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Journal articles on the topic 'Neutron scattering'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Bondar, Aleksandr, Alexey Buzulutskov, Aleksandr Burdakov, Evgeny Grishnyaev, Aleksandr Dolgov, Aleksandr Makarov, Sergey Polosatkin, Andrey Sokolov, Sergey Taskaev, and Lev Shekhtman. "Proposal for Neutron Scattering Systems for Calibration of Dark Matter Search and Low-Energy Neutrino Detectors." Siberian Journal of Physics 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2013-8-3-27-38.

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The proposal of two neutron scattering systems for calibration of two-phase cryogenic avalanche detectors with high sensitivity being developed at Budker INP is presented. This kind of detectors is designed for the search of dark matter and low energy neutrino detection, in particular, coherent neutrino scattering on nuclei. Detector calibration is made with a measurement of ionization yield and scintillation quenching factor for low energy recoiling nuclei (in 0.5 to 100 keV range) originating from elastic scattering of neutrons. To provide wide range of recoiling nuclei energies two systems of neutron scattering are proposed. The first one is based on small-sized DD generator of fast (2.45 MeV) monoenergetic neutrons operating on sealed neutron tube. The second one is based on tandem proton accelerator and lithium target and capable of generation of monoenergetic epithermal neutrons with energy up to 100 keV

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2

Yuan, Peng, and Jinkui Zhao. "Resolution, truncation and smearing of the one-dimensional spin echo small-angle scattering instrument." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 2 (March 15, 2003): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803002395.

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The resolution of the spin echo small-angle neutron scattering (SESANS) instrument is limited by the precession Larmor fields and by the wavelength of the neutrons. It can reach to about a micrometer with thermal neutrons and to a few tens of micrometers with cold neutrons. Since a SESANS instrument will have a limited coverage in scattering angles or in neutron momentum transfers, there will be truncation errors in the measured correlation functions. These truncation errors increase with smaller scattering particles and they limit the smallest particle that can be effectively studied by the instrument. The off-plane scatterings in one-dimensional SESANS as well as the inhomogeneity of the precession fields cause smearing effects in the correlation functions. Desmearing procedures developed for the traditional small-angle scattering instruments can be used to restore the true parameters of the scattering particle.

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3

Mason, T. E., and A. D. Taylor. "Neutron Scattering in Materials Research." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 12 (December 1999): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053665.

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With materials of ever-increasing complexity becoming key elements of the technologies underpinning industrial and economic development, there is an ongoing need for tools that reveal the microscopic origins of physical, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and biological properties. Neutron scattering is one such powerful tool for the study of the structure and dynamics of materials. Neutrons are well suited to this purpose for several reasons:∎ Neutrons are electrically neutral, leading to penetration depths of centimeters and thereby enabling in situ studies.∎ Neutron cross sections exhibit no regular dependence on atomic number and are similar in magnitude across the periodic table, giving rise to sensitivity to light elements in the presence of heavier ones.∎ Certain large differences in isotopic scattering cross sections (e.g., hydrogen to deuterium, H/D) make neutrons especially useful for the study of light atoms in materials.∎ The range of momentum transfer available allows probing of a broad range of length scales (0.1–105 Å), important in many different materials and applications.∎ Thermal and “cold” (longer-wavelength) neutrons cover a range of energies sufficient to probe a wide range of lattice or magnetic excitations, “slow” dynamic processes such as polymer chain reptation, and so forth.∎ Neutrons have magnetic moments and are thus uniquely sensitive probes of magnetic interactions.∎ Neutrons can be polarized, allowing the cross sections (magnetic and non-magnetic) to be separated.∎ The simplicity of the magnetic and nuclear interactions makes interpretation of results straightforward.

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4

Roberts, Joyce A. "The Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033996.

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In October 1986, the neutron scattering facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory became a national user facility and a formal user program was initiated in 1988. In July 1989, this facility was dedicated as the Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center (Lujan Center) in honor of the long-term Congress representative from New Mexico. The Lujan Center, part of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), is a pulsed spallation neutron source equipped with time-of-flight neutron-scattering spectrometers for condensed-matter research. Neutron scattering is a powerful technique for probing the microscopic structure of condensed matter. The energies and wavelengths of thermal neutrons closely match typical excitation energies and interatomic distances in solids and liquids. Because neutrons have no charge, they penetrate bulk samples of material to give precise information on the positions and motions of individual atoms. The magnetic moment of a neutron interacts with unpaired electrons, making neutrons ideal for probing microscopic magnetic properties. Because neutron-scattering cross sections do not vary monotonically with the atomic number of the scattering nucleus, neutrons and x-rays can provide complementary structural information. This technique is particularly effective for structural problems in polymer and biological studies because hydrogen and deuterium scatter neutrons strongly but with different cross sections.

