Academic literature on the topic 'Neutrality (Romania)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Neutrality (Romania)"
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EMILCIUC, Andrei. "Romanian Territorial Claims during World War I under the Gaze of the Russian Press." Territorial Identity and Development 5, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23740/tid220201.
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The article analyses the approach of the Russian press towards the Romanian territorial claims during the World War I. It is ascertained that the territorial issue was important in Romania’s attitude towards war, as the unification of historical and ethnic Romanian territories was essential for the national affirmation of Romania as a state. In this regard, the Russian press pointed towards the territories under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a major priority for the formation of Greater Romania. The goal was to attract Romania on its side against Austro-Hungarian and German offensive on the Eastern front. We scrutinize the Russian press’s approach towards Romanian territorial claims based on three distinct periods: 1) during Romania’s neutrality; 2) during Romania’s participation in the war as Russia’s ally; 3) After the Bolshevik revolution, when Russia withdrew unilaterally from the war. The emphasis on Romania’s territorial claims is shown mostly in the first period, with one exception – the Bessarabian issue is little or not mentioned at all. Within the second period, the Russian press almost lost sight of the Romanian territorial claims. Finally, the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed self-determination as the main approach to territorial issues, were those who denied Romania any claim for “disputable territories”, just because it opposed Bolshevization. During this latter period, the Bessarabian issue becomes the spear of Russian informational attacks against Romania, following the Union of this historical Moldavian territory with the Motherland.
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TOPOR, Claudiu-Lucian. "Carsten Nielsen and his “controversial” agreements in Romania (1915). Files re-opened in Nazi Germany." Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iaşi, s.n., Istorie 69 (2024): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/asui-2023-0011.
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Neutrality-era Romania sometimes behaves like a transit country with the appearance of an oriental bazaar. The ideal place where all sorts of foreigners (some of dubious reputation) come to do noisy business. Eager traders who are eager to make a profit and are eager to get their hands on the most precious commodities in wartime: food and fuel. They were selling, sadly, almost everything. Corruption had touched the moral fibre of a nation in search of its identity. The insiders were well aware of the situation when they wrote: “With the refined senses that usually distinguish thieves, these individuals have noticed that we now have to work with money here and therefore they think that their time has come to fish in troubled waters”. These words belong to Austro-Hungarian plenipotentiary Ottokar Czernin. He recorded them in a report of February 1915 to the Foreign Minister. They show the involvement of Central Power diplomats in secret negotiations on trade arrangements that also concealed political desires in Romania at the time. In the economic sphere, these arrangements were aimed at obtaining the coveted export permits for grain and accepting the transit of munitions for the Ottoman Empire. There were, of course, possible political scenarios arising from the conclusion of the contracts. All were aimed at Romania’s entry into the war against Russia. The War Ministry held such discussions and even concluded a controversial trade treaty. Citing the need to ensure supplies of armaments and the import of ammunition on the old German (or Austro-Hungarian, as the case may be route, which had become inaccessible to Romania when neutrality in the war was proclaimed, the Romanian army chiefs sat down at the negotiating table. This is practically how the “grain for arms” exchange system was set up, a model of lucrative business justified by the superior interests of the state. The corrupt middlemen and officials in particular stood to gain. Many foreign traders were registered with the General Security, and at the time they were also known as grain traders. One of them, Carsten Nielsen, managed to rise to the top. He brokered the signing of a trade contract with the War Ministry which, once in force, would probably have secured Germany a benevolent neutrality from Romania. But this contract was never implemented. Carsten Nielsen suffered considerable damage. Always seeking justice in the interwar years, he created a legal dispute over financial compensation for losses resulting from the blocking of Romanian business. This legal dispute did not die out until the years of Nazi Germany. Nielsen drafted numerous petitions, some of which were even addressed to the German Foreign Ministry. The Communication analyses the contents of these documents and identifies information that sheds new light on the ‘alternatives’ to Romanian neutrality.
