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Nickas, Mark. "A PATENT PRIZE SYSTEM TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTIBIOTICS AND CONSERVATION OF EXISTING ONES." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 12 (April 13, 2012): 255–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2012.98.
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Antibiotics are valuable drugs that fight bacterial infections, but our supply of antibiotics is at risk. Existing antibiotics gradually lose their effectiveness due to bacterial resistance, and few new antibiotics are being developed to replace them. A variety of models have been proposed to promote the conservation of existing antibiotics or incentivize private actors, i.e., drug companies, to develop new ones. Previous models, however, all encourage investment in antibiotic research and development via patent rights, which also create an incentive to oversell antibiotics. Because the inappropriate use of antibiotics accelerates the development of resistance, patent rights put the public health objectives of antibiotic development and conservation in tension with one another. This article proposes an antibiotic-specific patent prize system that uncouples the two policy objectives necessary to achieve a stable antibiotic supply. Although others have proposed patent prize systems to promote drug development generally, the system described here is tailored to address the unique features of antibiotic markets.
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Friedland, Ian R., and Irja Lutsar. "New antibiotics." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 10, no. 1 (February 1998): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199802000-00008.
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Faro, Sebastian. "New Antibiotics." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (1998): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744998000398.
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Faro, Sebastian. "New Antibiotics." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (1998): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-0997(1998)6:5<195::aid-idog1>3.0.co;2-6.
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Slain, Douglas, Rogerio Lopes-Júnior, Maria Inês De Toledo, Fernando Del Fiol, and Silvio Barberato-Filho. "Decrease in Antibiotic Sales in Brazil After New Control Legislation." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.146.
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Abstract Background Brazil, like many Latin American countries, has struggled with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community without a prescription form a physician. Since November 2010, The Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency has established stricter control of antibiotic sales, which requires that a copy of antibiotic prescriptions be retained by the pharmacy for audit. Pharmacists now also have more severe civil and criminal liability if they allow the sale of antibiotics without a prescription. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the new legislation preventing the sale of antibiotics in pharmacies without a prescription. Methods The data for antibiotic usage in units was collected from electronic monitoring of pharmacy members of the Brazilian Federation of Pharmacies (FEBRAFAR), which tracked information about the antibiotics sold in approximately 3,000 pharmacies from 1,500 municipalities across Brazil. We compared the sale of antibiotics during two time periods: 12 months prior to the new legislation and 12 months after. Results We observed a reduction in pharmacy sales of each class of antibiotics included in this study following the implementation of the new legislation. Pharmacy sales for 27 (84.4%) of the 32 antibiotics included in the study were reduced in response to the new legislation, whereas sales of five antibiotics were increased. Overall, tetracycline (−57.8%), co-trimoxazole (−28.8%), and amoxicillin (−29.1%) showed the largest reduction of all agents. With month to month analysis, the greatest reduction in units sold/month was observed for the following therapeutic classes: tetracyclines (30.5%), sulfonamides (28.5%), macrolides (25.0%), and penicillins (20.5%). Yearly trend analysis showed a significant reduction in antibiotics during the winter months (average monthly difference: −31.5%, P < 0.05) Conclusion The reduction in the number of antibiotic units sold by pharmacies after the implementation of legislation designed to regulate antibiotic use in Brazil suggests that the policy is successful and will contribute to rational use of antibiotics in Brazil. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Akimkin, V. G., A. V. Tutelyan, N. I. Shulakova, and E. M. Voronin. "COVID-19 pandemic: a new round of antibiotic resistance." Infekcionnye bolezni 19, no. 3 (2021): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2021-3-133-138.
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In this article, we analyzed the problems associated with increasing antibiotic resistance, irrational use of antibiotics, and inadequate demand for them during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective. Using the method of digital epidemiology, we analyzed the dynamics of the frequency of a specific request for antibiotics in pharmacies and hospitals. We used open data from Yandex (Wordstat.Yandex) and Google (Google Trends) collected on weekly basis for the Russian Federation. Results. The World Health Organization reports a growing problem of antibiotic misuse by some individuals and healthcare institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Extensive irrational use of antibiotics causes the development of antibiotic resistance by many microorganisms, including those circulating in hospitals (for example, ESKAPE group). Moreover, COVID-19 has led to an exponential increase in the use of biocides worldwide, potentially resulting in additional indirect pressure promoting the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains. The pandemic in Russia was marked by a significant increase in antibiotic sales in pharmacies (including systemic antibacterial agents) and purchases by healthcare institutions. Conclusion. Our findings demonstrate that the rapid spread of COVID-19 was associated with extensive consumption of antibiotics, which resulted in growing antibacterial resistance (number of circulating drug-resistant strains) and posed a threat to the national security. The COVID-19 necessitates the discovery of new effective treatments for this infection, as well as rational use of antimicrobial drugs. The implementation of surveillance of antibiotic consumption will help to identify changing trends in their use, combine efforts to solve problems related to antibiotics and drug resistance, and to ensure rational use of antimicrobials. Key words: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, pandemic, COVID-19, digital epidemiology
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Outterson, Kevin, John H. Powers, Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio, and Aaron S. Kesselheim. "Approval and Withdrawal of New Antibiotics and other Antiinfectives in the U.S., 1980–2009." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12079.