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5

Rinaldi, Romano. "Neutron scattering in Mineral Sciences: Preface." European Journal of Mineralogy 14, no. 2 (March 22, 2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0195.

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6

Teshigawara, Makoto, Yujiro Ikeda, Mingfei Yan, Kazuo Muramatsu, Koichi Sutani, Masafumi Fukuzumi, Yohei Noda, Satoshi Koizumi, Koichi Saruta, and Yoshie Otake. "New Material Exploration to Enhance Neutron Intensity below Cold Neutrons: Nanosized Graphene Flower Aggregation." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010076.

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It is proposed that nanosized graphene aggregation could facilitate coherent neutron scattering under particle size conditions similar to nanodiamonds to enhance neutron intensity below cold neutrons. Using the RIKEN accelerator-driven compact neutron source and iMATERIA at J-PARC, we performed neutron measurement experiments, total neutron cross-section, and small-angle neutron scattering on nanosized graphene aggregation. For the first time, the measured data revealed that nanosized graphene aggregation increased the total neutron cross-sections and small-angle scattering in the cold neutron energy region. This is most likely due to coherent scattering, resulting in higher neutron intensities, similar to nanodiamonds.

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7

Ederth, Thomas. "Neutrons for scattering: What they are, where to get them, and how to deal with them." EPJ Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818801002.

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In neutron scattering studies of soft matter, a diverse array of methods and instruments are used, providing information on structure and dynamics on various length and energy scales. However, much of the infrastructure needed for neutron scattering is common for many instruments. After a brief historical retrospect of neutron scattering, this chapter introduces the basic infrastructure needed to conduct scattering experiments. This includes equipment that is used to produce, spectrally adjust and purify, and to deliver neutrons to the instruments where scattering experiments are conducted. The basics of the interaction of neutrons with matter is also introduced, as a preparation for the final sections on the different means at hand for neutron detection.

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8

KAMIYAMA, Takashi, Shinichi ITOH, Toshiharu FUKUNAGA, and Kazuma HIROTA. "Neutron Total Scattering and Inelastic Neutron Scattering." Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi 46, no. 6 (2004): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5940/jcrsj.46.390.

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9

Aleksenskii, Aleksander, Markus Bleuel, Alexei Bosak, Alexandra Chumakova, Artur Dideikin, Marc Dubois, Ekaterina Korobkina, et al. "Clustering of Diamond Nanoparticles, Fluorination and Efficiency of Slow Neutron Reflectors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081945.

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Neutrons can be an instrument or an object in many fields of research. Major efforts all over the world are devoted to improving the intensity of neutron sources and the efficiency of neutron delivery for experimental installations. In this context, neutron reflectors play a key role because they allow significant improvement of both economy and efficiency. For slow neutrons, Detonation NanoDiamond (DND) powders provide exceptionally good reflecting performance due to the combination of enhanced coherent scattering and low neutron absorption. The enhancement is at maximum when the nanoparticle diameter is close to the neutron wavelength. Therefore, the mean nanoparticle diameter and the diameter distribution are important. In addition, DNDs show clustering, which increases their effective diameters. Here, we report on how breaking agglomerates affects clustering of DNDs and the overall reflector performance. We characterize DNDs using small-angle neutron scattering, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, dynamical light scattering, infra-red light spectroscopy, and others. Based on the results of these tests, we discuss the calculated size distribution of DNDs, the absolute cross-section of neutron scattering, the neutron albedo, and the neutron intensity gain for neutron traps with DND walls.

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10

Heinemann, André, Helmut Hermann, Albrecht Wiedenmann, Norbert Mattern, and Klaus Wetzig. "A small-angle neutron scattering model for polydisperse spherical particles with diffusion zones and application to soft magnetic metallic glass." Journal of Applied Crystallography 33, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889800013248.