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Tănăsescu, Elena Simina. "The President of Romania." European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 1 (February 2008): 64–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608000643.
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Directly elected, but in constitutional terms not the central authority of the Romanian political system – A ‘trailblazer’ role in parliamentary elections – Political neutrality constitutionally required, but hard to realise in practice – Comparison with the French Presidency – Limited powers making the President in theory ‘a colossus with clay feet’ – Ambivalent relationships with Parliament and Government – Gap between the constitutional and the real powers on account of ‘active’ Presidents – A hard-to-qualify political system
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Prestia, Joseph D. "‘Civilized States’ and Situational Sovereignty: The Dilemmas of Romanian Neutrality, 1914–1916." European History Quarterly 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420983582.
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At the 1914 Crown Council, which decided to keep Romania neutral in 1914, former Conservative prime minister Petre Carp offered his succinct and direct opinion about the direction of Romanian foreign policy in the opening days of the Great War. He admonished the Council that, if Romania wanted to remain among the ‘civilized states’ ( statele civilizate) it had to follow Germany and Austria-Hungary into war immediately. The idea of ‘civilized states’ that dominated the remainder of the Crown Council was not merely an intersubjective social construction. It was a legal term of art in fin de siècle international law that could be applied in the real world. It was only the legally-civilized states that enjoyed the full panoply of rights, privileges, and protections under international law. This is a study of how Romania’s policy-making elite, and Ion I. C. Brătianu’s government, in particular, confronted the challenges of ‘situational sovereignty’. It asserts that, during Romania’s two-year Period of Neutrality (3 August 1914–17 August 1916), Brătianu initially used bilateral conventions as both a method to establish recognition of Romania’s status (or at least a guarantee of territorial integrity) and as a litmus test to determine which (if any) foreign powers recognized Romania as a legal equal. Although he was able to achieve a short-term victory of having an equality clause inserted into the August 1916 political convention with the Entente, it is unclear if that clause could have been durable. Ultimately, Brătianu was trapped between a desire to secure Romania’s recognition through international agreement, but confronted with the reality that Romania’s lack of recognition as a legally-civilized equal meant those very conventions could be unenforceable.
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Topor, Claudiu-Lucian. "Germany’s policy and the diplomatic agenda of Romanian neutrality (1914-1916). The Prospect of a plan for an alliance with Sweden." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 3, no. 1 (August 15, 2011): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v3i1_7.
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In the summer of 1915, concerned about Italy’s entry into the war in alliance with the Entente powers yet encouraged by the victories of its armies on the Eastern Front, the German diplomacy attempted to encourage Sweden and Romania to abandon their neutrality in order to give a decisive blow to Russia. In several reports dispatched from Berlin, Alexandru Beldiman, the envoy to Germany who was also Romania’s representative in the Scandinavian countries, raised the possibility of Sweden’s entry into the war on the German side. After he had identified Russia as the common historical enemy of the two countries, the Romanian diplomat suggested forging an alliance under the leadership of Germany. A strong alliance was thought to ensure Sweden’s ascendancy in Finland and the Baltic states, and Romania’s supremacy in the East at the Black Sea. Although this plan was rejected by the liberal government, Beldiman’s initiative in a period of neutrality remains an alternative in the Romanian political circles to Entente supremacy.
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Ungureanu, George-Daniel. "Percepții românești asupra Turciei și a rolului său la Marea Neagră (noiembrie 1940-iunie 1941)." Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 462–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.4.28.