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Antibiotic use triggers evolutionary and ecological responses from bacteria, leading to antibiotic resistance and harmful patient outcomes. Two complementary strategies support long-term antibiotic effectiveness: conservation of existing therapies and production of novel antibiotics. Conservation encompasses infection control, antibiotic stewardship, and other public health interventions to prevent infection, which reduce antibiotic demand. Production of new antibiotics allows physicians to replace existing drugs rendered less effective by resistance.In recent years, physicians and policymakers have raised concerns about the pipeline for new antibiotics, pointing to a decline in the number of antibiotics approved since the 1980s. This trend has been attributed to high research and development costs, low reimbursement for antibiotics, and regulatory standards for review and approval. Professional societies and researchers around the world have called for renewed emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship, while also supporting antibiotic research and development through grants, changes to intellectual property laws to extend market exclusivity periods, and modification of premarket testing regulations to reduce antibiotic development time and expenses.
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Conly, JM, and BL Johnston. "Where are all the new antibiotics? The new antibiotic paradox." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 3 (2005): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/892058.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, illnesses caused by infectious agents ranked among the most common causes of death in North America and, indeed, worldwide. By the middle of the century, dramatic advances in the diagnosis, management and prevention of infectious diseases had occurred, and hopes were raised that many infectious diseases would be eliminated by the end of the 20th century. Much of this success in the management of infectious diseases was related to a continuous new armamentarium of antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1928 followed by the discovery and clinical use of sulphonamides in the 1930s heralded the age of modern antibiotherapy (1,2). Penicillin came into widespread use during the early 1940s. By the 1950s, the 'golden era' of antibiotic development and use was well underway, and multiple new classes of antibiotics were introduced over the next two decades (Table 1) (3).
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Norris, Pauline, Marianna Churchward, Fuafiva Fa'alau, and Cecilia Vaai. "Understanding and use of antibiotics amongst Samoan people in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09030.
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INTRODUCTION: Use of antibiotics is high in Samoa and this may affect the expectations and patterns of antibiotic use of Samoans in New Zealand. AIM: This study examined the understanding and reported use of antibiotics amongst Samoans in New Zealand. METHODS: In-depth interviews were held with 13 Samoans in New Zealand. These interviews were analysed and used to develop a questionnaire that was administered to 112 Samoans attending health care facilities in New Zealand. RESULTS: Many participants had little understanding of antibiotics. Less than 2% identified the correct purpose for antibiotics, and 66% thought they were used to relieve pain. Respondents regarded a wide range of medicines (including some which they regularly took) as antibiotics. They frequently attributed colds and flu to environmental conditions (96%), and regarded antibiotics as a useful treatment for them (81%). They reported stopping taking antibiotics before finishing the course. Very few (8%) were aware of antibiotic resistance. DISCUSSION: Health care practitioners cannot assume that patients share a Western scientific understanding of which illnesses are caused by microbes, or what antibiotics are or do. People may have significant confusion about the medicines they take. Samoans, whether they are born in New Zealand or not, may hold traditional Samoan views about health and illness. KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, lay knowledge, URTI (upper respiratory tract infections), Samoa, New Zealand
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JOYNER, MICHELE L. "MODELING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ANTIBIOTIC CLASS VERSUS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEXT GENERATION ANTIBIOTIC ON THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IN A HOSPITAL SETTING." Journal of Biological Systems 20, no. 01 (March 2012): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339012500039.
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The increase in antibiotic resistance continues to pose a major public health risk leading to a more intense focus on ways to limit and even reduce this threat. One such effort is the push for twenty new classes of antibiotics by the year 2020. Most of the current antibiotics used today are derivations of antibiotics first introduced forty to fifty years ago. In this paper, we develop mathematical models to simulate the difference between implementing a next generation antibiotic versus a new class antibiotic within a hospital setting. Using these models, we simulate the short term and long term effects of using the new antibiotic to combat existing levels of antimicrobial resistance. In addition to analyzing the difference in antibiotic classes, we also analyze the effects of the method of administration of the new antibiotic. Simulations suggest a need in the long term for the development of new classes of antibiotics administered in a very structured, targeted manner.
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Friedman, Jaime B. "New Macrolide Antibiotics." Annals of Internal Medicine 117, no. 6 (September 15, 1992): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-6-533.
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LABISCHINSKI, H. "Editorial - New Antibiotics." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 291, no. 5 (2001): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1438-4221-00172.
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Eriksson, Inge, Örjan Mortimer, and Marje Reinans. "Antibiotics—New Indications." Drug Information Journal 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150103500338.
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Paiva, José A., and José M. Pereira. "New antifungal antibiotics." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 26, no. 2 (April 2013): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0b013e32835ebcb7.
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Redman, Kerry, and Lara Frick. "New Antibiotics Update." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 8, no. 5 (May 2012): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2012.02.002.
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Birnbaumer, Diane, and Madonna Fernández-Frackelton. "THE NEW ANTIBIOTICS." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 18, no. 4 (November 2000): 671–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70153-x.
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Dozzo, Paola, and Heinz E. Moser. "New aminoglycoside antibiotics." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 20, no. 10 (July 30, 2010): 1321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.2010.506189.
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Connor, Kathryn A. "New Intravenous Antibiotics." AACN Advanced Critical Care 21, no. 3 (2010): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nci.0b013e3181e06091.
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&NA;. "New Intravenous Antibiotics." AACN Advanced Critical Care 21, no. 3 (2010): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nci.0b013e3181efbfdc.
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Breithaupt, Holger. "The new antibiotics." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 12 (December 1999): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/70705.
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Khobragade, Aarti S., Ajay P. Patil, Shubham B. Yadav, Dr Rupali Tasgaonkar, and Vishal T. Khandebarad. "Review of New Antibiotics for Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48972.
