Dissertations / Theses: 'Neutralité carbone'

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Dragin, Fabienne Christelle. "Structure et propriétés électroniques de nanotubes de carbone en solution polyélectrolyte." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20189.

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Deman, Laureen. "Modélisation de la profitabilité à long terme sur les marchés des technologies flexibles de génération électrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALE004.

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Avec plus d'énergies renouvelables, les besoins en flexibilité vont probablement augmenter à l'avenir. De plus, la diminution de la production contrôlable réduira la flexibilité disponible. Par conséquent, des investissements dans des options de stockage et de flexibilité sont nécessaires. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la rentabilité à long terme des technologies flexibles sur les marchés de l'énergie et des réserves. La thèse se concentre sur les flexibilités de court terme et en particulier, les marchés day-ahead et de réserve.Le premier chapitre est consacré à l'analyse du design de marché des réserves avec la mise en avant de trois paramètres d'intérêt. Le critère de rémunération des offres sélectionnées, la structure des offres et le positionnement du marché de capacité de réserve par rapport au marché day-ahead affectent l'efficacité des marchés de réserve. Les plateformes européennes pour l'énergie de réserve ont vocation à améliorer l'efficacité des marchés de réserve en permettant le partage des ressources flexibles. Cependant, le convergence des prix est limitée par la capacité de transport disponible après le marché infra journalier. Le deuxième chapitre est dédié à l'estimation de la demande future de réserve. Des modèles de séries temporelles sont estimées pour obtenir des projections de la demande d'énergie de réserve dans des scénarios de neutralité carbone. Ces modèles permettent également d'analyser la relation entre la demande d'énergie de réserve d'une part, et la consommation et la production des énergies renouvelables d'autre part. Cette analyse soulève le rôle important du marché infrajournalier à travers la possibilité de contrebalancer les erreurs de prévisions de la consommation et de la production non contrôlable. Cependant, la demande résiduelle peut limiter cette possibilité en raison de son impact sur le volume d'offres proposées par les sources de production conventionnelle.Le troisième chapitre analyse l'évolution des prix de l'énergie et des réserves avec une forte intégration des énergies renouvelables et du stockage. Le résultat principal de ce chapitre est le rôle prépondérant des batteries dans l’équilibre entre l’offre et la demande sur les marchés des capacités de réserve. Cependant, malgré une augmentation significative de la demande de capacité de réserve, les prix de la capacité de réserve restent très bas dans la plupart des cas. Cela est dû à la flexibilité des batteries qui implique un coût d'opportunité nul dans la plupart des cas.Ces résultats suggèrent que les marchés de capacité de réserve ne peuvent pas fournir une rémunération supplémentaire pour les technologies flexibles et ne résolvent donc pas le problème de "missing money" dans le contexte de la transition énergétique. Un mécanisme supplémentaire est donc nécessaire pour coordonner les investissements dans les technologies flexibles
With more renewable energy, flexibility needs may increase in the future. In addition, the decrease in dispatchable generation will reduce the available flexibility. Consequently, investments in storage and flexibility options are necessary. The objective of this thesis is to study the long-run profitability of flexible technologies in energy and reserve markets. This thesis focuses on the short-term flexibility and in particular on the day-ahead market and the frequency-control reserves.The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the market design for reserves. It highlights three parameters of interest. The pricing mechanism, the structure of bids and the timing of the reserve capacity markets with respect to the day-ahead market affect the efficiency of the reserve markets. The European platforms for the exchange of reserve energy are intended to improve this efficiency by sharing reserve resources. However, price convergence is limited by the available cross-zonal capacity after the intraday market.The second chapter is dedicated to the estimation of the future demand for reserves. Time series models are estimated to obtain forecasts of secondary reserve energy in scenarios of carbon neutrality. These models also allow to analyse the relationship between reserve energy demand on the one hand, and load and renewable energy generation on the other hand. It shows the role of the intraday market through the possibility to balance forecast errors. However, the residual load level can limit this possibility because of its impact on the number of bids from conventional generators.The third chapter analyses the evolution of energy and reserve energy prices with high levels of renewables and storage. The main finding is the leading role of batteries in the demand-supply equilibrium of the reserve capacity markets. However, despite a significant increase in the reserve capacity demand, reserve capacity prices remain very low in most cases. This is due to the flexibility of batteries which imply a zero opportunity cost in most cases.These results suggest that reserve capacity markets cannot provide an additional remuneration for flexible technologies and thus, does not solve the missing-money problem in the context of the energy transition. Therefore, an additional mechanism is needed to coordinate investments in flexible technologies

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Dorsey, Nicholas. "Re-Place for Carbon: Changing Architecture to Achieve Carbon Neutrality." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623169380385235.

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Dagher, Nassim. "Contributing to carbon neutrality within water distribution services." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292145.

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Water production and distribution services, just like all human activity, have an impact on the environment. One indicator of that impact is its carbon footprint, which corresponds to the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted due to that activity. In order to counter global warming, mankind must reduce the GHG emissions of its activities. Water services emit GHG at many steps, directly or indirectly: the production of the electricity used for pumping, the production and transport of chemical reagents used in water treatment, the maintenance works on the network and facilities, the daily commuting and travels of the technicians to operate the service, and more. This diversity of sources calls for an even greater diversity of possible actions to reduce the carbon footprint. Maximizing the environmental benefits of such measures while ensuring their feasibility and limiting the costs of all sorts (financial, social, organizational) is most likely to be achieved when an action plan is designed. This Master’s Thesis suggests a framework for the assessment of the possible actions through various criteria, and their arrangement into an effective action plan. The assessment criteria aim at a better understanding of each action and their consequences, so that the action is more likely to be effective. Moreover, some elements of context can have a huge influence on the effectiveness of some actions, which highlights the need for a methodological framework that will help take these elements into account.
Vattenproduktion och distributionstjänster, har likt andra mänskliga aktiviteter, en påverkan på miljön. En indikator på denna påverkan är koldioxidavtrycket, vilket motsvarar den mängd växthusgas som släpps ut till följd av aktiviteten. För att motverka den globala uppvärmningen, måste växthusgasutsläppen minskas från dessa aktiviteter. Vattentjänster avger växthusgaser i många steg, direkt eller indirekt: Detta innefattar bland annat produktionen av el som används för pumpning, produktionen och transport av kemiska reagens som används vid vattenbehandling, underhållsarbeten på nätverk och anläggningar, teknikernas dagliga pendling och resor för att driva tjänsten. Denna mångfald av källor kräver en ännu större mångfald av möjliga åtgärder för att minska koldioxidavtrycket. Maximeringen av miljöfördelarna av sådana åtgärder där samtidigt genomförbarheten kan säkerställas och att samtliga typer av kostnader (ekonomiska, sociala, organisatoriska) begränsas kommer sannolikt att uppnås när en handlingsplan utformas. Denna masteruppsats föreslår ett ramverk för en bedömning av möjliga åtgärder genom olika kriterier och dess uppbyggnad för att skapa en effektiv handlingsplan. Bedömningskriterierna eftersträvar en bättre förståelse av varje åtgärd och dess konsekvenser, så att åtgärden kan uppnå ett effektivare resultat. Dessutom kan sammanhanget ha en stor inverkan på effektiviteten av ett antal av dessa åtgärder, vilket understryker behovet av ett metodiskt ramverk som kan bidra till att dessa aspekter beaktas.

