of movements that connect a variety of countries and regions. It analyses the complex trajectories of Senegalese migrants from different social and educational backgrounds and focuses on how decisions to move again from one country to another develop and which factors influence the choice of destination. Through a multi-sited qualitative case study using interview and ethnographic methods with Senegalese migrants in four Brazilian cities – São Paulo, Praia Grande, Caxias do Sul and Passo Fundo – the research examines both already-occurred movements from Cape Verde and Argentina to Brazil and aspirations to migrate further to the ‘Global North’. The findings show that these multinational migrations are mostly driven by the desire for self-improvement – financial, professional or educational – and a hierarchy of desired destinations but also a result of suddenly emerging opportunities and mediation. The movements are facilitated through the multiple transnational ties with which Senegalese migrants are connected to different places. Furthermore, the study shows how Senegalese migrants acquire new migratory capital – for example in the form of another nationality, business activities or access to new networks – and how migration experiences influence onward migration aspirations and preparations, hereby drawing attention to the active learning process which migrants experience during their trajectory.
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Mkrttchian, Vardan, Serge V. Chernyshenko, and Mikhail Ivanov. "Avatar-Based Intellectual Managing for Innovation Technologies Transfer in Nationals Entrepreneurships of Armenia." In Encyclopedia of Organizational Knowledge, Administration, and Technology, 1468–79. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3473-1.ch101.
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Technology transfer is considered as one of the most important instruments of national and regional economic growth in such countries as world leaders such as the United States, Japan, the European Union, China, and others. The importance of developing this direction is not in doubt. It invests a lot of money, is supported at the legislative level. The activity of technology transfer centers is aimed at commercialization of the results obtained in different organizations of the world, ensuring the acceleration of solving technical problems of enterprises, improving the quality and reducing the cost of their products, and developing new types of products. The main goal of the Center is to facilitate the transfer of the Internet intellectual innovative technologies and blockchain technologies developed both in the Republic of Armenia and in the Armenian Diaspora to ensure sustainable growth of the economy, increase the competitiveness of industry, agriculture, science and education, tourism and business attractiveness Republic of Armenia and Artsakh Republic.
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Lopes, Filomena Castro, M. Paula Morais, and Peter Sasvari. "Comparative Analysis on the Usage of Business Information Systems among Portuguese and Hungarian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 265–96. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5970-4.ch013.
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It has become obvious that corporate management, administration, planning, cash flow, and other business activities could hardly function without information technology in the organization of society. Relationships between human activities and the people themselves are reliant more and more broadly on electronic devices. In terms of using information technology devices and services, the development of enterprises are significantly different in the European Union. This has led to a strong and significant relationship with the added value created by micro, small-, and medium-sized enterprises. In order to meet the needs of corporations, enterprise resource planning and integrated management systems have evolved and have become more and more widespread among small- and medium-sized enterprises as well. Although Portugal in the group of Southern European countries and Hungary in the group of Eastern European countries lag behind the other countries belonging to their group, it turns out that in terms of using and intending to use business information systems, Portuguese enterprises are more advanced in the categories of small- and medium-sized enterprises. This chapter explores this.
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Wang, Faye Fangfei. "Consumer Privacy Protection in the European Union." In Privacy Protection Measures and Technologies in Business Organizations, 331–49. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-501-4.ch014.
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With the development of automated information systems, consumers’ decisions can be made based on models of individuals’ preferences without any personal interaction. This raises serious concerns regarding data-privacy protection. Up-to-date legislation and appropriate technological measures are needed to enhance lawful access, process, and storage of sensitive personal data under automated information systems. This chapter provides the general interpretation of the requirements of security, personal data breach notification systems, and enforcement mechanisms according to the EU data privacy protection legislation. It aims to examine and evaluate whether the EC Data Protection Directive in 1995 and the new EC e-Privacy Directive amended by the Directive 2009/136/EC are sufficient to ensure the security of the future development of automated information systems that automatically capture, process, store, and analyse sensitive personal data across the EU countries. It discusses the impact of the EC directives to business organizations and proposes solutions to enhance the protection of users’/consumers’ privacy from a legal perspective.
Conference papers on the topic "New business enterprises – European Union countries"
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Botseva, Desislava, Georgi Tsolov, and Nikola Tanakov. "SMART REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION - OPPORTUNITY OR OXYMORON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.121.
