Books on the topic 'Neutron dose'

Personal dose monitoring provides the important check and reassurance that radiation doses to those working with radiation are at a level that complies with dose constraints. The quantity which is relevant to external personal monitoring is the personal dose equivalent Hp(d) defined by the ICRU. Values at different depths d are equated to effective dose or doses to the skin or eye lens. This chapter contains the basic information that the radiation protection practitioner needs on personal monitoring, and the requirements for running a personal dose-monitoring service, including dosimeter calibration, performance testing, and record keeping. Techniques used in different types of dosemeters such as thermoluminescent dosimetry and optically stimulated luminescence, as well as neutron detection are explained, together with practical considerations for eye dose and extremity monitoring. Use of electronic personal dosemeters is discussed and techniques for monitoring internal exposure are described.

Some possibly unexpected macroscopic manifestations of quantum mechanics are described in Chapter 12. The first is a laser, a device both man-made and one that relies on phase effects to achieve its potent beam. How this is done is illustrated by a diagram. The next is an estimate of the maximum height of a mountain, whose result was originally shown to rely on quantum mechanics. That result, approximately 30 km, is followed by showing that white dwarf and neutron stars are each gigantic manifestations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, the first mainly consisting of carbon nuclei and electrons, the second mainly of neutrons. In each case, the primary constituent is a fermion, whose quantum behavior is governed by the Exclusion Principle. Along the way to showing this is a review of stellar evolution and energy sources. The final example is the first quantum machine, which is barely macroscopic.

It's no wonder more and more colleges are adopting The Physics & Technology of Radiation Therapyfor their radiology and medical physics programs. Radiation therapy is a difficult subject to understand and teach, so it helps to have a book written by two renowned experts who have explained the field's tough concepts to students for many years with the perfect mix of depth, insight, and humor. The critics agree. From Thomas Lowinger in IOMP Journal..." This is an excellent book; the presentation of the book diagrams, figures, pictures (many in color), and selection of problems are clear and logical and make this book a classic. It is evident that the authors have taught this subject for a long time and were able to distill and explain concepts in a clear and interesting way. The authors have written a spellbinding textbook that belongs on the bookshelf of every medical physicist, both as a reference and as guide. …it surely belongs in the pantheon of great medical physics textbooks. I wish I had this book when I was a student." From Joseph P. Driewer in JACMP..." The 2nd edition of The Physics & Technology of Radiation Therapyby McDermott and Orton is an accessible textbook for radiation therapists, medical dosimetrists, and radiation oncology residents. It could be a great primary text for a first course in radiation therapy physics as well as a great study resource for board exams in these areas." The 2nd edition has been guided by the 2018 ASTRO core curriculum for radiation oncology residents. Novice physicists will find the book useful when studying for board exams, with helpful chapter summaries, appendices, and extra end-of-chapter problems and questions. It features new material on digital x-ray imaging, neutron survey meters, flattening-filter free and x-band linacs, biological dose indices, electronic brachytherapy, OSLD, Cerenkov radiation, FMEA, total body irradiation, proton therapy, and more. Also included: Updated graphics in full color for increased understanding. Appendices on board certifications in radiation therapy for ABR, AART, and Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board. Dosimetry Data A full index

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a specialized application of solution scattering limited by source availability and intensity. While not routinely used for structural studies of biological samples in general, it does have unique characteristics that make it attractive to determining the individual positions of components of complexes. This is due to the scattering properties of hydrogen and deuterium allowing the technique of contrast matching. SANS is highly complementary to SAXS and provides unique information not available by other techniques. This chapter discussed SANS, instrumentation, and application.

This chapter provides an error theory for why our time biases are persistent even though irrational. It also explains what a temporally neutral approach to rational planning does and does not require. Drawing on work in the philosophy and psychology of emotions, the chapter defends an evolved emotional heuristic theory of temporal discounting. On this account, near-biased anxiety and relief are adaptations for tracking probabilities. Similar future‐biased emotions are adaptions explained by the benefit of focusingmore attention onwhat iswithin an organism’s control. While these emotions are useful in simple planning problems, they are not evidence that time biases are rational. The chapter argues that temporal neutrality does not entail that one must live stoically or dwell on past events. And it outlines five practical consequences of temporally neutral planning.

This chapter discusses three directional hedge fund strategies: long/short equity, short only, and equity market neutral. These strategies rely on different types of positions that are enumerated and explained using trade examples. A key feature of funds implementing directional strategies is the market exposure best described by gross exposure and beta-adjusted net exposure. In long/short equity funds, money managers often use yield enhancement strategies based on option overlays. A review of different management styles explicates the heterogeneity of hedge funds and liquid alternatives that implement the long/short equity strategy. Analysis of portfolio diversification highlights why equity market-neutral funds have more holdings than long/short equity funds. For equity market-neutral funds, the chapter highlights a link between the fund’s correlation with the market and its beta: low beta does not imply that it has a low correlation with the market. The chapter provides a theoretical discussion with some real fund examples.

What, as a matter of linguistic meaning, is added by referring to people with a slurring term rather than with its neutral counterpart? Hybrid expressivism says that slurs have the same descriptive contents as their neutral counterparts and that what distinguishes them is an expressive component. This chapter argues that hybrid expressivism gets the order of explanation backwards and it offers an alternative, loaded descriptivism. This says that the second component of the meaning of a slur is descriptive, not expressive. Using a slur expresses contempt all right (or some such attitude), but not as a matter of meaning. It does so because, thanks to its meaning, using it imputes contemptibility to members of the target group.

