Academic literature on the topic 'New broad-Spectrum antiviral'
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Journal articles on the topic "New broad-Spectrum antiviral"
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Geraghty, Robert, Matthew Aliota, and Laurent Bonnac. "Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategies and Nucleoside Analogues." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040667.
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The emergence or re-emergence of viruses with epidemic and/or pandemic potential, such as Ebola, Zika, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) viruses, or new strains of influenza represents significant human health threats due to the absence of available treatments. Vaccines represent a key answer to control these viruses. However, in the case of a public health emergency, vaccine development, safety, and partial efficacy concerns may hinder their prompt deployment. Thus, developing broad-spectrum antiviral molecules for a fast response is essential to face an outbreak crisis as well as for bioweapon countermeasures. So far, broad-spectrum antivirals include two main categories: the family of drugs targeting the host-cell machinery essential for virus infection and replication, and the family of drugs directly targeting viruses. Among the molecules directly targeting viruses, nucleoside analogues form an essential class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this review, we will discuss the interest for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies and their limitations, with an emphasis on virus-targeted, broad-spectrum, antiviral nucleoside analogues and their mechanisms of action.
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Tian, Wen-Jun, and Xiao-Jia Wang. "Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Derived from Natural Products." Viruses 15, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15051100.
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Scientific advances have led to the development and production of numerous vaccines and antiviral drugs, but viruses, including re-emerging and emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, remain a major threat to human health. Many antiviral agents are rarely used in clinical treatment, however, because of their inefficacy and resistance. The toxicity of natural products may be lower, and some natural products have multiple targets, which means less resistance. Therefore, natural products may be an effective means to solve virus infection in the future. New techniques and ideas are currently being developed for the design and screening of antiviral drugs thanks to recent revelations about virus replication mechanisms and the advancement of molecular docking technology. This review will summarize recently discovered antiviral drugs, mechanisms of action, and screening and design strategies for novel antiviral agents.
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Krzyzowska, Malgorzata, Martyna Janicka, Emilia Tomaszewska, Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda, Grzegorz Celichowski, Jarosław Grobelny, and Pawel Szymanski. "Lactoferrin-Conjugated Nanoparticles as New Antivirals." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091862.
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Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with multiple functions in the body. Its activity against a broad spectrum of both DNA and RNA viruses as well as the ability to modulate immune responses have made it of interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The mechanisms of its antiviral activity include direct binding to the viruses or its receptors or the upregulation of antiviral responses by the immune system. Recently, much effort has been devoted to the use of nanotechnology in the development of new antivirals. In this review, we focus on describing the antiviral mechanisms of lactoferrin and the possible use of nanotechnology to construct safe and effective new antiviral drugs.
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Ghanbari, Reza, Ali Teimoori, Anahita Sadeghi, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Sama Rezasoltani, Ebrahim Asadi, Abolghasem Jouyban, and Susan CJ Sumner. "Existing antiviral options against SARS-CoV-2 replication in COVID-19 patients." Future Microbiology 15, no. 18 (December 2020): 1747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0120.
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COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, is an international concern. This infection requires urgent efforts to develop new antiviral compounds. To date, no specific drug in controlling this disease has been identified. Developing the new treatment is usually time consuming, therefore using the repurposing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs could be an effective strategy to respond immediately. In this review, a number of broad-spectrum antivirals with potential efficacy to inhibit the virus replication via targeting the virus spike protein (S protein), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) that are critical in the pathogenesis and life cycle of coronavirus, have been evaluated as possible treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.
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Gao, Chengfeng, Chunxia Wen, Zhifeng Li, Shuhan Lin, Shu Gao, Haida Ding, Peng Zou, Zheng Xing, and Yufeng Yu. "Fludarabine Inhibits Infection of Zika Virus, SFTS Phlebovirus, and Enterovirus A71." Viruses 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050774.