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Connell, Tamara, Melanie Dubin, and Magdalena Szpala. "Carbon Neutrality as Leverage in Transitioning a Financial Organisation Towards Sustainability." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2714.

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Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time, as it threatens the survival of human civilisation. With the increasing number of initiatives trying to address climate change, it is important to examine how effective they are and what other roles these initiatives can serve in transitioning society towards sustainability. This thesis investigates the role of one such initiative, carbon neutrality, within a strategic approach to sustainable development, based on the case study of the North American Credit Union (NACU). A scientific understanding of climate change and sustainability provide a strict evaluation of the carbon neutrality concept with its benefits and challenges, including the role of carbon offsets. Within this context, recommendations are provided for roles and actions that a financial organisation such as NACU can take in order to set high standards in this new and still evolving market of voluntary carbon offsets, while striving for full sustainability and leadership within the community.

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Pumilio, John F. "Carbon neutrality by 2020 The Evergreen State College's comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Pumilio_J%20MESThesis%202007%20.pdf.

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Piggot, Georgia Jean. "Getting to zero : a field-level perspective on organizational transitions towards carbon neutrality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64143.

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Climate change policies are proliferating at a local and regional level. Within this landscape, organizational climate change action is shifting from voluntary to mandated, and organizations are grappling with new pressures to reduce their environmental impact. This dissertation explores organizational responses to climate change policy, though a field-level analysis of 132 organizations that were required to achieve carbon neutrality in British Columbia, Canada. The strategies organizations adopted or considered over a five-year period from the policy inception are examined using survey data and a content analysis of annual reports. This study shows that the organizations bound by the carbon neutral mandate quickly came to a common understanding of what the practical expression of carbon neutrality involved. Within five years of the policy introduction, and three years of the requirement to become carbon neutral, organizations were considering or adopting a large number of similar strategies in response to the legislative requirement to reduce their carbon emissions. This convergence of strategies can be explained by several factors. First, organizations drew cues about appropriate responses from the government, and from other organizations within the field, leading to isomorphism of strategies over time. Second, the organizations were working under a common set of institutional logics, or cultural assumptions about the rationale for pursuing strategies, leading them to consider the same practices appropriate for meeting carbon neutral goals. Finally, organizations were supported by similar networks of organizations, centralizing the field around a few key actors. Similarity in responses to the mandate to achieve carbon neutrality are reflective of the fact that organizations drew from the common sources of information and resources to meet emissions reduction targets. This work demonstrates that organizational responses to climate policy should be understood with reference to the field in which organizations are embedded, rather than simply as the sum of individual organizational actions. It also highlights the fact that if the institutional and cultural conditions are right, organizational fields can rapidly emerge and adapt to new policy imperatives to tackle climate change.
Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate

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Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, and Aisiri Mohan. "Transition of non-production facilities towards carbon-neutrality A Case Study- Volvo CE’s Customer Center." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169823.

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Research on historical developments that lead to the establishment of global organizations for climate change has shown that the phenomenon of surface temperature is not a new topic of focus. Increased policy restrictions, brand image, fear of resource scarcity, growing market trends towards sustainability and consumer awareness are among the several external factors that have influenced the growing research in corporate transition towards carbon neutrality. The main aim of this study is to understand through data accounting of major material and energy carrier changes, how a non-production facility could transition to become a carbon-neutral facility. Therefore, an exploratory case study has been performed and conducted at Volvo CE Customer center in Eskilstuna, Sweden, with two objectives: i) to identify and quantify the customer center current footprint by mapping the main contributors to greenhouse gases emissions, and ii) to recommend specific & general measures that can mitigate the carbon footprint of the facility. Three research questions related to the facility’s current carbon footprint, measures implemented so far, and the best applied assessment method, have guided us throughout the study. The methodology has been framed to give a theoretical underpinning for understanding the project from a holistic perspective. The split of the methodology has been constructed in line with the theoretical framework that gave the foundation to the needed theories to be taken into account i.e. GHG protocol, which is the tool that has been adopted by the study to attain the desired aim, including the three scopes under the protocol which were also defined accordingly. ‘Scope 1’ has been taken into account and is a representation of direct emissions, ‘Scope 2 represents the indirect emissions, and ‘Scope 3’ (according to the GHG protocol) takes into account the rest of the indirect emissions arranged into 15 categories, from which applicable to our study were 4 categories (1, 3, 4 and 6). The results showed that during the base year (2019) the highest user within Scope 1 was diesel, followed by HVO, and under Scope 2, The results from Scope 1 and 2, together with the results of Scope 3 category, were analyzed using the attributional LCA approach recommended by the GHG protocol to calculate their contribution to the customer centers’ total carbon footprint. It was found that Scope 1 stands for 128.52 t CO₂-eq while Scope 2 stands only for 1.16 t CO₂-eq and finally Scope 3 stands for most of the emissions with 3719 t CO₂-eq. It has been found that in 2019, the customer center has saved 101.05 tonnes of GHG by implementing measures, such as switching from using Diesel to HVO and switching from the mixed electricity to the renewable ones, according to the attributional perspective presented in the GHG protocol. However, different results were found when these values were discussed and analyzed from the consequential perspective, since this perspective analyses the effects of the implemented measures on the global emission level. This concluded that implementation of conservation and efficiency measures must take priority before switching to higher priced renewables. Thus, the resulting carbon neutrality will be consequentially safer. The recommendations stated in this study also follows the same principle “Conserve before investing”. Suggestions and recommendations outlined in the study for future implementation approach carbon neutrality as a strategy and not a burden, helping the customer neutral achieve the goal in an Environment, Economic and Socially sustainable manner.

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Birchall, Stephen Jeffrey. "Organizational Involvement in Carbon Mitigation: The New Zealand Public Sector." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7684.

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Introduction: New Zealand (NZ) ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002, committing to prudent greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. In an effort to promote public sector carbon management, in 2004, Clark’s Labour-led Government funded local government membership in ICLEI’s Communities for Climate Protection - NZ (CCP-NZ) programme. In 2007, the same Government, in tandem with efforts to price carbon and develop an Emissions Trading Scheme, through the Carbon Neutral Public Service (CNPS) programme, sought to move the core public sector towards carbon neutrality (Clark, 2007c). In 2008, the NZ government changed from a Labour-led to a National-led Government, and this resulted in a shift in its carbon emission mitigation strategy, including the termination of the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes. Purpose: The research has two central objectives: First, to determine why NZ’s newly elected National -led Government cancelled the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes; and, second, to determine whether despite the discontinuation of these two programmes and in the absence of Government support, will NZ government organizations continue to strive for carbon emission reductions and neutrality. Approach: This empirical research is investigative and probing, and comprises a series of semi-structured interviews with senior managers responsible for the delivery of the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes within their respective organization. The architects of each programme (e.g. the NZ Prime Minister and CEO of ICLEI/ Director of ICLEI Oceania) are also investigated in order to glean insight into the rationale for the ultimate termination of these two programmes. Fieldwork is informed by publicly available information that provides insight into Government’s rationale for creating and discontinuing the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes. Narrative analysis and termination theory serve as the primary methodological tools for this study, providing insight into meaning, interpretation and individual experience as it relates to the dismantling of the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes. Findings: This study finds that though economic constraints and programmatic inefficiencies may have played a contributing role, political ideology is the primary rationale for the termination of the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes. With the ideological shift towards strong neoliberal market environmentalism, Government support for initiatives like the CNPS and the CCP-NZ programmes has declined markedly, with the desire to demonstrate leadership in this area in complete retreat. Ultimately, notwithstanding the desire of some government organizations to continue with programme objectives, albeit with less priority, NZ public sector organizational resolve towards these goals has weakened.