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In November 1940, the direct German-Soviet bilateral contacts revealed some substantial differences of interest, mainly concerning the Black Sea basin and the Balkan Peninsula. The relations between Germany and the USSR would become increasingly cold and difficult, culminating in the launch of Operation Barbarossa, on 22 June 1941. The intensification of the German-Soviet differences was seen as an encouraging development by both Romania and Türkiye, as both Pontic states had been subject to expansionist tendencies of the USSR, manifested in various forms and, in Türkiye’s case, lacking concrete results.Our article briefly presents Romanian perceptions of Türkiye’s importance and conduct in the region, within the context of a shrinking Romania that had become part of the Berlin-Rome Axis system, while Türkiye was striving to maintain its neutrality, sovereignty and territorial integrity. Among the sources we consulted, a number of documents from Romanian diplomatic and military archives ought to be mentioned.
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Ungureanu, George-Daniel. "Romanian Perceptions of Türkiye and Its Role in the Black Sea (November 1940-June 1941)." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 460–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.4.28.
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In November 1940, the direct German-Soviet bilateral contacts revealed some substantial differences of interest, mainly concerning the Black Sea basin and the Balkan Peninsula. The relations between Germany and the USSR would become increasingly cold and difficult, culminating in the launch of Operation Barbarossa, on 22 June 1941. The intensification of the German-Soviet differences was seen as an encouraging development by both Romania and Türkiye, as both Pontic states had been subject to expansionist tendencies of the USSR, manifested in various forms and, in Türkiye’s case, lacking concrete results.Our article briefly presents Romanian perceptions of Türkiye’s importance and conduct in the region, within the context of a shrinking Romania that had become part of the Berlin-Rome Axis system, while Türkiye was striving to maintain its neutrality, sovereignty and territorial integrity. Among the sources we consulted, a number of documents from Romanian diplomatic and military archives ought to be mentioned.
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Dragomir, Alina. "Transformational Leadership and Employee Psychological Needs." INFLUENCE : International Journal of Science Review 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/influence.v2i2.101.
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The purpose of this document is to conduct a policy analysis and to identify strategies of improving the transition to low carbon industrial conditions for Romania. To achieve the desired outcomes, the Hoshin Kanri approach was used to establish feasible specific actions to execute by the firms under the existing strategy framework. The Romanian production sector must become more competitive and simultaneously comply with European and national carbon neutrality targets. Given that program documentation is fairly generic, the authors suggest that companies can benefit from increased direct help and support through public-private cooperation.
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LADOȘI, Ioan I., Mihai VIȘAN, Paula CĂLIANU, and Daniela LADOȘI. "Pig Carcass Quality Evolution in Romania." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 79, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2021.0014.
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The Romanian Carcass Classification Commission (RCCC) was established in 2004 and it became the official partner for delivering carcass quality information to the European Commission in 2007. RCCC is the NGO serving the interests of the private stakeholders in the meat chain (farmers, slaughterhouses, processors, and traders), which guarantees the neutrality and objectivity of carcass quality assessment according to SEUROP grading system’s legally binding rules. Considering the importance of an independent assessment of the slaughter pig quality for the entire food chain, the analysis of the carcass quality evolution in Romania is important for future benchmarking and trend assessments as well. The current review is based on the public data developed in time by the RCCC. It demonstrates the importance of a professional organization measuring the quality of carcass in slaughtered pigs and its impact on the meat chain as a whole, both for its stakeholders and consumers. It also highlights the evolution of the pig carcasses produced in Romania, underlining the main factors involved and expected trends under the current circumstances of the presence and spread of the African Swine Fever virus (ASF) within Romania in the last four years. The main conclusion is that while the carcass quality improved over time, the graded carcass number decreased after 2017, primarily due to ASF outbreaks in commercial farms and the overall reduction of the farmed pig inventory, and increasing dependence of Romanian consumers on imports.
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Hlihor, Constantin, and Dan-Laurențiu Mocanu. "The Romanian Army from the guardian of constitutional order to a political actor for its change in Romania on December 30, 1947." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 4 (2021): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2021.4.2.