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Viral infections are one of the leading causes in human mortality and disease. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are a powerful weapon against new and re-emerging viruses. However, viral resistance to existing broad-spectrum antivirals remains a challenge, which demands development of new broad-spectrum therapeutics. In this report, we showed that fludarabine, a fluorinated purine analogue, effectively inhibited infection of RNA viruses, including Zika virus, Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, and Enterovirus A71, with all IC50 values below 1 μM in Vero, BHK21, U251 MG, and HMC3 cells. We observed that fludarabine has shown cytotoxicity to these cells only at high doses indicating it could be safe for future clinical use if approved. In conclusion, this study suggests that fludarabine could be developed as a potential broad-spectrum anti-RNA virus therapeutic agent.
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Vicente, Josefina, Martina Benedetti, Paula Martelliti, Luciana Vázquez, María Virginia Gentilini, Freddy Armando Peñaranda Figueredo, Mercedes Soledad Nabaes Jodar, Mariana Viegas, Andrea Alejandra Barquero, and Carlos Alberto Bueno. "The Flavonoid Cyanidin Shows Immunomodulatory and Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Properties, Including SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 15, no. 4 (April 18, 2023): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040989.
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New antiviral treatments are needed to deal with the unpredictable emergence of viruses. Furthermore, vaccines and antivirals are only available for just a few viral infections, and antiviral drug resistance is an increasing concern. Cyanidin (a natural product also called A18), a key flavonoid that is present in red berries and other fruits, attenuates the development of several diseases, through its anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding its mechanism of action, A18 was identified as an IL-17A inhibitor, resulting in the attenuation of IL-17A signaling and associated diseases in mice. Importantly, A18 also inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway in different cell types and conditions in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we report that A18 restricts RSV, HSV-1, canine coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 multiplication, indicating a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. We also found that A18 can control cytokine and NF-κB induction in RSV-infected cells independently of its antiviral activity. Furthermore, in mice infected with RSV, A18 not only significantly reduces viral titers in the lungs, but also diminishes lung injury. Thus, these results provide evidence that A18 could be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets to control these viral infections and pathogenesis.
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Tampere, Marianna, Aleksandra Pettke, Cristiano Salata, Olov Wallner, Tobias Koolmeister, Armando Cazares-Körner, Torkild Visnes, et al. "Novel Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors Targeting Host Factors Essential for Replication of Pathogenic RNA Viruses." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121423.
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Recent RNA virus outbreaks such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus (EBOV) have caused worldwide health emergencies highlighting the urgent need for new antiviral strategies. Targeting host cell pathways supporting viral replication is an attractive approach for development of antiviral compounds, especially with new, unexplored viruses where knowledge of virus biology is limited. Here, we present a strategy to identify host-targeted small molecule inhibitors using an image-based phenotypic antiviral screening assay followed by extensive target identification efforts revealing altered cellular pathways upon antiviral compound treatment. The newly discovered antiviral compounds showed broad-range antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Target identification of the antiviral compounds by thermal protein profiling revealed major effects on proteostasis pathways and disturbance in interactions between cellular HSP70 complex and viral proteins, illustrating the supportive role of HSP70 on many RNA viruses across virus families. Collectively, this strategy identifies new small molecule inhibitors with broad antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses, but also uncovers novel virus biology urgently needed for design of new antiviral therapies.
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Lee, Choongho. "Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges." Marine Drugs 18, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18090435.
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Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.
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de Wispelaere, Mélissanne, Margot Carocci, Dominique J. Burri, William J. Neidermyer, Calla M. Olson, Imme Roggenbach, Yanke Liang, et al. "A broad-spectrum antiviral molecule, QL47, selectively inhibits eukaryotic translation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 6 (December 30, 2019): 1694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011132.
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Small-molecule inhibitors of translation are critical tools to study the molecular mechanisms of protein synthesis. In this study, we sought to characterize how QL47, a host-targeted, small-molecule antiviral agent, inhibits steady-state viral protein expression. We demonstrate that this small molecule broadly inhibits both viral and host protein synthesis and targets a translation step specific to eukaryotic cells. We show that QL47 inhibits protein neosynthesis initiated by both canonical cap-driven and noncanonical initiation strategies, most likely by targeting an early step in translation elongation. Our findings thus establish QL47 as a new small-molecule inhibitor that can be utilized to probe the eukaryotic translation machinery and that can be further developed as a new therapeutic agent.
