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1
Yang, Meiqing, Lu Wang, Haozi Lu, and Qizhi Dong. "Advances in MXene-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 21, 2023): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051088.
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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play an important role in the nervous system’s control of the body’s physiological state and behaviour. Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are closely associated with some mental disorders. Therefore, accurate analysis of neurotransmitters is of great clinical importance. Electrochemical sensors have shown bright application prospects in the detection of neurotransmitters. In recent years, MXene has been increasingly used to prepare electrode materials for fabricating electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors due to its excellent physicochemical properties. This paper systematically introduces the advances in MXene-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for the detection of neurotransmitters (including dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, tyrosine, NO, and H2S), with a focus on their strategies for improving the electrochemical properties of MXene-based electrode materials, and provides the current challenges and future prospects for MXene-based electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors.
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Choi, Hye Kyu, Jin-Ha Choi, and Jinho Yoon. "An Updated Review on Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Neurotransmitter Detection." Biosensors 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13090892.
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Neurotransmitters are chemical compounds released by nerve cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, that play an essential role in the transmission of signals in living organisms, particularly in the central nervous system, and they also perform roles in realizing the function and maintaining the state of each organ in the body. The dysregulation of neurotransmitters can cause neurological disorders. This highlights the significance of precise neurotransmitter monitoring to allow early diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a complete multidisciplinary examination of electrochemical biosensors integrating nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in order to achieve the accurate detection and monitoring of neurotransmitters. We introduce extensively researched neurotransmitters and their respective functions in biological beings. Subsequently, electrochemical biosensors are classified based on methodologies employed for direct detection, encompassing the recently documented cell-based electrochemical monitoring systems. These methods involve the detection of neurotransmitters in neuronal cells in vitro, the identification of neurotransmitters emitted by stem cells, and the in vivo monitoring of neurotransmitters. The incorporation of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies into electrochemical biosensors has the potential to assist in the timely detection and management of neurological disorders. This study provides significant insights for researchers and clinicians regarding precise neurotransmitter monitoring and its implications regarding numerous biological applications.
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Lussier, Félix, Thibault Brulé, Marie-Josée Bourque, Charles Ducrot, Louis-Éric Trudeau, and Jean-François Masson. "Dynamic SERS nanosensor for neurotransmitter sensing near neurons." Faraday Discussions 205 (2017): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00131b.
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Current electrophysiology and electrochemistry techniques have provided unprecedented understanding of neuronal activity. However, these techniques are suited to a small, albeit important, panel of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA and dopamine, and these constitute only a subset of the broader range of neurotransmitters involved in brain chemistry. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides a unique opportunity to detect a broader range of neurotransmitters in close proximity to neurons. Dynamic SERS (D-SERS) nanosensors based on patch-clamp-like nanopipettes decorated with gold nanoraspberries can be located accurately under a microscope using techniques analogous to those used in current electrophysiology or electrochemistry experiments. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that D-SERS can measure in a single experiment ATP, glutamate (glu), acetylcholine (ACh), GABA and dopamine (DA), among other neurotransmitters, with the potential for detecting a greater number of neurotransmitters. The SERS spectra of these neurotransmitters were identified with a barcoding data processing method and time series of the neurotransmitter levels were constructed. The D-SERS nanosensor was then located near cultured mouse dopaminergic neurons. The detection of neurotransmitters was performed in response to a series of K+depolarisations, and allowed the detection of elevated levels of both ATP and dopamine. Control experiments were also performed near glial cells, showing only very low basal detection neurotransmitter events. This paper demonstrates the potential of D-SERS to detect neurotransmitter secretion events near living neurons, but also constitutes a strong proof-of-concept for the broad application of SERS to the detection of secretion events by neurons or other cell types in order to study normal or pathological cell functions.
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Luck, Berkley, Thomas D. Horvath, Kristen A. Engevik, Wenly Ruan, Sigmund J. Haidacher, Kathleen M. Hoch, Numan Oezguen, et al. "Neurotransmitter Profiles Are Altered in the Gut and Brain of Mice Mono-Associated with Bifidobacterium dentium." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081091.
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Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota can synthesize neurotransmitters as well as impact host-derived neurotransmitter levels. In the past, it has been challenging to decipher which microbes influence neurotransmitters due to the complexity of the gut microbiota. Methods: To address whether a single microbe, Bifidobacterium dentium, could regulate important neurotransmitters, we examined Bifidobacteria genomes and explored neurotransmitter pathways in secreted cell-free supernatant using LC-MS/MS. To determine if B. dentium could impact neurotransmitters in vivo, we mono-associated germ-free mice with B. dentium ATCC 27678 and examined fecal and brain neurotransmitter concentrations. Results: We found that B. dentium possessed the enzymatic machinery to generate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate, glutamine, and succinate. Consistent with the genome analysis, we found that B. dentium secreted GABA in a fully defined microbial media and elevated fecal GABA in B. dentium mono-associated mice compared to germ-free controls. We also examined the tyrosine/dopamine pathway and found that B. dentium could synthesize tyrosine, but could not generate L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine. In vivo, we found that B. dentium mono-associated mice had elevated levels of tyrosine in the feces and brain. Conclusions: These data indicate that B. dentium can contribute to in vivo neurotransmitter regulation.
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Si, Bo, and Edward Song. "Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters." Chemosensors 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6010001.
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers in the synaptic transmission process. They are essential for human health and any imbalance in their activities can cause serious mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, monitoring the concentrations of various neurotransmitters is of great importance in studying and diagnosing such mental illnesses. Recently, many researchers have explored the use of unique materials for developing biosensors for both in vivo and ex vivo neurotransmitter detection. A combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were incorporated to implement such sensor devices. For in vivo detection, electrochemical sensing has been commonly applied, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry being the most promising technique to date, due to the advantages such as easy miniaturization, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. However, the main challenges for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors are limited target selectivity, large background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time. Therefore, achieving simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters in real time with long-term stability remains the focus of research. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the recently developed sensing techniques with the focus on neurotransmitters as the target analyte, and to discuss the outlook of simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitter species. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, the common materials used for developing neurotransmitter sensors are discussed. Secondly, several sensor surface modification approaches to enhance sensing performance are reviewed. Finally, we discuss recent developments in the simultaneous detection capability of multiple neurotransmitters.
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Harris, Keith D., Meital Weiss, and Amotz Zahavi. "Why are neurotransmitters neurotoxic? An evolutionary perspective." F1000Research 3 (December 2, 2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4828.2.