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Matthiesen, Stewart John. "The small business of climate change: small business owners' perceptions of climate change and carbon neutrality /." Click here to view full text, 2007.

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Yangka, Dorji. "Bhutan's Development Nexus: Economic Analysis of the Complex Interplay between Carbon Neutrality, Gross National Happiness and Economic Growth." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75980.

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This thesis explores if and how Bhutan can maintain its Carbon Neutral pledge, in light of its growing economy and increasing Greenhouse Gas, while continuing its pursuit of its Gross National Happiness (GNH) strategy as part of its development commitments. It investigates the complex interplay between these three core goals and options for their integration, thus establishing a model for how the development nexus can be resolved for emerging economies.

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Meyer, Nathaniel Flaschner. "A Baseline Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Oberlin: Stepping Up to the Challenge of Climate Neutrality." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1244303099.

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Di, Paolo Diletta. "Analisi delle emissioni di gas ad effetto serra del sito industriale Caviro Extra SpA di Faenza finalizzata alla valutazione del raggiungimento della Carbon Neutrality." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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Nella presente tesi è stata svolta una carbon footprint del sito di Caviro Extra/Enomondo situato a Faenza (RA), relativamente al periodo 01/09/2020-31/08/2021. La contabilizzazione è stata effettuata seguendo le linee guida della serie di norme UNI EN ISO 14064:2019 e del GHG Protocol. Le emissioni sono suddivise in: Scope 1 - emissioni dirette generate dall’azienda la cui fonte è di proprietà o controllata dall’azienda, Scope 2 - emissioni indirette prodotte dall’acquisto di energia consumata dalla società, Scope 3 - emissioni indirette, ovvero quelle derivate dal trasporto dei lavoratori e delle merci in entrata e in uscita. La tesi si è incentrata sulla rendicontazione delle emissioni di Scope 3 attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario ai lavoratori, sia dipendenti che indotto, e la consultazione di database aziendali per la determinazione di tutti gli spostamenti delle merci in ingresso e in uscita. Le emissioni sono state calcolate utilizzando i fattori di emissione proposti da ISPRA (2019), espressi in gCO2/km, gCH4/km o gN2O/km. I quantitativi di CH4 e N2O emessi sono stati poi espressi in tCO2e (equivalenti) applicando i rispettivi GWPs (Global Warming Potentials). L’esito della carbon footprint evidenzia che le emissioni di Scope 1 sono prevalenti, seguite da quelle di Scope 3, infine Scope 2. Nel caso di specie le emissioni di Scope 1 potrebbero essere compensate mediante l’acquisto di GO (Garanzie d’Origine), oppure possono essere ridotte diminuendo la quantità di combustibili non rinnovabili utilizzati per l’ottenimento di energia. Le emissioni di Scope 2 si potrebbero compensare con l’acquisto di GO da energia elettrica prodotta da fonti rinnovabili. Quelle di Scope 3 potrebbero essere neutralizzate o ridotte finanziando progetti virtuosi, i quali rilasciano crediti di carbonio chiamati VER (Verified Emission Reduction), in cui 1 VER equivale a 1 tCO2e ridotta o rimossa dall’atmosfera.

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Pierobon, Francesca. "Evaluation of the environmental impacts of wood products for bio-energy through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424159.

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The use of wood for energy has grown in the last years as an alternative to fossil fuels. National and international laws promote the use of wood in the policies for the mitigation of climate change, based on the assumption that wood has a neutral carbon balance because the combustion emissions are offset by the absorption in forest (assumption of carbon neutrality). However, this assumption does not take into account the emissions associated with the life cycle of the product, e.g. related to processing and transporting biomass. In addition there is a time lag between the release of CO2 during combustion and its absorption in forest and this could have an impact on global warming. The objectives of this research project are: 1) to assess the environmental impacts of wood products through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); 2) to include the dynamics of forest carbon sequestration and natural decomposition of woody biomass in LCA. The research is conducted by means of two case studies: the first is the LCA of firewood in the Northern East Italy; the second concerns the production of wood chips in the Pacific Northwest in the United States. This dissertation consists in eight chapters. Chapter 1 describes the legislative framework and the state of the art of the international experiences and research projects on the subject. A review of literature studies was conducted highlighting the main limitations and defining the research objectives. Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the supply chain of wood products for bioenergy, providing reference data for the biomass extraction and production processes, the physico-chemical properties of wood and the LCA methodology, in terms of standards, databases, softwares and methodologies. Chapters 4 and 5 present the results of the two case studies which identify the transportation to be the critical phase of LCA, in the case of firewood related to the importation of raw materials from abroad, in the case of chips related to the transportation on forest road. Chapter 6 deals with the assessment of carbon sinks and stocks in the study areas previously analyzed. In Chapter 7 we face the problem of how to include forest carbon sequestration within the LCA. This led to the development of a methodology to perform a "dynamic LCA", which, in Chapter 8, is applied to a case study in the Pacific Northwest. The methodology is based on the use of radiative forcing to evaluate the impact of emissions and absorption sources on climate change. The results show that, in the case study considered, a "Radiative Forcing Turning Point" exists, i.e. a point located approximately in the middle of the forest rotation period (from 17 to 21 years old), where the life cycle impacts are compensated by carbon dioxide absorption and beyond which the biomass produces a net benefit in the carbon balance. The development of a dynamic LCA is very innovative in the context of LCA and allowed to discuss the veracity of the assumption of carbon neutrality.
L’uso di prodotti legnosi per fini energetici è cresciuto negli ultimi anni come alternativa ai combustibili fossili. Leggi nazionali e internazionali promuovono l’uso del legno nell’ambito delle politiche di mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici, basandosi sull’assunzione che il legno abbia un bilancio di carbonio nullo, in quanto le emissioni rilasciate dalla sua combustione vengono compensate dagli assorbimenti in foresta (assunzione di carbon neutrality).Tuttavia, questa assunzione non tiene in considerazione le emissioni associate al ciclo di vita del prodotto, e.g, alla lavorazione e al trasporto della biomassa. Inoltre c’è uno sfasamento temporale tra il rilascio di CO2 nella combustione e il suo assorbimento in foresta e questo potrebbe avere conseguenze sul global warming. Gli obiettivi di questo progetto di ricerca sono: 1) valutare degli impatti ambientali dei prodotti legnosi attraverso Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); 2) includere le dinamiche forestali di assorbimento di anidride carbonica e decomposizione naturale della biomassa legnosa nell’LCA. La ricerca è condotta per mezzo di due casi studio: il primo è costituito dall’LCA della legna da ardere nel Nord-Est Italia; il secondo riguarda la produzione di cippato nell’area del Pacific Northwest negli Stati Uniti. La tesi è costituita da otto capitoli. Nel Capitolo 1 si descrivono il quadro legislativo e lo stato dell'arte delle esperienze internazionali e dei progetti di ricerca sull’argomento. Viene inoltre effettuata una review di studi di letteratura mettendone in luce le principali limitazioni e definendo gli obiettivi di ricerca. I Capitoli 2 e 3 analizzano la catena di fornitura dei prodotti legnosi per fini energetici, fornendo dati di riferimento per i processi di estrazione e produzione della biomassa e per le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche del legno e la metodologia LCA, in termini di standard, banche dati, software e metodologie disponibili. I Capitoli 4 e 5 presentano i risultati dei due casi studio che identificano nel trasporto la fase critica dell’LCA, nel caso della legna da ardere legato all’importazione della materia prima dall’estero, nel caso del cippato legato al trasporto su strada forestale. Il Capitolo 6 riguarda la valutazione dei carbon sinks e stocks nelle aree di studio precedentemente analizzate. Nel capitolo 7 si affronta il problema di come includere il sequestro di carbonio in foresta nell'ambito dell’LCA. Questo ha portato allo sviluppo di una metodologia per effettuare un "LCA dinamico", che, nel Capitolo 8, viene applicata ad un caso studio nel Pacific Northwest. La metodologia si base sull’utilizzo del forzante radiativo per valutare l’impatto delle diverse fonti di emissioni ed assorbimento sul cambiamento climatico. I risultati mostrano che, nel caso studio considerato, esiste un “Radiative Forcing Turning Point”, ovvero un punto, situato circa a metà del periodo di rotazione della foresta (tra 17 e 21 anni), dove gli impatti del ciclo di vita vengono compensati dagli assorbimenti di anidride carbonica e oltre il quale la biomassa produce un beneficio netto in termini di bilancio del carbonio. Lo sviluppo di un LCA dinamico è molto innovativo nel quadro dell’LCA e ha permesso discutere la veridicità dell'assunto della carbon neutralità.