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bstract: Antibiotics usually referred to as antimicrobial medications, are medicines that combat bacterial infections. The greatest threat to the public's health comes from germs from clinical and non-clinical environments that are increasingly resistant to current antibiotics. One of the main contributors to antimicrobial resistance is the number of antibiotics that are generally consumed in the population. There is a lot of unofficial information concerning the misuse of antibiotics, their availability over the counter, and their dose, but there is very little concrete proof of local customs. The development of new antibiotics with the lowest level of microbial resistance is always made possible by the aforementioned facts. [1] The goal of the current investigation is to examine the troubling issue of antibiotic resistance and the creation of bacterial strains that are resistant to many drugs, both of which are now prevalent in hospitals and pose a threat to the global effort to control infectious diseases. Possible tactics to stop antibiotic resistance are analyzed after a thorough analysis of these occurrences and the numerous mechanisms that lead some bacteria to become resistant to particular medications that were once successful in treating diseases brought on by the same pathogens. [2]
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Hochvaldová, Lucie, Renata Večeřová, Milan Kolář, Robert Prucek, Libor Kvítek, Lubomír Lapčík, and Aleš Panáček. "Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0059.
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Abstract When combined with nanomaterials, antibiotics show antibacterial activity against susceptible and resistant bacterial strains at significantly lower concentrations. Unfortunately, to date, no research study has examined the effect of the antibiotic mode of action and mechanism of bacterial resistance on the effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. Therefore, in this review, we performed a thorough analysis and critical evaluation of previously published data related to the combined antibacterial effect of antibiotics with nanostructured materials with a targeted focus on relationships between antibiotic’s modes of action and bacterial resistance mechanisms for relevant nanomaterials and their impact on the resulting synergistic effects. Following thorough data analysis and critical discussion, we have discovered and are the first who present that antibiotic’s mode of action and bacterial resistance mechanism determine the final effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. We therefore conclude that only certain combinations of nanomaterials with antibiotics can lead to the enhancement and restoration of the antibacterial effectiveness of antibiotics against certain resistant bacteria. Moreover, the recently occurring development of bacterial resistance towards nanomaterials is also discussed together with a possibility of how to prevent it. All discovered findings provide a new view and perspective on this issue helping to navigate further approaches to combat the antibiotic crisis.
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Bérdy, János. "Antibiotics: present and future." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 15 (April 2013): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29584.
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The author discuss the up to date interpretation of the concept of antibiotics and antibiotic research, as well as the present role of various natural, semisynthetic and synthetic antibiotic compounds in various areas of the human therapy. The origin and the total number of all antibiotics and applied antibiotics in the practice, as well as the bioactive microbial metabolites (antibiotics) in other therapeutical, non-antibiotic fields (including agriculture) are also reviewed. The author discusses main problems, such as increasing (poly)resistance, virulence of pathogens and the non-scientific factors (such as a decline of research efforts and their sociological, economic, financial and regulatory reasons). A short summary of the history of Hungarian antibiotic research is also provided. The author briefly discusses the prospects in the future and the general advantages of the natural products over synthetic compounds. It is concluded that new approaches for the investigation of the unlimited possibilities of the living world are necessary. The discovery of new types or simply neglected (micro)organisms and their biosynthetic capabilities, the introduction of new biotechnological and genetic methods (genomics, metagenom, genome mining) are absolutely required in the future. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 563–573.
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Vimberg, Vladimir, Leona Zieglerova, Aninda Mazumdar, Zsolt Szűcs, Aniko Borbás, Pál Herczegh, and Gabriela Balikova Novotna. "Two Novel Semisynthetic Lipoglycopeptides Active against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms and Cells in Late Stationary Growth Phase." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111182.
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The increase in antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria underscores the urgent need to develop new antibiotics. New antibiotics should target actively growing susceptible bacteria that are resistant to clinically accepted antibiotics including bacteria that are not growing or are protected in a biofilm environment. In this paper, we compare the in vitro activities of two new semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics, MA79 and ERJ390, with two clinically used glycopeptide antibiotics—vancomycin and teicoplanin. The new antibiotics effectively killed not only exponentially growing cells of Staphylococcus aureus, but also cells in the stationary growth phase and biofilm.
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Billington, John K. "A New Product Development Partnership Model for Antibiotic Resistance." American Journal of Law & Medicine 42, no. 2-3 (May 2016): 487–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858816658277.
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Antibiotics have prevented countless deaths from common infections and have made possible many modern medical procedures. Over the past few decades, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global threat, spreading between healthcare facilities and throughout communities worldwide at an alarming pace. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in humans, animals, and the environment accelerate resistance by selecting for bacteria with antibiotic-resistant traits, which then become predominant and infect others. Meanwhile, few antibiotics remain active against the most resistant bacteria. There is an urgent need for new antibiotics and other antibacterial products to replace second-line and last resort therapies when they no longer work. This Article proposes a new U.S.-based, non-governmental, not-for-profit product development partnership (PDP) model specifically designed for antibacterial development. This new model should both supplement and complement existing government-led efforts and should be built with mechanisms in place to balance the values of innovation, access, and conservation.
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Stone, M. Rhia L., Mark S. Butler, Wanida Phetsang, Matthew A. Cooper, and Mark A. T. Blaskovich. "Fluorescent Antibiotics: New Research Tools to Fight Antibiotic Resistance." Trends in Biotechnology 36, no. 5 (May 2018): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.01.004.
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SHIMOTOHNO, KUMIKO W., TOYOSHIGE ENDO, and KAZUO FURIHATA. "Antibiotic AC6H, a new component of tetrocarcin group antibiotics." Journal of Antibiotics 46, no. 4 (1993): 682–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.46.682.
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Ziemska, Joanna, Aleksandra Rajnisz, and Jolanta Solecka. "New perspectives on antibacterial drug research." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 943–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0209-6.