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The study analyzes the role of the Romanian military institution in the process of changing the constitutional regime by removing the Monarchy on December 30, 1947, from two perspectives: its position as guardian of constitutional order, but also that the monarch was the supreme commander of the army. The non-intervention of the army in the event that led to the overthrow of the Monarchy was interpreted in pre-1989 historiography as respecting its status of neutrality to the political struggle in society. It would have been true if there had been a regime of genuine democracy in Romanian society and not a dictatorship in which the army as an institution was subject to transformations that were not in line with traditions or the spirit in which it was formed and educated. All this shaped the military's path from political neutrality to be an instrument in the service of communist leaders.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neutrality (Romania)"
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MONTANARI, MARIA GIULIA. "INTRA-EU MOBILITY AND NATIONAL WELFARE STATES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/744325.
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This research enlightens several critical issues emerging from the tension between intra-European mobility and national welfare states. Initially, a broad literature review presents the current academic contributions dealing with the topic from a variety of points of view. Four main disciplines (sociology, economics, political sciences and law) and three levels of analysis (the national, the supra-national and the individual one) are discussed. Subsequently, three empirical chapters provide examples of studies on ‘micro’ data against this ‘macro’ background. In particular, two chapters are dedicated to the debated issue of mobile European citizens’ access to welfare in host member states. The focus is on unemployment, family and housing benefits which present higher rates of receipt among EU citizens and are the most ‘visible’ dimension of welfare. The first study provides also a detailed descriptive overview on the populations of EU citizens across countries, while the second tests the concept of ‘migration neutrality’ over time both intra and inter generations. The use of benefits by EU citizens does not seem to be always connected with their socio-economic profiles, and the first five years of residence come out to be the only relevant threshold to access benefits across all welfare regimes. The last empirical chapter faces a new emerging issue by adopting the point of view of sending countries, that is whether intra-EU mobility is beneficial for intergenerational social mobility. In the case of Romanians, who are the most mobile population in Europe nowadays, the choice to migrate emerges to be detrimental for social mobility, independently from the area of destination. These insights contribute to add evidence to the complex and evolving picture of intra-European mobility, hopefully informing both academics and policy makers.
Book chapters on the topic "Neutrality (Romania)"
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Toma, Stefánia. "Counteracting the Schools’ Demon: Local Social Changes and Their Effects on the Participation of Roma Children in School Education." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 117–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_8.
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AbstractThe aim of the article (The empirical material leading to the present chapter results from the research effort “MigRom—The Immigration of Romanian Roma to Western Europe: Causes, effects, and future engagement strategies”, a project funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under the call “Dealing with diversity and cohesion: the case of the Roma in the European Union” (GA319901). I also used the results and experiences of earlier fieldworks starting with 2000 in Bighal (the name of the localities were changed in order to respect the identities of the people) that were financed through Open Society Institute, Visegrad Funds, CERGE-EI through GDN and WIIW, respectively Inclusion 2007 through PHARE 2004. Earlier version of the article was presented at the GLS Conference in Nicosia (Cyprus) in 2017. The article was finalized in the framework of a visiting research programme at TARKI-POLC receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 730998, “InGRID-2—Integrating Research Infrastructure for European expertise on Inclusive Growth from data to policy”.) is to inquire into the interconnectedness of large number of factors that carry the opportunity and possibility of improving school participation of Roma children in Romania.I argue that the inherent deficiencies of the educational system, starting with the structural constraints and ending with the psycho-social context in which Roma (or minoritized, marginalized, vulnerable) children learn, can be and are challenged by initiatives, strategies or processes that fall out of the immediate range of the strict framework of the educational system. Bourdieu used the Maxwell’s demon as a metaphor to illustrate the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities in the framework of school system. But this ‘demon’ might be challenged with more or less success if we step out and look for possible ‘tools’ to counteract this demon. Two such cases are presented in this chapter. One is a project implemented with and by the local Roma community using external financing and the other one is the participation of the members of the communities in international migration and use of remittances. I will emphasize that independently of the type and amount of the mobilized resources the individuals and/or communities are able to create and proactively make good use of path-departing opportunities through mechanisms of redefining and changing contextual constraints thus improvements can be observed in the school participation of the Roma children (PS. PS. The article was written before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world. Its effects seems to neutralize the positive impact of the above mentioned processes: the slow steps taken in improving the socio-economic situation of the Roma seems to be stopped; prejudices and ethnic hatred seems to be stronger; access to services for Roma communities get more difficult, including to education: in this context, a further research question is how on-line schooling changed or will change the participation of Roma children?).