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An analytical expression for the small-angle neutron scattering intensity of diluted systems of polydisperse spherical particles, with diffusion zones, embedded in a matrix is presented. It is used within a nonlinear regression procedure to analyse small-angle neutron scattering experiments with polarized neutrons on an Fe73.5Si15.5B7CuNb3alloy. The results for the nuclear and magnetic scattering length densities allow verification of the inhibitor concept introduced for the explanation of the limited sizes of precipitates developing during nanocrystallization. In the case of amorphous Fe73.5Si15.5B7CuNb3alloy, the observed nanocrystals of the Fe3Si type are surrounded by an Nb-enriched shell, which stops the growth of the precipitates. With the results of polarized neutron scattering experiments, it is shown that magnetic and nuclear small-angle neutron scattering signals have the same origin. Additionally, the precision of the fits is improved by complementary use of polarized neutrons.

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11

Dabas, Dr Seema. "Thermal Neutron Scattering of Un-Aligned Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1346–3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41520.

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Abstract: Neutron scattering is the scattering of free neutrons by matter. This process is used for the investigation of materials. Neutron scattering is an experimental technique which is applied in various areas of physics, physical chemistry, biophysics, crystallography and materials research. Neutron diffraction (elastic scattering) is used for determination of structures of materials. In this paper we attempted to study thermal neutron scattering in randomly un-aligned multi walled carbon nanotubes making use of an anisotropic dynamical model. This model includes the presence of both the surface modes and intertube coupling. Comparison of scattering cross section of un-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been done with fullerene and graphite. It was concluded that there is a significant difference between the values of scattering cross section for randomly un-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes and fullerene at higher values of energy. Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Elastic scattering, Neutron Diffraction, Frequency distribution function, Specific heat

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12

CUSACK, S., B. JACROT, R. LEBERMAN, R. MAY, P. TlMMINS, and G. ZACCAI. "Neutron scattering." Nature 339, no. 6223 (June 1989): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339330a0.

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13

KAJI, KEISUKE. "Neutron Scattering." Sen'i Gakkaishi 41, no. 12 (1985): P468—P476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.41.12_p468.

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14

Cranberg, Lawrence. "Neutron Scattering." Physics Today 38, no. 12 (December 1985): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2814801.

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15

Mildner, D. F. R. "Neutron scattering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 35, no. 2 (December 1988): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90495-8.

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16

Mildner, D. F. R. "Neutron scattering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 35, no. 2 (December 1988): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90496-x.

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17

Mildner, D. F. R. "Neutron scattering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 35, no. 2 (December 1988): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90497-1.

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18

Fender, Brian. "Neutron scattering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 249, no. 1 (August 1986): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90235-4.

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19

Nakayama, Shinsuke, Osamu Iwamoto, and Atsushi Kimura. "Evaluation of thermal neutron scattering law of nuclear-grade isotropic graphite." EPJ Web of Conferences 294 (2024): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429407001.

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Graphite is a candidate of moderator in innovative nuclear reactors such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and molten salt reactors. Scattering of thermal neutrons by a moderator material has a significant impact on the reactor core design. To contribute to the development of the innovative nuclear reactors, thermal neutron scattering law data for nuclear-grade graphite were evaluated. Inelastic scattering component due to lattice vibration was evaluated based on phonon density of states computed with first-principles lattice dynamics simulations. The simulations were performed for ideal crystalline graphite. The evaluated inelastic scattering component well reproduced the experimental double-differential cross sections of scattered neutrons from nuclear-grade isotropic graphite measured at Materials and Life science experimental Facility (MLF) of J-PARC. Coherent elastic scattering component due to crystal structure was evaluated based on the neutron scattering and transmission experiments performed at MLF of J-PARC. Regarding comparison with the neutron transmission experiment, it was found that the quantification of small-angle neutron scattering due to structures larger than crystal, such as pores in graphite, is important.

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20

Sabine, T. M., and W. K. Bertram. "The use of multiple-scattering data to enhance small-angle neutron scattering experiments." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 55, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767398013543.

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Multiple scattering of neutrons by the inhomogeneities responsible for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) during the passage of the beam through the specimen can be used to provide valuable information about the shape of the objects and the absolute value of the contrast between the scattering particles and the matrix. The neutrons emerging from the specimen are classified into those that have been scattered n times. The index n ranges from zero to infinity. The remnant of the incident beam is the group of neutrons for which n equals zero. Each group contributes separately to the scattering profile. The small-angle scattering cross section is independent of the neutron wavelength for n = 1 only. Thus collection of data as a function of specimen thickness and of neutron wavelength will provide a number of different profiles describing the same physical situation. Simultaneous analysis of these profiles provides absolute values of the cross section for scattering into the small-angle region and of the cross section for removal of neutrons from the small-angle region. So that the method can be used generally, a profile function that is a very good approximation to those in the literature is introduced. The implications for time-of-flight SANS are discussed.