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AbstractBacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics is constantly increasing. Bacteria particularly dangerous for human life are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence, there is an incessant need for developing compounds with new modes of action and seeking alternate drug targets. In this review, the authors discuss the current situation of antibacterial medicines and present data on new antibiotic targets. Moreover, alternatives to antibiotics, such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides and monoclonal antibodies, are presented. The authors also draw attention to the valuable features of natural sources in developing antibacterial compounds. The need to prevent and control infections as well as the reasonable use of currently available antibiotics is also emphasized.
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Dameh, Majd, Pauline Norris, and James Green. "New Zealand pharmacists experiences, practices and views regarding antibiotic use without prescription." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 2 (2012): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12131.
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INTRODUCTION: Very few studies have investigated pharmacists views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. This study aimed to explore through self-report and hypothetical scenarios what factors determine New Zealand pharmacists behaviour and attitudes towards non-prescription use of antibiotics. METHODS: A purposeful sample of 35 registered community pharmacists of differing ethnic backgrounds was selected from a mixture of pharmacies that predominantly either serve New Zealand European customers or customers of other ethnicities. Semi-structured interviews including general background questions and six hypothetical scenarios were used for the investigation. Pharmacists ethnicity, education, years of experience, and customers ethnicity may influence their views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. Customer demand or expectation, business orientation and competitiveness within community pharmacies, standards and practice of fellow pharmacists, ethics and professionalism, legislation, enforcement of the legislation, and apprehension of the consequences of such practice were hypothesised to have an effect on antibiotic use or supply without prescription by pharmacists. FINDINGS: The supply of antibiotics without prescription is not common practice in New Zealand. However, personal use of antibiotics without prescription by pharmacists may have been underestimated. Pharmacists were aware of legalities surrounding selling and using antibiotics and practised accordingly, yet many used antibiotics without prescription to treat themselves and/or spouses or partners. Many pharmacists also reported that under certain legislative, and regulatory and situational conditions they would sell antibiotics without a prescription. CONCLUSION: Views and practices regarding antibiotic use without prescription by community pharmacists require further exploration. KEYWORDS: Non-prescription antibiotics; hypothetical scenarios; legislation enforcement; New Zealand
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Cortes-Sanchez, Emilio, and Paul A. Hoskisson. "New approaches for new antibiotics." Biochemist 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03703028.
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Seventy years ago, Sir Alexander Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain for “the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”. Fleming was born and grew up in the small village of Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland. His work, as a famous son of Scotland, is commemorated on a bank note. Ironically, this also demonstrates how much we have come to undervalue and take antibiotics for granted, as it is the lowest denomination note in the currency - the £5 note.
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Am?bile-Cuevas, Carlos. "New Antibiotics and New Resistance." American Scientist 91, no. 2 (2003): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.2.138.
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Amabile-Cuevas, Carlos. "New Antibiotics and New Resistance." American Scientist 91, no. 2 (2003): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.12.138.
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Ceri, H., M. E. Olson, C. Stremick, R. R. Read, D. Morck, and A. Buret. "The Calgary Biofilm Device: New Technology for Rapid Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacterial Biofilms." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 6 (1999): 1771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.6.1771-1776.1999.
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Determination of the MIC, based on the activities of antibiotics against planktonic bacteria, is the standard assay for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Adherent bacterial populations (biofilms) present with an innate lack of antibiotic susceptibility not seen in the same bacteria grown as planktonic populations. The Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) is described as a new technology for the rapid and reproducible assay of biofilm susceptibilities to antibiotics. The CBD produces 96 equivalent biofilms for the assay of antibiotic susceptibilities by the standard 96-well technology. Biofilm formation was followed by quantitative microbiology and scanning electron microscopy. Susceptibility to a standard group of antibiotics was determined for National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) reference strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, andStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. Growth curves demonstrated that biofilms of a predetermined size could be formed on the CBD at specific time points and, furthermore, that no significant difference (P > 0.1) was seen between biofilms formed on each of the 96 pegs. The antibiotic susceptibilities for planktonic populations obtained by the NCCLS method or from the CBD were similar. Minimal biofilm eradication concentrations, derived by using the CBD, demonstrated that for biofilms of the same organisms, 100 to 1,000 times the concentration of a certain antibiotic were often required for the antibiotic to be effective, while other antibiotics were found to be effective at the MICs. The CBD offers a new technology for the rational selection of antibiotics effective against microbial biofilms and for the screening of new effective antibiotic compounds.
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Lamoree, Bas, and Roderick E. Hubbard. "Using Fragment-Based Approaches to Discover New Antibiotics." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 23, no. 6 (June 20, 2018): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555218773034.
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Fragment-based lead discovery has emerged over the past two decades as a successful approach to generate novel lead candidates in drug discovery programs. The two main advantages over conventional high-throughput screening (HTS) are more efficient sampling of chemical space and tighter control over the physicochemical properties of the lead candidates. Antibiotics are a class of drugs with particularly strict property requirements for efficacy and safety. The development of novel antibiotics has slowed down so much that resistance has now evolved against every available antibiotic drug. Here we give an overview of fragment-based approaches in screening and lead discovery projects for new antibiotics. We discuss several successful hit-to-lead development examples. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and opportunities for fragment-based lead discovery toward new antibiotics.
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Stenehjem, Edward, Anthony Wallin, Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, Whitney R. Buckel, Valoree Stanfield, Kimberly D. Brunisholz, Jeff Sorensen, et al. "Antibiotic Prescribing Variability in a Large Urgent Care Network: A New Target for Outpatient Stewardship." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 8 (October 23, 2019): 1781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz910.