This chapter aims to address two related challenges the phenomenon of depression raises for theories which present autonomy as an agency concept and an independent source of justification. The first challenge is directed at an intuitive conception of intentional agency as implying a robust though not always direct link between evaluation and motivation, for in depression what appears to be choice-worthy does not get chosen. The second challenge targets the feasibility of a reliable distinction between autonomous and non-autonomous choices, for both value-neutral and value-laden accounts of depressive agency seem open to decisive objections. Drawing on Freud's interpretation of melancholia and Korsgaard's notion of practical identity, the chapter develops a conception of paradoxical identification which helps address the two challenges described and supports a revised value-neutral account of depressive agency as being non-autonomous.

Few countries get the public’s attention to the extent that China does. And few generate such diverging views concerning its economic, social, and political evolution. This chapter sets the context by noting China’s impressive economic achievements as well as current financial difficulties. Markets are questioning whether China can survive the threat of looming debt and property-market bubbles, while the general public is more concerned with the country’s political stability and security as Beijing becomes more aggressive in its claims over neighboring islands. How does one explain such extreme variation in views? Many factors are involved, which makes it difficult to be ideologically neutral regarding this emerging great power. If the diagnosis is wrong, then likely so are the policy prescriptions.

Everyday and philosophical debates concerning pornography are fraught with many difficult questions. These include: What is pornography? What does pornography do (if anything at all)? Is the consumption of pornography a harmless private matter, or does pornography violate women’s civil rights? What, if anything, should legally be done about pornography? Can there be feminist pornography? Answering these questions is complicated by confusion over the conceptual and political commitments of different anti- and pro-pornography positions, and whether these positions are even in tension with one another: different people understand the concept of pornography differently and easily end up talking past one another. This book provides an opinionated and accessible introduction to contemporary philosophical debates on pornography, which will be conducted from a feminist perspective. The book’s starting point is morally neutral, and it provides a comprehensive discussion of various philosophical positions on pornography that are found in ethics, aesthetics, feminist philosophy, political philosophy, epistemology, and social ontology. Topics include: whether pornography subordinates and silences women; free speech versus hate speech; whether pornography produces a distinct kind of knowledge; whether it objectifies and if so, in what sense; how should we think about the aesthetics of pornography; what difference do nonheteronormative, female-friendly and/or queer pornography make to philosophical debates. The book clarifies different stances in the debate, thus helping readers to understand what is at stake in philosophical examinations of pornography. In so doing, it also offers readers important methodological insights about doing philosophical work on something so this-worldly as pornography.

What is the relation between phenomenology and metaphysics? Is phenomenology metaphysically neutral, is it a kind of propaedeutic to metaphysics, or does it on the contrary have clear metaphysical implications? Chapter 2 examines Husserl’s answers to these questions, as they are articulated in his early pre-transcendental descriptive phenomenology. It is argued, partially through a criticism of Philipse’s interpretation, that Husserl in Logische Untersuchungen did emphasize the metaphysical neutrality of phenomenology, and that he at that point distanced himself from both metaphysical realism and metaphysical idealism (phenomenalism). It is also argued, however, that he eventually came to realize the philosophical limitations of this neutrality.

Slurs are incendiary terms—many deny that sentences containing them can ever be true. And utterances where they occur embedded within normally “quarantining” contexts, like conditionals and indirect reports, can still seem offensive. At the same time, others find that sentences containing slurs can be true; and there are clear cases where embedding does inoculate a speaker from the slur’s offensiveness. This chapter argues that four standard accounts of the “other” element that differentiates slurs from their more neutral counterparts—semantic content, perlocutionary effect, presupposition, and conventional implicature—all fail to account for this puzzling mixture of intuitions. Instead, it proposes that slurs make two distinct, coordinated contributions to a sentence’s conventional communicative role.

Chapter 4 remains on the offensive against liberal neutralism, as it contests the efforts by Gerald Gaus to ground his libertarian version of neutralism on supposedly thin and uncontroversial premises. As will be seen, those putatively thin premises in fact depend on a number of deeply controversial assumptions. Although at least some of those assumptions are very likely false, this chapter does not need to establish their falsity. Instead, the point will be to reveal that liberal neutralism in one of its most prominent and perceptive instantiations is fundamentally non-neutral. In addition, the chapter will expose the oddly asymmetrical reasoning through which Gaus argues against anarchism and in favor of private property.

This chapter addresses the assumed connection between de se attitude ascription and logophoricity in the case of Chinese ziji. It is widely believed that logophors are among the paradigm cases of de se marking, and that long-distance ziji is logophoric. Drawing on a critical examination of a variety of analyses, this chapter argues that long-distance anaphora, de se interpretation, and logophoric marking are overlapping but distinct phenomena. Even if ziji is logophoric, it does not automatically trigger de se requirement. A de se-neutral analysis of ziji is consistent with pragmatic derivations of interpretations that emphasize the self. The findings point to a new approach to long-distance binding, and identify the blocking effect as the key issue for further research.