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Jones, Jeremy C., Bindumadhav M. Marathe, Christian Lerner, Lukas Kreis, Rodolfo Gasser, Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua, Isabel Najera, and Elena A. Govorkova. "A Novel Endonuclease Inhibitor Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Anti-Influenza Virus ActivityIn Vitro." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 5504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00888-16.
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ABSTRACTAntiviral drugs are important in preventing and controlling influenza, particularly when vaccines are ineffective or unavailable. A single class of antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), is recommended for treating influenza. The limited therapeutic options and the potential risk of antiviral resistance are driving the search for additional small-molecule inhibitors that act on influenza virus proteins. The acid polymerase (PA) of influenza viruses is a promising target for new antivirals because of its essential role in initiating virus transcription. Here, we characterized a novel compound, RO-7, identified as a putative PA endonuclease inhibitor. RO-7 was effective when added before the cessation of genome replication, reduced polymerase activity in cell-free systems, and decreased relative amounts of viral mRNA and genomic RNA during influenza virus infection. RO-7 specifically inhibited the ability of the PA endonuclease domain to cleave a nucleic acid substrate. RO-7 also inhibited influenza A viruses (seasonal and 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2) and B viruses (Yamagata and Victoria lineages), zoonotic viruses (H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2), and NAI-resistant variants in plaque reduction, yield reduction, and cell viability assays in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with nanomolar to submicromolar 50% effective concentrations (EC50s), low toxicity, and favorable selective indices. RO-7 also inhibited influenza virus replication in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Overall, RO-7 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against influenza A and B viruses in multiplein vitroassays, supporting its further characterization and development as a potential antiviral agent for treating influenza.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "New broad-Spectrum antiviral"
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LUCIA, FALSITTA. "DDX3, a new frontier in broad-spectrum antiviral therapy: synthesis of potential inhibitors." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1095615.
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Viral infections inflict many serious human diseases with very high mortality rates. New drug-resistant strains are continually emerging due to the high viral mutation rate, which makes necessary to develop novel potent antivirals.
Targeting cellular cofactor essential for the replication of different viruses but not for the cells represents a new strategy to combat infectious diseases and offers a higher genetic barrier to the development of the resistance.
The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 is a multifunctional protein involved in many aspects of RNA metabolism, including transcription, splicing, mRNA nuclear export, translation, RNA decay and ribosome biogenesis.
DDX3 is a human host factor required for the replication of several DNA and RNA such as herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus and West Nile virus.
Given the multifaceted functions of DDX3, this host factor represents a promising target to develop compounds with broad spectrum antiviral activity.
In the last few years Prof. Botta’s research group has been identified several inhibitors of DDX3 proteins. From a medicinal chemistry point of view, DDX3 has multiple enzymatic activities, ATPase and RNA helicase, and functional domains that may be targeted by potential inhibitors.
Prof. Botta’s research group, designed and validated the first small molecule DDX3 inhibitors specifically designed to target its RNA binding site (16d with anti-helicase activity against DDX3 IC50 = 0.3 μM). Pursuing this research line, a structure-based optimization process was prosecuted, resulting in the identification of a novel compound with the 1,2,4-oxadiazole nucleus UVR40, with anti-helicase activity against DDX3 IC50 = 0.13 μM. Thus, a small library of UVR40 derivatives has been designed by our computation group and synthesized during my PhD with the purpose to enlarge SAR knowledge, enhance its ADME properties and improve its activity profile.
At the same time, with the attempt to enlarge our library of DDX3 inhibitors, Prof. Botta’s group built a novel library of “hybrid” compounds starting from the structures of two hit compounds previously discovered, 16d member of the urea series, and UVR06 characterized by a sulfonamide moiety.
The novel library was synthesized, validated on the target enzyme, and evaluated against the West Nile virus (WNV) infection.
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Mathieu, Thomas. "Etude de deux ANPs Antiviraux : caractéristiques physico-chimiques du LAVR-289 et formulations innovantes du Ténofovir." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1021.