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Abstract Improving antibiotic prescribing in outpatient settings is a public health priority. In the United States, urgent care (UC) encounters are increasing and have high rates of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Our objective was to characterize antibiotic prescribing practices during UC encounters, with a focus on respiratory tract conditions. This was a retrospective cohort study of UC encounters in the Intermountain Healthcare network. Among 1.16 million UC encounters, antibiotics were prescribed during 34% of UC encounters and respiratory conditions accounted for 61% of all antibiotics prescribed. Of respiratory encounters, 50% resulted in antibiotic prescriptions, yet the variability at the level of the provider ranged from 3% to 94%. Similar variability between providers was observed for respiratory conditions where antibiotics were not indicated and in first-line antibiotic selection for sinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis. These findings support the importance of developing antibiotic stewardship interventions specifically targeting UC settings.
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Barner, Amanda, and Lou Ann Bruno-Murtha. "Influenza With an Infiltrate: Investigating the New Community-Acquired Pneumonia Guidelines." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.884.
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Background: The Infectious Diseases Society of America released updated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guidelines in October 2019. One of the recommendations, with a low quality of supporting evidence, is the standard administration of antibiotics in adult patients with influenza and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Procalcitonin (PCT) is not endorsed as a strategy to withhold antibiotic therapy, but it could be used to de-escalate appropriate patients after 48–72 hours. Radiographic findings are not indicative of the etiology of pneumonia. Prescribing antibiotics for all influenza-positive patients with an infiltrate has significant implications for stewardship. Therefore, we reviewed hospitalized, influenza-positive patients at our institution during the 2018–2019 season, and we sought to assess the impact of an abnormal chest x-ray (CXR) and PCT on antibiotic prescribing and outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all influenza-positive admissions at 2 urban, community-based, teaching hospitals. Demographic data, vaccination status, PCT levels, CXR findings, and treatment regimens were reviewed. The primary outcome was the difference in receipt of antibiotics between patients with a negative (<0.25 ng/mL) and positive PCT. Secondary outcomes included the impact of CXR result on antibiotic prescribing, duration, 30-day readmission, and 90-day mortality. Results: We reviewed the medical records of 117 patients; 43 (36.7%) received antibiotics. The vaccination rate was 36.7%. Also, 11% of patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 84% received antibiotics. Moreover, 109 patients had a CXR: 61 (55.9%) were negative, 29 (26.6%) indeterminate, and 19 (17.4%) positive per radiologist interpretation. Patients with a positive PCT (OR, 12.7; 95% CI, 3.43–60.98; P < .0007) and an abnormal CXR (OR, 7.4; 95% CI, 2.9–20.1; P = .000003) were more likely to receive antibiotics. There was no significant difference in 30-day readmission (11.6% vs 13.5%; OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.21–3.08; P = 1) and 90-day mortality (11.6% vs 5.4%; OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 0.48–12.75; P = .28) between those that received antibiotics and those that did not, respectively. Furthermore, 30 patients (62.5%) with an abnormal CXR received antibiotics and 21 (43.7%) had negative PCT. There was no difference in 30-day readmission or 90-day mortality between those that did and did not receive antibiotics. Conclusions: Utilization of PCT allowed selective prescribing of antibiotics without impacting readmission or mortality. Antibiotics should be initiated for critically ill patients and based on clinical judgement, rather than for all influenza-positive patients with CXR abnormalities.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Concia, Ercole, Fulvia Mazzaferri, and Maddalena Cordioli. "New antibiotic development: barriers and opportunities." Italian Journal of Medicine 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2016.790.
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Antibiotic resistance represents a serious threat to public health worldwide, leading to increased healthcare costs, prolonged hospital stays, treatment failures and deaths. To address the emergency of multidrug-resistance, the major international societies of infectious diseases and public health have developed strategies and guidelines to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use as well as to incite the development of new antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens. Even though pharmaceutical companies have been developing new antibiotics since 2010, the global situation is still worrisome. Indeed, the currently available data regarding new antibiotics are limited to microbiological activity and pharmacokinetic profile and their use for the treatment of life-threatening infections (i.e., sepsis) is often off-label. The aim of this article is to present the antibiotic molecules recently commercialized and with which clinicians will deal quite often in next years. We describe ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, eravacycline, plazomicin, dalbavancin, oritavancin and tedizolid in terms of mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, trials behind the approval and possible indications for the future. In last few years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved many new antibiotic molecules but, unfortunately, they lack in biological innovation and in wide clinical indications. These agents show appealing properties for off-label use, as we propose in the article, but caution is still needed considering that high-quality clinical data are limited.
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Wright, Gerard D. "Something old, something new: revisiting natural products in antibiotic drug discovery." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 3 (March 2014): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0063.
Full textAbstract:
Antibiotic discovery is in crisis. Despite a growing need for new drugs resulting from the increasing number of multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogens, there have been only a handful of new antibiotics approved for clinical use in the past 2 decades. Faced with scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, the pharmaceutical sector seems unable to respond to what has been called an “apocalyptic” threat. Natural products produced by bacteria and fungi are genetically encoded products of natural selection that have been the mainstay sources of the antibiotics in current clinical use. The pharmaceutical industry has largely abandoned these compounds in favor of large libraries of synthetic molecules because of difficulties in identifying new natural product antibiotics scaffolds. Advances in next-generation genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and analytical chemistry are combining to overcome barriers to natural products. Coupled with new strategies in antibiotic discovery, including inhibition of resistance, novel drug combinations, and new targets, natural products are poised for a renaissance to address what is a pressing health care crisis.
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Halim, Steven Victoria, and Eko Setiawan. "Seftarolin, Antibiotik Baru dengan Aktivitas Anti-MRSA: Sebuah Kajian Efektivitas, Keamanan, dan Biaya Penggunaan." Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2020.v6.i1.15015.