This chapter shows how in the 21st century new technologies and new bureaucracies have become part and parcel of the EU’s migration and asylum policy, and how these two are intimately linked. Together they have allowed the EU and its Member States to tighten their grip over the movement of people. The use of technology has transformed the nature of the European border and has reinforced the agencies in charge of its management. This has largely been done without a clearly defined vision or grand design. Rather, it was technology itself that enabled this development and has greatly helped to shape it. While technology has often been portrayed as value-neutral, it may now pose challenges to some of the EU’s fundamental rights, most notably the right to data protection.

Because Buddhism is a non-theistic religion, its concepts of ultimate reality do not include the kind of deity familiar from most religions. Instead, one does find anthropomorphic representations of key Buddhist virtues, such as wisdom and compassion, but they have no independent, eternal existence. As a religion that has always valued celibate monasticism, Buddhism has multiple evaluations of sexuality. For monastics, it must be avoided because of the imprisoning entanglements to which it leads, but laypeople can enjoy the pleasures of sexuality without guilt so long as they observe basic sexual ethics. Regarding gender, Buddhism has always had male-dominated institutions, but its philosophy or world view is completely gender-neutral and gender-free. Modern commentators on Buddhism and gender are seeking to alleviate this internal contradiction by changing Buddhism’s institutions.

This chapter focuses on religious discrimination. Not only does freedom of religion or belief prohibit undue infringements into a person’s religious freedom; it also prohibits discrimination—the denial of equality and unfair treatment based on religion. The discussion on discrimination has become more and more complex in recent debate, both with a view to different types of actors (State institutions, de facto authorities, and non-State institutions) and to different forms of discrimination (direct, indirect, structural, intersectional). While many experiences of discrimination continue to be overt and recognizable, more sensitivity has also arisen concerning concealed forms of discrimination, such as indirect discrimination, sometimes hidden under seemingly neutral rules. Reasonable accommodation should be used to tackle these phenomena. Moreover the State bears the responsibility to address the root causes of intolerance, societal discrimination, and violence committed in the name of religion.

Chapter 5 describes how the concept of quantization (discretization) was first applied to atoms. This was done in 1913 by Niels Bohr, using Ernest Rutherford’s paradigm-changing, solar-system model of atomic structure, wherein the positively charged nucleus occupies a tiny central space, much smaller than the known sizes of atoms. Bohr, postulating a quantized version of this model for hydrogen, was able to explain previously inexplicable experimental features of that atom. He did so via an ad hoc quantization procedure that discretized the single electron’s energy, its angular momentum, and the radii of the orbits it could be in around the nucleus, formulas forwhich are presented, along with a diagram displaying the quantized energies. Despite this success, Bohr’s model failed not only for helium, with its two electrons, but for all other neutral atoms. It left some physicists hopeful, ready for whatever the next step might be.

The varitel accounts of content allow us to see how the practice of representational explanation works and why content has an explanatory role to play. They establish the causal-explanatory relevance of semantic properties and are neutral about causal efficacy. Exploitable relations give the accounts an advantage over views based only on outputs. Content does valuable explanatory work in areas beyond psychology, but it need not be explanatorily valuable in every case. The varitel accounts illuminate why there should be a tight connection between content and the circumstances in which a representation develops. The accounts have some epistemological consequences. Representations at the personal level are different in a variety of ways that are relevant to content determination. Naturalizing personal-level content thus becomes a tractable research programme. Most importantly, varitel semantics offers a naturalistic account of the content of representations in the brain and other subpersonal representational systems.

In embracing an understanding of essay film’s soundscape that does not stop at voiceover, but extends to all the elements of a complex environment made up of speech, music, sounds, noise, and silence, this chapter moves beyond traditional logocentric and vococentric approaches to the essay film to explore the disjunctive interstice of Deleuze’s sound image. The complexly imbricated auditory space of Language Gulf in the Shouting Valley (2013) by Lawrence Abu Hamdan is considered in light of an essayistic use of voice and sound as political agents. Hypothesizing a genre of musical essay films, the chapter also examines sound in Pier Paolo Pasolini’s La rabbia (Rage, 1963), seen in comparison with Santiago Álvarez’s Now! (1964) and Erik Gandini’s Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers (2003). The Barthesian Neutral and ideas of dissonance form the basis of a discussion of musical queering as a form of protestation.

Husserl’s turn from a descriptive phenomenology to a transcendental phenomenology is linked to his methodological employment of the reduction and the epoché. But how should one interpret these notions? Are they crucial to phenomenology, do they enable phenomenology to become metaphysically committed, or are they tools that reveal Husserl’s commitment to a form of methodological solipsism? Chapter 3 offers an interpretation of the reduction and the epoché that makes it clear why Husserl’s transcendental turn does not involve a turning-away from the world, but a suspension of a specific dogmatic attitude towards the world, that for the first time permits a proper understanding of the (constituted) being of the world. Contrary to various existing interpretations, it is consequently argued that whereas Husserl’s descriptive phenomenology was indeed metaphysically neutral, he started to engage with metaphysical questions concerning the mind-dependent character of the world the moment he effectuated his transcendental turn.

Under all but the most extreme environmental heat conditions, children control their body temperature (at rest and during exercise) as well as adults. Children, however, use a different thermoregulatory strategy. Compared with adults, children rely more on dry heat dissipation and less on evaporative cooling (sweating). Their larger skin surface-area relative to mass does put children at increasing disadvantage, relative to adults, as ambient temperatures rise above skin temperature. Similarly, they become increasingly disadvantaged upon exposure to decreasing temperatures below the thermo-neutral zone. Like adults, children inadvertently dehydrate while exercising in hot conditions and are often hypohydrated, even before exercise, and their core temperature rises considerably more than adults in response to a given fluid (sweat) loss, which may put them at higher risk for heat-related injury. However, epidemiological data show rates of both heat- and cold-related injuries among children and adolescents as similar or lower than at any other age.

This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.16 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning damages. Art 3.2.16 adopts a ‘neutral’ approach to the issue of damages by simply stating under which conditions a claim for damages may arise and what kinds of damages are recoverable. It does not distinguish between the case where the avoiding party seeks damages and the inverse case where the other party seeks damages. Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract. This commentary discusses the liability of the party entitled to avoid and of the other party in cases where contract is avoided and not avoided, along with the allocation of the burden of proof.

Humans’ attitudes towards an event often vary depending on whether the event has already happened or has yet to take place. The dread felt at the thought of a forthcoming examination turns into relief once it is over. People also value past events less than future ones—offering less pay for work already carried out than for the same work to be carried out in the future, as recent research in psychology shows. This volume brings together philosophers and psychologists with a shared interest in such psychological past/future asymmetries. It asks questions such as: What different kinds of psychological past/future asymmetries are there, and how are they related? Under what conditions do humans exhibit them? To what extent do they reflect features of time itself, or particular beliefs people have about time? Are they rational, or at least rationally permissible, or should we aspire to being temporally neutral? What exactly does temporal neutrality consist in?

<p><span>En un mundo donde se vuelve inevitable el contacto y la convivencia entre personas cuyo marco cosmovisional es muy distinto, las comunidades políticas enfrentan un dilema. Pueden limitarse a administrar la diferencia desde una posición presuntamente neutral, pero muchas voces han acusado la imposibilidad de dicha pretensión. Más prometedora resulta la estrategia que reconoce la centralidad de esta dimensión para nuestra vida colectiva e intenta entablar un debate entre las diversas perspectivas. Con todo, se trata de una tarea desafiante: ¿qué condiciones personales, sociales, políticas, en fin, filosóficas contribuyen a que el proceso sea fructífero? Esa es la pregunta fundamental que esta investigación aborda. Para ello, se apoya en dos de los más reconocidos filósofos morales contemporáneos, Alasdair MacIntyre y Charles Taylor, y reconstruye de manera comparativa sus respectivos sistemas de pensamiento. Finalmente, se ofrece un modelo sintético de diálogo intercultural, integrando los aportes de ambos.</span></p>

Technology assessment (TA) is committed to impartial expertise as well as basic democratic values. And beyond that? What is the normative framework within which TA operates? Is it always the same or does it differ depending on the topic, societal task or country and political culture? How should TA deal with both normative claims from outside and those that originate from within TA itself? In what ways can it identify and process normative claims, and how can and should TA position itself among conflicting political interests and divergent world views? Is ‘neutral’ expertise a help or a hindrance here, and can there (still) be such a thing at all? The authors of this volume attempt to answer such questions or at least to disentangle the problems that TA, with its evergrowing diversity of approaches, faces in times of increasing political and economic antagonism and accelerated technological development. With contributions by Armin Grunwald, Niklas Gudowsky-Blatakes | Christoph Kehl | Helge Torgersen, Julia Hahn, Jan-Hendrik Kamlage | Julia Reinermann, Marcel Krüger | Philipp Frey, Linda Nierling | Maria Udén, Poonam Pandey | Aviram Sharma, Diana Schneider, Stefan Strauß

This chapter recaps the main themes of the volume, ie that the international law of the global economy is in a state of disorder. Claims about the justice, fairness, or benefits of the current state of international law as it relates to the global economy are fanciful. A more credible picture emerges when one considers who is protected, against what, and those relations that are valued and those that are not. Moreover, these claims above all require a suspension of a reflective attitude about what international law actually says and does. When it comes to international economic law, power is masked behind a veil of neutrality when it certainly is not neutral in the interests it protects and offends. As for international human rights law, it overlooks the ways in which it props up extreme capitalism foreclosing the possibility of transformative structural change to neoliberal capitalism. In its most radical areas, human rights norms have been blocked from making demands on the design of the global economy precisely because of their transformative potential. Among the central critiques of international law presented in this book is that international law must be justifiable to those who are subject to it.

The book traces the anti-metaphysical orientation of (much of) analytic philosophy back to discussions in Austro-German philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century. The starting-point of the book is the debate over the relation between empirical science (here: psychology) and metaphysics: does psychology need a metaphysics of mental substances? The negative answer informed Austrian philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century and provided a model for ontologies that dispense with substances. The book introduces Brentano’s Intentionalism and Mach’s Neutral Monism as two anti-metaphysical views in the study of mental phenomena. It goes on to use the Austrian ‘psychology without a soul’ view as a vantage point from which to reconstruct and assess the immediate prehistory and formation of analytic philosophy (Ward, Stout, Moore, Russell). While Austrian philosophers retired the soul, early analytic philosophers were happy to introduce a successor, the subject, and conceive of the mental as constituted by subject–object relations. The final part of the book returns to the theme of anti-metaphysics from a different perspective. It focuses on Moritz Schlick’s arguments for the conclusion that metaphysics lies beyond the limits of knowledge, arguments that are rooted in the philosophy of mind discussed in previous parts.