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Chang, Lisa, Albin Nguyen, and Joakim Vingeskog. "Vägen till klimatneutralitet : Utmaningar och möjligheter med klimatkompensation." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26466.

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På senaste år har trender inom hållbarhet och miljöarbetet fått mer uppmärksamhet. Allt fler organisationer och privatpersoner börjar bli mer medvetna om potentiella hot som kommer från klimat- och miljöförändringarna, därmed ökar efterfrågan på olika sätt att klimatkompensera. Många tidigare studier har tytt på att det huvudsakliga bakomliggande motivet till att klimatkompensera ska främst vara på grund av etiska skäl och att många företag vill helt enkelt bara ta ansvar för sina miljöskadliga aktiviteter. Dock finns det även andra anledningar som motiverar företagen till att klimatkompensera, bland annat ekonomiska skäl. Syftet med detta arbete är att identifiera genomförbara lösningar till hur små och mellanstora företag kan klimatkompensera för verksamhetens befintliga leveransflöden. Denna studie är baserad på den kvalitativa metoden med en deduktiv ansats. Datainsamling har gjorts i form av intervjuer och litteraturstudier, totalt fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts under arbetets gång. Alla intervjuer är inspelade och därmed transkriberade för att undvika låg validitet samt reliabilitet. Resultatet visade för att lyckas med klimatkompensation så krävs det förståelse om både om hur mycket utsläpp som ska kompenseras för samt vilket projekt som är mest relevant att finansiera. Det finns många aktörer som kan stå till hjälp för mindre företag som inte har resurser att genomföra en kartläggning om utsläpp på egen hand.
In recent years, there has been an uprising trend of sustainability and different environmental works have received more attention than before. Many organizations and individuals are becoming more aware of the potential threats that come from climate and environmental changes, thus increasing the demand for different ways of carbon offsetting. Many previous studies have suggested that the main underlying motive for carbon offsetting is mostly due to ethical reasons and that many companies just simply take responsibility for their environmentally harmful activities. However, it is believed that there could also be other reasons that motivate companies to carbon offset, namely economic reasons. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and find possible solutions for how small and medium-sized companies can carbon offset for their supply chain regarding transportation. This study uses a qualitative method with a deductive approach. Data was collected through interviews and literatures, four interviews in total were conducted and was performed in a semistructural way. The Interviews were recorded and transcribed to avoid low validity and reliability. The result showed that in order to successfully compensate for your emissions, the company is required to understand both by how much of the emissions need to be compensated for and which project is most relevant to invest in. There are many actors who can be of much help to the smaller companies that lack the resources to do their own emission mapping.

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Morganho, Ricardo Jorge Pinto. "Hidrogénio como agente ativo na transição energética no contexto da REN." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21616.

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Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
As alterações climáticas e os seus efeitos nefastos vieram reforçar a necessidade de uma alteração do paradigma energético, nomeadamente nos modelos de consumo, de forma a atingir a neutralidade carbónica em 2050. O hidrogénio assume um papel de destaque na transição energética uma vez que permite a produção de energia limpa, cria e dinamiza indústrias e serviços e promove novas utilizações para as infraestruturas existentes de gás natural. O presente relatório de estágio tem como objetivo perceber as consequências e custos de um processo de inovação tecnológica orientado para uma resposta mais sustentável e eficiente, baseada no hidrogénio, para uma utility portuguesa do setor energético, a REN – Redes Energéticas Nacionais. O relatório encontra-se organizado em três seções, i) clarificação de conceitos e termos relativos à inovação, transição energética e hidrogénio e contextualização do tema; ii) análise económica com enfoque na estrutura de custos sobre a adoção das tecnologias associadas à cadeia de valor Power-to Gas e iii) apresentação de parecer técnico e económico resultante da análise efetuada.
Climate changes and its negative impacts reinforce the need for change in the energy sector, namely in the consumption patterns, in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen stands out as an energy transition driver since it allows clean energy production, industry and services development and promotes new uses for the existing natural gas infrastructures. This internship report aims to understand the costs and consequences of a technological innovation process oriented towards a more sustainable, efficient and hydrogen-based response for a Portuguese utility in the energy sector, REN - Redes Energéticas Nacionais. This report is organized in three chapters, as follows: i) presentation of concepts and terms related to innovation, energy transition and hydrogen, and theme overview; ii) economic analysis focusing on the cost structure of the adoption of technologies within the Power-to-Gas value chain and iii) technical and economic evaluation based on the carried out analysis.
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Baiardi, Martina. "Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the pharmaceutical industry." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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This paper is focused on the greenhouse gas emissions in the pharmaceutical sector. The case study reported is that of Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., a pharmaceutical company based in Parma. Sustainability has always been a primary concern in the way Chiesi operates. Fully aware of the climate emergency that the planet Earth is tackling, Chiesi has set itself a challenge and announces its commitment to becoming carbon neutral by the end 2035, reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and offsetting emissions that are no further reducible to achieve a net zero carbon footprint. There are several existing initiatives to achieve the Carbon Neutrality. The most important initiatives are the transition to a new propellant, that has a much smaller GWP than that of the actual propellant, and the installation of an abatement system to lower the emissions during the manufacturing phase of spray products. These initiatives are used to present reduction targets to the Science Based Target initiative. Science-based targets provide a clearly defined pathway for companies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, helping prevent the worst impacts of climate change and future-proof business growth. Targets are considered ‘science-based’ if they are in line with what the latest climate science deems necessary to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, limiting global warming to well-below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. Chiesi is investing a lot of time and money to set its reduction targets in line with the Paris Agreement, but the present study demonstrates that the there are several important benefits. This is a clear evidence that suggests that financial and environmental performances are far from being exclusive and this is the road to follow both for the public and the private sectors.