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21

Dijulio, Douglas D., Jose Ignacio Marquez Damian, Marco Bernasconi, Davide Campi, Giuseppe Gorini, Thomas Kittelmann, Esben Klinkby, et al. "Thermal scattering libraries for cold and very-cold neutron reflector materials." EPJ Web of Conferences 284 (2023): 17013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328417013.

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We present recent developments of improved modelling methods for simulating neutron transport in reflector materials of interest for neutron source applications. These include materials to be used as traditional reflectors around the neutron moderator, such as beryllium, and also novel materials, such as nanodiamond particles, to be used as a reflector for very-cold neutrons in the neutron beam extraction area of a neutron scattering instrument. Of particular interest is the inclusion of physical effects that are not modelled in standard thermal scattering libraries used for Monte-Carlo simulations, such as extinction in beryllium reflectors and effects of small-angle neutron scattering from nanodiamond particles.

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22

Jiang, Chenyang, Xin Tong, Daniel Brown, Benjamin Kadron, and Lee Robertson. "Polarized 3He Neutron Spin Filters for Neutron Scattering at Oak Ridge National Laboratory." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098520.

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Polarized neutron scattering is a very useful method of determining spin densities and magnetic structures. It can also be used to separate nuclear coherent scattering from spin-incoherent scattering. When compared to other neutron polarizing techniques like Heusler crystals and polarizing supermirrors, polarized 3He neutron spin filters provide several unique advantages: First, polarized 3He can effectively polarize neutrons over a broad range of energies. Second, it has a large acceptance angle for incoming neutron beams. Third, it does not change direction of, or add divergence to, neutron beams. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), a polarized 3He program has been established to meet the increasing needs from various neutron beamlines. 3He is polarized through spin-exchange optical pumping at ORNL. Both ex situ and in situ systems have been developed to accommodate the requirements of different instruments. We report the current status of our development and present test results on several neutron beamlines at ORNL. Future application in small angle neutron scattering will also be discussed.

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23

KONOBEEVSKI, E., M. MORDOVSKOY, S. POTASHEV, V. SERGEEV, and S. ZUYEV. "STUDY OF THE nd BREAKUP REACTION AT NEUTRON ENERGY OF 40-60 MeV." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 05n06 (June 2010): 1162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131001562x.

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We report the first results of a kinematically complete experiment on measurement of nd breakup reaction yield at neutron beam RADEX of Institute for Nuclear Research. In the experiment two neutrons are detected in geometry of neutron-neutron final-state interaction which allow one to determine the 1S0 neutron-neutron scattering length ann. Experimental dependence of the reaction yield on relative energy of two secondary neutrons was compared with predictions of Watson-Migdal theory. For ∆Θ=6° and En=40 MeV the value of neutron-neutron scattering length ann = -17.9 ± 1.0 fm is obtained. The further improving of experimental uncertainty will allow one to remove the existing difference of results obtained in various experiments.

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24

Mamontov, Eugene. "Exploring the Limits of Biological Complexity Amenable to Studies by Incoherent Neutron Spectroscopy." Life 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081219.

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The wavelengths of neutrons available at neutron scattering facilities are comparable with intra- and inter-molecular distances, while their energies are comparable with molecular vibrational energies, making such neutrons highly suitable for studies of molecular-level dynamics. The unmistakable trend in neutron spectroscopy has been towards measurements of systems of greater complexity. Several decades of studies of dynamics using neutron scattering have witnessed a progression from measurements of solids to liquids to protein complexes and biomembranes, which may exhibit properties characteristic of both solids and liquids. Over the last two decades, the frontier of complexity amenable to neutron spectroscopy studies has reached the level of cells. Considering this a baseline for neutron spectroscopy of systems of the utmost biological complexity, we briefly review what has been learned to date from neutron scattering studies at the cellular level and then discuss in more detail the recent strides into neutron spectroscopy of tissues and whole multicellular organisms.

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25

Morris, Elizabeth M., and J. David Cooper. "Density measurements in ice boreholes using neutron scattering." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 167 (2003): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830403.

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AbstractThis paper describes the use of a neutron probe to measure detailed stratigraphy in ice and snow. The Wallingford neutron probe, developed for measurement of soil moisture, consists of an annular radioactive source of fast neutrons around the centre of a cylindrical detector for slow (thermal) neutrons. In snow and ice, the fast neutrons lose energy by scattering from hydrogen atoms, and the number of slow neutrons arriving at the detector (the count rate) is related to the density of the medium. Calibration equations for count rate as a function of snow density and borehole diameter have been derived. Snow-density profiles from boreholes obtained using the probe show that, despite the smoothing produced by the neutron-scattering process, annual variations in density can be resolved. The potential contribution of the neutron probe to improvements in mass-balance monitoring is discussed.