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The need to understand and characterize management approaches, especially in their modern context, is becoming particularly important, mostly to test small and medium-sized businesses' ability to adapt to modernization's high demands. According to the research team, several challenges generated by various constraints, external and internal to organizations of this type, are why they fail to reach their growth and development potential. However, such a statement must be a subjected to a severe analysis based on the methodology of a new, modern system of indicators to illustrate SMEs' real readiness and ability to be in line with development trends. The regional sector analysis successfully identifies the prerequisites for these enterprises' development and determines their specific regional potentials. The study analyzes the small and medium-sized enterprise sector in the Balkan countries and within the European Union. The research team identifies the predisposition for small and medium enterprises to regional specialization, application of innovations, technologies, entrepreneurial discoveries, digitalization and strategy, planning, and programming of a new generation.
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Stansfield, Mark, and Kevin Grant. "Barriers to the Take-Up of Electronic Commerce among Small-Medium Sized Enterprises." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2662.
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Since small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role within many major economies throughout the world, their ability to successfully adopt and utilize the Internet and electronic commerce is of prime importance in ensuring their stability and future survival. In this paper, initial findings will be reported of a study carried out by the authors into the use made of the Internet and electronic commerce and key issues influencing its use by SMEs. In order to broaden the scope of this paper, the results gained from the study will be compared with figures relating to businesses in the rest of Scotland and the UK, as well as the US, Canada and Japan, and European countries that include Sweden, Germany, France and Italy. The issues raised from this study will be compared with similar studies carried out in other countries such as Australia, New Zealand and British Columbia, as well as countries within the European Union in order to provide a wider meaningful international context for the results of the study.
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Atabey, Naim Ata, Halenur Yılmaz, and Merve Öztürk. "The Role of OECD Corporate Governance Principles in the Integration of Commonwealth of Independent States Countries to the World Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01156.
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The founding members of The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) consist of mostly the European countries. The organization which is regional in nature and more focused on Europe has global aims like contributing to developments of world trade and economic development of members and other countries in the process of economic development. Corporate Governance Principles published for the first time in 1999 by OECD that can be adapted by each country according to their circumstances, provide guidance to countries in order to achieve the objectives. Corporate Governance Principles mainly focus on the responsibility, fairness, transparency and accountability. Gaining their independence after the dissolution of Soviet Union, the countries established Commonwealth of Independent States. They began to build their economic structures and make their presence felt in the world economy. Some developments like establishment of capital market can be seen as the best example of that effect. For all countries including Eurasia, adapting to the new institutional arrangements for businesses has become more important to continue their existence. Moreover, such integration between the CIS and world countries will contribute positively to developments of economic and cultural relationships. In this respect, enterprises in CIS countries are expected to shape their organizational structure according to international rules and standards. In this paper, the emerging developments of CIS countries due to being member to OECD and their compliance with Corporate Governance Principles, their possible problems and Corporate Governance Principles which is seen as common ground between CIS and world countries are evaluated.
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Burksaitiene, Daiva, and Kristina Garskaite-Milvydiene. "Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Factors in Joining the European Union Countries." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.076.
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Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are increasingly being used in the business world, and this process plays an important role in economic theory and lays the foundations for sustainable business development. The global recovery in foreign direct investment (FDI) was strong in 2015, with global FDI flows jumping by 38%, their highest level since the global economic and financial crisis of 2008–2009. A surge in cross-border M&As to $721 billion, from $432 billion in 2014, was the principal factor behind the global rebound. These M&As were partly driven by very large corporate reconfigurations by multinational enterprises (MNEs), i.e. changes in legal or ownership structures, including shifting their headquarters for strategic reasons and tax inversions. This paper examines the key M&As stimulating strategic objectives and causes, and ways of this process, as well as the cross-border M&As market activity. The objective of this paper is to identify ways, purposes and reasons of M&As transactions, and to present the factors influencing this process and market activity. The object of this research is the M&As transactions market. Research methodology of this paper is based on scientific literature and statistical information systematic, comparative, logical and econometric analysis.
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Kostadinović, Ivana, and Sunčica Stanković. "Comparative Analysis of the Development of the Small and Medium Enterprises Sector in the Republic of Serbia and the European Union." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.1.