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Danielsson, Ellinor, and Jenny Ekman. "Skogliga biobränslens roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida strategi." Thesis, KTH, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298048.

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Studien syftade till att ge en rekommendation angående hur fjärrvärmebolaget Stockholm Exergi bör utforma sin framtida strategi beträffande fasta oförädlade skogliga biobräanslen. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer utreddes dessa bränslens konkurrenskraft utifrån perspektiven klimatneutralitet, politiska direktiv och styrmedel, leveranssäkerhet samt lönsamhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att användningen av grenar och toppar kan medföra klimatnytta. Vidare framkom att implementeringen av EU:s nya förnybartdirektiv inte kommer att ha storskalig påverkan på Stockholm Exergis framtida användning av dessa bränslen. Gällande leveranssäkerhet och lönsamhet påvisades exempelvis en större framtida efterfrågan på skogliga restprodukter från andra sektorer. Ändock kunde slutsatsen dras att skogliga biobräanslen, under vissa förutsäattningar, har en viktig roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida fjärrvärmeproduktion.
The study aimed to give a recommendation regarding how the district heating company Stockholm Exergi should design their future strategy concerning unprocessed solid woody biofuels. Through literature studies and interviews, the competitiveness of the fuels has been assessed based on climate neutrality, political directives and instruments, security of supply as well as profitability. Among other things, the results showed that the use of tree branches and tops can imply positive climate effects. Furthermore, the implementation of EU's new renewable energy directive will only have a marginal impact on Stockholm Exergi's future use of woody biofuels. Regarding the security of supply and profitability,an increased future demand of forest residues in other sectors have been identified. However, the study concludes that, under certain circumstances, woody biofuels have an important role in Stockholm Exergi's future district heating production.

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Mahmud, A. S. M. Hasan. "Sustainable Resource Management for Cloud Data Centers." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2634.

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In recent years, the demand for data center computing has increased significantly due to the growing popularity of cloud applications and Internet-based services. Today's large data centers host hundreds of thousands of servers and the peak power rating of a single data center may even exceed 100MW. The combined electricity consumption of global data centers accounts for about 3% of worldwide production, raising serious concerns about their carbon footprint. The utility providers and governments are consistently pressuring data center operators to reduce their carbon footprint and energy consumption. While these operators (e.g., Apple, Facebook, and Google) have taken steps to reduce their carbon footprints (e.g., by installing on-site/off-site renewable energy facility), they are aggressively looking for new approaches that do not require expensive hardware installation or modification. This dissertation focuses on developing algorithms and systems to improve the sustainability in data centers without incurring significant additional operational or setup costs. In the first part, we propose a provably-efficient resource management solution for a self-managed data center to cap and reduce the carbon emission while maintaining satisfactory service performance. Our solution reduces the carbon emission of a self-managed data center to net-zero level and achieves carbon neutrality. In the second part, we consider minimizing the carbon emission in a hybrid data center infrastructure that includes geographically distributed self-managed and colocation data centers. This segment identifies and addresses the challenges of resource management in a hybrid data center infrastructure and proposes an efficient distributed solution to optimize the workload and resource allocation jointly in both self-managed and colocation data centers. In the final part, we explore sustainable resource management from cloud service users' point of view. A cloud service user purchases computing resources (e.g., virtual machines) from the service provider and does not have direct control over the carbon emission of the service provider's data center. Our proposed solution encourages a user to take part in sustainable (both economical and environmental) computing by limiting its spending on cloud resource purchase while satisfying its application performance requirements.

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Käll, Madeleine, and Anne-Frid Persson. "Implementering och styring av träbyggnation i en medelstor kommun." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49680.