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26

Hannon, Alex C., Alexandra S. Gibbs, and Hidenori Takagi. "Neutron scattering length determination by means of total scattering." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718006064.

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A new method for the measurement of bound coherent neutron scattering lengths is reported. It is shown that a relative measurement of the neutron scattering length, {\overline b}, of an element can be made by analysis of the neutron correlation function of a suitable oxide crystal powder. For this analysis, it is essential to take into account the average density contribution to the correlation function, as well as the contributions arising from distances between atoms in the crystal. The method is demonstrated and verified by analysis of the neutron correlation function for the corundum form of Al2O3, yielding a value {\overline b} = 3.44 (1) fm for Al, in good agreement with the literature. The method is then applied to the isotopes of iridium, for which the values of the scattering lengths were unknown, and which are difficult to investigate by other methods owing to the large cross sections for the absorption of neutrons. The neutron correlation function of a sample of Sr2IrO4 enriched in 193Ir is used to determine values {\overline b} = 9.71 (18) fm and {\overline b} = 12.1 (9) fm for 193Ir and 191Ir, respectively, and these are consistent with the tabulated scattering length and cross sections of natural Ir. These values are of potential application for obtaining improved neutron diffraction results on iridates by the use of samples enriched in 193Ir, so that the severe absorption problems associated with 191Ir are avoided. Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction pattern of isotopically enriched Sr2IrO4 is used to yield a similar result for Ir. However, in practice the Rietveld result is shown to be less reliable because of correlation between the parameters of the fit.

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27

Khabaz, Rahim. "Estimation of scattering contribution in the calibration of neutron devices with radionuclide sources in rooms of different sizes." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 30, no. 1 (2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1501047k.

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Calibrations of neutron devices used in area monitoring are often performed by radionuclide neutron sources. Device readings increase due to neutrons scattered by the surroundings and the air. The influence of said scattering effects have been investigated in this paper by performing Monte Carlo simulations for ten different radionuclide neutron sources inside several sizes of concrete wall spherical rooms (Rsp = 200 to 1500 cm). In order to obtain the parameters that relate the additional contribution from scattered neutrons, calculations using a polynomial fit model were evaluated. Obtained results show that the contribution of scattering is roughly independent of the geometric shape of the calibration room. The parameter that relates the room-return scattering has been fitted in terms of the spherical room radius, so as to reasonably accurately estimate the scattering value for each radionuclide neutron source in any geometry of the calibration room.

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28

Chaplot, Samrath L., Narayani Choudhury, Subrata Ghose, Mala N. Rao, Ranjan Mittal, and Prabhatasree Goel. "Inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics of minerals." European Journal of Mineralogy 14, no. 2 (March 22, 2002): 291–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0291.

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29

Kahle, Andreas, Björn Winkler, Aurel Radulescu, and Jürgen Schreuer. "Small-angle neutron scattering study of volcanic rocks." European Journal of Mineralogy 16, no. 3 (June 7, 2004): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0407.

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30

Ahmad Firdaus, Zainal Abedin, Ibrahim Noordin, and Ahmad Zabidi Noriza. "Simulation of Malaysian Small Angle Neutron Scattering Using Monte Carlo." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.722.

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Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) virtual experiment using silicon dioxide (SiO2) target has been performed. The results showed neutron flux with 1 million neutrons per count from the source in the range of 1.02x108n/s/cm2 and wavelength 5 Å. The neutron intensity was found to decrease after scattered at 1.75x105n/s/cm2 by nuclei in SiO2. We are able to construct a virtual experiment layout of Malaysian Small Angle Neutron Scattering (mySANS) facility using Monte Carlo simulation of neutron instruments (McStas).

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31

Quan, Yifan, Jakob Steiner, Victor Ukleev, Joachim Kohlbrecher, Alexei Vorobiev, and Patrick Hautle. "Impact of the neutron-depolarization effect on polarized neutron scattering in ferromagnets." IUCrJ 8, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252521003249.