There are eight columns in the Periodic Table. The eighth column is comprised of the rare gases, so-called because they are the rarest elements on earth. They are also called the inert or noble gases because, like nobility, they do no work. They are colorless, odorless, invisible gases which do not react with anything, and were thought to be unimportant until the early 1960s. Starting in that era, David Fisher has spent roughly fifty years doing research on these gases, publishing nearly a hundred papers in the scientific journals, applying them to problems in geophysics and cosmochemistry, and learning how other scientists have utilized them to change our ideas about the universe, the sun, and our own planet. Much Ado about (Practically) Nothing will cover this spectrum of ideas, interspersed with the author's own work which will serve to introduce each gas and the important work others have done with them. The rare gases have participated in a wide range of scientific advances-even revolutions-but no book has ever recorded the entire story. Fisher will range from the intricacies of the atomic nucleus and the tiniest of elementary particles, the neutrino, to the energy source of the stars; from the age of the earth to its future energies; from life on Mars to cancer here on earth. A whole panoply that has never before been told as an entity.

This book provides a pathbreaking account of the role that the fear of fundamentalism has played—and continues to play—in American culture. Fundamentalism has never been a neutral category of analysis, and the book scrutinizes the various political purposes that the concept has been made to serve. In 1920, the conservative Baptist writer Curtis Lee Laws coined the word “fundamentalists.” The book examines the antifundamentalist polemics of Harry Emerson Fosdick, Talcott Parsons, Stanley Kramer, and Richard Hofstadter, which convinced many Americans that religious fundamentalists were almost by definition backward, intolerant, and anti-intellectual and that fundamentalism was a dangerous form of religion that had no legitimate place in the modern world. For almost fifty years, the concept of fundamentalism was linked almost exclusively to Protestant Christians. The overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the establishment of an Islamic republic led to a more elastic understanding of the nature of fundamentalism. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Americans became accustomed to using fundamentalism as a way of talking about Muslims, Jews, Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists, as well as Christians. Many Americans came to see Protestant fundamentalism as an expression of a larger phenomenon that was wreaking havoc all over the world. This book provides an overview of the way that the fear of fundamentalism has shaped American culture, and it will lead readers to rethink their understanding of what fundamentalism is and what it does.

El presente volumen <i>Del órgano al artefacto. Acerca de la dimensión biocultural de la técnica</i>, de Diego Parente, aborda una temática todavía novedosa en nuestro medio. Se trata del resultado de una cuidadosa investigación doctoral realizada en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, trabajo que por su naturaleza representa un valioso aporte, tanto a la reflexión filosófica como a los posibles cruces interdisciplinarios. El autor parte de una firme intuición pragmatista ligada a una concepción de la filosofía según la cual esta evolucionaría de acuerdo a dos series. Una, la más visible para los filósofos involucrados en la tarea, tiene que ver con factores internos de desenvolvimiento, la búsqueda de sistematicidad, alcance, coherencia, etc. La otra, que se hace visible principalmente en los momentos de crisis, da cuenta del desacompasamiento relativo por el cual los marcos conceptuales o «vocabularios » filosóficos se revelan más o menos adecuados para enfrentar las transformaciones ocurridas en la serie de lo socio-histórico. Con esta intuición rectora, de la que hay que decir que tal vez en ninguna parte resulte más plausible que en relación al dominio de la técnica y la tecnología, el autor examina las concepciones dominantes en el campo disciplinar de la filosofía de la tecnología: las concepciones protésica, instrumentalista y sustantiva. Frente a ellas, Parente encuentra que están en crisis no por cuestiones relativas a su coherencia interna, sino por su compromiso con una serie de supuestos (acerca de la técnica como instrumento moralmente neutro, heterónomo y por ello a disposición del usuario) que han sido puestos en cuestión en la actualidad por el desarrollo mismo de la realidad tecnológica. De cara a las limitaciones y a los aportes de las perspectivas analizadas, el autor se propone examinar la viabilidad de una interpretación biocultural de la tecnología.

The 2°C target for global warming had been under severe scrutiny in the run-up to the climate negotiations in Paris in 2015 (COP21). Clearly, with a remaining carbon budget of 470–1,020 GtCO2eq from 2015 onwards for a 66% probability of stabilizing at concentration levels consistent with remaining below 2°C warming at the end of the 21st century and yearly emissions of about 40 GtCO2 per year, not much room is left for further postponing action. Many of the low stabilization pathways actually resort to the extraction of CO2 from the atmosphere (known as negative emissions or Carbon Dioxide Removal [CDR]), mostly by means of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): if the biomass feedstock is produced sustainably, the emissions would be low or even carbon-neutral, as the additional planting of biomass would sequester about as much CO2 as is generated during energy generation. If additionally carbon capture and storage is applied, then the emissions balance would be negative. Large BECCS deployment thus facilitates reaching the 2°C target, also allowing for some flexibility in other sectors that are difficult to decarbonize rapidly, such as the agricultural sector. However, the large reliance on BECCS has raised uneasiness among policymakers, the public, and even scientists, with risks to sustainability being voiced as the prime concern. For example, the large-scale deployment of BECCS would require vast areas of land to be set aside for the cultivation of biomass, which is feared to conflict with conservation of ecosystem services and with ensuring food security in the face of a still growing population.While the progress that has been made in Paris leading to an agreement on stabilizing “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and “pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C” was mainly motivated by the extent of the impacts, which are perceived to be unacceptably high for some regions already at lower temperature increases, it has to be taken with a grain of salt: moving to 1.5°C will further shrink the time frame to act and BECCS will play an even bigger role. In fact, aiming at 1.5°C will substantially reduce the remaining carbon budget previously indicated for reaching 2°C. Recent research on the biophysical limits to BECCS and also other negative emissions options such as Direct Air Capture indicates that they all run into their respective bottlenecks—BECCS with respect to land requirements, but on the upside producing bioenergy as a side product, while Direct Air Capture does not need much land, but is more energy-intensive. In order to provide for the negative emissions needed for achieving the 1.5°C target in a sustainable way, a portfolio of negative emissions options needs to minimize unwanted effects on non–climate policy goals.

