Journal articles: 'Neurosecretory cell'

1

Day, T. A., and J. R. Sibbald. "Noxious somatic stimuli excite neurosecretory vasopressin cells via A1 cell group." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): R1516—R1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.6.r1516.

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Activation of nociceptive somatic afferents excites hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and stimulates the release of vasopressin. To investigate the possibility that relevant afferent information is relayed through the A1 norepinephrine cell group of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, single-unit recording experiments were performed in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats. The effects of somatic nerve stimulation, application of noxious somatic stimuli, and A1 region stimulation on the activity of putative vasopressin-secreting neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus were compared. The predominant effect of femoral and sciatic nerve stimulation on these cells was excitation, 54% (n tested = 113) displaying a marked increase in discharge probability, which had a mean onset latency of 72 +/- 3 ms and a mean duration of 114 +/- 9 ms. Almost all cells (96%) responding to somatic nerve stimulation were also excited by pinching of the ipsilateral or contralateral hindlimb paw, and the majority (84%) displayed a matching but shorter latency response to A1 region stimulation (mean onset 35 +/- 4 ms, duration 55 +/- 9 ms). A1 region injections of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid reversibly blocked the effects of both somatic nerve stimulation (n = 14) and paw pinch (n = 9) on putative vasopressin cells. These results indicate that excitation of vasopressinergic neurosecretory cells by noxious somatic stimuli requires activation of neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla and hence are consistent with the proposal of a role for the A1 norepinephrine cell group.

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Mrdakovic, Marija, Larisa Ilijin, Milena Jankovic-Tomanic, Milena Vlahovic, Zlatko Prolic, Vesna Peric-Mataruga, Jelica Lazarevic, and Vera Nenadovic. "Effects of thermal stress on activity of corpora allata and dorsolateral neurosecretory neurons in Morimus funereus larvae." Archives of Biological Sciences 57, no. 2 (2005): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0502083m.

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The effects of different temperatures (23?C and 8?C) on activity of corpora allata (CA) and dorsolateral (L1, L2) protocerebral neurosecretory neurons were investigated in Morimus funereus Mulsant (1863) larvae collected from a natural population during March. Activity of CA was revealed by monitoring of CA volume and cell number. Increase of CA volume after two day exposure to both temperatures was shown to be the result of increase in cell number. Activity of CA was higher at 23?C than 8?C. Activity of L1 and L2 neurosecretory neurons was inhibited at both temperatures. Neurosecretory neurons were more sensitive to temperature of 23?C than 8?C. It can be supposed that dorsolateral neurosecretory neurons synthesize neurohormones that affect CA activity, depending on environmental temperature.

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Mahmud, S., PV Mladenov, SC Chakraborty, and MAR Faruk. "Relationship Between Gonad Condition and Neurosecretory Cell Activity in the Green-Lipped Mussel, Perna canaliculus." Progressive Agriculture 18, no. 2 (March 2, 2014): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18169.

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The relationship between the activity of neurosecretory cells and gonad development of Perna canaliculus was investigated. The variation in staining intensity of the neurosecretory cells in different ganglia was evaluated. Changes in staining intensity of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were correlated with gonad development. The variation in colour intensity (CI) resulted from differences in the amount of secretory materials within the NSCs. The neurosecretory cell types A and B showed a similar pattern of staining intensity, and showed correlation with gametogenesis and spawning. At the beginning of gonad development, these cells possessed very few granules and the number of granules in the cells increased with gonad maturation. The staining intensity decreased in A and B- cells just after spawning. Cell types C and D did not show any substantial changes in colour intensity with gonad changes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18169 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 135 - 148, 2007

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Raghavan, Sudha Devi Arath, Aswani Ayanath, and Bhadravathi Kenchappa Chandrasekhar Sagar. "Fine structure of neurosecretory cells and sinus gland in the eyestalk of the freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969 (Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 14 (2019): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061406.

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This study elucidated the fine structure of neurosecretory cells and sinus gland in the optic ganglia of the freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969 (Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae). The eyestalk ganglion showed the presence of four well defined ganglia arranged below the ommatidium: lamina ganglionaris, medulla externa, medulla interna and medulla terminalis of which the lamina ganglionaris, was devoid of neurosecretory cells. Groups of neurosecretory cells seen distributed along the medulla externa, interna and terminalis regions constitute the X-organs. Electron microscopic observations of the eyestalk ganglia revealed ten types of neurosecretory cells, mostly apolar with a few unipolar and bipolar cells classified according to the size, shape and density of the cell and nucleus, cell organelles/inclusions, together with the arrangement and properties of chromatin. These cells were characterized by the presence of large nuclei with unusually condensed chromatin, inclusions like vacuoles and vesicles of varying size, shape and density and organelles like Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and mitochondria and neurosecretory material. The sinus gland of T. schirnerae was positioned laterally between the externa and interna regions, composed of axonal endings of the neurosecretory cells of the optic ganglia with interspersed glial cells. The axon terminals were enclosed with several small to large membrane bound homogenously dense neurosecretory granules which also occur in the preterminal areas of the axons. Based on size, shape and density of granules and axoplasmic matrix, seven terminal types could be distinguished in the sinus gland of T. schirnerae. Mostly, the granules contained in a terminal were of the same type; rarely, the same terminal enclosed granules of varying size, shape and density. The neurosecretory cell types and axon terminal types represent the types of neurohormones they contained. A precise knowledge of the morphology and cytology of neurosecretory cells in the XO-SG complex of the eyestalk that secrete neurohormones controlling major physiological processes such as growth and reproduction is imperative for successful captive breeding of a species of aquaculture potential.