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It has been known for decades that a ferromagnetic sample can depolarize a transmitted neutron beam. This effect was used and developed into the neutron-depolarization technique to investigate the magnetic structure of ferromagnetic materials. Since the polarization evolves continuously as the neutrons move through the sample, the initial spin states on scattering will be different at different depths within the sample. This leads to a contamination of the measured spin-dependent neutron-scattering intensities by the other spin-dependent cross sections. The effect has rarely been considered in polarized neutron-scattering experiments even though it has a crucial impact on the observable signal. A model is proposed to describe the depolarization of a neutron beam traversing a ferromagnetic sample, provide the procedure for data correction and give guidelines to choose the optimum sample thickness. It is experimentally verified for a small-angle neutron-scattering geometry with samples of the nanocristalline soft-magnet Vitroperm (Fe73Si16B7Nb3Cu1). The model is general enough to be adapted to other types of neutron-diffraction experiments and sample geometries.

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32

Moss, Simon C., and Stephen M. Shapiro. "Neutron Scattering in Materials Sciences." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 11 (November 1990): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400058346.

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At the 1989 MRS Fall Meeting the present guest editors and J.D. Jorgensen chaired a symposium on “Neutron Scattering for Materials Science.” Approximately 80 papers were presented, covering a great variety of topics which joined members of the materials science and neutron scattering communities. Because of that symposium's success, it was decided to bring the topic of Neutron Scattering to the wider attention of the materials community through this special issue of the MRS BULLETIN.Our purpose is twofold. First, neutrons have increasingly come to play a crucial role, both here and especially in Europe, in our understanding of the structure and properties of materials. Through the manipulation of materials (radiation-induced effects, transmutation doping of semiconductors), nondestructive materials testing (residual stress measurements on industrial-sized objects, depth profiling of ion-implanted semiconductors) and structural and dynamical studies, academic, government, and industrial scientists and engineers are coming to recognize the broad utility of neutron methods. We would like to highlight some of the advances in this field for MRS BULLETIN readers.Second, neutron scattering presents an excellent example of the contribution of our large research facilities to the solution of both basic and applied problems in materials science. Without the major neutron scattering centers we would be severely limited in the scope of our materials activities (no knowledge of magnetic structures and only primitive insight into polymer structures, for example).

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33

Parker, Stewart F., and Paul Collier. "Applications of Neutron Scattering in Catalysis." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651316x691230.

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Neutron scattering is a severely underused technique for studies of catalysts. In this review we describe how and why neutrons are useful to catalysis. We illustrate the range of systems that have been studied by both elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. These range from structural studies of adsorbates in zeolites to determination of the structure of surface adsorbates, characterisation of nanoparticles, the measurement and mechanism of diffusion and spectroscopic characterisation of adsorbed species. We conclude with how to access neutron facilities and some future prospects for the application of these techniques to industrially useful materials.

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Cheung, J. Y., R. J. Stewart, and R. P. May. "Energy separation of neutrons scattered at small angles from silicon using time-of-flight techniques." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 1 (January 12, 2006): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889805033698.

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The time-of-flight technique is used on a small-angle neutron scattering instrument to separate the energies of the scattered neutrons, in order to determine the origin of the temperature-dependent scattering observed from silicon atQ> ∼0.1 Å−1. A quantitative analysis of the results in comparison with the phonon dispersion curves, determined by Dolling using a triple-axis neutron spectrometer, shows that the temperature-dependent scattering can be understood in terms of Umklapp processes whereby neutrons gain energy from phonons.

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35

Okudaira, Takuya, Yuki Ueda, Kosuke Hiroi, Ryuhei Motokawa, Yasuhiro Inamura, Shin-ichi Takata, Takayuki Oku, et al. "Polarization analysis for small-angle neutron scattering with a 3He spin filter at a pulsed neutron source." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721001643.

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Neutron polarization analysis (NPA) for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments using a pulsed neutron source was successfully achieved by applying a 3He spin filter as a spin analyzer for the neutrons scattered from the sample. The cell of the 3He spin filter gives a weak small-angle scattering intensity (background) and covers a sufficient solid angle for performing SANS experiments. The relaxation time of the 3He polarization is sufficient for continuous use for approximately 2 days, thus reaching the typical duration required for a complete set of SANS experiments. Although accurate evaluation of the incoherent neutron scattering, which is predominantly attributable to the extremely large incoherent scattering cross section of hydrogen atoms in samples, is difficult using calculations based on the sample elemental composition, the developed NPA approach with consideration of the influence of multiple neutron scattering enabled reliable decomposition of the SANS intensity distribution into the coherent and incoherent scattering components. To date, NPA has not been well established as a standard technique for SANS experiments at pulsed neutron sources such as the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) and the US Spallation Neutron Source. It is anticipated that this work will contribute significantly to the accurate determination of the coherent neutron scattering component for scatterers in various types of organic sample systems in SANS experiments at J-PARC, particularly for systems involving competition between the coherent and incoherent scattering intensity.