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Purpose: The report aims to contribute to sustainable social development. The survey aims to find out what municipalities 'work for sustainable construction looks like today and propose measures that can increase municipalities' construction of wood as a building material in the short term. The carbon dioxide neutrality of the wood justifies the investigation, which is directed to the situations where the municipality grants land for development and the cases where the municipality acts as a client. Method: The report is a qualitative work where selected survey methods are case studies, literature studies, document analysis and interviews. The literature collected consists of scientific articles. Interviewees were selected, partly from three municipalities where it was known that work was underway for increased wood construction, these are Växjö, Jönköping and Varberg municipality. Two more people were interviewed about the properties of the wood, they serve at RISE and Martinson's respectively. The documents analyzed are partly linked to the respective municipality, partly to municipal wood construction in general. Some of the people interviewed have been involved in creating some of the documents that have been analyzed. Findings: The report shows that municipalities' work towards ecological sustainability in society benefits from the design of a wooden building strategy. Establishing a deeper knowledge of wood as a building material internally in the municipal organization will make it easier for wood construction to be put into practice. Good contact with the business community regarding wood construction is an important factor in creating good cooperation and gaining greater knowledge in the field. The organization agrees is crucial in order for a commitment to increased wood construction to be fully realized. Municipalities can achieve increased wood construction by designing several incentives and means of power to use as a client and in the planning process when land is to be built by other actors. Implications: Designing a wooden building strategy lays a good foundation for a municipality's continued work on increasing wood construction within the municipality. Furthermore, the fact that the municipal organization further educates officials within the subject and clearly paves the way towards set goals gives good conditions for succeeding in the process. Connecting the business community through networks and collaborations creates important foundations for further work. Municipalities need to see the benefits with the legislative tools they possess and thus use them to steer towards sustainable construction.Limitations: All municipalities with a wooden building strategy are not included in the survey. More interviews with experienced municipal officials had contributed to an even more complete basis. Some of the documents were not finalized by the authors when they were analyzed for the report, which may mean that some information was not analyzed. The survey was conducted only at municipalities with a population of between 60,000 and 140,000 inhabitants.
Syfte: Rapporten syftar till att ge ett bidrag till hållbar samhällsutveckling. Undersökningen ämnar ta reda på hur kommuners arbete för hållbart byggande ser ut i dag och ge förslag på åtgärder som kan öka kommuners byggande med trä som byggmaterial på kort sikt. Träets koldioxidneutralitet motiverar undersökningen som riktar sig till de situationer då kommunen upplåter mark för bebyggelse och de fall då kommunen agerar beställare. Metod: Rapporten är ett kvalitativt arbete där valda undersökningsmetoder är fallstudie, litteraturstudier, dokumentanalys och intervjuer. Den litteratur som samlats in består av vetenskapliga artiklar. Intervjupersoner valdes, dels ifrån tre kommuner där det var känt att det pågick ett arbete för ett ökat träbyggande, dessa är Växjö, Jönköping och Varbergs kommun. Ytterligare två personer intervjuades kring träets egenskaper, de tjänstgör på RISE respektive Martinsons. Dokumenten som analyserats är dels kopplade till respektive kommun, dels till kommunal träbyggnation i allmänhet. Några av de personer som intervjuats har varit involverade i att skapa några av de dokument som analyserats. Resultat: Rapporten visar att kommuners arbete mot en ekologisk hållbarhet i samhället gynnas av att en träbyggnadsstrategi utformas. Att etablera en djupare kunskap om trä som byggmaterial internt i kommunorganisationen leder till att träbyggande bli lättare att omsätta till praktik. En god kontakt med näringslivet i fråga om träbyggande är en viktig faktor för att skapa ett gott samarbete och erhålla större kunskap på området. Att organisationen är enig är avgörande för att en satsning om ökat träbyggande ska kunna förverkligas full ut. Kommuner kan uppnå ett ökat träbyggande genom att utforma flertalet incitament och maktmedel att nyttja i egenskap av beställare och i planprocessen då mark ska bebyggas av andra aktörer.Konsekvenser: Att utforma en träbyggnadsstrategi lägger en god grund för en kommuns fortsatta arbete med att öka träbyggandet inom kommunen. Att kommunorganisationen därtill vidareutbildar tjänstemän inom ämnet och tydligt stakar ut vägen mot uppsatta mål ger goda förutsättningar att lyckas med processen. Att knyta näringslivet till sig genom nätverk och samarbeten skapar viktiga fundament för vidare arbete. Kommuner behöver se nyttan med de lagstiftade verktyg de besitter och därmed nyttja dem till att styra mot ett hållbart byggande. Begränsningar: Alla kommuner med träbyggnadsstrategi är inte med i undersökningen. Fler intervjuer med erfarna kommuntjänstemän hade bidragit till ett än mer fullödigt underlag. Några av dokumenten var inte färdigbearbetade av upphovsmännen då de analyserades för rapporten vilket kan betyda att viss information inte analyserats. Undersökningen utfördes enbart hos kommuner med ett invånarantal mellan 60 000 och 140 000.

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Ferreira, Edgar Rodrigues. "O contributo potencial da energia eólica offshore para as metas de descarbonizaçao da economia e do setor energético em Portugal para 2050." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22785.

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Mestrado Bolonha em Economia e Políticas Públicas
As alterações climáticas e o esgotamento dos recursos fósseis favoreceram a produção de energia com fonte renovável, levando à transição energética com o objetivo de neutralidade carbónica para 2050. A União Europeia, que pretende ser o primeiro continente a atingir a neutralidade carbónica, desenvolveu novas tecnologias, tais como a eólica offshore, por forma a acelerar a transição energética. Portugal apresenta um elevado potencial neste tipo de energia pela densidade de costas marítimas que dispõe. A literatura proposta revê relatórios e roteiros estabelecidos pelo governo português e agências do setor energético, para alcançar uma economia de baixo carbono, fixando metas ambiciosas para 2030 e 2050. A intervenção do Estado é necessária para regular o setor e proteger o ecossistema marítimo, que a energia eólica offshore pode afetar pela sua instalação no mar. Esta dissertação explora o contributo das diferentes energias renováveis para a descarbonização do setor, com enfoque na eólica onshore e o peso crescente da eólica offshore, sendo esta o tema principal do trabalho final. A análise mostra que a offshore se desenvolveu através da aposta pelos decisores políticos na inovação e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Um aumento da capacidade instalada conjugado com turbinas mais potentes resultaram num aumento da produção de energia ao longo do século. A redução do custo nivelado de eletricidade (LCOE) também se tornou importante para atrair os investidores e ganhar a confiança dos mesmos para o desenvolvimento da offshore. Conclui-se desta investigação, a competitividade da eólica offshore face aos recursos fósseis e a existência de uma real oportunidade de mercado permitindo obter benefícios socioeconómicos pela criação de emprego e crescimento económico. Os decisores políticos mundiais nomeadamente portugueses, demostraram a vontade de descarbonizar o setor energético e assim criar uma economia "azul", baixa em carbono.
Climate change and the depletion of fossil resources facilitated the development of renewable energy, leading to the energy transition with the objective of carbon neutrality by 2050. The European Union, which intends to become the first continent to reach carbon neutrality, developed new technologies such as offshore wind power in order to accelerate its energy transition. Portugal has high potential in this type of energy thanks to the density of its coastal areas. The proposed literature reviews reports and roadmaps developed by the Portuguese government and agencies of the energy sector, in order to reach a low carbon economy, setting ambitious targets for 2030 and 2050. The intervention of the State is necessary to regulate the sector and protect the maritime ecosystem, which can be affected by the installation in the sea of offshore wind farms. This dissertation explores the contribution of different types of renewable energy to the decarbonization of the sector, with a focus on offshore wind power and its growing importance; that is the main theme of the final work. The analysis shows that the offshore development was made possible through political decision makers’ bet on innovation and technological advancement. The increase in capacity combined with more powerful turbines led to an increase of the energy produced throughout the century. The decrease of the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) also became an important factor to attract investors and gain their trust in the development of the offshore. It can be concluded from this investigation that offshore wind power is competitive against fossil resources and that there is a real market opportunity to drive socio-economic benefits, to create jobs and economic growth. Global political decision makers, in particular in Portugal, have demonstrated their will to decarbonize the energy sector and so, create a “blue” economy, low in carbon.
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Pronto, Lindon N. "Exploring German and American Modes of Pedagogical and Institutional Sustainability: Forging a Way into the Future." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/21.

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Rooted deep in Germany's past is its modern socio-political grounding for environmental respect and sustainability. This translates into individual and collective action and extends equally to the economic and policy realm as it does to educational institutions. This thesis evaluates research conducted in Germany with a view to what best approaches are transferable to the United States liberal arts setting. Furthermore, exemplary American models of institutional sustainability and environmental education are explored and combined with those from abroad to produce a blueprint and action plan fitting for the American college and university.

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Dragin, Fabienne Christelle. "Structure et propriétés électroniques de nanotubes de carbone en solution polyélectrolyte." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6559.

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Miller, Nicole Marie. "Towards carbon neutrality : possibilities for North America’s suburban residential developments." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18094.