Full textAbstract:
A growing problem in the medical field is the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens. One reason this development is so important is that in recent years there is a shortage of new antibiotics in development to combat resistant pathogens. It worths to mention that while 19 new antibiotics were released in the period 1980 to 1984, this had dropped to just three in the period 2005 to 2009. Ironically, the shortage of new antibiotics occur in the era where growing number of pathogens develop resistance to multiple antibiotics that previously effectively used to treat the infections. As a consequent, it is essential that the efficacy of last resort antibiotics, including the new antibiotics, be maintained as long as possible. Ceftaroline is a new antibiotic in Indonesia market which has methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity and it belongs to the cephalosporins. Further understanding related to basic profile of ceftaroline, efficacy and safety, cost, and place in therapy is needed to optimize the responsible used of ceftaroline in daily medical practice
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Lee, Carol, Pauline Norris, Isabelle Duck, and Chris Sibley. "Demographic and Psychological Factors Associated with Feelings of Antibiotic Entitlement in New Zealand." Antibiotics 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7030082.
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Patients’ expectations of being prescribed antibiotics can have an important influence on inappropriate prescribing. Therefore, it is important to understand the drivers of patients’ antibiotic expectations. The 2015/16 New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study measured sense of entitlement to antibiotics in a nationally representative sample of New Zealanders (n = 13,484). Participants were asked to rate their agreement with the statement “If I go to my doctor/GP with a minor illness (e.g., sore throat, cough, runny nose, etc.), I think that I should be prescribed antibiotics by default.” Eighty percent of participants showed low feelings of antibiotic entitlement, while 18.5% exhibited moderate and 3.7% high feelings of entitlement. People of ethnic minority, lower socio-economic status, and with diabetes expressed higher expectations of being prescribed antibiotics. This may be partially based on a higher risk of rheumatic fever or other complications. Men, religious people, those with lower educational attainment and self-rated health, but greater psychological distress and feelings of control over their health exhibited higher feelings of antibiotic entitlement. Those high on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Narcissism, but low on Agreeableness and Openness, also showed greater feelings of entitlement. Our findings help identify key characteristics of those more likely to express inappropriate expectations of antibiotic prescription.
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Bassetti, Matteo, Federica Magnè, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Lorenzo Bini, and Antonio Vena. "New antibiotics for Gram-negative pneumonia." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 166 (December 21, 2022): 220119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0119-2022.
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Pneumonia is frequently encountered in clinical practice, and Gram-negative bacilli constitute a significant proportion of its aetiology, especially when it is acquired in a hospital setting. With the alarming global rise in multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacilli, antibiotic therapy for treating patients with pneumonia is challenging and must be guided byin vitrosusceptibility results. In this review, we provide an overview of antibiotics newly approved for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Ceftazidime-avibactam, imipenem-relebactam and meropenem-vaborbactam have potent activity against some of the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, especiallyKlebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemase producers. Several novel antibiotics have potent activity against multidrug-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa, such as ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, imipenem-relabactam and cefiderocol. Cefiderocol may also play an important role in the management of pneumonia caused byAcinetobacter baumannii, along with plazomicin and eravacycline.
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Pepi, Milva. "Antibiotic Resistance in Cattle Livestocks in the Mediterranean Area With A One Health View." Corpus Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Science (CJDVS) 2, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cjdvs1029.
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Antibiotics are used in livestocks not only in case of infections but also in prophylactic treatments to favour growth of animals. They are often added to feed, with a high percentage of unmodified antibiotics reaching intact the environment and constituting new emerging contaminants. Especially in the past, the same antibiotics supplied to animals could also be used in humans. Antibiotics resistance onset can originate inside the animals, in the resistome of the intestine, with a similar mechanism as the antibiotic resistance triggering in humans. Once activated within cattle, antibiotic resistant bacteria and related antibiotic resistance genes can be spread via food, milk and meat, or via manure which can be spread into the environment during fertilization procedures. Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes of antibiotic resistance can thus reach human beings and the resistance genetic determinants can be included in pathogenic bacteria, vinifying action of antibiotics against those pathogens. The Mediterranean area presents a high density of dairy cattle livestocks and the problem of antibiotic resistance spread is of great concern. It is important to monitor the extent of antibiotic resistance diffusion and the possible consequent ineffectiveness of the known antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. If from one hand it is of paramount importance to discover new antibiotics active against pathogenic bacteria, although this approach needs time, from the other hand it is mandatory to find new approaches facing with the problems of antibiotic resistance. A One Health approach, focusing on the cooperation of medical and veterinarian staffs, including people operating for environmental safeguard, could represent a valid method to actuate a decrease of the use of antibiotics in cattle livestocks and to operate with a continuous control and a monitoring of the critical points, in order to counteract the challenge of antibiotic resistance. This minireview was focused on antibiotic resistance onset in cattle livestocks in the Mediterranean area, calling attention on the high potential of spread of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and in the environment, thus evidencing the need of a One Health approach to face with this concern.
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Han, Wenxu, Ziqi Wei, and Terri A. Camesano. "New antimicrobial peptide-antibiotic combination strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa inactivation." Biointerphases 17, no. 4 (July 2022): 041002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001981.