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36

Biekert, A., C. Chang, L. Chaplinsky, C. W. Fink, W. D. Frey, M. Garcia-Sciveres, W. Guo, et al. "A portable and monoenergetic 24 keV neutron source based on ¹²⁴Sb-⁹Be photoneutrons and an iron filter." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): P07018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07018.

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Abstract A portable monoenergetic 24 keV neutron source based on the 124Sb-9Be photoneutron reaction and an iron filter has been constructed and characterized. The coincidence of the neutron energy from SbBe and the low interaction cross-section with iron (mean free path up to 29 cm) makes pure iron specially suited to shield against gamma rays from 124Sb decays while letting through the neutrons. To increase the 124Sb activity and thus the neutron flux, a >1 GBq 124Sb source was produced by irradiating a natural Sb metal pellet with a high flux of thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor. The design of the source shielding structure makes for easy transportation and deployment. A hydrogen gas proportional counter is used to characterize the neutrons emitted by the source and a NaI detector is used for gamma background characterization. At the exit opening of the neutron beam, the characterization determined the neutron flux in the energy range 20–25 keV to be 6.00±0.30 neutrons per cm2 per second and the total gamma flux to be 245±8 gammas per cm2 per second (numbers scaled to 1 GBq activity of the 124Sb source). A liquid scintillator detector is demonstrated to be sensitive to neutrons with incident kinetic energies from 8 to 17 keV, so it can be paired with the source as a backing detector for neutron scattering calibration experiments. This photoneutron source provides a good tool for in-situ low energy nuclear recoil calibration for dark matter experiments and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments.

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Blasie, J. Kent, and Peter Timmins. "Neutron Scattering in Structural Biology and Biomolecular Materials." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 12 (December 1999): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053719.

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The substantial power of both elastic and inelastic neutron-scattering techniques for the investigation of the structure and dynamics of biological systems and related biomolecular-based materials—as with soft matter in the previous article by Lindner and Wignall—arises primarily from the essentially isomorphous nature of the substitution of deuterium for selected hydrogen atoms in these systems, coupled with the exquisite sensitivity of neutron scattering to this isotopic substitution. Since these systems are comprised of large macromolecules and supramolecular assemblies thereof, their essential structures and dynamics extend from the atomic scale up to very large length scales of the Order of 101–104 Å. Hence neutron sources and neutron-scattering spectrometers optimized for longer wavelength (or “cold”) thermal neutrons are necessary in order to most effectively address the structure and dynamics at the longer length scales inherent to these Systems.The large majority of previous neutron-scattering experiments on biological systems have been performed with reactor neutron sources. Some of the more significant of these are briefly summarized in the following sections. They may be categorized in terms of the nature of the intermolecular order, both orientational and positional, within the System of interest and either the elastic neutron-scattering technique employed to investigate their time-averaged structures or the inelastic neutron-scattering technique employed to investigate their dynamics.

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Heacock, B., D. Sarenac, D. G. Cory, M. G. Huber, J. P. W. MacLean, H. Miao, H. Wen, and D. A. Pushin. "Neutron sub-micrometre tomography from scattering data." IUCrJ 7, no. 5 (August 20, 2020): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252520010295.

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Neutrons are valuable probes for various material samples across many areas of research. Neutron imaging typically has a spatial resolution of larger than 20 µm, whereas neutron scattering is sensitive to smaller features but does not provide a real-space image of the sample. A computed-tomography technique is demonstrated that uses neutron-scattering data to generate an image of a periodic sample with a spatial resolution of ∼300 nm. The achieved resolution is over an order of magnitude smaller than the resolution of other forms of neutron tomography. This method consists of measuring neutron diffraction using a double-crystal diffractometer as a function of sample rotation and then using a phase-retrieval algorithm followed by tomographic reconstruction to generate a map of the sample's scattering-length density. Topological features found in the reconstructions are confirmed with scanning electron micrographs. This technique should be applicable to any sample that generates clear neutron-diffraction patterns, including nanofabricated samples, biological membranes and magnetic materials, such as skyrmion lattices.