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The objective of the thesis Towards Carbon Neutrality: Possibilities for North America’s Suburban Residential Developments is to develop a process by which an existing suburban residential development can be analysed for its potential to accept retrofit strategies towards the goal of meeting challenging sustainability targets. As a vehicle for this investigation, the thesis examines a representative residential subdivision and its ability to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, proposing that more demanding, sustainability-based goals like emissions mitigation are attainable in contemporary suburban developments. Following a review of suburban history and values and an examination of current building and community design strategies which affect energy consumption and emissions, the thesis assesses the existing conditions of the selected neighbourhood, a residential development in the Fleetwood district of Surrey, British Columbia, and describes both its physical qualities and its various contributions to carbon emissions in order to create a baseline for the study. The thesis then concentrates on developing a range of targets, "solution spaces," and scenarios in order to fully depict the design possibilities available to a given development. By working with a scenario-based approach, the thesis provides a platform for the discussion of multiple strategies and a range of emission reduction goals. As a basis for scenario development, the thesis recognises and addresses two commonly cited "barriers" to residential retrofit projects: multiple, private owners and a resistance to change in many existing suburban communities. The development of four different retrofit scenarios supports the conclusion that the study area and developments like it have the capacity to mitigate a substantial portion of their per capita greenhouse gas emissions through neighbourhood retrofits under a variety of contexts and suggests that other sustainability targets could also be successfully achieved in existing suburban conditions. The method of analysis and scenario-building described by the thesis has additional value as a useful and replicable strategy for target setting and sustainability planning in a community setting.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
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Ray, Rosalie Singerman. "Carbon neutrality and transportation policies for influencing Smith employees' commuting choices /." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/15198.

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Raio, Tomás Miguel Cardoso dos Santos. "Energy and Circular Economy based Improvements towards Carbon Neutrality and a Sustainable Future in an International Sports company." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134971.

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Raio, Tomás Miguel Cardoso dos Santos. "Energy and Circular Economy based Improvements towards Carbon Neutrality and a Sustainable Future in an International Sports company." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134971.

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Greeno, Matthew. "A passive revolution?: constructing a municipal alternative to carbon markets in British Columbia." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4171.

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Using a Foucault-inspired critical analysis of discourse within a Gramscian framework of hegemony, this thesis analyzes how patterns of international climate change policy relate to climate policy in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and explores the patterns of resistance to carbon neutrality in a single municipality. The BC Carbon Neutral Government Strategy and the Provincial Crown Corporation responsible for stimulating the growth of the BC carbon-offset market are characterized by neo-liberalism ideology and dispossession. The District of Saanich’s policy, which establishes a local and public form of carbon offset alternative, is characterized as a form of resistance. Saanich’s policy represents a passive revolution. This thesis suggests that the discourse of ecological modernization exists within both the hegemonic climate policy structure as well as the alternative found in Saanich. This thesis also suggests that municipalities represent a political space in which a Gramscian war of position may be waged.
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Cardoso, André Filipe Silva. "Projeto de Sistema de Produção Municipal de Hidrogénio Verde." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/40154.

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No município do Seixal, pretende-se estudar a implementação de um projeto para a produção de hidrogénio verde. Este projeto nasceu pela necessidade de responder às metas da descarbonização em Portugal, como sendo uma forte ferramenta para alcançarmos a desejada neutralidade carbónica. O projeto piloto tem como base a obtenção de hidrogénio verde para descarbonizar setores e eletrificar os mesmos de uma maneira “verde”. Neste âmbito, o município do Seixal está empenhado na criação de uma comunidade de energias renováveis para fornecimento de energia ao parque industrial do Seixal e dessa mesma energia verde, fazer uso por meio de um sistema eletrolisador para a obtenção de hidrogénio verde para várias finalidades. Desta forma, no presente projeto, após uma parte teórica acerca dos métodos de obtenção de hidrogénio, modos de utilização do mesmo, e contextualização do hidrogénio em Portugal, é proposto um estudo para aferir a forma mais rentável de utilização do hidrogénio resultante desse projeto piloto do município. Serão apresentados diferentes cenários, tais como a utilização do hidrogénio em três cadeias de valor, sendo estas power-to-mobility, power-to-gas e power-to-power e ainda dois contextos onde a energia utilizada na produção de hidrogénio tem proveniências distintas, um sistema fotovoltaico privado e outro comunitário. Todos os cenários apresentados por meio de uma análise financeira, resultam em valores que na atualidade permitem ser minimamente aceitáveis sem recurso a quaisquer incentivos monetários. No futuro, com o amadurecimento das tecnologias poderá ser possível obter resultados mais favoráveis, na medida em que os períodos de retorno do investimento nos vários cenários será inferior, conseguindo-se assim uma introdução do hidrogénio mais acessível nos vários setores económicos e uma economia cada vez mais neutra em carbono, indo de encontro às perspetivas europeias.
This project was born from the necessity of achieving the decarbonization targets set in Portugal in order to reach the so desired carbon neutrality and as so, it is going to be investigated the implementation of a green hydrogen production project under Seixal’s municipality. The pilot project basis is established in the obtention of green hydrogen in order to decarbonize sectors and start the process of electrification in a green way. Additionally Seixal’s municipality is invested in the creation of a renewable energies community mainly focused to supply its own industrial complex, and use that same green energy through an electrolyser system in order to obtain green hydrogen for multiple purposes. Firstly, this project will introduce the process of hydrogen obtention, utilization and contextualization in Portugal, followed by a study to assess the best way, rate of return wise, to use the hydrogen sourced from the municipality’s pilot project. Several scenarios will be presented, such as the use of hydrogen in three chain values: power-to-mobility, power-to-gas and power-to-power. There are also two additional contexts where the energy used in the hydrogen production came from two distinct sources: a private photovoltaic system and a communitary one. All of the scenarios are presented through a financial analysis that result in actual minimal acceptable values with no financial incentives needed. However, futuristically, and technologically speaking, given the technological improvement on the equipment used, it is possible to obtain favourable results in such a way that the payback period on every scenario will be lower, hence making it an accessible insertion of hydrogen energy for all the economic sectors involved, contributing overall towards a more carbon neutral economy and therefore meeting the European set targets.

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Santos, Ana Catarina. "O fundo azul e a capacidade dos fundos económicos no apoio à economia do Mar." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/134988.