Neste livro são apresentados resultados de trabalhos científicos aplicados à grande área de Engenharia. De abordagem objetiva, a obra se mostra de grande relevância para graduandos, alunos de pós-graduação, docentes e profissionais. Os capítulos estão agrupados em duas seções: i) materiais; ii) águas continentais e oceânicas. Pelo capítulo um é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter-se reprodutibilidade da área superficial de um eletrodo de estanho durante o estudo do crescimento de óxidos de estanho. A reprodutibilidade da área superficial pode ser comprovada pela reprodutibilidade das densidades de carga anódicas dos voltamogramas anódicos a 50 mVs-1 posteriores a cada tratamento. Por meio do capítulo dois é analisada a substituição de parte do carvão mineral, utilizado em siderúrgicas, por biomassa. Entre os grandes desafios do setor estão a produção de aço a preços competitivos e a substituição de parte do carvão mineral utilizado por biomassa. A biomassa é considera neutra em emissões de CO2, devido a captura do mesmo durante o processo de fotossíntese, o que a torna atraente para seu uso nos processos siderúrgicos. Além disso, o seu uso pode gerar redução de custos, principalmente se for considerado os rejeitos do agronegócio que não possuem um alto valor agregado. Neste contexto, por este capítulo serão mostradas algumas possíveis utilizações de biomassa nos processos siderúrgicos através de estudos que vem sendo realizado no tema e aplicações na indústria. Será possível notar que o uso de biomassa é uma alternativa viável a curto prazo para atender as crescentes restrições ambientais atuais. Através do capítulo três é analisado o crescimento voltamétrico de óxido de estanho em solução tampão fosfato, pH 8,7. Medidas elipsométricas ex-situ foram realizadas para determinar a espessura dos óxidos crescidos. A partir desses resultados, o volume do filme por unidade de carga, Vf, foi calculado para diferentes densidades de carga. As medidas elipsométricas mostram que filmes de óxido de estanho crescidos a 2 mVs-1 são menos densos para valores de espessura 3,37 nm, tendo Vf próximo a 1,70 x 10-4 cm3C-1. Para valores mais altos de espessura (11,0 – 12,4 nm) os filmes se tornam mais densos tendo Vf próximo a 0,5 x 10-4 cm3C-1. No caso de 100 mVs-1 os filmes apresentam o mesmo comportamento, tendo Vf próximo de 3,74 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 4,56 nm e Vf próximo de 1,32 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 7,42 nm. Imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica mostraram que a morfologia muda e a rugosidade dos filmes aumenta com o aumento da espessura e do potencial final da voltametria. O capítulo quatro trata do Nitreto cúbico de boro (cBN), material imprescindível para usinagem com alta precisão e alta velocidade de APRESENTAÇÃO materiais ferrosos como aço. O cBN é recomendado para trabalhos sob condições severas, tais como corte intermitente, em que dureza deve estar associada com tenacidade para evitar a quebra. Na síntese do cBN, são aplicados, basicamente, dois tipos de catalisadores: nitreto de magnésio e magnésio. Cada qual oferece diferentes possibilidades, tais como maiores valores de profundidade de corte ou menor nível de rugosidade superficial. Este capítulo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da manipulação dos parâmetros aplicados no regime de síntese deste elemento e, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sua produção. Por meio do capítulo cinco é avaliada a aplicação de separação magnética de alta intensidade no beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres. Na rota de processo avaliada (separação magnética + flotação), a etapa de separação magnética executa a função de pré-concentração e deslamagem. O teor de SiO2 no concentrado foi de 1,46% (menor que o teor objetivo de 2,00%). As recuperações mássica e metalúrgica obtidas com a rota separação magnética + flotação foram maiores em termos absolutos 3,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Através do capítulo seis é realizada a otimização de injeção de poliamida PA66 com 50% GF usando o método Taguchi. O estudo se justifica pela necessidade crescente de materiais mais leves e de maior produtividade em substituição às ligas metálicas, o que demanda o constante desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos e eficazes processos de fabricação. Como resposta do estudo, mediu-se a resistência máxima de tração (RTmáx), numa poliamida 66 com carga de 50% de fibra de vidro, Grivory GV-5H®. Fez-se uso da metodologia ANOVA para indentificar-se os fatores de maior significância para o processo. A melhor resistência máxima de tração obtida de 242,6 N/m2, mostrou-se como uma opção na substituição à aplicações de ligas metálicas de alumínio. A melhor resultado se obteve com a temperatura de processamento em 270°C, o fluxo volumétrico de 83 cm³/s, a pressão de recalque de 300 bar, a contrapressão de 10 bar, velocidade da rosca de 50 min-1 e o tempo de recalque com valor de 5 s. As porcentagens de contribuição encontradas foram pressão de recalque com contribuição de 61%, seguido da temperatura de processamento, com contribuição de 17% e em terceiro, o fluxo volumétrico com contribuição de 12%. A instalação de grandes equipamentos submarinos em águas profundas apresenta uma série de desafios. O capítulo sete trata da análise de estabilidade hidrodinâmica de Manifolds submarinos durante a instalação pelo método pendular. O presente capítulo racionaliza tal método e, além disso, considera sistemas para evitar o capotamento, durante um momento crítico do método que é o início da descida, apresentando uma modelagem matemática fenomenológica a partir de casos similares. A etapa de validação foi realizada pela análise comparativa entre a modelagem proposta e resultados de testes experimentais realizados com modelos físicos. Com a confirmação da aderência dos resultados numéricos com os experimentos, esta abordagem se confirma como uma ferramenta de engenharia para dimensionamento dos equipamentos submarinos instalados pelo Método Pendular para que sejam direcionalmente estáveis. Por meio do capítulo oito são apresentados os resultados da simulação da distribuição espacial das ondas geradas pela ação de ventos severos sobre o reservatório da barragem de Salto Caxias, no rio Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Os ventos severos foram estimados através da análise de frequência regional para várias estações anemométricas do Instituto Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) para o período de 1998 a 2005. As alturas de ondas foram estimadas pelo método paramétrico SMB, que usa como dados de entrada o fetch e a velocidade do vento. O método SMB foi aplicado pelo modelo computacional ONDACAD. Os testes estatísticos indicaram que a distribuição de Wakeby foi a mais robusta para as séries curtas de ventos horários máximos anuais, produzindo estimativas de ventos severos que variaram entre 25,7 ms-1 (tempo de retorno de Tr=10 anos) a 50,9 ms-1 (Tr=100 anos). O estudo presta grande contribuição à compreensão da quantificação das alturas de ondas geradas por ventos severos neste importante reservatório do estado do Paraná. Pelo capítulo nove é apresentada uma análise comparativa bidimensional entre alturas de ondas resultantes da aplicação dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, localizado no Rio Paraná entre o Brasil e o Paraguai. Os campos de vento uniforme relacionados a períodos de recorrência de 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos foram obtidos pelos registros realizados pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR). Através da utilização do modelo ONDACAD foram determinados os campos de fetch e a transformação em campos de ondas pela utilização dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP. Ao proceder a análise constatou-se que, ao majorar os resultados do modelo JONSWAP em 78% chega-se aos resultados bidimensionais gerados pelo modelo Marques. Esta condição foi verificada para situações de ventos extremos, ou seja, superiores a 20ms-1 e corpos hídricos que possuem fetch máximo da ordem de 10 quilômetros. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da distribuição das magnitudes das alturas de ondas neste reservatório de grande importância no âmbito da América do Sul, de grande utilidade para estudos relacionados, por exemplo, a erosões marginais, ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, psicultura por tanques-rede, quantificação de gases de efeito estufa devido à ressuspensão de sedimentos devido a propagação de ondas.