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Ce rapport de thèse s'inscrit dans une des étapes du développement préclinique d'un médicament candidat, qui consiste en la détermination de divers caractéristiques physico-chimiques du composé et en l'exploration de sa formulation. La molécule en phase préclinique est le LAVR-289, un nouvel antiviral à large spectre, appartenant à la famille des acyclonucléosides phosphonates, développée sous forme de prodrogue.Nous avons, dans un premier temps, déterminé différents paramètres du LAVR-289 tels que le pKa, le Log P ou la concentration d'agrégation critique par spectrophotométrie UV-visible, chromatographie liquide à polarité de phases inversées et spectrofluorimétrie, respectivement. Nous avons également développé une méthode de suivi analytique par HPLC-UV afin de déterminer la pureté des lots de synthèse du LAVR-289. Grâce à cette méthode analytique, les stabilités chimiques aux solvants et aux pH ainsi que la stabilité enzymatique plasmatique de cette molécule ont été déterminées. Des analyses en LC-HR-MS ont permis d'obtenir la structure de produits de dégradation ainsi que certains métabolites. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons synthétisé de nouveaux cargos polymériques basés sur la technologie des empreintes moléculaires afin de libérer de façon contrôlée des acyclonucléosides phosphonates. Cette étude exploratoire a été menée sur le Ténofovir, un antiviral utilisé dans le traitement des infections aux VIH et VHB. Ces nanomatériaux ont été développés par polymérisation par précipitation ou par création de systèmes cœur-coquille après dérivation de surface de nanoparticules, biodégradables et biocompatibles, synthétisées au laboratoire. Ces polymères ont été créés à partir de monomères issus de la fonctionnalisation de bases pyrimidiques. Ces matériaux ont montré une cinétique de relargage du Ténofovir plus lente que la forme non imprimée dépendante de la températureThis thesis is part of one of the stages in the preclinical development of a drug candidate, which consists in determining various physico-chemical characteristics of the compound and exploring its formulation. The molecule in preclinical phase is LAVR-289, a novel broad-spectrum antiviral belonging to the acyclonucleoside phosphonate family, developed in prodrug form.We began by determining various parameters of LAVR-289 such as pKa, Log P and critical aggregation concentration by UV-visible spectrophotometry, reversed phase liquid chromatography and spectrofluorimetry, respectively. We also developed a HPLC-UV analytical method to determine the purity of LAVR-289 synthesis batches. This analytical method was used to determine the chemical stability of this molecule with respect to solvents and pH, as well as its plasma enzymatic stability. LC-HR-MS analyses were used to obtain the structure of degradation products and some metabolites. In the second part, we have synthesised new polymeric nanocarriers based on molecular imprinting technology for the controlled release of phosphonate acyclonucleosides. This exploratory study was carried out on Tenofovir, an antiviral used in the treatment of HIV and HBV infections. These nanomaterials were developed by precipitation polymerisation or by creating core-shell systems after surface derivatisation of biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles synthesised in the laboratory. These polymers were created from monomers derived from the functionalisation of pyrimidine bases. These materials showed slower temperature-dependent release kinetics of Tenofovir than the no imprinted form
Books on the topic "New broad-Spectrum antiviral"
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Martinez, Tyler. Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0007.
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Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, typically due to a viral infection. Pure encephalitis will lack the signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation (eg, stiff neck and photophobia). New-onset seizures, cognitive deficits, new psychiatric symptoms, lethargy/coma, cranial nerve abnormalities, or movement disorders should alert the clinician to possible encephalitis. It is important to question the patient about foreign travel, immunocompromised state, and potential exposures. Empiric treatment for presumed viral encephalitis is with the antiviral acyclovir. Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics are also typically given to cover for possible bacterial meningitis. If there are signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), neurosurgical consultation should be obtained for possible decompressive craniotomy. Standard therapy for ICP (ie, hyperventilation, steroids, mannitol, hypertonic saline, and elevation of the head of the bed) should also be considered. The most concerning complication of encephalitis is the development of life-threatening cerebral edema with resultant brainstem compression and herniation.