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Pynn, Roger, M. R. Fitzsimmons, W. T. Lee, V. R. Shah, A. L. Washington, P. Stonaha, and Ken Littrell. "Spin echo scattering angle measurement at a pulsed neutron source." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 5 (August 16, 2008): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808020402.

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Two experiments were performed to adapt spin echo scattering angle measurement (SESAME) to pulsed neutron sources. SESAME is an interferometric method that provides enhanced resolution of neutron scattering angles without the loss of neutron intensity that results when collimation is used to improve angular resolution. The method uses the neutron equivalent of optical wave plates to produce a phase difference between the two neutron spin components of a polarized neutron beam. Because the wave plate is inclined to the neutron beam, this phase difference depends sensitively on the trajectory of the neutron. In the absence of a sample, a second wave plate, which is parallel to the first, undoes the phase difference introduced by the first wave plate, producing a polarization identical to that of the incident neutron beam. When a scattering sample is placed between the two neutron wave plates, the cancellation of the phase difference between the neutron spin states is not perfect and the resulting neutron-beam polarization is a measure of the distribution of scattering angles. In the first experiment, thin (30 and 60 µm-thick) magnetized Permalloy films were used as neutron wave plates. In a second experiment, current-carrying solenoids with triangular cross sections were used as birefringent prisms for neutrons. The arrangement of these prisms was such that they mimicked the effect of the neutron wave plates in the first experiment. In both experiments, correlation lengths in the scattering sample of about 1000 Å were probed using very simple and inexpensive equipment. These experiments brought to light a number of advantages and disadvantages of implementing SESAME at pulsed neutron sources and provided insights into the relative merits of SESAME and traditional small-angle neutron scattering.

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40

Beyer, Roland, Axel Frotscher, Arnd R. Junghans, Markus Nyman, Arjan Plompen, Marcel Grieger, Toni Kogler, et al. "Fast neutron inelastic scattering from 7Li." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023901029.

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The inelastic scattering of fast neutrons from 7Li nuclei was investigated at the nELBE neutron-time-of-flight facility. The photon production cross section of 478 keV γ-rays from the first excited state of 7Li was determined by irradiating a disc of LiF with neutrons of energies ranging from 100 keV to about 10 MeV. The target position was surounded by a setup of 7 LaBr3 scintillation detectors and 7 high-purity germanium detectors to detect the de-excitation γ-rays. A 235U fission chamber was used to determine the incoming neutron flux. The number of detected photons was corrected for the detection efficiency, multiple scattering and the time-of-flight dependent data acquisition dead time. The preliminary results show reasonable agreement with some previous measurments but are about 15 % below the recent data taken at the GELINA facility.

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41

Kirov, Asen K., Mois I. Aroyo, and J. Manuel Perez-Mato. "NEUTRON: a program for computing phonon extinction rules of inelastic neutron scattering and thermal diffuse scattering experiments." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 4 (July 19, 2003): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803008690.

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NEUTRONis a computer program for calculating the phonon extinction rules for inelastic neutron scattering experiments. Given the space group and the phonon symmetry specified by the wavevector, the program examines the inelastic neutron scattering activity of the corresponding phonons for all possible types of scattering vectors. The systematic selection rules are also useful in the interpretation of the results of thermal diffuse scattering.NEUTRONforms part of the Bilbao Crystallographic server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es) and can be usedviathe Internet from any computer with a Web browser.

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Sugiyama, Masaaki, Rintaro Inoue, Hiroshi Nakagawa, and Tomohide Saio. "Solution Neutron Scattering." hamon 30, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5611/hamon.30.1_16.

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43

Petit, Sylvain. "Inelastic neutron scattering." EPJ Web of Conferences 155 (2017): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201715500007.

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44

Harris, Donald R. "Pulsed Neutron Scattering." Nuclear Technology 74, no. 2 (August 1986): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt86-a33810.

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45

Tasset, F. "Polarimetric neutron scattering." École thématique de la Société Française de la Neutronique 12 (2007): 261–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfn:2007026.

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46

Crespo, Inês. "Communicating Neutron Scattering." Neutron News 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448632.2016.1265307.

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47

Feder, Toni. "Neutron Scattering Archives." Physics Today 57, no. 6 (June 2004): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4796555.

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48

Watson, G. I. "Neutron Compton scattering." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 8, no. 33 (August 12, 1996): 5955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/8/33/005.

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49

Verkerk, Peter. "Neutron brillouin scattering." Neutron News 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448639008210194.

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Lattman, Eaton E. "Neutron scattering redux?" Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 24, no. 1 (January 1996): iii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340240102.

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