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In modern conditions, developed market economies base their growth and development on the small and medium enterprises sector and entrepreneurship, as the most efficient segment of the economy, which provides the greatest contribution to employment, GDP and turnover. Since SMEs significantly contribute to employment, competitiveness and exports, developed countries have taken a systematic and organized approach to encourage their development and successful functioning. Following the example of developed countries, developing countries, are increasingly basing their economic growth and development on the SME sector. In the Republic of Serbia, at the beginning of the 21st century, institutional changes were implemented, which resulted in the improvement of the business environment and significant progress in building a system for encouraging and supporting the development of SMEs. The paper aims to, through comparative analysis, explain the development of the SME sector in the Republic of Serbia and the European Union.
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Roman, Angela, and Valentina-Diana Rusu. "MACROECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL DRIVERS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY. A CROSS-COUNTRY EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.03.
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Our paper aims to investigate how the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the quality of insti-tutions affect the level of entrepreneurial activity in 18 European Union countries, over the period 2002–2016. Using panel-data estimation techniques, we alternatively analyzed the effects of some macroeconomic and institutional framework related factors (in particular, the quality of institutions) on entrepreneurial activity level, proxied by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity rate, nascent entrepreneurship rate, and new business ownership rate. The results of our empirical analysis show that the economic situation of EU countries and the quality of institutions (reflected in our study through competitiveness, economic freedom, and governance quality) have a significant effect on early-stage entrepreneurs and for some variables the sign of the relationship depends on the age of the business. Our findings may be of interest to policy makers in developing effective policies contributing to enhancing the entrepreneurial capacity in different countries.
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Bublienė, Raimonda. "Internationalization and Multiple Discrimination: the Case of Employment Regulation." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.061.
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The article analyses European Union anti-discrimination law development in Member States and differences between protected grounds of discrimination. On this basis, the analysis covers recognition of the social complexity, internationalization and discrimination of foreigners for different grounds. The process of internationalization and migration, covering social, political, economical, cultural, legal processes, the non-discriminatory protection of a foreigner as a member of the society has become complicated, when attempting not to discriminate people arriving from the other countries and to have equal possibilities. The problems of discrimination are valid and significant for the civil society itself. The article also discusses the concept of multiple discrimination in European Union anti-discrimination law, legal regulation and protection against multiple discrimination in Europe and separate legal regulation of the Member States. This article argues that internationalization processes bring new approaches of interpretation of European Union employment equality law and contemporary challenges, introduces recent cases of equal treatment of employees during employment at private companies.
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Trpkova-Nestorovska, Marija. "VIABLE HEALTH FUNDING IN TIME OF DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2021.0017.
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In the past several decades a new challenge has arisen, and it refers to the rapid demographic ageing of the population in developed and developing countries, quite opposite to the previous understanding of overpopulated planet. Increase in the older population brings its implications to different segments of the society, and the national health system and its funding is one of them. This paper tends to analyze if there is a relationship between the government health expenditure and the increase in the older population in fourteen countries from the European Union that are experiencing most intense process of demographic ageing. Also, other possible determinants of the health expenditures are included, such as government social spending, gross domestic product per capita and dummy variable to estimate the effect of the global recession onto the health expenditure.
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Samardžić, Radovan. "LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF INVESTMENT FUNDS OF MONTENEGRO AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE REGION IN TIMES OF THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY BEFORE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW DIRECTIVES OF EUROPEAN UNION." In 4th International Scientific – Business Conference LIMEN 2018 – Leadership & Management: Integrated Politics of Research and Innovations. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2018.650.
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Ciornei, Laurenţiu, and Paula Munteanu. "Romanian Forest Sector Labor Force - Evolutions and Trends." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/32.
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As a trend of evolution, the labor force in the Romanian forestry sector is part of trajectory registered by the European Union, as a whole, because many of the member countries are still oriented on the traditional methods of administration, harvesting and processing. However, there are also developed countries with large forested areas (Finland, Sweden) that have embraced new technologies and adjusted management and production processes. This issue aimed, among other things, at reducing the number of people employed in the forestry sector. In Romania, increasing the number of the employees, based on the quantitative increase of jobs as result of the gross exploitation of resources, will slow down by adopting new technologies, reducing the consumption of natural resources, but also as an effect of economic shocks generated by the pandemic. For these reasons, according to our study, the low-skilled workforce will suffer, this being the most vulnerable category, as technological developments need employees with higher skills and abilities. Equally, the informal sector must be taken into account because it employs four times people more. Romania have to adopt those appropriate measures in order to help the incorporation of the labor force released from the forestry sector of resource exploitation into adjacent sustainable activities.