Book chapters on the topic "New broad-Spectrum antiviral"
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Elazar, Menashe, and Jeffrey S. Glenn. "Confronting New and Old Antiviral Threats: Broad Spectrum Potential of Prenylation Inhibitors." In Antiviral Drug Discovery for Emerging Diseases and Bioterrorism Threats, 249–61. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471716715.ch11.
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Joy, Christy, and Marria C. Cyriac. "Phytochemicals as Potential Drug Candidates for SARS Cov-2: An RDRp Based In-Silico Drug Designing." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 58–69. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_7.
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AbstractThe global pandemic that the world is currently witnessing, COVID-19, even with vaccines available, the test positivity rate (TPR) tends to remain highly threatening. This research focuses on identifying phytochemicals, previously known for their broad-spectrum antiviral properties which can be potential drug candidates for theSARS-CoV-2. A total of 225 phytocompounds (downloaded from PubChem database) are docked against targetprotein (downloaded from PDB database) of SARS-CoV-2using the POAP pipeline. The target protein is the RDRp complex. They are screened according to their binding affinity values and the filtered phytochemicals are then subjected to various analyses including ADME properties (preADMET, swissADME), bioactivity score, and molecular properties (molinspiration), drug-likeness (preADMET), lipophilicity, water solubility, and pharmacokinetics (swissADME). The receptor-ligand interactions and the amino acid positions are obtained using Discovery Studio Visualiser. Molecular dynamic simulation studies are performed to reveal key receptor-drug interactions that must be formed to achieve tight drug binding and also to predict stability. Out of the 225, 10 phytochemicals showed the best scores and more probability of drug action. Compounds that showed promising drug action potential include oriciacridone, corilagin, cinchophyllamine, sophaline D, amentoflavone, cryptomisrine, ginkgetin, hypericin, pseudojervine, dieckol, hinokiflavone, robustaflavone, solamargine. The research herein provides new possibilities for in vitro and in vivo analyses of the proposed ligands to develop new drugs againstSARS-CoV-2.
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Ashfaq, Ghina, Junaid Ali, Saira Arif, Memoon Sajid, Gul Hassan, and Ahmed Shuja Syed. "Graphene and its Derivatives: A Potential Solution for Microbial Control." In 2D Materials: Chemistry and Applications (Part 1), 128–58. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815223675124010007.
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Graphene-based materials (GMs) are the most promising materials in this era of antimicrobial and antiviral materials. Their excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility have opened new doors in this field. Graphene has good mechanical properties, a large surface area, high barrier mobility, excellent electronic transport performance, and resistance to degradation. Antimicrobial and antiviral materials have been used in the health sector for many years to fight off pathogens. Antibiotics, metal ions, and quaternary ammonium hydroxide are used for bacteria, while metals and organic materials are effective against viruses. Although metals are effective against viruses, their toxicity, high cost, and unintended leaching restrict their use as antivirals. Viral strains are progressively mutating, emerging as new threats to our species' survival. Bacterial resistance has developed as a result of the excessive use of antibiotics. The antimicrobial materials used so far have a high cost, cause environmental pollution, and are complex to process. To overcome these challenges, graphene-based materials have been in the limelight for antiviral and antibacterial abilities against pathogens. The combined properties of graphene alongside metals, polymers, metal oxides, and many other materials enable the perfect tool to protect human health. Their efficacy and broad-spectrum activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can potentially improve the quality of life. This chapter examines the detailed application of graphene-based materials towards wound healing, antibacterial coatings, biosensors, bioimaging, antibacterial sutures, anti-bio films, photocatalytic degradation of bacteria, and antibacterial packaging.
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K. Singh, Ashok, Aakansha Singh, and Ankit Kumar Dubey. "Repurposed Therapeutic Strategies towards COVID-19 Potential Targets Based on Genomics and Protein Structure Remodeling." In Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19 [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96728.