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In the CNS, minor changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters such as glutamate or dopamine can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. We present an evolutionary perspective on the function of neurotransmitter toxicity in the CNS. We hypothesize that neurotransmitters are selected because of their toxicity, which serves as a test of neuron quality and facilitates the selection of neuronal pathways. This perspective may offer additional explanations for the reduction of neurotransmitter concentration in the CNS with age, and suggest an additional role for the blood-brain barrier. It may also suggest a connection between the specific toxicity of the neurotransmitters released in a specific region of the CNS, and elucidate their role as chemicals that are optimal for testing the quality of cells in that region.
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Salim, Agus, Nyoman Suwarta, and Arifin Mado. "STUDY LITERATURE: BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW IN IMPROVING CHILDREN'S CONCENTRATION." Academic Journal Research 2, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/acjoure.v2i1.120.
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Concentration is very important and needed for children in following the learning process. learning concentration can be seen from an increase in the presence of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters function as chemical messengers that play an important role in information processing throughout the nervous system. The purpose of this research is to describe the Literature Study: A Biopsychological Review in Improving Children's Concentration. This research uses library research with a qualitative descriptive approach. Based on the results of the review of 25 (twenty-five) journals examined by the author, there are various effectiveness of neurotransmitter performance involved in various brain functions, such as sleep, mood, emotion, attention, and learning and memory. The conclusions of this study include: 1) Neurotransmitter metabolites include biogenic amines (catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine and serotonin) and amino acids (glycine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]), 2) Serotonin is useful for neurotransmitters and concentration, 3) Neurotransmitters including acetylcholine play an important role in the development of brain nerve structures and cells. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the first identified cholinergic neurotransmitter, and changes in its content can fully reflect the growth and development of the body as well as learning ability and memory, 4) Students who are able to concentrate during lessons will have higher memory and easily understand what is learned and 5) The researcher suggests that future studies examine the effect of one of the various types of neurotransmitters on children's concentration and motivation to learn.
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Keighron, Jacqueline D., Yuanmo Wang, and Ann-Sofie Cans. "Electrochemistry of Single-Vesicle Events." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 13, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010032.
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Neuronal transmission relies on electrical signals and the transfer of chemical signals from one neuron to another. Chemical messages are transmitted from presynaptic neurons to neighboring neurons through the triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. This process, known as exocytosis, involves the rapid release of neurotransmitter solutions that are detected with high affinity by the postsynaptic neuron. The type and number of neurotransmitters released and the frequency of vesicular events govern brain functions such as cognition, decision making, learning, and memory. Therefore, to understand neurotransmitters and neuronal function, analytical tools capable of quantitative and chemically selective detection of neurotransmitters with high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. Electrochemistry offers powerful techniques that are sufficiently rapid to allow for the detection of exocytosis activity and provides quantitative measurements of vesicle neurotransmitter content and neurotransmitter release from individual vesicle events. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used electrochemical methods for monitoring single-vesicle events, including recent developments and what is needed for future research.
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Wang, Ye, Yunyun Zhang, Kai Wang, Zhenghua Zhu, Dan Wang, Qianzi Yang, and Hailong Dong. "Esketamine increases neurotransmitter releases but simplifies neurotransmitter networks in mouse prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 127, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00462.2021.
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In this study, we found that esketamine significantly increased the cortical concentration of multiple neurotransmitters in mice. However, esketamine dynamically simplified the overall network of cortical neurotransmitters at different behavioral states during the perianesthesia period. The concentration of 5-HT in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was highly correlated with the esketamine-increased gamma oscillation. These findings suggested that the transformation of the neurotransmitter network rather than the concentrations of neurotransmitters could be more indicative of the consciousness shift during esketamine anesthesia.
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Hassan, Taimoor. "NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOR MATH BRAIN: A NEW FINDING." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.04.954.
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Neurotransmitters are the body's chemical transmitters. Their task is to send nerve cell messages to target cells. The target cells might be found in muscles, glands and other nerves. In order to control many of the processes needed for the brain, it needs neurotransmitters including: heart rate, respiration, circadian rhythms, digestion. The nervous system regulates the organs, psychological and physical operations of the individual. The neurotransmitters of nerve cells, also known as neurons, have a substantial function. The cells of the nerves fire impulses. This is done by the release of neurotransmitters, chemical substances that relay signals to other cells. Each neurotransmitter binds to another receptor — for instance, dopamine molecules attach to the receptors of dopamine. This initiates action in the target cells when they are coupled. The body eliminates or recycles them after neurotransmitters send their messages.
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Jung-Klawitter, Sabine, and Oya Kuseyri Hübschmann. "Analysis of Catecholamines and Pterins in Inborn Errors of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Metabolism—From Past to Future." Cells 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080867.
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Inborn errors of monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis and degradation belong to the rare inborn errors of metabolism. They are caused by monogenic variants in the genes encoding the proteins involved in (1) neurotransmitter biosynthesis (like tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)), (2) in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor biosynthesis (GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), sepiapterin reductase (SPR)) and recycling (pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD), dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR)), or (3) in co-chaperones (DNAJC12). Clinically, they present early during childhood with a lack of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and its products norepinephrine and epinephrine. Classical symptoms include autonomous dysregulations, hypotonia, movement disorders, and developmental delay. Therapy is predominantly based on supplementation of missing cofactors or neurotransmitter precursors. However, diagnosis is difficult and is predominantly based on quantitative detection of neurotransmitters, cofactors, and precursors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and blood. This review aims at summarizing the diverse analytical tools routinely used for diagnosis to determine quantitatively the amounts of neurotransmitters and cofactors in the different types of samples used to identify patients suffering from these rare diseases.
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Banerjee, Saikat, Stephanie McCracken, Md Faruk Hossain, and Gymama Slaughter. "Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters." Biosensors 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10080101.
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Neurotransmitters are important chemical messengers in the nervous system that play a crucial role in physiological and physical health. Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters have been correlated with physical, psychotic, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, dementia, addiction, depression, and schizophrenia. Although multiple neurotechnological approaches have been reported in the literature, the detection and monitoring of neurotransmitters in the brain remains a challenge and continues to garner significant attention. Neurotechnology that provides high-throughput, as well as fast and specific quantification of target analytes in the brain, without negatively impacting the implanted region is highly desired for the monitoring of the complex intercommunication of neurotransmitters. Therefore, it is crucial to develop clinical assessment techniques that are sensitive and reliable to monitor and modulate these chemical messengers and screen diseases. This review focuses on summarizing the current electrochemical measurement techniques that are capable of sensing neurotransmitters with high temporal resolution in real time. Advanced neurotransmitter sensing platforms that integrate nanomaterials and biorecognition elements are explored.
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Wang, Xuanyi. "Effects of sleep deprivation on typical neurotransmitters." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305041.