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Novel antimicrobials or new treatment strategies are urgently needed to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa) related infections and especially to address the problem of antibiotic resistance. We propose a novel strategy that combines the human antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL37 with different antibiotics to find synergistic AMP-antibiotic combinations against P. aeruginosa strains in vitro. Our results showed that LL37 exhibited synergistic inhibitory and bactericidal effects against P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA103 when combined with the antibiotics vancomycin, azithromycin, polymyxin B, and colistin. In addition, LL37 caused strong outer membrane permeabilization, as demonstrated through measurement of an increased uptake of the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. The membrane permeabilization effects appear to explain why it was easier to rescue the effectiveness of the antibiotic toward the bacteria because the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa exhibits barrier function for antibiotics. Furthermore, the change in the zeta potential was measured for P. aeruginosa strains with the addition of LL37. Zeta potentials for P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA103 were −40.9 and −10.9 mV, respectively. With the addition of LL37, negative zeta potentials were gradually neutralized. We found that positively charged LL37 can interact with and neutralize the negatively charged bacterial outer membrane through electrostatic interactions, and the process of neutralization is believed to have contributed to the increase in outer membrane permeability. Finally, to further illustrate the relationship between outer membrane permeabilization and the uptake of antibiotics, we used LL37 to make the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa strains more permeable, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for several antibiotics (colistin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, vancomycin, and azithromycin) were measured. The MICs decreased were twofold to fourfold, in general. For example, the MICs of azithromycin and vancomycin decreased more than fourfold when against P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, which were the greatest decrease of any of the antibiotics tested in this experiment. As for PA103, the MIC of polymyxin B2 decreased fourfold, which was the strongest decrease seen for any of the antibiotics tested in this experiment. The increased uptake of antibiotics not only demonstrates the barrier role of the outer membrane but also validates the mechanism of synergistic effects that we have proposed. These results indicate the great potential of an LL37-antibiotic combination strategy and provide possible explanations for the mechanisms behind this synergy.
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Sergiev, P. V., I. A. Osterman, A. Ya Golovina, I. G. Laptev, P. I. Pletnev, S. A. Evfratov, E. I. Marusich, et al. "Application of reporter strains for new antibiotic screening." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 62, no. 2 (2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20166202117.
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Screening for new antibiotics remains an important area of biology and medical science. Indispensable for this type of research is early identification of antibiotic mechanism of action. Preferentially, it should be studied quickly and cost-effectively, on the stage of primary screening. In this review we describe an application of reporter strains for rapid classification of antibiotics by its target, without prior purification of an active compound and determination of chemical structure
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Stewart, Laveta, Ping Li, Maj Dana M. Blyth, Wesley R. Campbell, Joseph L. Petfield, Margot Krauss, Lauren Greenberg, and David R. Tribble. "Antibiotic Practice Patterns for Extremity Wound Infections among Blast-Injured Subjects." Military Medicine 185, Supplement_1 (January 2020): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz211.
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ABSTRACT Introduction We examined antibiotic management of combat-related extremity wound infections (CEWI) among wounded U.S. military personnel (2009–2012). Methods Patients were included if they sustained blast injuries, resulting in ≥1 open extremity wound, were admitted to participating U.S. hospitals, developed a CEWI (osteomyelitis or deep soft-tissue infections) within 30 days post-injury, and received ≥3 days of relevant antibiotic (s) for treatment. Results Among 267 patients, 133 (50%) had only a CEWI, while 134 (50%) had a CEWI plus concomitant non-extremity infection. In the pre-diagnosis period (4–10 days prior to CEWI diagnosis), 95 (36%) patients started a new antibiotic with 28% of patients receiving ≥2 antibiotics. During CEWI diagnosis week (±3 days of diagnosis), 209 (78%) patients started a new antibiotic (71% with ≥2 antibiotics). In the week following diagnosis (4–10 days after CEWI diagnosis), 121 (45%) patients started a new antibiotic with 39% receiving ≥2 antibiotics. Restricting to ±7 days of CEWI diagnosis, patients commonly received two (35%) or three (27%) antibiotics with frequent combinations involving carbapenem, vancomycin, and fluoroquinolones. Conclusions Substantial variation in antibiotic prescribing patterns related to CEWIs warrants development of combat-related clinical practice guidelines beyond infection prevention, to include strategies to reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotics and improve stewardship.
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Kotwani, Anita, Jyoti Joshi, Anjana S. Lamkang, Ayushi Sharma, and Deeksha Kaloni. "Knowledge and behavior of consumers towards the non-prescription purchase of antibiotics: An insight from a qualitative study from New Delhi, India." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2206.
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Background: In Low-and Middle-Income Countries, including India, consumers often purchase antibiotics over-the-counter (OTC) from retail pharmacies. This practice leads to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community which is an important driver for the development of antimicrobial resistance. A better understanding of consumers’ views towards this grave public health concern is critical to developing evidence-based intervention programs for awareness among the general population.
Objective: To explore knowledge, practice and, behavior of consumers towards antibiotics, antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance, purchasing behavior of consumers for antibiotics, and to gain insight which will help in developing evidence-based policy interventions.
Methods: 72 in-depth consumer interviews were conducted in all 11 districts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results: Our study found that retail pharmacies were the first point of consultation for common ailments for patients/consumers once home remedies failed; they were largely unaware of the threat of antimicrobial resistance. Consumers’ knowledge of antibiotic use and about antimicrobial resistance was low, they used old prescriptions, and bought antibiotics OTC to save time and money. Despite the presence of regulations constituted to regulate the sale of antibiotics by the Government and the implementation of national campaigns, the practice of self-medication and behaviors such as OTC purchase, non-adherence to prescribed antibiotics was prevalent. Consumers perceive that antibiotics provide quick relief and accelerate the curing process and retail pharmacy shops try to protect their retail business interests by honoring old prescriptions and self-medication for antibiotics.
Conclusions: The lack of awareness and insufficient knowledge about what antibiotics are and issues such as antimicrobial resistance or antibiotic resistance resulted in misuse of antibiotics by consumers. Limited access to public healthcare and affordability of private healthcare are factors that contribute towards the self-medication/OTC purchase of antibiotics. The regular misuse of antibiotics through irrational use reinforces the need for strong enactment of strategies like continuous community awareness campaigns. Mitigation efforts should focus upon educating consumers continuously and sustainably for the understanding of antibiotic misuse, antimicrobial resistance, and promote better compliance with regulations.