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Target recognition is important for the identification of drugs with a high target specificity and/or for the development of existing drugs that could be replicated for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a pathogen recently discovered, no specific medicines have been identified or are available at present. The scientific community had proposed list of current drugs with therapeutic potential for COVID-19 on the basis of genomic sequence information coupled with protein structure modeling, posing an effective and productive therapeutic approach for repurposing existing drugs. The possible therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 involves a wide range of alternatives, encompassing nucleic acid-based treatments directed at the expression of genes of viruses, cytokine therapy, genetic engineered and vectored antibodies, and different formulations of vaccines. The future prospective in the treatment approaches the exploration of antiviral therapy, such as screening of prevailing molecules or libraries, testing of existing broad-spectrum antiviral medications, modern drug discovery focused on genomic knowledge and biochemical properties of various coronaviruses to create new targeted drugs.
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Suresh, J. Immanuel, and M. S. Sri Janani. "Seaweed." In Exploring Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Products in Disease Therapy, 211–24. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4120-3.ch009.
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A preponderance of research suggests that marine organisms are a veritable resource of metabolites critical in the drug discovery and development process. Typically, seaweeds produce a plethora of compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and antifungal properties. Studies on seaweed phytochemicals show that they possess an array of pharmacological properties that include antioxidative, immunostimulatory, and antitumor activity. Certain algae such as Ulva reticulata, Caulerpa occidentalis, Cladophora socialis, Dictyota ciliolate, and Gracilaria dendroides produce phlorotannins, diterpenoids, sterols, quinines, etc. These compounds are believed to have significant potential in the synthesis of investigational new drugs that will lead to the development of medicines that are safe, affordable, and effective in the prevention, management, and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and comorbidities. Consequently, this brief overview complements ongoing other exploratory studies propounding the utilization of CAM products in disease therapy.
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Kolayli, Sevgi. "A Miracle Food Supplement Obtained from Beehives: Propolis." In Herbs and Spices - New Perspectives in Human Health and Food Industry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1004254.
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In recent years, propolis has garnered substantial global attention as a dietary supplement, owing to its multifaceted nature and diverse biological properties. Derived from beehives, this natural product, characterized by its sticky, waxy consistency, and aromatic scent, is a complex amalgamation of plant and animal origins. Produced by honeybees through the enzymatic processing of resinous substances from herbal extracts, propolis serves an array of structural and functional roles, from insulating beehives to fortifying their defense against diseases. Raw propolis, collected from hives, is harnessed for various formulations as a food supplement following extraction using different solvents. Ethanol (70%) stands as the preferred solvent for propolis extraction, with oil-based and water-based extracts also viable options. Non-toxic propolis extracts are commonly consumed, often encapsulated within natural polymers like chitosan, pectin, alginate, and dextran. Renowned for its diverse array of biological activities, propolis showcases a broad spectrum of functionalities. These encompass antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, anti-diabetic, immuno-modulating, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. This book chapter aims to delve into propolis’ composition and its widespread popularity as a dietary supplement. Furthermore, it will explore the multifaceted impact of propolis on human health.
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Kumar Sachan, Rohan Samir, Ritu Bala, Abdel Rahman M. Al-Tawaha, Samia Khanum, and Arun Karnwal. "Antimicrobial Drugs Obtained from Marine Algae." In Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents, 213–47. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815080056123020011.
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In recent years, the antimicrobial resistance to various synthetic or chemically formed antimicrobial agents in medicines and food products has been observed. The high preference of consumers for purchasing food products free from chemical preservatives has led to more exploration into using antimicrobial agents from natural sources like plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. The marine ecosystem comprises microorganisms, plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates that are rich sources of diverse antimicrobial products and can be a significant potential for developing novel type therapeutic agents, as the major portion of the sea has still not yet been examined for the evaluation of natural molecules for their antimicrobial activity. Such marine ecological niches promise a great source of antibacterial agents against many drug-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. Among the marine source, marine algae are a diverse group of organisms that includes brown, red, and green algae that have been targeted over the last few years for the secondary metabolites and a broad range of natural molecules for a broad spectrum of bioactivities beneficial to humans. Such bioactive compounds and secondary products possess a broad range of biological activities of antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. The class of compounds derived from marine algae, such as polysaccharides, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, lectins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and halogenated compounds, would be a new emerging area for unconventional drugs. Such classes of compounds will share a potent ability to control new diseases or tackling against multi-resistant strains of pathogens.
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Upadhyay, Sonal, Ravi Bhushan, Pawan Kumar Dubey, Bashir A Sheikh, Mithun Rudrapal, and James H. Zothantluanga. "Aromatic Plants, Essential oils, Carminatives, Tea Plants and Expectorant Herbs for the Management of COVID-19." In Medicinal Plants, Phytomedicines and Traditional Herbal Remedies for Drug Discovery and Development against COVID-19, 219–32. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049510123010011.
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SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) leads to coronavirus disorder (COVID-19). It was detected in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019 and extended to different provinces in China. The drug discovery strategy that holds the thrust of the COVID-19 pandemic is the existing trial of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. However, molecular docking combined with chemical synthesis assists in discovering various synthetic agents, above one-third of FDA (Food and Drug Administration)- are naturally occurring products as approved drugs. Natural derivative products from different sources of fungus, plant and marine have been abundant in nutrition/ phytochemicals to prevent various disease discoveries for many diseases’ prevention. There are scarcely any country that is left intact by the coronavirus outbreak. Only the considerable well-known health threat still now requires it to be managed as early as possible. To date, there is no development of drugs or vaccines that have been proven clinically against COVID-19. Various secondary phytoconstituents with antiviral activities have been extracted from medicinal herbs. Different research works have been demonstrated all over the globe to find antiviral medication effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pandemic. The best preventive measures against COVID-19 infections would be searching for the molecules responsible for modifying or disturbing any pathways related to the virus replication cycle. Natural compounds are capable of altering or inhibiting the configuration of the structural protein of (spike glycoprotein), non-structural proteins (3-chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, and RdRP) and accessory proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome that are required to be investigated.Hence, various natural products and herbal extracts may prove as potent therapeutics in treating the symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, we will present some traditional plants/herbs that are found effective against viral activities and reduce the contamination risk by Coronavirus and cure some symptoms of COVID-19, mainly respiratory problems.
Reports on the topic "New broad-Spectrum antiviral"
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Wang, X. F., and M. Schuldiner. Systems biology approaches to dissect virus-host interactions to develop crops with broad-spectrum virus resistance. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134163.bard.
Full textAbstract:
More than 60% of plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause billion-dollar losses annually and pose a major threat to stable agricultural production, including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that infects numerous vegetables and ornamental trees. A highly conserved feature among these viruses is that they form viral replication complexes (VRCs) to multiply their genomes by hijacking host proteins and remodeling host intracellular membranes. As a conserved and indispensable process, VRC assembly also represents an excellent target for the development of antiviral strategies that can be used to control a wide-range of viruses. Using CMV and a model virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV), and relying on genomic tools and tailor-made large-scale resources specific for the project, our original objectives were to: 1) Identify host proteins that are required for viral replication complex assembly. 2) Dissect host requirements that determine viral host range. 3) Provide proof-of-concept evidence of a viral control strategy by blocking the viral replication complex-localized phospholipid synthesis. We expect to provide new ways and new concepts to control multiple viruses by targeting a conserved feature among positive-strand RNA viruses based on our results. Our work is going according to the expected timeline and we are progressing well on all aims. For Objective 1, among ~6,000 yeast genes, we have identified 96 hits that were possibly play critical roles in viral replication. These hits are involved in cellular pathways of 1) Phospholipid synthesis; 2) Membrane-shaping; 3) Sterol synthesis and transport; 4) Protein transport; 5) Protein modification, among many others. We are pursuing several genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport because cellular membranes are primarily composed of lipids and lipid compositional changes affect VRC formation and functions. For Objective 2, we have found that CPR5 proteins from monocotyledon plants promoted BMV replication while those from dicotyledon plants inhibited it, providing direct evidence that CPR5 protein determines the host range of BMV. We are currently examining the mechanisms by which dicot CPR5 genes inhibit BMV replication and expressing the dicot CPR5 genes in monocot plants to control BMV infection. For Objective 3, we have demonstrated that substitutions in a host gene involved in lipid synthesis, CHO2, prevented the VRC formation by