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Several evidence suggests that sleep deprivation (SD) leads to significant changes in the function of neurotransmitter receptors in different nerve cell types. So far, research in this area has focused on brain regions that promote wakefulness and sleep and the hippocampus, which is involved in learning and memory. When wakefulness is longer than the natural duration, there are some selective disruptions in the brain’s sensory processing and cognitive performance.The author of this article discusses sleep deprivation and brain self-clearance patterns, and then explores the relationship between three typical neurotransmitters and sleep deprivation, as well as the detection and change trends of neurotransmitters and their metabolites.It can then be used to assist in the early diagnosis of certain diseases.Of the three neurotransmitters, two can be defined as pleasure neurotransmitters and one is associated with the degenerative neurological disease AD(Alzheimer’s disease). The author also found that there are different response patterns between these neurotransmitters and SD.
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Huang, Qiqi, Lishi Chen, Jianhao Liang, Qiongzhen Huang, and Haitao Sun. "Neurotransmitters: Potential Targets in Glioblastoma." Cancers 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 3970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14163970.
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For decades, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a type of the most lethal brain tumor, has remained a formidable challenge in terms of its treatment. Recently, many novel discoveries have underlined the regulatory roles of neurotransmitters in the microenvironment both physiologically and pathologically. By targeting the receptors synaptically or non-synaptically, neurotransmitters activate multiple signaling pathways. Significantly, many ligands acting on neurotransmitter receptors have shown great potential for inhibiting GBM growth and development, requiring further research. Here, we provide an overview of the most novel advances concerning the role of neurotransmitters in the normal neural and the GBM microenvironments, and discuss potential targeted drugs used for GBM treatment.
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Jamwal, Sumit, and Puneet Kumar. "Insight Into the Emerging Role of Striatal Neurotransmitters in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease: A Review." Current Neuropharmacology 17, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x16666180302115032.
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Alteration in neurotransmitters signaling in basal ganglia has been consistently shown to significantly contribute to the pathophysiological basis of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter which plays a critical role in coordinated body movements. Alteration in the level of brain dopamine and receptor radically contributes to irregular movements, glutamate mediated excitotoxic neuronal death and further leads to imbalance in the levels of other neurotransmitters viz. GABA, adenosine, acetylcholine and endocannabinoids. This review is based upon the data from clinical and preclinical studies to characterize the role of various striatal neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Further, we have collected data of altered level of various neurotransmitters and their metabolites and receptor density in basal ganglia region. Although the exact mechanisms underlying neuropathology of movement disorders are not fully understood, but several mechanisms related to neurotransmitters alteration, excitotoxic neuronal death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation are being put forward. Restoring neurotransmitters level and downstream signaling has been considered to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify more specific drugs and drug targets that can restore the altered neurotransmitters level in brain and prevent/delay neurodegeneration.
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Kumar, Ganesh K. "Hypoxia. 3. Hypoxia and neurotransmitter synthesis." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): C743—C751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00019.2011.
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Central and peripheral neurons as well as neuroendocrine cells express a variety of neurotransmitters/modulators that play critical roles in regulation of physiological systems. The synthesis of several neurotransmitters/modulators is regulated by O2-requiring rate-limiting enzymes. Consequently, hypoxia resulting from perturbations in O2 homeostasis can affect neuronal functions by altering neurotransmitter synthesis. Two broad categories of hypoxia are frequently encountered: continuous hypoxia (CH) and intermittent hypoxia (IH). CH is often seen during high altitude sojourns, whereas IH is experienced in sleep-disordered breathing with recurrent apneas (i.e., brief, repetitive cessations of breathing). This article presents what is currently known on the effects of both forms of hypoxia on neurotransmitter levels and neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Fields, R. Douglas. "Release of neurotransmitters from glia." Neuron Glia Biology 6, no. 3 (August 2010): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740925x11000020.
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There is no question about the fact that astrocytes and other glial cells release neurotransmitters that activate receptors on neurons, glia and vascular cells, and that calcium is an important second messenger regulating the release. This occurs in cell culture, tissue slice and in vivo. Negative results from informative experiments designed to test the mechanism of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release from astrocytes and the ensuing effects on synaptic transmission, have been cited as evidence calling into question whether astrocytes release neurotransmitters under normal circumstances with effects on synaptic transmission. The special feature section in this issue of Neuron Glia Biology addresses these issues and other aspects of neurotransmitter release from astrocytes in communicating with neurons and glial cells. Together these studies suggest that application of vocabulary and concepts developed for synaptic communication between neurons can lead to confusion and apparent paradoxes with respect to communication by extracellular signaling molecules released from glia in response to functional activity.
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Omond, S. "P054 Neurotransmitters of Sleep and Wake in Flatworms." Sleep Advances 4, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2023): A54—A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad035.139.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep is something that we all do, regardless of how much or how little. But why we sleep, and how sleep evolved is still something of a mystery. This research investigated how neurotransmitters and pharmaceuticals commonly seen in mammalian sleep and wake, play a role in the sleep of free-living flatworms. Methods Using behavioural methods, I observed the behaviour of flatworms under a 12:12 LD lighting condition. Using seven neurotransmitters and one pharmaceutical, I used a novel “yolk and soak” method – feeding the animals the neurotransmitter via hard-boiled egg yolk, as well as bathing them in the same concentration of neurotransmitter, to modulate their behaviour to either induce sleep, or wakefulness. Results We found that GABA, dopamine and histamine appear to be evolutionarily conserved. By dosing the flatworms with these neurotransmitters, we saw that the behaviour changed toward sleep (GABA) or wakefulness (dopamine and histamine) as it does in more recently evolved mammals. We also saw that the H1 antagonist Pyrilamine induced sleep, as it does in other animals. Discussion Understanding how neurotransmitters involved in sleep and wake in humans, and other mammals, may work in animals that are neurologically simple, and older in evolution can lead to many opportunities. We now know that GABA, dopamine and histamine promote sleep and wake in animals that have lost most of their complex systems through secondary simplification, suggesting that these neurotransmitters might be key to the origin of sleep, and may help to understand sleep disorders in humans.
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Loula, R., and L. H. A. Monteiro. "Monoamine neurotransmitters and mood swings: a dynamical systems approach." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 4 (2022): 4075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022187.
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<abstract><p>Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are monoamine neurotransmitters that modulate our mood state. Hence, imbalances in the levels of these neurotransmitters have been linked to the incidence of several psychiatric disorders. Here, a mathematical model written in terms of ordinary differential equations is proposed to represent the interaction of these three neurotransmitters. It is analytically and numerically shown that this model can experience a Hopf bifurcation. Thus, by varying a parameter value, the neurotransmitter levels can change from a steady state to an oscillatory behavior, which may be at least a partial explanation of the mood swings observed in depressed people.</p></abstract>
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Brennenstuhl, Heiko, Sabine Jung-Klawitter, Birgit Assmann, and Thomas Opladen. "Inherited Disorders of Neurotransmitters: Classification and Practical Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment." Neuropediatrics 50, no. 01 (October 29, 2018): 002–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1673630.
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AbstractNeurotransmitter deficiencies are rare neurological disorders with clinical onset during childhood. The disorders are caused by genetic defects in the enzymes involved in synthesis, degradation, or transport of neurotransmitters or by defects in the cofactor biosynthesis such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). With the newly described DNAJC12 deficiency, a chaperon-associated neurotransmitter disorder, the pathophysiological spectrum has been broadened. All deficiencies result in a lack of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and its products, with a subset leading to decreased levels of serotonin. Symptoms can occur already in the neonatal period. Classical signs are hypotonia, movement disorders, autonomous dysregulations, and impaired development. Diagnosis depends on quantitative detection of neurotransmitters in cerebrospinal fluid, since peripheral markers in blood or urine are less reliable. Treatment is based on supplementation of the missing neurotransmitter precursors or restoring deficient cofactors for endogenous enzymatic synthesis. In recent years, knowledge about this orphan group of diseases increased substantially among clinicians. However, the difficult task of integrating clinical symptoms and laboratory values still leads to a critical delay in diagnosis and therapy for patients. This review aims at enhancing the understanding of neurotransmitter disorders and should help practicing clinicians to choose useful diagnostic steps on the way to a valid diagnosis.
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Huang, Chun-Ping, Yi-Wen Lin, Der-Yen Lee, and Ching-Liang Hsieh. "Electroacupuncture Relieves CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain Involving Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (October 20, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6784735.
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Neuropathic pain caused by peripheral tissue injuries to the higher brain regions still has no satisfactory therapy. Disruption of the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is one of the underlying mechanisms that results in chronic neuropathic pain. Targeting neurotransmitters and related receptors may constitute a novel approach for treating neuropathic pain. We investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic constriction injury- (CCI-) induced neuropathic pain. The mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia pain behaviors were relieved by 15 Hz EA but not by 2 and 50 Hz. These phenomena were associated with increasing γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors in the hippocampus and periaqueductal gray (PAG) but not N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Furthermore, excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate was decreased in the hippocampus and inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA was increased in the PAG under treatment with EA. These data provide novel evidence that EA modulates neurotransmitters and related receptors to reduce neuropathic pain in the higher brain regions. This suggests that EA may be a useful therapy option for treating neuropathic pain.
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Kumar, Pankaj, Isha Soni, Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash, and Roberto Flores-Moreno. "Studies of Monoamine Neurotransmitters at Nanomolar Levels Using Carbon Material Electrodes: A Review." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 5782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165782.
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Neurotransmitters (NTs) with hydroxyl groups can now be identified electrochemically, utilizing a variety of electrodes and voltammetric techniques. In particular, in monoamine, the position of the hydroxyl groups might alter the sensing properties of a certain neurotransmitter. Numerous research studies using electrodes modified on their surfaces to better detect specific neurotransmitters when other interfering factors are present are reviewed to improve the precision of these measures. An investigation of the monoamine neurotransmitters at nanoscale using electrochemical methods is the primary goal of this review article. It will be used to determine which sort of electrode is ideal for this purpose. The use of carbon materials, such as graphite carbon fiber, carbon fiber micro-electrodes, glassy carbon, and 3D printed electrodes are only some of the electrodes with surface modifications that can be utilized for this purpose. Electrochemical methods for real-time detection and quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters in real samples at the nanomolar level are summarized in this paper.
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Enkhtaivan, Enkhmend, and Chang Hoon Lee. "Role of Amine Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors in Skin Pigmentation: Therapeutic Implication." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158071.
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Skin pigmentation can occur due to increased melanin, including melanocyte proliferation, melanin biosynthesis, or melanocyte migration. There are many factors that influence the melanin production process, but the role of neurotransmitters in this process is still unclear. We found that histamine and serotonin influence the different stages of melanogenesis and melanogenesis, which increase melanogenesis. Since then, several related papers have been published, and from these papers, it has been recognised that the role of neurotransmitters in skin-pigment-related diseases needs to be summarised. By introducing the role of neurotransmitters in the regulation of various pigment disorders, including vitiligo and melasma, through this review, many researchers can be expected to try to apply neurotransmitter-related agonists and antagonists as treatments for skin pigment disorders.
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Joseph, Litty, Saneha O.R, and Chinchu Ravi. "Insomnia: Therapy and Role of neurotransmitters." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/121052.
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Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders which affects 30-40 percent of the adult population. The present article provides a combined review on prevalence, categories of insomnia, pathophysiology, role of neurotransmitter on sleep and different types of therapies for insomnia. From this review it was estimated that hormones like melatonin, cortisol, and others produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Disturbance of this cycle leads to insomnia. Furthermore, Neurotransmitter like GABA-Lglutamic acid, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Steroids, Orexin, and Adenosine plays a major role in sleep regulation. Any alteration or disturbance in the neurotransmitter level affects sleep. It was concluded that Mechanism of action of almost all natural and synthetic derived drugs in regulation of neurotransmitters.
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Devaraj, Uthirakumar. "Glutamate Elicits Therapeutic Responses in Light-Induced Sleep-Deprived Zebrafish, Danio rerio." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/14.4.32.
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Sleep deprivation disrupts most neurotransmitters, which can lead to adverse behavioural changes and other psychiatric illnesses. Many neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (N.E.) and GABA, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The precise significance of sleep deprivation (S.D.) changes in the neurotransmitter levels and the mechanism underlying behavioural alterations is unknown. According to research, sleep deprivation (S.D.) has a major effect on an individual’s quality of life and ability to perform essential physiological functions. As a result, we wanted to confirm the levels of neurotransmitters and behavioural modifications in zebrafish after 24, 48, and 72 hours of sleep deprivation and glutamate treatment on the sleep-deprived groups. The T-maze test was used to assess learning and memory alterations in zebrafish. We used the Novel Tank Test (NTT) and Light and Dark Test (LDT) to examine the anxiety-like behaviour. The spectrofluorimetric method was used to determine the quantities of DA, 5-HT, N.E. and GABA. From this study, it is evident that 72h sleep-deprived fish had a loss of learning and memory via T-maze test and also the anxiety levels were very high in the sleep-deprived group than the other groups. The groups that received glutamate after sleep deprivation showed betterment in the behavioural response. Also, the levels of neurotransmitters were increased in the glutamate treated groups than the sleep-deprived groups. Our findings indicate that sleep loss dramatically impairs behavioural responses and disrupts most neurotransmitter concentrations. When sleep-deprived fish were given glutamate, their behaviour and neurotransmitter levels were nearly identical to those of the control group. This study will have a greater impact on sleep deprivation therapy and pave the way for using the neurotransmitters as external therapeutic agents in treating sleep deprivation and other behavioural changes related to sleep deprivation.It has been suggested that zebrafish is an excellent testing subject for loss of sleep on cognition and that it may also be an efficient model for unravelling the pathways that underpin learning and memory formation.
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Boff, Johane M., Abhishek P. Shrestha, Saivikram Madireddy, Nilmini Viswaprakash, Luca Della Santina, and Thirumalini Vaithianathan. "The Interplay between Neurotransmitters and Calcium Dynamics in Retinal Synapses during Development, Health, and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4 (February 13, 2024): 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042226.
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The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.
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Yao, Yongcheng, Shan Zhao, Yuhong Zhang, Lixia Tang, Zhen An, Lingeng Lu, and Sanqiao Yao. "Job-related burnout is associated with brain neurotransmitter levels in Chinese medical workers: a cross-sectional study." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 8 (May 29, 2018): 3226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518775003.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between job burnout and neurotransmitter levels in medical staff. Methods A total of 80 medical staff were enrolled in the study and assessed for occupational burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS). The levels of neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex were analysed using an SP03 encephalofluctuograph. Results The levels of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), glutamate, acetylcholine (Achl) and dopamine (DA) were significantly lower in men than in women. Medical staff with lower levels of exhaustion had significantly higher neurotransmitter levels than staff with moderate levels of exhaustion. However, there was no significant interaction between sex and exhaustion on neurotransmitter levels. Canonical correlation showed that exhaustion was positively associated with 5-HT and DA, but negatively associated with NE and Achl, regardless of age and sex. Conclusion Neurotransmitter levels in the cerebral cortex were associated with job-related burnout in medical staff. The findings suggest that long-term job-related burnout may lead to behavioural and psychiatric disorders.
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Prado, Vania F., Ashbeel Roy, Benjamin Kolisnyk, Robert Gros, and Marco A. M. Prado. "Regulation of cholinergic activity by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter." Biochemical Journal 450, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20121662.
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Acetylcholine, the first chemical to be identified as a neurotransmitter, is packed in synaptic vesicles by the activity of VAChT (vesicular acetylcholine transporter). A decrease in VAChT expression has been reported in a number of diseases, and this has consequences for the amount of acetylcholine loaded in synaptic vesicles as well as for neurotransmitter release. Several genetically modified mice targeting the VAChT gene have been generated, providing novel models to understand how changes in VAChT affect transmitter release. A surprising finding is that most cholinergic neurons in the brain also can express a second type of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter that allows these neurons to secrete two distinct neurotransmitters. Thus a given neuron can use two neurotransmitters to regulate different physiological functions. In addition, recent data indicate that non-neuronal cells can also express the machinery used to synthesize and release acetylcholine. Some of these cells rely on VAChT to secrete acetylcholine with potential physiological consequences in the periphery. Hence novel functions for the oldest neurotransmitter known are emerging with the potential to provide new targets for the treatment of several pathological conditions.
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Kim, Dongshin, and Jang-Sik Lee. "Emulating Excitatory and Inhibitory Functions in Artificial Synaptic Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 33 (October 9, 2022): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02332585mtgabs.
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Synaptic signals are controlled by neurotransmitters. The synaptic signals can be excited or inhibited depending on the types of neurotransmitters. The demonstration of the balancing between excitatory and inhibitory signals has important implications for the complex and efficient computing of the nervous system. Emulating the excitatory-inhibitory balancing behaviors of the nervous system is one way to establish neuromorphic computing. In this study, we demonstrate artificial synapses using PEDOT:PSS channel and neurotransmitter solutions to emulate the excitatory-inhibitory balancing behaviors. The devices show excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic characteristics using the neurotransmitter solutions. Also, using the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic responses, the devices emulate the excitatory-inhibitory balancing behaviors of the nervous system. The devices exhibit multifunctional characteristics similar to the biological synapses, resulting in their potential for use in neuromorphic devices.
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Anonymous. "NEUROTRANSMITTERS." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 23, no. 8 (August 1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19850801-12.
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Hyman, Steven E. "Neurotransmitters." Current Biology 15, no. 5 (March 2005): R154—R158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.037.
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Marshall, Kenneth C., and Huangui Xiong. "Modulation of amino acid neurotransmitter actions by other neurotransmitters: some examples." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-163.
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Developments in the field of central neurotransmission indicate that amino acids serve as important and widespread transmitters throughout the central nervous system. There are increasing indications from recent experimental studies that several of the other central neurotransmitters may exert potent effects on central neurons by modulating the actions of amino acids. Noradrenaline and serotonin have received particular attention as potential modulators, and a wide variety of actions has been reported for them. Modulatory actions have been reported at both pre- and post-synaptic levels, including both short- and long-term effects and facilitation or inhibition of amino acid actions. Selectivity has been found both for specific receptor subtypes of the neuromodulator and for specific effects of amino acids. Examples of such selectivity are modification of actions of an amino acid with little effect on spontaneous activity or membrane properties of the target cell, or in comparison to the actions of other neurotransmitters, or even other selective amino acid analogs. Modulatory actions on amino acids have also been reported for several other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and various peptides. Recent studies of angiotensin II demonstrate that when iontophoretically applied, it can potently and selectively block the depolarizing action of glutamate on locus coeruleus neurons. It is possible that physiological influences of these various transmitter substances are expressed through modification of amino acid actions, rather than through direct effects on central neurons.Key words: neuromodulation, neurotransmitters, glutamic acid, noradrenaline, angiotensin II.
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Omote, Hiroshi, and Yoshinori Moriyama. "Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporters: An Approach for Studying Transporters With Purified Proteins." Physiology 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00033.2012.
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Vesicular storage and subsequent release of neurotransmitters are the key processes of chemical signal transmission. In this process, vesicular neurotransmitter transporters are responsible for loading the signaling molecules. The use of a “clean biochemical” approach with purified, recombinant transporters has helped in the identification of novel vesicular neurotransmitter transporters and in the analysis of the control of signal transmission.
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Volkova, Alla Andreevna, Roman Anatolievich Kalekin, Alevtina Mikhailovna Orlova, Albina Zakharovna Pavlova, Olga Genrikhovna Astashkina, and Andrey Leonidovich Pavlov. "The effect of zaleplon on metabolic changes in neurotransmitters and toxic effects in Danio fish." Toxicological Review 31, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-3-192-203.
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Introduction. Z-drugs are a group of “non-benzodiazepine” drugs with the main mode of action regulating sleep behavior in humans through exposure to GABA receptors. There are reports indicating the toxic effects of overdose and abuse of zaleplon. However, information on the effect of Z-drugs on neurotransmitter levels is scarce.
The aim of this study was to study the effect of zaleplon exposure on neurotransmitter levels in the larvae of Danio fish using targeted metabolomics.
Material and methods. 4-hour exposure to zaleplon in concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/l was carried out on the larvae of Danio fish. Intervention groups were compared with control groups. Each group consisted of 20 larvae of Danio fish. Neurotransmitters and their metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
Results. Twenty-two metabolites associated with neurotransmission were quantified. Significantly increased metabolites were tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, acetylserotonin, epinephrine and choline. Significantly reduced metabolites were 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, dopamine, normetanephrine, metanephrine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykinurenine, anthranilic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Limitation. When studying metabolic changes in neurotransmitters and toxic effects in Danio fish, the results of a group of 20 larvae were analyzed, which is a sufficient sample to state the results obtained.
Conclusion. Exposure to zaleplon caused metabolic changes in the concentrations of neurotransmitters associated with most major neurotransmitter systems.
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Paterson, Louise M., Robin J. Tyacke, David J. Nutt, and Gitte M. Knudsen. "Measuring Endogenous 5-HT Release by Emission Tomography: Promises and Pitfalls." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 30, no. 10 (July 28, 2010): 1682–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.104.
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Molecular in vivo neuroimaging techniques can be used to measure regional changes in endogenous neurotransmitters, evoked by challenges that alter synaptic neurotransmitter concentration. This technique has most successfully been applied to the study of endogenous dopamine release using positron emission tomography, but has not yet been adequately extended to other neurotransmitter systems. This review focuses on how the technique has been applied to the study of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system. The principles behind visualising fluctuations in neurotransmitters are introduced, with reference to the dopaminergic system. Studies that aim to image acute, endogenous 5-HT release or depletion at 5-HT receptor targets are summarised, with particular attention to studies in humans. Radiotracers targeting the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4 receptors and the serotonin reuptake transporter have been explored for their sensitivity to 5-HT fluctuations, but with mixed outcomes; tracers for these targets cannot reliably image endogenous 5-HT in humans. Shortcomings in our basic knowledge of the mechanisms underlying changes in binding potential are addressed, and suggestions are made as to how the selection of targets, radiotracers, challenge paradigms, and experimental design might be optimised to improve our chances of successfully imaging endogenous neurotransmitters in the future.
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Yazawa, Toru, and Isao Uemura. "An HPLC analysis of neurotransmitters in sea urchin larvae." Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130503.
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Classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), biogenic amines and ϒ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been shown to mediate various forms of intercellular signalling in marine invertebrates including sea urchin larvae (Buznikov et al., 1996). The presence of amines and GABA in the nervous system of sea urchin larvae has been demonstrated by a cytochemical method at the gastrula stage (Bisgrove & Burke, 1987). However, few quantitative analyses of neurotransmitters have been attempted in the embryonic sea urchin. To accomplish this during the period of embryogenesis, in the present study we attempted to make homogenate samples adequate for HPLC analysis and to determine the levels of neurotransmitter in their extracts.We established an HPLC protocol using a batch of four-armed sea urchin larvae, and detected neurotransmitters (per milligram wet weight) in the homogenate of pluteus larvae of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (1.5–3.5 pmol dopamine, 0.22–0.51 pmol serotonin, 4.4–40 pmol ACh, 0.28–0.36 nmol glutamate, 20–23 nmol glycine) (Figs. 1, 2). GABA was not detected (detection limit, 10 pmol/10 μl injection). We also observed glyoxylic-acid-induced yellowish-green monoamine fluorescence in the larval nervous system. Serotonin has been a leading candidate neurotransmitter in sea urchin larvae (Nakajima et al., 1993).
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Arun M. "“AN ANALYSIS OF VATA DOSHA IN RELATION WITH NEUROTRANSMITTERS.”." International Journal Of Indian Medicine 04, no. 10 (2023): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55552/ijim.2023.41005.
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The Neurotransmitters are referred as the molecules of the chemical messengers in the body. Their job is to transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells. These target cells may be in muscles, glands, or other nerves. The nervous system controls the body’s organs, psychological and physical functions and play important roles in the system. In Ayurveda the vata dosha the controller of the body and is the causation for all the movements in the body. The dosha classifies in to 5 types are prana vata, udana vata, samana vata, vyana vata, apana vata. All these are helping all kind of movements in combination with other dosha’s and as same as the neurotransmitters.When Neurotransmitter increased level causes that we can consider like excitatory actions of the neurotransmitters. The same effect of the vata vridhi lakshanas we can see in this condition. There will be sudden, high- frequency firing of local neurons in the brain, which can even lead to seizures. The causes of over productions of neurotransmitters are Genetics, environment, chemical and nutritional deficiencies are some factors.Considering both vata dosha and neurotransmitters both can be related each other as they are the main initiator of the body functions. The utsaaha functin of the vata dosha can be consider as neurotransmitters in Ayurveda. Utsaaha meant to all the bodily functions and when vata is the main cause for all the bodily functions
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Zestos, Alexander G. "Carbon Nanoelectrodes for the Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3679627.
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Carbon-based electrodes have been developed for the detection of neurotransmitters over the past 30 years using voltammetry and amperometry. The traditional electrode for neurotransmitter detection is the carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). The carbon-based electrode is suitable for in vivo neurotransmitter detection due to the fact that it is biocompatible and relatively small in surface area. The advent of nanoscale electrodes is in high demand due to smaller surface areas required to target specific brain regions that are also minimally invasive and cause relatively low tissue damage when implanted into living organisms. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, carbon nanospikes, and carbon nanopetals among others have all been utilized for this purpose. Novel electrode materials have also required novel insulations such as glass, epoxy, and polyimide coated fused silica capillaries for their construction and usage. Recent research developments have yielded a wide array of carbon nanoelectrodes with superior properties and performances in comparison to traditional electrode materials. These electrodes have thoroughly enhanced neurotransmitter detection allowing for the sensing of biological compounds at lower limits of detection, fast temporal resolution, and without surface fouling. This will allow for greater understanding of several neurological disease states based on the detection of neurotransmitters.
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Yang, Zhenqi, Yong Zou, and Lifeng Wang. "Neurotransmitters in Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043841.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older populations. There is a lack of drugs that demonstrate significant efficacy in AD, so the study of the pathogenesis of AD is of great importance. More efficacious interventions are needed, as reflected by our population’s fast aging. Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of neurons to adjust their connections, and it is strongly tied to learning and memory, cognitive function, and brain injury recovery. Changes in synaptic strength, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) or inhibition (LTD), are thought to represent the biological foundation of the early stages of learning and memory. The results of numerous studies confirm that neurotransmitters and their receptors play an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. However, so far, there is no definite correlation between the function of neurotransmitters in aberrant neural oscillation and AD-related cognitive impairment. We summarized the AD process to understand the impact of neurotransmitters in the progression and pathogenesis of AD, including the current status of neurotransmitter target drugs, and the latest evidence of neurotransmitters’ function and changes in the AD process.
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Helmschrodt, Christin, Susen Becker, Stefanie Perl, Anja Schulz, and Angelika Richter. "Development of a fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of neurotransmitters in murine microdialysate." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 412, no. 28 (September 17, 2020): 7777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02906-z.
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Abstract The continuous measurement of multiple neurotransmitters in microdialysate of freely moving mice to study neurochemical changes in specific brain regions requires a rapid and very sensitive quantitative analytical method. The quantitative analysis of 11 neurotransmitters and metabolites, including serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), melatonin (ME), dopamine (DA), levodopa (l-DOPA), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was performed using a biphenyl column coupled to an API-QTrap 3200 (AB SCIEX) mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. To the microdialysate samples, 0.5 ng of isotopically labeled standard was added for analyte quantification. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of monoamines, their precursor, and metabolites, as well as ACh, Ch, and GABA in murine microdialysate within 7.0 min. The limit of detection in artificial CSF ranged from 0.005 ng/mL (ME) to 0.75 ng/mL (NE and GABA). A comprehensive pre-analytical protocol was validated. Recovery was between 87 and 117% for neurotransmitter concentrations from 0.6 to 45 ng/mL with an inter-day accuracy of below 20%. Basal neurotransmitter values were determined in the striatum of mice over a time period of 3 h. This LC-MS/MS method, including a short and gentle sample preparation, is suitable for simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitters in murine cerebral microdialysate and enables the determination of basal neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions to detect disease-related and drug-induced neurochemical changes. Graphical abstract
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Xu, Xiaobai, Lu Liu, Luopeng Zhao, Bin Li, Xianghong Jing, Zhengyang Qu, Yupu Zhu, et al. "Effect of Electroacupuncture on Hyperalgesia and Vasoactive Neurotransmitters in a Rat Model of Conscious Recurrent Migraine." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9512875.
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Migraine onset is associated with the abnormal release of vasoactive neurotransmitters from perivascular nerves, and these neurotransmitters are involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Hyperalgesia is a key feature of migraine, and accumulating evidence indicates that electroacupuncture (EA) at the single acupuncture point (Fengchi [GB20]) is effective in ameliorating hyperalgesia. In clinical practice, multiple acupuncture points are widely used, especially GB20 and Yanglingquan (GB34). However, the role played by vasoactive neurotransmitters in acupuncture antihyperalgesic effect at the single or multiple acupuncture points remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether EA would exert its antihyperalgesic effects by modulating vasoactive neurotransmitter release from the perivascular nerves. Furthermore, we examined whether targeting multiple acupuncture points would be more effective than targeting a single point in reducing hyperalgesia. The mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated by measuring the facial and hind-paw mechanical withdrawal thresholds, tail-flick and hot-plate latencies. Plasma concentrations of vasoactive neurotransmitters were determined using rat-specific ELISA kits from jugular vein, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). The result suggested that EA significantly ameliorated the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, reduced c-Fos levels in the trigeminal ganglion, and attenuated plasma and dural levels of vasoactive neurotransmitters, especially in the multiple acupuncture points group (GB20+GB34). In conclusion, EA exerts antihyperalgesic effect in a rat model of conscious recurrent migraine, possibly via modulation of the vasoactive neurotransmitters. Furthermore, targeting multiple acupuncture points is more effective than targeting a single point in reducing hyperalgesia.
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D’Alessandro, Giuseppina, Clotilde Lauro, Deborah Quaglio, Francesca Ghirga, Bruno Botta, Flavia Trettel, and Cristina Limatola. "Neuro-Signals from Gut Microbiota: Perspectives for Brain Glioma." Cancers 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112810.
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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma tumor in adult brain. Among the numerous factors responsible for GBM cell proliferation and invasion, neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and glutamate can play key roles. Studies performed in mice housed in germ-free (GF) conditions demonstrated the relevance of the gut-brain axis in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The gut–brain communication is made possible by vagal/nervous and blood/lymphatic routes and pave the way for reciprocal modulation of functions. The gut microbiota produces and consumes a wide range of molecules, including neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], and glutamate) that reach their cellular targets through the bloodstream. Growing evidence in animals suggests that modulation of these neurotransmitters by the microbiota impacts host neurophysiology and behavior, and affects neural cell progenitors and glial cells, along with having effects on tumor cell growth. In this review we propose a new perspective connecting neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota to glioma progression.
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Niyonambaza, Shimwe Dominique, Praveen Kumar, Paul Xing, Jessy Mathault, Paul De Koninck, Elodie Boisselier, Mounir Boukadoum, and Amine Miled. "A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214719.
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Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.
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Bairy, Laxminarayana Kurady, and Suresh Kumar. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in learning and memory." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20195296.
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Learning and memory being highly specialized process of human brain involves complex interaction between neurotransmitters and cellular events. Over the years, the understandings of these processes have been evolving from psychological, neurophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. The most widely appraised model of learning and memory involves attention, acquisition, storage and retrieval. Each of these events involve interplay of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, though preponderance of specific neurotransmitter have been documented. The formation of long-term memory involves cellular events with neuroplasticity. Further, dopamine is documented to play crucial role in the process of forgetting. Understanding of the processes of learning and memory not only facilitates drug discovery, but also helps to understand actions of several existing drugs. In addition, it would also help to enhance psychological interventions in children with learning disabilities. Thus, the review intends to summarize role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during different phases of learning and memory.
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Werner, Felix-Martin, and Rafael Coveñas. "Neural Networks in Generalized Epilepsy and Novel Antiepileptic Drugs." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190319121505.
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Background:In previous works, alterations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the brain areas involved in generalized epilepsy have been reported.Objective:We reviewed the alterations of these neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the following brain areas involved in generalized epilepsy: hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex. In these brain areas, the neural networks are also actualized. The mechanisms of action of newer antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of generalized epilepsy are also discussed.Results:Up-dating the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide alterations, we found that hippocampal GABAergic neurons presynaptically inhibit epileptogenic neurons via GABAB receptors. Epilepsy modulating neuropeptides (galanin, neuropeptide Y, dynorphin) are also involved. GABA deficiency, serotonin hyperactivity, dopamine hyperactivity and glutamate excitotoxicity can enhance ictogenesis: neurons containing these neurotransmitters form the main neural circuit. An increased excitability occurs when the alteration of these neurotransmitters is permanent.Conclusion:In preclinical studies, the GABAB receptor agonist GS 39,783 exerted a good antiepileptic effect. Perampanel, an AMPA receptor antagonist, showed good clinical effects in the treatment of partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In this treatment, perampanel can be combined with other antiepileptic drugs. Brivaracetam, which shows a high affinity for the synaptic vesicle 2A, exerted a good efficacy in the treatment of adult focal seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
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Baluta, Sylwia, Dorota Zając, Adam Szyszka, Karol Malecha, and Joanna Cabaj. "Enzymatic Platforms for Sensitive Neurotransmitter Detection." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020423.
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A convenient electrochemical sensing pathway was investigated for neurotransmitter detection based on newly synthesized silole derivatives and laccase/horseradish-peroxidase-modified platinum (Pt)/gold (Au) electrodes. The miniature neurotransmitter’s biosensors were designed and constructed via the immobilization of laccase in an electroactive layer of the Pt electrode coated with poly(2,6-bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-4-methyl-4-octyl-dithienosilole) and laccase for serotonin (5-HT) detection, and a Au electrode modified with the electroconducting polymer poly(2,6-bis(selenophen-2-yl)-4-methyl-4-octyl-dithienosilole), along with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), for dopamine (DA) monitoring. These sensing arrangements utilized the catalytic oxidation of neurotransmitters to reactive quinone derivatives (the oxidation process was provided in the enzymes’ presence). Under the optimized conditions, the analytical performance demonstrated a convenient degree of sensitivity: 0.0369 and 0.0256 μA mM−1 cm−2, selectivity in a broad linear range (0.1–200) × 10−6 M) with detection limits of ≈48 and ≈73 nM (for the serotonin and dopamine biosensors, respectively). Moreover, the method was successfully applied for neurotransmitter determination in the presence of interfering compounds (ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, and uric acid).
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King, BF. "Bombesin and Satiety." Physiology 6, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1991.6.4.177.
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The abrupt cessation of feeding, before useful nutrient absorption, indicates that sensory nerves or gut hormones from the upper alimentary canal signal "preabsorptive satiety." Several neurotransmitters and hormonal substances have been identified as putative satiety agents. One candidate is bombesin, which mimics a mammalian gut-brain neurotransmitter.
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Mishchenko, Oksana, Natalia Palagina, Yuliia Larianovskaya, Tatyana Gorbach, Viktor Khomenko, and Nataliia Yasna. "Influence of a new derivative of 4-aminobutanoic acid on the level of neuromediatory aminoacids, neuromediators and the state of the rats’ hypocamp in conditions of brain ischemia." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 2 (30) (April 30, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2021.230305.
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The aim: to investigate the effect of a new derivative of 4-aminobutanoic acid (compounds KGM-5) on the level of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter amino acids and the structural-functional state of the hippocampus of rats with acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA).
Materials and methods. ACVA was reproduced in rats by occlusion of the left carotid artery under anesthesia (sodium thiopental (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i/p). 5 groups of animals were used: intact control (IC, n=6), untreated animals with ACVA (CP, n=13); animals with ACVA (n=14), which were treated for 5 days with KGM-5 at a dose of 30 mg/kg i/p, animals with ACVA (n=13), who received i/p comparison drug “Picamilon” (17 mg/kg). There was a group of pseudo-operated animals (POA, n=8). Withdrawal of animals from the experiment was performed on day 6 after modeling ACVA by painless euthanasia under anesthesia. Histological examinations of CA1 and CA3 zones of the ventral hippocampus were performed with staining of sections with thionine by the method of Nissl and hematoxylin, eosin. In the rat brain, neurotransmitter amino acids and neurotransmitters were identified. Statistical processing was performed using the W-Shapiro-Wills test to verify the normality of the distribution and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. The accepted significance level is p<0.05.
Results. Under the influence of the compound KGM-5 and “Picamilon” in the CA1 zone of the hippocampus, the number of normochromic neurons increased by 20 % and 16.6 %, respectively, hyperchromic pycnomorphic neurons and shadow cells decreased respectively by 5.8; 2.9 times and 6.3; 3.5 times, the index of alteration of neurons decreased by 6 times and 4.8 times, respectively, the area of the perikaryon of these neurons increased by 39.7 % and 77.8 %, respectively, compared with KP (p<0.05). Both studied agents showed a less pronounced normalizing effect on the CA3 area of the hippocampus. The new compound KGM-5 showed a normalizing effect similar to “Picamilon” on the level of neurotransmitter amino acids and neurotransmitters in the brain of rats with ACVA.
Conclusions. Therapeutic administration of KGM-5 increases the survival of ventral hippocampal neurons, reducing the relative proportion of irreversibly altered cells, and helps to restore impaired levels of neurotransmitter amino acids and neurotransmitters in the brain of rats with ACVA.
The neuroprotective effect of the new compound KGM-5 corresponds to this comparison drug “Picamilon”
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Rebas, Elzbieta, Jowita Rzajew, Tomasz Radzik, and Ludmila Zylinska. "Neuroprotective Polyphenols: A Modulatory Action on Neurotransmitter Pathways." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x18666200106155127.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Balance in neurotransmission is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and even a small, but prolonged disturbance, can induce the negative feedback mechanisms leading to various neuropathologies. Neurodegenerative and mood disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s or affective disorders are increasing medical and social problems. Among the wide spectrum of potentially destructive events, oxidative stress and disrupted metabolism of some neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, serotonin or dopamine appear to play a decisive role. Biologically active plant polyphenols have been shown to exert a positive impact on the function of the central nervous system by modulation of metabolism and the action of some neurotransmitters. Methods: Based on published research, the pharmacological activities of some naturally occurring polyphenols have been reviewed, with a focus on their potential therapeutic importance in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems. Results: Phytochemicals can be classified into several groups and most of them possess anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. They can also modulate the metabolism or action of some neurotransmitters and/or their receptors. Based on these properties, phytochemicals have been used in traditional medicine for ages, although it was focused mainly on treating symptoms. However, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols may also prevent or slow neurological diseases. Conclusion: Phytochemicals seem to be less toxic than synthetic drugs and they can be a safer alternative for currently used preparations, which exert adverse side effects. The neuroprotective actions of some plant polyphenols in the regulation of neurotransmitters metabolism, functioning of neurotransmitters receptors and antioxidative defense have potential therapeutic applications in various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Raynaud, Xavier, Magne Nordaas, Knut Petter Lehre, and Niels Christian Danbolt. "Well-posedness of a model equation for neurotransmitter diffusion with reactive boundaries." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 25, no. 02 (November 24, 2014): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202515500074.
Full textAbstract:
We consider a diffusion equation with reactive boundary conditions. The equation is a model equation for the diffusion of classical neurotransmitters in the tortuous space between cells in the brain. The equation determines the concentration of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and the probability for neurotransmitter molecules to be immobilized by binding to protein molecules (receptors and transporters) at the cell boundary (cell membrane). On a regularized problem, we derive a priori estimates. Then, by a compactness argument, we show the existence of solutions. By exploiting the particular structure of the boundary reaction terms, we are able to prove that the solutions are unique and continuous with respect to initial data.