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Gohil, Jayendra R., Chintu C. Chaudary, and Sheena D. Sivanandan. "Antibiotic usage rates in bacterial versus nonbacterial diseases: a new way to monitor hospital-acquired infections in children: a retrospective case analysis." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 11 (October 21, 2020): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20204540.
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Background: While treating children, the selection of antibiotics, when indicated, should be from the point of its effectiveness, safety, suitability, and cost. However, this flow of action does not take place in all cases. Aim of the study was to assess the antibiotic usage in admitted children and mortality.Methods: The case records between January to July 2012 in children wards was evaluated for the use of antibiotics. Patients were grouped into; group A- ‘must use' antibiotic in all, and group B- where antibiotics are not indicated.Results: There were 1852 admissions, including 719 Thalassemia cases. Antibiotic usage was 63% in 1133 cases after excluding thalassemia. Out of 1133 cases, 423 were in group A and 710 cases were in group B. In group B the antibiotic usage was 41%. The mortality was 6.6% and 4.8% in group A and B. Inside group B, mortality was 5.9% versus 4.0% in those administered versus not administered, antibiotics.Conclusions: There was no increase in mortality in patients in whom antibiotics were not prescribed, and no added benefit of prescribing antibiotics was observed in nonbacterial group B disease patients. The mortality was similar in both the groups. In nonbacterial group B, the antibiotics did not offer any advantage in the reduction of mortality, but increased the cost of the treatment, and possibly the chance of development of drug resistance and adverse events. When analysing the hospital antibiotic usage, only the nonbacterial diseases should be considered to get a true picture of the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
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Hamza, Hussain A., and Nasreen R. Jber. "Synthesis, Characterization and Estimation the Biological Activity of New Mesomorphic Heterocyclic Compounds." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 01 (March 25, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.v10i1.24.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus that resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., Cefoxitin and Oxacillin). MRSA has a tremendous capacity to develop resistance to other classes of antibiotics and forming a real threat to patients. The process of exploring a new tactic of non-antibiotic treatments has become an urgent need. A bacteriophage is one of the possible treatments that strongly suggested. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria as a natural host with a bactericidal capability against multidrug-resistant bacteria that do not respond to conventional antibiotics. The current study investigates the lytic efficacy of phage-cocktail in vitro, specifically against S. aureus isolated from skin infections and find out the possible association of phage-antibiotic resistance. A total of 43 isolates of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus were isolated from skin infections. The isolates are distributed as (10 isolates of burn, 4 isolates of diabetic foot ulcer, 7 isolates of surgical wounds, 3 isolates of pressure ulcer, and 19 of skin and soft tissue infection). The isolates exhibited variant antibiotic susceptibility against 12 antibiotics (Cefoxitin FOX, Vancomycin VAN, Oxacillin OX, Rifampin RA, Chloramphenicol C, Nitrofurantoin F, Clindamycin DA, Azithromycin AZM, Amikacin AK, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole SXT, Ciprofloxacin CIP, and Gentamicin CN). A bacteriophage cocktail was isolated using a phage-enrichment technique, high titer phage lysate (5*109 pfu/ml) was obtained and investigated against 43 MRSA isolates. The phage-cocktail showed high specificity to S. aureus but variable susceptibility to 43 MRSA isolates. It was observed that there was no association (p greater than 0.05) between phage and antibiotic resistance of (FOX, OX, VAN, RA, C, F, and DA) where the significant association was observed (p less than 0.05) with (AZM, AK, SXT, CIP, and CN). Significantly, the more antibiotic-resistant isolates exhibited more sensitivity to phage-cocktail, which represents a promising alternative to antibiotics that do not affect with increasing antibiotic resistance.
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Blaskovich, Mark AT. "The diminished antimicrobial pipeline." Microbiology Australia 40, no. 2 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma19025.
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Australians love antibiotics, with one of the highest rates of human antibiotic usage in the world. Unfortunately, they are being loved to death, as high rates of inappropriate use, both here and around the globe, are contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria against which our current arsenal of antibiotics is becoming increasingly ineffective. In the past, advancements in developing new antibiotics kept pace with developing resistance, but we are now facing a deadly reality where the pipeline of ‘new and improved' antibiotics is rapidly drying up. There are a number of global initiatives attempting to reprime the pipeline, but the exit of major pharmaceutical companies from antibiotic research and the poor financial performance of antibiotic-focused biotechnology companies continues.
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Yee, Emma, Steven Cheng, Grant Knappe, and Christine Moomau. "Antibiotic resistance: How to prevent the next public health emergency." MIT Science Policy Review 1 (August 20, 2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.7bhjorymhn.
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Antibiotics are a vital component of global health. By killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, antibiotics treat infections like pneumonia, staph, and tuberculosis. By preventing infections, they enable major medical procedures such as surgeries and chemotherapy. However, bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to current antibiotics, causing an estimated 34,000 deaths annually in the US. Left unchecked, antibiotic resistance will have major public health consequences, causing over 5 million deaths each year by 2050. Major causes of this crisis are the misuse of existing antibiotics and the slow development of new antibiotics. To incentivize responsible use, governments and institutions are initiating education programs, mandating comprehensive hospital antibiotic stewardship programs, and funding the development of rapid diagnostics. To bring new antibiotic drugs to market, the US government and other non-governmental organizations are funding scientific research toward antibiotic development. Additional incentives are being pursued to improve the commercial viability of antibiotic development and protect drug developers from the unique challenges of the antibiotic market. With diligent efforts to improve responsible use and encourage novel antibiotic drug discovery, we can decrease the global disease burden, save money, and save lives.