Neste livro são apresentados resultados de trabalhos científicos aplicados à grande área de Engenharia. De abordagem objetiva, a obra se mostra de grande relevância para graduandos, alunos de pós-graduação, docentes e profissionais. Os capítulos estão agrupados em duas seções: i) materiais; ii) águas continentais e oceânicas. Pelo capítulo um é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter-se reprodutibilidade da área superficial de um eletrodo de estanho durante o estudo do crescimento de óxidos de estanho. A reprodutibilidade da área superficial pode ser comprovada pela reprodutibilidade das densidades de carga anódicas dos voltamogramas anódicos a 50 mVs-1 posteriores a cada tratamento. Por meio do capítulo dois é analisada a substituição de parte do carvão mineral, utilizado em siderúrgicas, por biomassa. Entre os grandes desafios do setor estão a produção de aço a preços competitivos e a substituição de parte do carvão mineral utilizado por biomassa. A biomassa é considera neutra em emissões de CO2, devido a captura do mesmo durante o processo de fotossíntese, o que a torna atraente para seu uso nos processos siderúrgicos. Além disso, o seu uso pode gerar redução de custos, principalmente se for considerado os rejeitos do agronegócio que não possuem um alto valor agregado. Neste contexto, por este capítulo serão mostradas algumas possíveis utilizações de biomassa nos processos siderúrgicos através de estudos que vem sendo realizado no tema e aplicações na indústria. Será possível notar que o uso de biomassa é uma alternativa viável a curto prazo para atender as crescentes restrições ambientais atuais. Através do capítulo três é analisado o crescimento voltamétrico de óxido de estanho em solução tampão fosfato, pH 8,7. Medidas elipsométricas ex-situ foram realizadas para determinar a espessura dos óxidos crescidos. A partir desses resultados, o volume do filme por unidade de carga, Vf, foi calculado para diferentes densidades de carga. As medidas elipsométricas mostram que filmes de óxido de estanho crescidos a 2 mVs-1 são menos densos para valores de espessura 3,37 nm, tendo Vf próximo a 1,70 x 10-4 cm3C-1. Para valores mais altos de espessura (11,0 – 12,4 nm) os filmes se tornam mais densos tendo Vf próximo a 0,5 x 10-4 cm3C-1. No caso de 100 mVs-1 os filmes apresentam o mesmo comportamento, tendo Vf próximo de 3,74 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 4,56 nm e Vf próximo de 1,32 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 7,42 nm. Imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica mostraram que a morfologia muda e a rugosidade dos filmes aumenta com o aumento da espessura e do potencial final da voltametria. O capítulo quatro trata do Nitreto cúbico de boro (cBN), material imprescindível para usinagem com alta precisão e alta velocidade de APRESENTAÇÃO materiais ferrosos como aço. O cBN é recomendado para trabalhos sob condições severas, tais como corte intermitente, em que dureza deve estar associada com tenacidade para evitar a quebra. Na síntese do cBN, são aplicados, basicamente, dois tipos de catalisadores: nitreto de magnésio e magnésio. Cada qual oferece diferentes possibilidades, tais como maiores valores de profundidade de corte ou menor nível de rugosidade superficial. Este capítulo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da manipulação dos parâmetros aplicados no regime de síntese deste elemento e, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sua produção. Por meio do capítulo cinco é avaliada a aplicação de separação magnética de alta intensidade no beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres. Na rota de processo avaliada (separação magnética + flotação), a etapa de separação magnética executa a função de pré-concentração e deslamagem. O teor de SiO2 no concentrado foi de 1,46% (menor que o teor objetivo de 2,00%). As recuperações mássica e metalúrgica obtidas com a rota separação magnética + flotação foram maiores em termos absolutos 3,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Através do capítulo seis é realizada a otimização de injeção de poliamida PA66 com 50% GF usando o método Taguchi. O estudo se justifica pela necessidade crescente de materiais mais leves e de maior produtividade em substituição às ligas metálicas, o que demanda o constante desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos e eficazes processos de fabricação. Como resposta do estudo, mediu-se a resistência máxima de tração (RTmáx), numa poliamida 66 com carga de 50% de fibra de vidro, Grivory GV-5H®. Fez-se uso da metodologia ANOVA para indentificar-se os fatores de maior significância para o processo. A melhor resistência máxima de tração obtida de 242,6 N/m2, mostrou-se como uma opção na substituição à aplicações de ligas metálicas de alumínio. A melhor resultado se obteve com a temperatura de processamento em 270°C, o fluxo volumétrico de 83 cm³/s, a pressão de recalque de 300 bar, a contrapressão de 10 bar, velocidade da rosca de 50 min-1 e o tempo de recalque com valor de 5 s. As porcentagens de contribuição encontradas foram pressão de recalque com contribuição de 61%, seguido da temperatura de processamento, com contribuição de 17% e em terceiro, o fluxo volumétrico com contribuição de 12%. A instalação de grandes equipamentos submarinos em águas profundas apresenta uma série de desafios. O capítulo sete trata da análise de estabilidade hidrodinâmica de Manifolds submarinos durante a instalação pelo método pendular. O presente capítulo racionaliza tal método e, além disso, considera sistemas para evitar o capotamento, durante um momento crítico do método que é o início da descida, apresentando uma modelagem matemática fenomenológica a partir de casos similares. A etapa de validação foi realizada pela análise comparativa entre a modelagem proposta e resultados de testes experimentais realizados com modelos físicos. Com a confirmação da aderência dos resultados numéricos com os experimentos, esta abordagem se confirma como uma ferramenta de engenharia para dimensionamento dos equipamentos submarinos instalados pelo Método Pendular para que sejam direcionalmente estáveis. Por meio do capítulo oito são apresentados os resultados da simulação da distribuição espacial das ondas geradas pela ação de ventos severos sobre o reservatório da barragem de Salto Caxias, no rio Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Os ventos severos foram estimados através da análise de frequência regional para várias estações anemométricas do Instituto Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) para o período de 1998 a 2005. As alturas de ondas foram estimadas pelo método paramétrico SMB, que usa como dados de entrada o fetch e a velocidade do vento. O método SMB foi aplicado pelo modelo computacional ONDACAD. Os testes estatísticos indicaram que a distribuição de Wakeby foi a mais robusta para as séries curtas de ventos horários máximos anuais, produzindo estimativas de ventos severos que variaram entre 25,7 ms-1 (tempo de retorno de Tr=10 anos) a 50,9 ms-1 (Tr=100 anos). O estudo presta grande contribuição à compreensão da quantificação das alturas de ondas geradas por ventos severos neste importante reservatório do estado do Paraná. Pelo capítulo nove é apresentada uma análise comparativa bidimensional entre alturas de ondas resultantes da aplicação dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, localizado no Rio Paraná entre o Brasil e o Paraguai. Os campos de vento uniforme relacionados a períodos de recorrência de 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos foram obtidos pelos registros realizados pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR). Através da utilização do modelo ONDACAD foram determinados os campos de fetch e a transformação em campos de ondas pela utilização dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP. Ao proceder a análise constatou-se que, ao majorar os resultados do modelo JONSWAP em 78% chega-se aos resultados bidimensionais gerados pelo modelo Marques. Esta condição foi verificada para situações de ventos extremos, ou seja, superiores a 20ms-1 e corpos hídricos que possuem fetch máximo da ordem de 10 quilômetros. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da distribuição das magnitudes das alturas de ondas neste reservatório de grande importância no âmbito da América do Sul, de grande utilidade para estudos relacionados, por exemplo, a erosões marginais, ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, psicultura por tanques-rede, quantificação de gases de efeito estufa devido à ressuspensão de sedimentos devido a propagação de ondas.