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Meyer, C., M. J. Freund-Mercier, Y. Guerné, and Ph Richard. "Relationship between oxytocin release and amplitude of oxytocin cell neurosecretory bursts during suckling in the rat." Journal of Endocrinology 114, no. 2 (August 1987): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140263.

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ABSTRACT Plasma concentrations of oxytocin and vasopressin were measured in relationship to oxytocin cell firing during suckling in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Preliminary experiments showed that plasma concentrations of oxytocin and vasopressin, which were increased immediately after anaesthesia, reverted to basal concentrations 3 h later. Moreover, it was found that exogenous oxytocin had entirely disappeared 5 min after i.v. bolus injections of known doses of oxytocin. Suckling did not modify the basal plasma concentration of oxytocin (14·6 ± 2·9 compared with 14·±61·5 pmol/l before suckling) except during a brief period immediately after neurosecretory bursts on oxytocin cells (37·8 ± 5·2 pmol/l; P < 0·001, n = 11). The plasma concentration of oxytocin did not differ significantly from the basal concentration 1·5 min later. The plasma concentration of vasopressin never varied. After two neurosecretory bursts of similar amplitude (total number of spikes during the burst) recorded on the same oxytocin cell, the variations in plasma concentration of oxytocin were also similar. When, for a given cell, the amplitude of neurosecretory bursts increased or decreased, the amount of oxytocin released changed in the same way. These data demonstrate (1) that suckling induces pulsatile release of oxytocin without vasopressin, and (2) a direct relationship between the amounts of oxytocin released and the amplitude of oxytocin cell neurosecretory bursts which argue in favour of simultaneous increases or decreases in the neurosecretory burst amplitudes on all oxytocin cells. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 263–270

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Brown, Colin H., John A. Russell, and Gareth Leng. "Opioid modulation of magnocellular neurosecretory cell activity." Neuroscience Research 36, no. 2 (February 2000): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00121-2.

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Rossler, W., and U. Bickmeyer. "LOCUST MEDIAL NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN VITRO: MORPHOLOGY, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE." Journal of Experimental Biology 183, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.183.1.323.

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The medial neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis in the protocerebrum of larval and adult locusts (Locusta migratoria) were cultured in a chemically defined serum-free culture medium. The morphology of the cells was investigated by light microscopy and the electrophysiological properties were studied using the patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration. The dissociated neurosecretory cells grew new processes under these conditions and were maintained in culture for up to 2 months. The percentage of cells showing outgrowth was significantly higher in third-instar larvae than in instars 4 and 5 and adults. A primary axonal stump promoted a unipolar cell morphology; in other cases, most neurosecretory cells became multipolar. The presence of glial cells in undissociated groups of neurosecretory cells improved outgrowth and the formation of neurite bundles. A considerable number of the recorded cells showed spiking activity in response to depolarization. The influences of temperature on spike frequency, duration and amplitude as well as on membrane potential and ionic currents were investigated. The results suggest that temperature may directly affect the function of neurosecretory cells.

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Fairweather, I., and D. W. Halton. "Neuropeptides in platyhelminths." Parasitology 102, S1 (January 1991): S77—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073315.

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The neuropeptide story began in 1928 with the description by Ernst Scharrer of gland-like nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the minnow, Phoxinus laevis. Because these nerve cells were overwhelmingly specialized for secretory activity, overshadowing other neuronal properties, Scharrer termed them ‘neurosecretory neurons’. What was even more remarkable about the cells was that their products were released into the bloodstream to act as hormones, specifically neurohormones. Neurosecretory cells were identified largely on morphological grounds. That is, they could be stained with special techniques, such as chrome-haematoxylin and paraldehyde-fuchsin, although the techniques are far from specific, staining non-neurosecretory cells as well. However, the basis for the ‘special’ neurosecretory techniques is the demonstration of sulphur-containing proteins – so they are indicative of peptide-producing neurones. An alternative characteristic of neurosecretory cells is the presence of large (> 100 nm), dense-cored vesicles at the electron microscope level; these are the so-called elementary granules of neurosecretion, or ENGs. However, implicit in the concept of neurosecretion is that the prime function of the neurosecretory cell is in endocrine regulation, exerting a hormone-like control over some aspect of the organism's metabolism, by controlling endocrine glands and other effector organs. To satisfy this criterion, evidence had to be obtained of cycles of secretory activity within the cell that could be correlated with a change in the physiological condition of the organism.

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Göhde, Ronja, Benjamin Naumann, Davis Laundon, Cordelia Imig, Kent McDonald, Benjamin H. Cooper, Frédérique Varoqueaux, Dirk Fasshauer, and Pawel Burkhardt. "Choanoflagellates and the ancestry of neurosecretory vesicles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1821 (February 8, 2021): 20190759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0759.

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Neurosecretory vesicles are highly specialized trafficking organelles that store neurotransmitters that are released at presynaptic nerve endings and are, therefore, important for animal cell–cell signalling. Despite considerable anatomical and functional diversity of neurons in animals, the protein composition of neurosecretory vesicles in bilaterians appears to be similar. This similarity points towards a common evolutionary origin. Moreover, many putative homologues of key neurosecretory vesicle proteins predate the origin of the first neurons, and some even the origin of the first animals. However, little is known about the molecular toolkit of these vesicles in non-bilaterian animals and their closest unicellular relatives, making inferences about the evolutionary origin of neurosecretory vesicles extremely difficult. By comparing 28 proteins of the core neurosecretory vesicle proteome in 13 different species, we demonstrate that most of the proteins are present in unicellular organisms. Surprisingly, we find that the vesicular membrane-associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein synaptobrevin is localized to the vesicle-rich apical and basal pole in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Our 3D vesicle reconstructions reveal that the choanoflagellates S. rosetta and Monosiga brevicollis exhibit a polarized and diverse vesicular landscape reminiscent of the polarized organization of chemical synapses that secrete the content of neurosecretory vesicles into the synaptic cleft. This study sheds light on the ancestral molecular machinery of neurosecretory vesicles and provides a framework to understand the origin and evolution of secretory cells, synapses and neurons. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

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10

Garcia, U., and H. Arechiga. "Regulatory Influences on Crustacean Neurosecretory Cells." Physiology 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1997.12.1.16.

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During the last decade, new evidence has been produced on the subtle mechanisms by which invertebrate neurosecretory cell activity is regulated. Multiple synaptic and humoral mechanisms regulate the endogenous activity of secretory neurons. Specific cellular interactions and ionic mechanisms have been disclosed, and new insights are now available on the integrative features of invertebrate neurosecretory systems.

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Shamsiyeva, N. К., and A. A. Khusinov. "Activities of the anterior hypothalamus neurosecretory nuclear enzymes in exposure to organophosphorus compounds." Problems of Endocrinology 39, no. 2 (April 15, 1993): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11977.

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Under study were activities of glycolysis enzymes: LDH, Crebs cycle SDH, those of electron transport system NAD and NADP-diaphorase, and of the hydrolytic enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatases in the hypothalamus, as were morphofunctional shifts in these enzymes activities in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds. The experiments were carried out in 72 white male outbread rats weighing 180-200 g, that were administered PHOS antio (an organophosphorus compound) in a daily dose of 0.1 LD50 for 30 days. Early dates of poisoning were associated with an essential rise of the redox enzymes and a lowering of the hydrolytic enzymes levels, this being parallelled by morphologic signs of activation of the neurosecretory cells. Later high levels of neurosecretory material in the neurosecretory nuclei and reduced counts of neurosecretory cells were coupled with almost all the enzymes activities lowering. This permits a conclusion that changed activities of the enzymic systems may be one of the pathogenetic mechanisms and possible causes of neurosecretory cell dysfunction in pesticide poisonings

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12

ICHIKAWA, TOSHIO. "Architecture of Cerebral Neurosecretory Cell Systems in the Silkworm Bombyx Mori." Journal of Experimental Biology 161, no. 1 (November 1, 1991): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.217.

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Anatomical and physiological characteristics of putative neurosecretory cells (NSCs) in the medial and lateral areas of the larval brain of Bombyx mori, identifiable by the opalescent appearance of their somata, were examined by means of intracellular recording and staining. Intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow revealed that the medial cell group consisted of at least six subgroups of cells distinguishable by the geometry of their dendritic branches. Five subgroups of cells project axons to the contralateral corpus allatum (CA) or to the corpus cardiacum (CC). The remaining subgroup sends an axon to the ipsilateral ventral nerve cord. Three subgroups of cells were identified in the lateral group, projecting axons to the ipsilateral CC, to the CA or to the contralateral CA. Large and prolonged action potentials, similar to those recorded in some neurosecretory systems, were recorded from these medial and lateral cells. However, two pairs of medial cells containing paraldehyde-fuchsin-positive (neurosecretory) material and with axons extending to the contralateral nerve cord had action potentials of a short duration, more typical of non-NSCs such as tritocerebral cells innervating the stomodeal dilator muscles via the CC.

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Navone, F., G. Di Gioia, R. Jahn, M. Browning, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli. "Microvesicles of the neurohypophysis are biochemically related to small synaptic vesicles of presynaptic nerve terminals." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 3425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.6.3425.

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Nerve endings of the posterior pituitary are densely populated by dense-core neurosecretory granules which are the storage sites for peptide neurohormones. In addition, they contain numerous clear microvesicles which are the same size as small synaptic vesicles of typical presynaptic nerve terminals. Several of the major proteins of small synaptic vesicles of presynaptic nerve terminals are present at high concentration in the posterior pituitary. We have now investigated the subcellular localization of such proteins. By immunogold electron microscopy carried out on bovine neurohypophysis we have found that three of these proteins, synapsin I, