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Journal articles on the topic 'NEUTRALISMO'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Carrattieri, Mirco. "Un mosaico del neutralismo italiano." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 160 (June 2018): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2018-160009.

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2

Blondel, Jean. "IL MODELLO SVIZZERO: UN FUTURO PER L'EUROPA?" Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 28, no. 2 (August 1998): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048840200025983.

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IntroduzioneParlar bene della Svizzera non è mai andato di moda. Se all'indomani della seconda guerra mondiale André Siegfried ne scriveva come di una democrazia modello («une démocratie témoin») (Siegfried 1947), molti altri – politici e giornalisti in particolare – l'hanno osteggiata per la sua ricchezza o per il suo neutralismo e, come sostengono alcuni, per il fatto che quella ricchezza poggiava su attività sordide legate allo stesso neutralismo. Senza arrivare a tanto, Harold Wilson, primo ministro britannico negli anni sessanta e settanta, non fu certo l'unico a stigmatizzare gli «gnomi di Zurigo»!
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3

Lucia Denitto, Anna. "La dimensione territoriale del neutralismo alla guerra." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 160 (June 2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2018-160010.

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4

Nencioni, Tommaso. "Tra neutralismo e atlantismo. La politica internazionale del Partito socialista italiano 1956-1966." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 260 (February 2011): 438–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2010-260005.

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L'articolo illustra gli elementi di continuitŕ e di rottura nell'azione internazionale del Partito socialista italiano, e la stretta relazione tra i cambiamenti nei riferimenti internazionali del partito e le mutazioni nella strategia da esso adottata per la lotta politica in Italia. Nella prima parte, l'autore analizza i caratteri del dibattito teorico che si sviluppa all'interno del partito socialista nel periodo in cui esso definisce la sua strategia in termini neutralisti. Sono passati in rassegna i termini del dibattito ideologico tra la corrente autonomista guidata da Nenni e Lombardi e quella di sinistra sui temi del neutralismo: europeismo, sostegno al Movimento dei non allineati, riavvicinamento al socialismo europeo e azione da svolgere in politica estera col governo di centrosinistra. Nella seconda parte dell'articolo l'autore esamina il ruolo della politica internazionale nella definizione degli equilibri del centrosinistra e il dibattito sull'Europa e sulle rivoluzioni in atto nel "terzo mondo" che si sviluppa all'interno del Psi, fino alla riunificazione di questo col Partito socialdemocratico e il suo ingresso nell'alveo del socialismo europeo.
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5

Fuentes Codera, Maximiliano. "Hispanismo y neutralismo: articulaciones transnacionales en España y Argentina durante la Gran Guerra." Historia Contemporánea, no. 63 (June 1, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/hc.21163.

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En el marco de la renovación historiográfica de los estudios sobre la Gran Guerra vinculados a la Historia Transnacional, este artículo realiza un estudio centrado en dos países, España y Argentina, que se mantuvieron neutrales durante todo el conflicto. A partir del análisis de documentación de ambos países, pone de relieve que las disputas locales sobre la neutralidad estuvieron relacionadas con dos elementos de carácter transnacional: el combate simbólico por la paz y por el futuro de ambas naciones. En este desarrollo, la proyección del hispanismo contribuyó decisivamente en la configuración de un espacio neutralista y germanófilo compartido entre ambos países. Los elementos que lo conformaron, como se muestra al final del artículo, fueron centrales en la conformación del renovado hispanismo que formularían las derechas reaccionarias en los años veinte y treinta en ambos países.
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SAVGULYAN, AREG. "USA ISOLATIONISM POLICY DURING THE REIGN OF PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT(1933–1941)." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2013): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v2i2.283.

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The article describes historical, ideological, cultural–civilizational, diplomatic, military– political, as well as military financial–economic and legislative–legal factors of neutralist policy during the reign of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1941). As a military–political and diplomatic tool of the United States, neutralism is continued to be used in the context of “good neighbor”, “neutralist” and “non–interference” policies. The doctrine of neutralism is trying to find its new place in the militarized world as a disinterested witness of the contest between good and evil ideologies.
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7

Buzato, Marcelo El Khouri. "Letramento, novas tecnologias e a Teoria Ator-Rede: um convite à pesquisa." Remate de Males 29, no. 1 (July 7, 2010): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/remate.v29i1.8636289.

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O presente texto busca articular o conceito de letramento (digital) com fundamentos da Teoria Ator-Rede, para refutar dois discursos dominantes sobre as (novas) tecnologias da escrita: o do determinismo tecnológico e o do neutralismo. Toma da referida teoria o axioma da inseparabilidade entre tecnologia e sociedade, assim como entre natureza e cultura. Propõe, a partir de conceitos-chave que derivam do axioma, uma concepção de letramento (digital) como rede heterogênea, constituída de associações entre humanos e não-humanos que, de forma simétrica, negociam interesses e interpretações. Aplica tal concepção a dados recuperados de uma pesquisa anterior, realizada sob outro enfoque teórico, com vistas a avaliar o poder explicativo da Teoria Ator-Rede no que tange a relação entre global e local em práticas "situadas" de letramento (digital).
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8

Favaloro, Emmanuel J., Grace Gilmore, Roslyn Bonar, Elysse Dean, Sandya Arunachalam, Soma Mohammed, and Ross Baker. "Laboratory testing for activated protein C resistance: rivaroxaban induced interference and a comparative evaluation of andexanet alfa and DOAC Stop to neutralise interference." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 1322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-1160.

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AbstractBackgroundInvestigation of hemostasis is problematic when patients are on anticoagulant therapy. Rivaroxaban especially causes substantial interference, extending many clot-based tests, thereby leading to false positive or negative events. In particular, rivaroxaban affects some assays for activated protein C resistance (APCR).MethodsWe assessed, in an international setting, cross laboratory (n = 31) testing using four samples to evaluate rivaroxaban induced interference in APCR testing, and whether this interference could be neutralised. The samples comprised: (A) pool of normal plasma (APCR-negative control); (B) this normal pool spiked with rivaroxaban (200 ng/mL) to create rivaroxaban-induced interference (potential ‘false’ positive APCR event sample); (C) the rivaroxaban sample subsequently treated with a commercial direct oral anticoagulant ‘DOAC-neutraliser’ (DOAC Stop), or (D) treated with andexanet alfa (200 μg/mL). Testing was performed blind to sample type.ResultsThe rivaroxaban-spiked sample generated false positive APCR results for some, but unexpectedly not most APCR-tests. The sample treated with DOAC Stop evidenced a correction in the rivaroxaban-affected APCR assays, and did not otherwise adversely affect the rivaroxaban ‘unaffected’ APCR assays. The andexanet alfa-treated sample did not evidence correction of the false positive APCR, and instead unexpectedly exacerbated false positive APCR status with many tests.ConclusionsDOAC Stop was able to neutralise any APCR interference induced by rivaroxaban. In contrast, andexanet alfa did not negate such interference, and instead unexpectedly created more false-positive APCR events.
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9

Palma, Alejandra Cecilia. "Entre el neutralismo y la confrontación: funciones del discurso referido en entrevistas políticas durante la polémica discursiva por las retenciones móviles en Argentina (2008)." RASAL Lingüística, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56683/rs221031.

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Este trabajo se propone analizar las funciones del discurso referido en entrevistas políticas televisivas realizadas durante la polémica por las retenciones móviles desarrollada en Argentina en el año 2008 (Aronskind y Vommaro, 2010). El marco teórico integra elementos de la Teoría de la Argumentación en el Discurso (Amossy, 2014), el Análisis del Discurso Político Mediatizado (Fairclough 2005; Fetzer y Weizman, 2006) y el Análisis Conversacional (Heritage y Clayman, 2010). El corpus está compuesto por cuatro entrevistas realizadas en los programas de periodismo político A dos voces y Palabras más, palabras menos a dos dirigentes agrarios. Al enfocar el análisis en los procedimientos de citas directas e indirectas en las intervenciones de los entrevistadores, consideramos: 1) la distribución de las formas lingüísticas y el tipo de atribución; 2) las funciones de estas citas en el manejo de la agenda de la entrevista; y 3) algunos usos estratégicos identificados en cada programa. Los resultados revelan, por un lado, que el empleo de citas, en distintas funciones, constituye una herramienta clave para la práctica de entrevistar, y, por otro, que su uso estratégico parece apuntar hacia la configuración de distintas maneras de encarar el rol de entrevistador/a frente a una polémica discursiva.
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10

Wyss, Marco. "The Challenge of Western Neutralism during the Cold War: Britain and the Buildup of a Nigerian Air Force." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00817.

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In the wake of decolonization, Britain wanted to maintain its strategic interests in Nigeria and to keep the newly independent African country in the Western orbit. Having abrogated a defense agreement in reaction to Nigerian domestic opposition, the British government counted on military assistance to secure its postcolonial security role. The British thus hoped to gain responsibility for the buildup of a Nigerian air force, which the authorities in Lagos wished to establish for national prestige and protection against potential enemies such as Ghana. The Nigerians, however, first tried to secure the requisite assistance from Commonwealth countries other than Britain before opting for a West German air force mission. The Nigerian government aimed to reduce its dependence on Britain and thereby burnish its neutralist credentials. Yet London was challenged by a Western version of neutralism, similar to Western neutrality, because the Nigerians never attempted to approach the Soviet bloc about military assistance.
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11

Mathian, Alexis, Zahir Amoura, Estelle Adam, Fabien Colaone, Marco F. M. Hoekman, Olivier Dhellin, Pierre Vandepapelière, et al. "Active immunisation of human interferon α transgenic mice with a human interferon α Kinoid induces antibodies that neutralise interferon α in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 70, no. 6 (March 9, 2011): 1138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.141101.

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ObjectivesInterferon α (IFNα) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is considered a target for its treatment. In the current study, the ability of active immunisation with a human (hu) IFNα2b Kinoid (IFN-K) to break B cell tolerance to IFNα and to induce huIFNα-neutralising antibodies in mice immunotolerant to huIFNα2b was assessed.MethodsIFN-K was manufactured by crosslinking huIFNα2b to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Transgenic mice expressing huIFNα2b received by intramuscular injection either saline or polymerised huIFNα2b as controls, or IFN-K, emulsified in ISA51vg adjuvant.ResultsAll of the huIFNα2b-expressing mice immunised with IFN-K generated neutralising antibodies against huIFNα2b. In addition, these antibodies neutralised all 13 subtypes of huIFNα. They also neutralised IFNα activity in sera collected from 10 different patients with active SLE. However, the antibodies did not bind to huIFNγ or huIFNβ. Finally, cellular activation assays showed that immunisation with IFN-K did not induce memory T cells reactive to native huIFNα2b, whereas it did induce memory cells reactive to KLH.ConclusionThese results show that active immunisation with IFN-K induces polyclonal antibodies that neutralise all subtypes of huIFNα as well as IFNα in sera from patients with SLE by breaking humoral but not cellular tolerance to IFNα. This suggests that immunisation with IFN-K is a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SLE.
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12

Jefimovas, Andrejus. "THE IMPACT OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE ON THE HYDRATATION AND FEATURES OF MECHANICALY ACTIVATED PHOSPHOGYPSUM." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.107.

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Extractive hemihydrate phosphogypsum (E-PG) is the most popular mineral waste in Lithuania. The dumps of that are rapidly growing and the question of possible use still remains open. Phosphogypsum is obtained during the process of extracting phosphoric acid from apatite using sulphuric acid. Due to low activity and contamination with acidic mineral admixtures (phosphorus and fluorine compounds), this technogenic product cannot be used for producing construction materials. Instead of present energy consuming processes used for neutralisation, another method – mechanical activation neutralizing acid admixtures with cement and opoka mix is offered. Whereas cement and opoka are grey, the items made of phosphogypsum (neutralised using these admixtures) are dark. Research was made trying to find out the possibility of gaining the white binder from phosphogypsum. In order to achieve that magnesium oxide was chosen to neutralise phosphogypsum and its impact on E-PG, hydratation and features were studied.
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13

Bagg, Samuel. "Can deliberation neutralise power?" European Journal of Political Theory 17, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885115610542.

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Most democratic theorists agree that concentrations of wealth and power tend to distort the functioning of democracy and ought to be countered wherever possible. Deliberative democrats are no exception: though not its only potential value, the capacity of deliberation to ‘neutralise power’ is often regarded as ‘fundamental’ to deliberative theory. Power may be neutralised, according to many deliberative democrats, if citizens can be induced to commit more fully to the deliberative resolution of common problems. If they do, they will be unable to get away with inconsistencies and bad or private reasons, thereby mitigating the illegitimate influence of power. I argue, however, that the means by which power inflects political disagreement is far more subtle than this model suggests and cannot be countered so simply. As a wealth of recent research in political psychology demonstrates, human beings persistently exhibit ‘motivated reasoning’, meaning that even when we are sincerely committed to the deliberative resolution of common problems, and even when we are exposed to the same reasons and evidence, we still disagree strongly about what ‘fair cooperation’ entails. Motivated reasoning can be counteracted, but only under exceptional circumstances such as those that enable modern science, which cannot be reliably replicated in our society at large. My analysis suggests that in democratic politics – which rules out the kind of anti-democratic practices available to scientists – we should not expect deliberation to reliably neutralise power.
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14

Demigné, Christian, Houda Sabboh, Caroline Puel, Christian Rémésy, and Véronique Coxam. "Organic anions and potassium salts in nutrition and metabolism." Nutrition Research Reviews 17, no. 2 (December 2004): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200485.

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AbstractThe present review examines the importance of dietary organic anions in preventive nutrition. Organic anions are chiefly supplied by plant foods, as partially neutralised K salts such as potassium citrate, potassium malate and, to a lesser extent, oxalate or tartrate salts. Animal products may also supply K anions, essentially as phosphate, but also as lactate as a result of fermentative or maturation processes, but these K salts have little alkalinising significance. Citrate and malate anions are absorbed in the upper digestive tract, while a substantial proportion is probably metabolised in the splanchnic area. Whatever their site of metabolism, these anions finally yield KHCO3 which is used by the kidneys to neutralise fixed acidity. This acidity essentially reflects the oxidation of excess S amino acids to sulfate ions, which is mainly related to the dietary protein level. Failure to neutralise acidity leads to low-grade metabolic acidosis, with possible long-term deleterious effects on bone Ca status and on protein status. Furthermore, low-grade acidosis is liable to affect other metabolic processes, such as peroxidation of biological structures. These metabolic disturbances could be connected with the relatively high incidence of osteoporosis and muscle-protein wasting problems observed in ageing individuals in Europe and Northern America. Providing a sufficient supply of K organic anions through fruit and vegetable intake should be recommended, fostering the actual motivational campaigns ('five (or ten) per d') already launched to promote the intake of plant foods rich in complex carbohydrates and various micronutrients.
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Moked, Oran. "Perfectionism, Economic (Dis)Incentives, and Political Coercion." Les ateliers de l'éthique 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044464ar.

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May a government attempt to improve the lives of its citizens by promoting the activities it deems valuable and discouraging those it disvalues? May it engage in such a practice even when doing so is not a requirement of justice in some strict sense, and even when the judgments of value and disvalue in question are likely to be subject to controversy among its citizens? These questions have long stood at the center of debates between political perfectionists and political neutralists. In what follows I address a prominent cluster of arguments against political perfectionism—namely, arguments that focus on the coercive dimensions of state action. My main claim is simple: whatever concerns we might have about coercion, arguments from coercion fall short of supporting a thoroughgoing rejection of perfectionism, for the reason that perfectionist policies need not be coercive. The main body of the paper responds, however, to several neutralist challenges to this last claim.
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Dragovic, R. A., L. J. Ritter, S. J. Schulz, D. T. Armstrong, and R. B. Gilchrist. "231. Mouse oocyte paracrine signalling to cumulus cells by TGF-β superfamily molecules is indispensable for cumulus expansion." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 9 (2005): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb05abs231.

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Oocyte-secreted factors are required for expansion of the mouse cumulus-oocyte complex (COC), which is necessary for ovulation. Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are prime candidates for the mouse cumulus expansion-enabling factor (CEEF), and we have recently determined that growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) alone is not the CEEF. This study was conducted to examine TGF-β superfamily processes regulating cumulus expansion. COCs were collected from eCG-primed mice and the oocyte microsurgically removed to generate oocytectomised (OOX) complexes. An established scoring system was used to measure FSH-induced cumulus expansion; 0 (no expansion) to +4 (maximum expansion). OOX complexes treated with FSH alone failed to expand (score: 0), whereas expansion was significantly (P < 0.05) induced by either GDF9 (score: mean ± SEM, 3.7 ± 0.1), activin A (2.6 ± 0.1), or co-culture with oocytes (3.2 ± 0.2). The type-I receptors for GDF9 and activin are activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) and ALK4, respectively. We tested the ability of the ALK4/5/7 kinase inhibitor, SB431542, to neutralise cumulus expansion. SB431542 completely neutralised (P < 0.05) the response of OOX complexes to GDF9, activin and oocyte-induced cumulus expansion. SB431542 also neutralised (P < 0.05) COC expansion in a dose dependent manner. Follistatin, an activin antagonist was effective at neutralising the response of OOX complexes to activin (score: 0), but had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the expansion of OOX complexes co-cultured with oocytes (score: 2.7 ± 0.2). This study provides evidence that activin is not the sole CEEF, but signalling through the ALK4/5/7 pathway is indispensable for mouse cumulus expansion.
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Menzies, Stefanie K., Thea Litschka-Koen, Rebecca J. Edge, Jaffer Alsolaiss, Edouard Crittenden, Steven R. Hall, Adam Westhorpe, et al. "Two snakebite antivenoms have potential to reduce Eswatini’s dependency upon a single, increasingly unavailable product: Results of preclinical efficacy testing." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): e0010496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010496.

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Background Snakebite is a major public health concern in Eswatini, where treatment relies upon one antivenom–SAIMR Polyvalent. Although effective in treating snakebite, SAIMR Polyvalent is difficult to source outside its manufacturing country (South Africa) and is dauntingly expensive. We compared the preclinical venom-neutralising efficacy of two alternative antivenoms and SAIMR Polyvalent against the lethal and tissue-destructive effects of venoms from five species of medically important snakes using in vivo murine assays. The test antivenoms were ‘Panafrican’ manufactured by Instituto Clodomiro Picado and ‘PANAF’ manufactured by Premium Serums & Vaccines. Principal findings In vivo murine preclinical studies identified both test antivenoms were equally or more effective than SAIMR Polyvalent at neutralising lethal and tissue-destructive effects of Naja mossambica venom. Both test antivenoms were less effective than SAIMR Polyvalent at neutralising the lethal effects of Bitis arietans, Dendroaspis polylepis, Hemachatus haemachatus and Naja annulifera venoms, but similarly effective at neutralising tissue damage induced by B. arietans and H. haemachatus venoms. In vitro immunological assays identified that IgG titres and toxin-specificities of the test antivenoms were comparable to SAIMR Polyvalent. Plasma clotting disturbances by H. haemachatus and N. mossambica were neutralised by the test antivenoms, whereas SAIMR Polyvalent failed to neutralise this bioactivity of N. mossambica venom. B. arietans SVMP activity was equally reduced by all three antivenoms, and H. haemachatus and N. mossambica PLA2 activities were neutralised by all three antivenoms. Conclusions While both Panafrican and PANAF antivenoms exhibited promising preclinical efficacies, both were less poly-specifically effective than SAIMR Polyvalent in these murine assays. The efficacy of these antivenoms against the lethal and tissue-destructive effects of N. mossambica venom, the most common biting species in Eswatini, identify that Panafrican and PANAF antivenoms offer effective alternatives to SAIMR Polyvalent for the treatment of snakebite in Eswatini, and potentially for neighbouring countries.
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Gonçalves, Paloma, Francisco Martin, Patricia Borges, Maria Espirito Santo, Nuno Taveira, and José Marcelino. "PO 8597 NEUTRALISING AND NON-NEUTRALISING ANTIBODIES RESPONSE IN HIV-1-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS FROM MOZAMBIQUE." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A61.2—A61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.161.

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BackgroundA vaccine that protects against the different HIV subtypes circulating around the world is essential to control and eliminate HIV infection. The immunogens are the key to develop an effective HIV vaccine. In this study, we characterised the antibody response against recombinant C2V3C3 polypeptides from several HIV-1 subtypes and evaluated the neutralising antibody response.MethodsPlasmas from HIV-1-infected individuals under treatment (n=39) and drugs-naïve individuals (n=8) were tested in an ELISA assay to determine the presence of antibodies against polypeptides from HIV-1 subtypes (CRF02_AG, B, C, G and H). The neutralising activity of plasma was evaluated with a panel of six HIV-1 viruses from a reference panel, [one tier 1 (NL4.3), and five tier 2 (PCH119_CRF07, PCE1176_C, TRO11_B, 246 F3_AC and CRF07_BJOX2000)] in a TZM-bl cells-based assay.ResultsOut of 48 plasmas, 44 (89.6%) reacted at least with one polypeptide and four (10.4%) did not react with any polypeptide. Interestingly, 56% of the plasmas recognise ≥3 peptides and 6 reacted with all polypeptides. The polypeptide from virus CRF02_AG was the most antigenic (77%) followed by the polypeptide C (58.3%), G (58.3%), H (50%) and B (35.4%). There was a positive correlation between polypeptides number recognised and binding antibody reactivity (r=0.4895, p=0.0111). All plasmas from drugs-naïve individuals neutralised at least one virus with neutralising activity between 39.3% and 95.7%. Four plasmas showed neutralising activity >50% against five viruses. The virus 249 F3 was the easiest to neutralise (median, 65.7%), whereas PCH119_CRF07 was the most difficult to neutralise (median, 43.6%). Neutralising activity of plasmas from patients under treatment are ongoing.ConclusionIn summary, these polypeptides could be useful in vaccine design once they are very antigenic and we observed a heterologous neutralising antibody response in naïve patients that expressed positive antibody-response anti-peptides.
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Bharti, Omesh Kumar. "Small Volume of Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) is Effective for Local Wound Infiltration in Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis whereas Intramuscular RIG is just a Wastage." Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine 08, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202112.

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Rabies is a zoonosis that is 100% fatal once symptoms of the disease appear. However, it is almost 100% preventable if the prophylactic measures with proper wound wash, vaccines and immunoglobulins are taken soon after exposure to the animal bite. A general tendency has been noticed among clinicians all over the world to inject Rabies Immunoglobulins (RIG) intramuscularly, mostly in the gluteal muscle, despite the guidelines that suggest infiltrating it into the wounds. This has resulted in failures of Post Exposure Prophylaxis in many countries leading to the death of patients due to rabies. Here we discuss how giving any amount or even large amount of RIG intramuscularly (IM) is not going to neutralise rabies virus at the wound site especially during the window period, exposing the patients to the risk of rabies, whereas a small volume of RIG injected into the wound(s) is a lifesaving intervention as it neutralises the virus there and then in the wound(s) especially during the initial window period when the exposed person is unprotected, as the response to concurrent vaccination may take 10-14 days after exposure/ bite.
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Tan, K. K., S. Nellis, N. I. Zulkifle, S. Sulaiman, and S. AbuBakar. "Autochthonous spread of DENV-3 genotype III in Malaysia mitigated by pre-existing homotypic and heterotypic immunity." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 13 (June 4, 2018): 1635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001425.

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AbstractDengue virus type 3 genotype III (DENV-3/III) is widely distributed in most dengue-endemic regions. It emerged in Malaysia in 2008 and autochthonously spread in the midst of endemic DENV-3/I circulation. The spread, however, was limited and the virus did not cause any major outbreak. Spatiotemporal distribution study of DENV-3 over the period between 2005 and 2011 revealed that dengue cases involving DENV-3/III occurred mostly in areas without pre-existing circulating DENV-3. Neutralisation assays performed using sera of patients with the respective infection showed that the DENV-3/III viruses can be effectively neutralised by sera of patients with DENV-3 infection (50% foci reduction neutralisation titres (FRNT50) > 1300). Sera of patients with DENV-1 infection (FRNT50 ⩾ 190), but not sera of patients with DENV-2 infection (FRNT50 ⩽ 50), were also able to neutralise the virus. These findings highlight the possibility that the pre-existing homotypic DENV-3 and the cross-reacting heterotypic DENV-1 antibody responses could play a role in mitigating a major outbreak involving DENV-3/III in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.
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21

von Donat, Marcell. "Neutralism in Germany." Government and Opposition 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1986.tb00029.x.

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IN 1986, THE FRENCH PRESIDENT FRANÇOIS MITTERRAND reminded us that neutralism in Germany was not just a simple reaction to political facts but a very complex constant in recent German history. Is the idea of a neutral Germany or of two neutral German states of any political importance today? Are there still supporters for neutrality in Central Europe? Would it not be normal for some people to think in those terms?In today's relatively tension-free period of East-West relations, the fact may be overlooked that the German situation remains exceptional and that the Germans have a burden to carry which other nations do not have. The Federal Republic of Germany does not have full freedom of choice like for instance, Norway, which is a member of NATO without being a member of the EC, or Ireland which is an EC-member without belonging to NATO. What is considered as a normal option for any other nation might not be permitted for the Germans. Thus the frontline state at the frontier of the two world ideologies cannot claim normal freedom of action.
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Stangler, Dane. "Neutralism and Entrepreneurship." Service Science 3, no. 3 (September 2011): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/serv.3.3.256.

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23

Dever, Josh. "Eternalism, Temporalism, Neutralism." Inquiry 58, no. 6 (August 18, 2015): 608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020174x.2015.1059112.

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SMITH, JENNIFER, and SOPHIE HOLMES-ELLIOTT. "The unstoppable glottal: tracking rapid change in an iconic British variable." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 3 (January 18, 2017): 323–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000459.

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This article presents a sociolinguistic investigation of a rapidly expanding innovation in the UK, glottal replacement, in a variety spoken in northeast Scotland. Quantitative analysis of the form shows a dramatic change in apparent time: from a minority variant in the older generation to a full 90 per cent use in the younger generation. Further analysis of the constraints on use provide a detailed snapshot of how this variant moves through social and linguistic space. Males use higher rates of the non-standard form in the older generations but this constraint is neutralised in the younger generations as the form increases. Styleshifting according to interlocutor also neutralises through time. While these results across the social constraints are in line with previous analyses, the linguistic constraints differ in this variety. In contrast to most other varieties, intervocalic contexts such asbottleshow high rates of glottal replacement. Moreover, word-internal foot-initial contexts (e.g.sometimes) also frequently allow the non-standard variant, despite this being rare in other dialects. Although glottal replacement is largely considered to be a ‘torchbearer’ of geographical diffusion, this in-depth analysis suggests that different varieties may have different pathways of change in the rapid transition from [t] to [ʔ] throughout the UK.
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Dragovic, R. A., L. J. Ritter, F. Amato, S. J. Scott, M. Cranfield, N. P. Groome, D. T. Armstrong, and R. B. Gilchrist. "251.Regulation of mouse cumulus expansion by oocyte-secreted growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs251.

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Oocyte paracrine signalling is necessary for mouse cumulus cell expansion, an important preovulatory process. The oocyte-secreted factor growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) signals through the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II (BMPR-II) and is currently the primary candidate molecule for the cumulus expansion enabling factor (CEEF). The present study was conducted to determine whether in the mouse GDF-9 is the CEEF. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were collected from eCG-primed mice and the oocyte was microsurgically removed to generate an oocytectomised complex (OOX). An established scoring system was used to measure FSH-induced cumulus expansion; 0 (no expansion) to +4 (maximum expansion). OOX complexes treated with FSH alone failed to expand (score: 0), whereas expansion was significantly (P�<�0.05) induced by either recombinant mouse GDF-9 (score; mean +/– SEM: 2.7 +/– 0.1), recombinant TGF-μ1 (score: 2.6 +/– 0.2) or co-culture with oocytes (score: 2.3 +/– 0.2). A GDF-9 neutralising antibody mAb-53, raised against hGDF-9, was effective in neutralising the response of OOX complexes to GDF-9 (score: 0.1 +/– 0.1), but had no significant effect on the expansion of OOX complexes co-cultured with oocytes (score: 2.3 +/– 0.2). Likewise, a TGF-μ antagonist neutralised (P�<�0.05) TGF-μ-induced, but not oocyte-induced, expansion of OOX complexes. A soluble portion of the BMPR-II ectodomain, a known GDF-9 antagonist, failed to neutralise oocyte-induced cumulus expansion (P�>�0.05) at the highest dose implying that BMPR-II is not a critical receptor involved in regulating cumulus expansion. Using real-time RT-PCR, hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS2) mRNA expression by OOXs was upregulated 6- to 7-fold by oocytes and GDF-9. The GDF-9 neutralising antibody mAb-53, partially neutralised GDF-9-induced OOX HAS2 expression, but not oocyte-induced HAS2 expression. This study provides evidence that like TGF-μ1, GDF-9 can enable FSH-induced cumulus expansion, however more importantly demonstrates that neither GDF-9 nor TGF-μ1 alone account for the crucial oocyte-secreted factor regulating cumulus expansion in the mouse.
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26

Gourdon, Alain. "L'Inde neutralisée." Commentaire Numéro 35, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.035.0570.

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27

Jung, Sangsu. "Budler's Neutralism of Korea." Journal of Western History 57 (November 30, 2017): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.16894/jowh.57.6.

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28

Birkedal-Hansen, Andreas, and Eunhwa Jeong. "Gaugino and higgsino coannihilations I: neutralino-neutralino interactions." Journal of High Energy Physics 2003, no. 02 (February 20, 2003): 047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2003/02/047.

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PASECHNIK, R. S., V. A. BEYLIN, V. I. KUKSA, and G. M. VERESHKOV. "NEUTRALINO–NUCLEON INTERACTION IN THE SPLIT SUSY SCENARIO OF THE DARK MATTER." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 32 (December 30, 2009): 6051–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047697.

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The split SUSY scenario with light Higgsino states is treated as an application to the dark matter problem. We have considered the structure of the neutralino–nucleon interaction and calculated cross-section of the neutralino–nucleon scattering. The decay properties of the lightest chargino and next lightest neutralino are analyzed in details.
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VELDHUIS, W. T. A. TER. "THE NEUTRALINO SECTOR IN STRONGLY INTERACTING SUPERSYMMETRIC MODELS." Modern Physics Letters A 09, no. 39 (December 21, 1994): 3691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394003531.

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The neutralino sector is analyzed for a supersymmetric nonlinear sigma model. This model describes the low energy physics of strongly interacting theories in which super-symmetry is softly broken at scales below the electroweak symmetry breaking scale. The measured width of the Z boson constrains the allowed range of parameters. In case the lightest neutralino is stable, limits on additional contributions to the invisible width of the Z boson and on the relic neutralino density further restrict parameter space. As a consequence, the lightest neutralino in the considered class of theories is required to have a mass above 15 GeV, but below MZ.
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31

Lowry, Christopher. "Perfectionism for Neutralists." Journal of Social Philosophy 42, no. 4 (December 2011): 382–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2011.01540.x.

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32

SAITOU, Naruya. "A note on the neutralism." Genes & Genetic Systems 69, no. 5 (1994): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1266/ggs.69.503.

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33

Pendlebury, Michael. "In Defense of Moderate Neutralism." Journal of Social Philosophy 33, no. 3 (August 2002): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.00147.

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34

SAITOU, Naruya. "A note on the neutralism." Japanese Journal of Genetics 69, no. 5 (1994): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1266/jjg.69.503.

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35

Trueman, Robert. "Neutralism within the Semantic Tradition." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 3 (September 2012): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht3.41.

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36

Forrest, Peter. "Neutralism, Naturalism and Emergence: A Critical Examination of Cumpa’s Theory of Instantiation." Metaphysica 20, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2019-2017.

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Abstract In his “Are Properties, Particular, Universal, or Neither?” Javier Cumpa argues that science not metaphysics explains how properties are instantiated. I accept this conclusion provided physics can be stated using rather few primitive predicates. In addition, he uses his scientific theory of instantiation to argue for Neutralism, his thesis that the “tie” between properties and their instances implies neither that properties are particular nor that they are universals. Neutralism, I claim, is a thesis that realist about universals have independent reason to accept and their opponents have reason to reject. So, neutralism is not neutral on the topic of whether properties are universals. Nor is Cumpa’s Theory of Instantiation as naturalistic as he claims. I argue that although compatible with Ontological Naturalism, his theory provides a precedent for the non-naturalistic emergence of mental properties. Finally, I argue that because his theory requires a simple physics it presupposes a more rationalist epistemology than that of Methodological Naturalism.
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37

Wardhani, Mustika. "Profane-sacred Attributes in The Designof Funeral Services in Yogyakarta and Solo, Indonesia." Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 4, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v4i2.13574.

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Funeral services are part of public facilities with deep meaning for the mourners to ‘say goodbye’. In Indonesia, funeral services are regulated in Spatial and Regional Planning that adapts to the local context and culture. However, the development of funeral services encountered various obstacles in the availability of adequate facilities and have ‘less-meaning’ in small towns. The death of a loved one causes psychological distress for the family and those left behind. This problem underlies study related to the meaning of profane-sacred values in funeral services. The method used is a qualitative study with a storytelling approach through observations at funeral homes and crematoriums in Yogyakarta and Solo, Indonesia. This study shows that the profane zones of funeral services can manifest in flexibility, continuity of space, relief of spatial dimensions, and clarity of circulation. The 'chaotic' phases of mourning can be neutralised with monochrome colours to create an atmosphere of consolation. Meanwhile, sacred zones can be applied rigid, angular, and centred as a form of honour. Landscape interventions may aim to neutralise a grief situation and potentially be an aspect of natural healing. Moreover, landscape planning around the main building can address sustainability and environmental balance. The results of this study are expected to provide a discourse that funeral buildings are not only seen as 'a space of activity', but beyond that, it has a significant role in healing aspects in bereavement conditions.
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38

Almkvist, Gunnar, and Ingmar Persson. "Extraction of iron compounds from wood from the Vasa." Holzforschung 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.114.

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Abstract In 2000, salt precipitates were found on surfaces of the Swedish warship Vasa, accompanied by low pH values, partly as a result of oxidation of accumulated sulfur compounds. One hypothesis is that oxidation of the sulfur compounds was catalysed by the large amounts of diverse iron compounds present in the wood. It is therefore of interest to develop a method to extract the iron compounds and simultaneously neutralise the acids. The iron compounds could be extracted using an aqueous solution of ethylenediimino-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)acetic acid (EDDHMA) or diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) at alkaline pH, leaving only small amounts of iron compounds. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) used as the conservation agent, salts and other water-soluble compounds were co-extracted. The extraction rate was enhanced by stirring and by higher concentrations of the chelator, but diffusion of compounds through the wood was the most important factor for the overall extraction efficiency. Extraction of iron compounds from deep inside the wood is time-consuming and may take years. The results from this study imply that aqueous extraction with strong chelators at relatively high pH, 9–11, effectively removes iron compounds and neutralises the acids present. Although the results are promising, it is still too early to start major re-conservation of Vasa wood using extraction, as all the effects on the wood are not known, but such studies are in progress.
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OSHIMO, NORIYUKI. "T-ODD ASYMMETRY IN TRILEPTONIC DECAY OF SCALAR LEPTON." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 02 (January 1989): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389000204.

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The complex mass matrix for neutralinos could lead to T-violation in the neutralino decay. We analyze the successive decay of the scalar lepton into three leptons and the lightest neutralino, which is mediated by a heavier neutralino. If the magnitude of CP-violation is not small, T-odd asymmetry will be observed in the angular distribution of the three leptons.
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40

Haber, Howard E., and Daniel Wyler. "Radiative neutralino decay." Nuclear Physics B 323, no. 2 (September 1989): 267–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(89)90143-0.

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41

Fornengo, N. "Neutralino dark matter." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 35 (May 1994): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)90233-x.

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42

Meng, Zhaoyang, Xiaobin Xu, Weili Lin, Baozhu Ge, Yulin Xie, Bo Song, Shihui Jia, et al. "Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-167-2018.

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Abstract. The real-time measurements of NH3 and trace gases were conducted, in conjunction with semi-continuous measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) from May to September 2013 in order to better understand chemical characteristics of ammonia and the impact of secondary ammonium aerosols on formation in the NCP. Extremely high NH3 and NH4+ concentrations were observed after a precipitation event within 7–10 days following urea application. Elevated NH3 levels coincided with elevated NH4+, indicating that NH3 likely influenced particulate ammonium mass. For the sampling period, the average conversion ∕ oxidation ratios for NH4+ (NHR), SO42- (SOR), and NO3- (NOR) were estimated to be 0.30, 0.64, and 0.24, respectively. The increased NH3 concentrations, mainly from agricultural activities and regional transport, coincided with the prevailing meteorological conditions. The high NH3 level with NHR of about 0.30 indicates that the emission of NH3 in the NCP is much higher than needed for aerosol acid neutralisation, and NH3 plays an important role in the formation of secondary aerosols as a key neutraliser. The hourly data obtained were used to investigate gas–aerosol partitioning characteristics using the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA-II. Modelled SO42-, NO3-, and NH3 values agree well with the measurements, while the modelled NH4+ values largely underestimate the measurements. Our observation and modelling results indicate that strong acids in aerosol are completely neutralised. Additional NH4+ exists in aerosol, probably a result of the presence of a substantial amount of oxalic and other diacids.
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43

Chowdhury, Abhinandan, Matthew R. Lewin, Rebecca Carter, Raul Soria, Matt Aldridge, and Bryan G. Fry. "Extreme Procoagulant Potency in Human Plasma of Venoms from the African Viperid Genera Atheris, Cerastes, and Proatheris and the Relative Efficacy of Antivenoms and Synthetic Enzyme-Inhibitors." Toxins 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120836.

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The African viperid snake genera Atheris, Cerastes, and Proatheris are closely related, similar in size, but occupy extremely divergent ecological niches (arboreal in tropical rainforests, fossorial in deserts, and swamp-dwelling, respectively). Their venoms have not previously been subjected to comparative analyses for their action upon the coagulation of blood, most notably with significant data deficiencies from Atheris and Proatheris. In contrast, the closely related genus Echis is well-documented as capable of producing potent procoagulant effects. In light of this, we set out to compare the coagulotoxic actions of Atheris ceratophora, A. chlorechis, A. desaixi, A. nitschei, A. squamigera, C. cerastes, C. cerastes gasperettii, C. vipera, and Proatheris superciliaris and explore potential pharmacological interventions to reestablish normal blood coagulation. All venoms displayed extremely potent procoagulant effects, over twice as fast as the most potent Echis reported to date. Although Cerastes is used in the immunising mixture of two different regionally available antivenoms (Inoserp-MENA with C. cerastes, C. cerastes gasperettii, C. vipera and Saudi Arabian polyvalent with C. cerastes), none of the other species in this study are included in the immunising mixture of any antivenom. Notably, all the Cerastes species were only neutralised by the Inoserp-MENA antivenom. C. cerastes venom was not neutralised well by the Saudi Arabian antivenom, with the low levels of recognition for any of the Cerastes venoms suggesting a strong regional variation in the venom of this species, as the C. cerastes venom tested was of African (Tunisian) origin versus Saudi locality used in that antivenom’s production. The other antivenoms (Micropharm EchiTAbG, ICP EchiTAb-Plus-ICP, Inosan Inoserp Pan-Africa, Premium Serums PANAF Sub-Sahara Africa, South African Vaccine Producers Echis, South African Vaccine Producers Polyvalent) all displayed trivial-to-no ability to neutralise the procoagulant toxicity of any of the Atheris, Cerastes, or Proatheris venoms. Comparative testing of the enzyme inhibitors DMPS, marimastat, and prinomastat, revealed a very potent neutralising capacity of marimastat, with prinomastat showing lower but still significant potency at the same molar concentration, while a 5× molar concentration of DMPS had no apparent effect on procoagulant venom effects normalized by the other inhibitors. These results and methods contribute to the body of knowledge of potential clinical effects and data necessary for evidence-based advancement of clinical management strategies.
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Beylin, V. A., V. I. Kuksa, R. S. Pasechnik, and G. M. Vereshkov. "Diagonalization of the neutralino mass matrix and boson–neutralino interaction." European Physical Journal C 56, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0660-0.

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45

Schmidt, Anja, Kerstin Brettschneider, Jörg Kahle, Aleksander Orlowski, Karin Becker-Peters, Diana Stichel, Jörg Schulze, et al. "Neutralisation of factor VIII inhibitors by anti-idiotypes isolated from phage-displayed libraries." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 116, no. 07 (January 2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th15-12-0925.

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SummaryFollowing replacement therapy with coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), up to 30 % of haemophilia A patients develop FVIII-specific inhibitory antibodies (FVIII inhibitors). Immune tolerance induction (ITI) is not always successful, resulting in a need for alternative treatments for FVIII inhibitor-positive patients. As tolerance induction in the course of ITI appears to involve the formation of anti-idiotypes specific for anti-FVIII antibodies, such anti-idiotypes might be used to restore haemostasis in haemophilia A patients with FVIII inhibitors. We isolated antiidiotypic antibody fragments (scFvs) binding to murine FVIII inhibitors 2-76 and 2-77 from phage-displayed libraries. FVIII inhibitor/anti-idiotype interactions were very specific as no cross-reactivity with other FVIII inhibitors or isotype controls was observed. ScFvs blocked binding of FVIII inhibitors to FVIII and neutralised their cognate inhibitors in vitro and a monoclonal mouse model. In addition, scFv JkH5 specific for FVIII inhibitor 2-76 stained 2-76-producing hybridoma cells. JkH5 residues R52 and Y226, located in complementary determining regions, were identified as crucial for the JkH5/2-76 interaction using JkH5 alanine mutants. SPR spectroscopy revealed that JkH5 interacts with FVIII inhibitor 2-76 with nanomolar affinity. Thus, FVIII inhibitorspecific, high-affinity anti-idiotypes can be isolated from phagedisplayed libraries and neutralise their respective inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that anti-idiotypic scFvs might be utilised to specifically target inhibitor-specific B cells. Hence, a pool of anti-idiotypes could enable the reestablishment of haemostasis in the presence of FVIII inhibitors in patients or even allow the depletion of inhibitors by targeting inhibitor-specific B cell populations.
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46

Zakharov, A. F., and M. V. Sazhin. "Noncompact Objects as Microlenses." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 183 (1999): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900132486.

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The first results of observations of microlensing have discovered a phenomenon, predicted in the papers of Byalko (1969) and Paczynsky (1986). A character of the gravitational microlens is unknown till now, although the most widespread hypothesis assumes that they are compact dark objects as brown dwarfs. Nevertheless, they could be presented by another objects, in particular, an existence of the dark objects consisting of the super symmetrical weakly interacting particles (neutralino) has been recently discussed in the papers of Gurevich et al. We consider microlensing by a neutralino star in framework of a rough model which is rather clear and we obtain analytical expressions for results. We approximate the density of distribution mass of a neutralino star in formwhere r is the current value of a distant from star's center, ρo is mass density of a neutralino star for distance a0 from a center, an is a “radius” neutralino star. The detailed analysis of the model is presented in the papers of Zakharov & Sazhin (1996a, 1996b). This research has been supported in part by Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research (grant N 96-02-17434).
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JITTOH, TOSHIFUMI, KAZUNORI KOHRI, MASAFUMI KOIKE, JOE SATO, TAKASHI SHIMOMURA, and MASATO YAMANAKA. "COSMOLOGICAL PROMISING PARAMETERS OF STAU IN THE MINIMAL SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2009): 3501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047119.

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We find that we can account for the possible descrepancy of the primordial abundance of 7 Li between the observation and the prediction of the Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis in a scenario of the Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis with the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. This scenario is consistent with a stau-neutralino coannihilation scenario to explain the relic abundance of dark matter. The solution to the discrepancy is given by taking the values of parameters; the mass of the neutralino as 300 GeV and the mass difference between the stau and the neutralino as (100 – 120) MeV.
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48

ZWEERS, GART. "Holism and Neutralism for Open Systems." American Zoologist 28, no. 1 (February 1988): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.1.277.

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49

Dupree, Louis. "Myth and reality in Afghan “neutralism”." Central Asian Survey 7, no. 2-3 (January 1988): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634938808400631.

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50

Ayala, Francisco J. "Neutralism and selectionism: the molecular clock." Gene 261, no. 1 (December 2000): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00479-0.

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