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Harward, Grant T. "Army Culture, Interwar Politics, and Neutrality." In Romania's Holy War, 36–63. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759963.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the culture and politics of the interwar Romanian Army. The First World War transformed the Romanian Army, re-equipping it with the panoply of modern war and acting as a catalyst that increased the officer corps' professionalism. Yet they soon lost to a devastating Austro-German-Bulgarian counteroffensive. French and British military missions then arrived to retrain and rearm the Romanian Army. Later, better armed, officered, and trained Romanian troops, backed by Russian soldiers, fended off a major Austro-German summer offensive. The Russian Army collapsed after the Bolshevik revolution, compelling Romania to agree to an armistice and sign a peace treaty, though it later rejoined the war and shared in the Entente Powers' victory. By 1919, the Romanian Army tried to build upon its progress in peacetime; however, it was frustrated by the social and economic realities of interwar Romania.
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"State Ownership and Competitive Neutrality." In Markets and People: Romania Country Economic Memorandum, 59–77. The World Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1503-4_ch3.
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Békés, Csaba. "The International Context of the Political Transition in Hungary." In Hungary's Cold War, 291–309. University of North Carolina Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469667485.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the international aspects of the political transition in Hungary in 1988–1990. It analyses the changes in the conduct of Hungarian foreign policy, arguing that the publicly announced “bridge role” between East and West can be interpreted as the policy of quasi neutrality. It covers the international conflicts, emerging between Hungary and three countries of the Soviet Bloc, Czechoslovakia, Romania and the GDR, the latter resulting in the opening of the border between Hungary and Austria for the tens of thousands of East German refugees in September 1989. It also presents the attempts at reforming the Warsaw Pact and the Comecon as well as the story of the reduction of armaments and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary. Based on the relations developed in the 1980s, Hungarian diplomacy also made intensive attempts to play a mediating role in promoting East-West rapprochement in 1988–1989.
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Pearton, Maurice. "Romanian neutrality, 1939–1940." In European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War, 174–91. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511523793.009.
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"2. Army Culture, Interwar Politics, and Neutrality." In Romania's Holy War, 36–63. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501759970-008.
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Kayne, Richard S., and jean-yves pollock. "New Thoughts on Stylistic Inversion." In Subject Inversion in Romance and the Theory of Universal Grammar, 107–62. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142693.003.0005.
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Abstract ‘Stylistic Inversion’ (SI), or more neutrally, nonclitic (see section 5) Subjectrelated Inversion, is the (unfortunate) term used in the generative literature over the last twenty-five years to refer to the syntactic computation(s) responsible for the postverbal position of the subject DP in French sentences like (la, b): Unlike many other Romance languages, French allows only a limited set of sentence types to take postverbal subjects; thus (2a, b, c) are sharply ungrammatical, unlike their counterparts in Italican or Spanish:
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Pont, Anne-Valérie. "Neutralité et valeurs communes dans les cités au IVe siècle, d’Afrique en Asie Mineure." In L'automne de l'Afrique romaine, 183–99. Hermann, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/herm.godda.2021.01.0184.