directing BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a), which remodels the nuclear membrane to form VRCs, away from the nuclear membrane, and thus, no VRCs were formed. This has been reported in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Based on the results from Objective 3, we have extended our plan to demonstrate that an amphipathic alpha-helix in BMV 1a is necessary and sufficient to target BMV 1a to the nuclear membrane. We further found that the counterparts of the BMV 1a helix from a group of viruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily, such as CMV, hepatitis E virus, and Rubella virus, are sufficient to target VRCs to the designated membranes, revealing a conserved feature among the superfamily. A joint manuscript describing these exciting results and authored by the two labs will be submitted shortly. We have also successfully set up systems in tomato plants: 1) to efficiently knock down gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing so we could test effects of lacking a host gene(s) on CMV replication; 2) to overexpress any gene transiently from a mild virus (potato virus X) so we could test effects of the overexpressed gene(s) on CMV replication. In summary, we have made promising progress in all three Objectives. We have identified multiple new host proteins that are involved in VRC formation and may serve as good targets to develop antiviral strategies; have confirmed that CPR5 from dicot plants inhibited viral infection and are generating BMV-resistance rice and wheat crops by overexpressing dicot CPR5 genes; have demonstrated to block viral replication by preventing viral replication protein from targeting to the designated organelle membranes for the VRC formation and this concept can be further employed for virus control. We are grateful to BARD funding and are excited to carry on this project in collaboration.
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Gal-On, Amit, Shou-Wei Ding, Victor P. Gaba, and Harry S. Paris. role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in plant virus defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597919.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Our BARD proposal on the impact of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) in plant defense against viruses was divided into four original objectives. 1. To examine whether a high level of dsRNA expression can stimulate RDR1 transcription independent of salicylic acid (SA) concentration. 2. To determine whether the high or low level of RDR1 transcript accumulation observed in virus resistant and susceptible cultivars is associated with viral resistance and susceptibility. 3. To define the biogenesis and function of RDR1-dependent endogenous siRNAs. 4. To understand why Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) can overcome RDR1-dependent resistance. The objectives were slightly changed due to the unique finding that cucumber has four different RDR1 genes. Background to the topic: RDR1 is a key plant defense against viruses. RDR1 is induced by virus infection and produces viral and plant dsRNAs which are processed by DICERs to siRNAs. siRNAs guide specific viral and plant RNA cleavage or serve as primers for secondary amplification of viral-dsRNA by RDR. The proposal is based on our preliminary results that a. the association of siRNA and RDR1 accumulation with multiple virus resistance, and b. that virus infection induced the RDR1-dependent production of a new class of endogenous siRNAs. However, the precise mechanisms underlying RDR1 induction and siRNA biogenesis due to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We found that in the cucurbit family (cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon) there are 3-4 RDR1 genes not documented in other plant families. This important finding required a change in the emphasis of our objectives. We characterized 4 RDR1s in cucumber and 3 in melon. We demonstrated that in cucumber RDR1b is apparently a new broad spectrum virus resistance gene, independent of SA. In melon RDR1b is truncated, and therefore is assumed to be the reason that melon is highly susceptible to many viruses. RDR1c is dramatically induced due to DNA and RNA virus infection, and inhibition of RDR1c expression led to increased virus accumulation which suggested its important on gene silencing/defense mechanism. We show that induction of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis is associated with production of a genetically distinct class of virus-activated siRNAs (vasiRNAs) by RNA dependent RNA polymerase-1 targeting hundreds of host genes for RNA silencing by Argonaute-2. Production of vasiRNAs is induced by viruses from two different super groups of RNA virus families, targeted for inhibition by CMV, and correlated with virus resistance independently of viral siRNAs. We propose that antiviral RNAi activate broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs, in addition to specific antiviral defense Implications both scientific and agricultural: The RDR1b (resistance) gene can now be used as a transcription marker for broad virus resistance. The discovery of vasiRNAs expands the repertoire of siRNAs and suggests that the siRNA-processing activity of Dicer proteins may play a more important role in the regulation of plant and animal gene expression than is currently known. We assume that precise screening of the vasiRNA host targets will lead in the near future for identification of plant genes associate with virus diseases and perhaps other pathogens.