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In the context of European Union (EU) and European Economic Area we may find several economic funds, specifically structural funds and cohesion funds. They both born from the need of economic growth, founded on equality and fairness inside EU. It’s a fact that this European and national funds have direct and indirect impact on peoples and companies daily life; with these funds they can finance ideas, projects and high-quality inventions. Over this assignment we intend to explain how the economical funds may be a effective booster for ocean economy, we will analyze the case of Fundo Azul, a Portuguese economical fund which destinies not only to companies but also to support science, biotechnology and maritime safety and security. We will approach as well how economical funds may be a tool to change paradigms, since we look for a more sustainable economy, more conscious and respectful for earth, maritime and human resources. The study of these questions is relevant for several reasons, since the funds don’t invest only in one area, the reflections of their actions will be diverse. Thereby, we can say the study on the importance of economical funds focusing on the analyses of the impacts they can cause in science and technology, and economic growth (on both the traditional and emergent activities), in the level of protection of maritime environments and ecosystems.
No contexto da União Europeia e do Espaço Económico Europeu encontramos diversos fundos económicos, nomeadamente fundos estruturais e fundos de coesão. Estes nasceram da necessidade de desenvolvimento económico igualitário e equitativo dentro da união. É um facto que estes fundos europeus e nacionais têm impactos directos e indirectos no quotidiano das pessoas e das empresas, com eles financiam-se ideias, projectos, invenções de elevada qualidade. Ao longo desta dissertação pretendemos explicar em que medida os fundos económicos podem ser um motor eficaz para a economia de mar, analisaremos o caso do Fundo Azul, um fundo económico português que se destina não só às empresas, mas também ao apoio da ciência e da biotecnologia, e ainda, à segurança marítima. Abordaremos também em que medida os fundos económicos podem ser uma forma de mudança de paradigmas, uma vez que, procuramos uma economia cada vez mais sustentável, com consciência e respeito pelos recursos terrestres, marítimos e humanos. O estudo destas questões é pertinente por diversas razões, uma vez que os fundos não se destinam a investimentos apenas numa área ou sector de actividade, os reflexos da sua acção podem ser muito diversificados. Assim, podemos dizer que o estudo da importância dos fundos económicos se prende com a análise dos impactos que eles provocam ao nível do avanço científico e tecnológico, do desenvolvimento económico (seja nas actividades tradicionais seja nas actividades emergentes), e ainda, ao nível da protecção dos ambientes e ecossistemas marinhos. No final deste trabalho, procuraremos ter resposta para algumas perguntas, nomeadamente, qual a importância e o impacto dos fundos económicos na economia, qual a importância dos cidadãos e das empresas no desenvolvimento da economia Azul, de que formas estes poderão participar e envolver-se mais na prossecução de objectivos comuns, qual a importância das políticas públicas no âmbito da economia, e nas conclusões finais, deixaremos algumas sugestões de medidas que poderão se tomadas, quer para o desenvolvimento económico quer para envolver mais os cidadãos na tomada de decisões.

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Gonçalves, Luís Carlos Barruncho dos Santos. "Improved planning and resource management in next generation green mobile communication networks." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20645.

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In upcoming years, mobile communication networks will experience a disruptive reinventing process through the deployment of post 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks. Profound impacts are expected on network planning processes, maintenance and operations, on mobile services, subscribers with major changes in their data consumption and generation behaviours, as well as on devices itself, with a myriad of different equipment communicating over such networks. Post 5G will be characterized by a profound transformation of several aspects: processes, technology, economic, social, but also environmental aspects, with energy efficiency and carbon neutrality playing an important role. It will represent a network of networks: where different types of access networks will coexist, an increasing diversity of devices of different nature, massive cloud computing utilization and subscribers with unprecedented data-consuming behaviours. All at greater throughput and quality of service, as unseen in previous generations. The present research work uses 5G new radio (NR) latest release as baseline for developing the research activities, with future networks post 5G NR in focus. Two approaches were followed: i) method re-engineering, to propose new mechanisms and overcome existing or predictably existing limitations and ii) concept design and innovation, to propose and present innovative methods or mechanisms to enhance and improve the design, planning, operation, maintenance and optimization of 5G networks. Four main research areas were addressed, focusing on optimization and enhancement of 5G NR future networks, the usage of edge virtualized functions, subscriber’s behavior towards the generation of data and a carbon sequestering model aiming to achieve carbon neutrality. Several contributions have been made and demonstrated, either through models of methodologies that will, on each of the research areas, provide significant improvements and enhancements from the planning phase to the operational phase, always focusing on optimizing resource management. All the contributions are retro compatible with 5G NR and can also be applied to what starts being foreseen as future mobile networks. From the subscriber’s perspective and the ultimate goal of providing the best quality of experience possible, still considering the mobile network operator’s (MNO) perspective, the different proposed or developed approaches resulted in optimization methods for the numerous problems identified throughout the work. Overall, all of such contributed individually but aggregately as a whole to improve and enhance globally future mobile networks. Therefore, an answer to the main question was provided: how to further optimize a next-generation network - developed with optimization in mind - making it even more efficient while, simultaneously, becoming neutral concerning carbon emissions. The developed model for MNOs which aimed to achieve carbon neutrality through CO2 sequestration together with the subscriber’s behaviour model - topics still not deeply focused nowadays – are two of the main contributions of this thesis and of utmost importance for post-5G networks.
Nos próximos anos espera-se que as redes de comunicações móveis se reinventem para lá da 5ª Geração (5G), com impactos profundos ao nível da forma como são planeadas, mantidas e operacionalizadas, ao nível do comportamento dos subscritores de serviços móveis, e através de uma miríade de dispositivos a comunicar através das mesmas. Estas redes serão profundamente transformadoras em termos tecnológicos, económicos, sociais, mas também ambientais, sendo a eficiência energética e a neutralidade carbónica aspetos que sofrem uma profunda melhoria. Paradoxalmente, numa rede em que coexistirão diferentes tipos de redes de acesso, mais dispositivos, utilização massiva de sistema de computação em nuvem, e subscritores com comportamentos de consumo de serviços inéditos nas gerações anteriores. O trabalho desenvolvido utiliza como base a release mais recente das redes 5G NR (New Radio), sendo o principal focus as redes pós-5G. Foi adotada uma abordagem de "reengenharia de métodos” (com o objetivo de propor mecanismos para resolver limitações existentes ou previsíveis) e de “inovação e design de conceitos”, em que são apresentadas técnicas e metodologias inovadoras, com o principal objetivo de contribuir para um desenho e operação otimizadas desta geração de redes celulares. Quatro grandes áreas de investigação foram endereçadas, contribuindo individualmente para um todo: melhorias e otimização generalizada de redes pós-5G, a utilização de virtualização de funções de rede, a análise comportamental dos subscritores no respeitante à geração e consumo de tráfego e finalmente, um modelo de sequestro de carbono com o objetivo de compensar as emissões produzidas por esse tipo de redes que se prevê ser massiva, almejando atingir a neutralidade carbónica. Como resultado deste trabalho, foram feitas e demonstradas várias contribuições, através de modelos ou metodologias, representando em cada área de investigação melhorias e otimizações, que, todas contribuindo para o mesmo objetivo, tiveram em consideração a retro compatibilidade e aplicabilidade ao que se prevê que sejam as futuras redes pós 5G. Focando sempre na perspetiva do subscritor da melhor experiência possível, mas também no lado do operador de serviço móvel – que pretende otimizar as suas redes, reduzir custos e maximizar o nível de qualidade de serviço prestado - as diferentes abordagens que foram desenvolvidas ou propostas, tiveram como resultado a resolução ou otimização dos diferentes problemas identificados, contribuindo de forma agregada para a melhoria do sistema no seu todo, respondendo à questão principal de como otimizar ainda mais uma rede desenvolvida para ser extremamente eficiente, tornando-a, simultaneamente, neutra em termos de emissões de carbono. Das principais contribuições deste trabalho relevam-se precisamente o modelo de compensação das emissões de CO2, com vista à neutralidade carbónica e um modelo de análise comportamental dos subscritores, dois temas ainda pouco explorados e extremamente importantes em contexto de redes futuras pós-5G.

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