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Rives, J. B. "The Obligations of Empire." In Animal Sacrifice in the Roman Empire (31 BCE-395 CE), 251–90. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197648919.003.0009.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on imperial directives mandating participation in animal sacrifice. Decius’s decree of 250 CE, requiring all inhabitants to perform animal sacrifice, established it as a marker of self-identification with the empire but also prompted Christian leaders to insist that it was incompatible with Christian allegiance. Although Valerian’s directives of 257 and 258 had the goal of undermining Christian communities, he, too, required Roman subjects to engage in cult practices. In contrast, his son and successor Gallienus extended recognition to Christian associations and severed the connection between animal sacrifice and identification with Rome, adopting a policy of neutrality regarding religious adherence. The cycle was repeated in the early fourth century CE when the “Great Persecution” of Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximinus, with edicts abolishing Christian institutions and enforcing participation in animal sacrifice, was ended by Constantine and Licinius, who gave all people the right to engage in worship of their choice. Underlying these swings between imperial enforcement of animal sacrifice and religious neutrality was a shift in the social function and cultural significance of animal sacrifice, away from its role of structuring sociopolitical hierarchies and building cultural consensus and into a new role as marker of allegiance to the empire.
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Reynolds, Paige. "Refashioning Modernism." In Modernism in Irish Women’s Contemporary Writing, 29–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780191990540.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter turns to short fiction by Irish women writers, skipping across decades to examine the ongoing tactical use of the stubborn mode of modernism in representations of female subjectivity. Elizabeth Bowen’s “Summer Night” (1941), set during Irish neutrality of the Second World War, Maeve Kelly’s “Morning at My Window” (1972) and Evelyn Conlon’s “Taking Scarlet as a Real Colour or And Also, Susan …” (1993), both written in the midst of specific moments of feminist urgency for Irish women, and June Caldwell’s “SOMAT” (2015), published amid the abortion rights debates that preceded the repeal of the Eight Amendment of the Irish Constitution, demonstrate how women writing in the aftermath of high modernism repurpose its experiments, seeking in part to amend the early movement’s masculinist bias. In their representations of neglected aspects of female subjectivity, they engage with modernist heavyweights such as Joyce and Eliot, but they also mine Russian theater and popular romance, among other surprising sources.
Conference papers on the topic "Neutrality (Romania)"
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Samfira, Ionel, Nicolae Marinel Horablaga, Costel Barliba, Luminita Livia Barliba, and Saida Feier-David. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION POTENTIAL IN ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s17.64.
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Renewable energy is the energy produced from renewable resources replenished naturally on a human scale from sources: sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat, etc. Renewable energy induces a negligible ecological footprint that is quite limited in the area of operation, while at the same time providing obvious ecological benefits and contributing to the sustainable development of human societies. Today in 2022, renewable energy sources are considered alternatives to fossil fuels because they contribute a lot to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but especially to the diversification of the energy supply and to the reduction of dependence on the market-s increasingly expensive fossil fuels (especially oil and gas). Romania produces energy from renewable sources with a much higher weight than the average of the EU, concomitantly it occupies a leading place among the countries dependent on coal to generate electricity. From 2020 the electricity supplied in Romania to final customers comes in a percentage of 54.53% from conventional sources and in the percentage of 45.47% from renewable sources. In other words, we believe that the European Green Pact will contribute in an important way to achieving climate neutrality by reducing carbon emissions produced by the energy sector because the EU's goal for the year 2050 is to achieve neutrality in the emission of greenhouse gases.
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CIUVAT, Alexandru. "MANAGING INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AS A MEANS OF ACHIEVING LAND DEGRADATION NEUTRALITY IN ROMANIA." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.4/s23.062.
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Calin, George Marian, Silviu Adrian Iana, Valentin Claudiu Constantin, Raluca Calin, and Veronica Taran-Baciu. "ROMANIAS FUNDING SOURCES FOR INCREASING THE SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND THE REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s17.74.
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Renewable energy plays a fundamental role for the Green Deal and for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. EU Directive on renewable energy revised confirms the community block objective of obtaining 38-40% of energy from renewable sources by 2030, doubling the share of solar, wind and other renewables in Europe's energy mix by the end of the decade. The European Commission recommended that Romania increase the share of energy from renewable sources used for the year 2030 to at least 34% in a future analysis. Romania has a high energy potential from renewable sources, which is not yet fully exploited and has a great advantage due to the diversity of available energy resources. Thus, through this study we aimed to analyze the potential of renewable energy in Romania, as well as the possible sources of financing at national and European level for projects that aim to invest in renewable energy sources. Romania has a high energy potential from renewable sources, which is not yet fully exploited and has a great advantage due to the diversity of available energy resources. Consequently, the targets regarding the increase of the share of renewable energy sources and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved thanks to the multiple sources of financing that exist and will exist for Romania.
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Ungureanu, George Daniel. "Romania, Bulgaria and the Dobrujan issue in the first year of the Great War." In 8th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.08.08105u.
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The problem of the Dobrujan land frontier between the Bulgarian and Romanian national states, which officially came up after the San Stefano and Berlin (1878) peace treaties and was aggravated by the Peace of Bucharest (1913), dominated the bilateral relations for a few decades. The hereby study focuses on the period August 1914 – September 1915, when both South-Eastern European states were neutral towards the Great War. This context led to various proposals, projects and scenarios concerning the Romanian-Bulgarian relations and implicitly related to the fate of Dobruja. Our effort deals with three levels: the positions of the Great Powers, their relations with Bucharest and Sofia, and the direct relations between the two South-Eastern European states. Chronologically, this period is divided into several stages, marked by the Ottoman Empire’s entry in the war (1 November 1914), the deadlock of the negotiations between Bulgaria and the Entente (March 1915), Italy’s option to renounce neutrality (23 May 1915) and the onset of the final talks concerning Bulgaria’s option to join the Central Powers (July 1915). Among the most relevant sources, we need to mention the Romanian Military Archives from Piteşti and the works of synthesis written by the Bulgarian historians Georgi Markov, Ivan Ilčev and Žeko Popov, dealing with the period 1913-1919.
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Lazaroiu, Gheorghe, Rodica-Manuela Grigoriu, Dana-Alexandra Ciupageanu, and Iulia Simion. "Efficient poultry industry waste management approach in the bioeconomy framework." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.12.
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In order to ensure EU’s transition to a climate-neutral energy environment, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, enhanced energy efficiency of waste utilization emerges as an important tool to achieve carbon neutrality goals. Several technologies for renewable waste treatment are investigated lately, researches worldwide focusing on exploiting their energy potential and diminishing the environmental impact. It is remarkable that, solid renewable waste is suitable to supply in particular grate or layer combustion plants. This energy valorization solution reached the technical maturity, experimentally and numerically proven. Further, to support regional development incentives implementation, local utilization of different wastes is strongly encouraged. Considering the fairly uniform territorial spread of poultry farms in Romania, this paper presents a case study aiming to provide a sustainable solution for bird waste management and local energy recovery from it, avoiding significant additional costs, as well as storage and transportation issues. The energy independence level is assessed in two scenarios. To this regard, the energy consumption of a real poultry production hall of 910 m2 (located in Giurgiu County, having 4650 birds/operating cycle, with a poultry waste flow of 558 𝑘𝑔waste ⁄day) is taken into account. The first scenario analyzes the disposal (for energy recovery purposes) of poultry waste as an individual raw material, while the second scenario investigates a mixture of poultry waste and agricultural biomass residues. It is demonstrated that the electricity and heating requirements of the hall can be partially satisfied in the first scenario and fully in the second one. Therefore, the multi-waste management concept investigated in this paper represents a sustainable solution to reduce industry’s carbon footprint, answering multiple requirements in the environmentally friendly energy sector development.
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Darie, Cristina, Mihai Terpan, Alexia Balta, Alexandru Paul Baciu, Carmen Gavrila, Ana Fulga, and Anamaria Ciubara. "DUAL DIAGNOSIS. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIVE SPECTRUM DISORDERS." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.20.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: According to the studies, a quarter of people who drink alcohol suffer at least one depressive episode in their lifetime. It has also been found that one-third of people who suffer from depression, abusively consume psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, as a form of self-healing. Aim: In this retrospective study, we propose to statistically quantify the relationship between alcohol-related mental and behavioural illnesses and depression spectrum disorders. Method: The retrospective study was conducted on a group of hospitalized patients, between January 1st and June 30th, 2018, at "Elisabeta Doamna" Psychiatric Hospital, in Galati, Romania. For diagnosis we used the ICD-10 (The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. (Clinical description, diagnostic guidelines and psychometric tests, such as HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale)), AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Patients were selected among those who had a combination of mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol and depressive spectrum disorders. Results: Between January 1st and June 30th, 2018, a quarter of total 6316 hospitalized patients, or 24.79% (1566 patients) were diagnosed with alcohol-related disorders, and 5.4% (341 cases) had a dual diagnosis, with alcohol-related disorders associated with depressive elements. During this 6-month period, of all cases of alcohol-related disorders, it was found that approximately 22% had a dual diagnosis, respectively, the combination of alcohol-related disorders with depressive spectrum disorders or depressive elements. Conclusions: Unfortunately, it is estimated that depression will become a secondary cause of disability worldwide after cardiovascular disease. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), this disease affects more than 320 million people worldwide, and its combination with alcohol abuse is alarming. Therefore, patients with dual diagnosis require a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach to reduce or even neutralize the adverse consequences that may occur in the psycho-social, medical, family, economic, or behavioural context.
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Natsvaladze, Mamuka. "“GREEK PROJECT” – CLUE TO THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA 50-90-IES OF XVIII CENTURY." In Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25112020/7247.
Full textAbstract:
Global international project of the 70-80-s of the XVIII century envisaging a new distribution of Europe based on the areas of the Ottoman Empire is reviewed in the article. This topic acquires a final feature in a conceptual form in the correspondence between Catherine II and the Emperor of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire Josephus II under the name of "Greek Project". The article is a scientific fragment of a monograph, reviewing the Greek Project in regard of the Caucasus for the first time in historiography. Initially, Soviet historiography strictly separated itself from the Greek Project, since the objective research of the latter would ensure presenting the Russian Empire as an aggressive state. Afterwards, the research of this project was converted into a narrow political framework and presented as a plan to conquer Crimea. The Greek Project can be unequivocally considered as a key to the history of Georgia of 50-80-ies of the XVIII century. A number of studies have shown that numerous problematic questions remain unanswered until the present day without considering the Greek Project. Patience and tolerance shown by the King of Kartli - Kakheti Erekle II towards the Russian intrigues cannot be explained without the Greek Project. Georgia acquires qualitatively different and desired form of all time through the implementation of the Greek Project. The Greek Project is an attempt to create a Christian global political model, a political background that can serve as a precondition for the restoration of a real united Caucasian Home, ensuring a guarantee of irreversible development and security for all royal principalities and khanate in the Caucasus. This is the reason, the state oriented thinker Erekle II, avoids responding with aggression to the permanent intrigues of Russia. Erekle II tries to get involved in this great political game as a sovereign of a full-fledged political entity. Such attitude of Erekle is a guarantee of success for the Imperial Court of St. Petersburg. However, Russia chooses a completely different way - confronting Erekle's benevolent alliance with hostile, imperial sentiments. The main message of these sentiments is that a united Caucasus, independent Georgian kingdoms for Russia is considered to be an anti-Russian phenomenon. This consistent and hostile attitude towards the Caucasus became the reason for the failure of Russian policy - it could neither establish a model of Christian globalization nor neutralize the Ottomans. Therefore, the study and understanding of the referred problem is rather important to determine the directions and priorities of modern political processes.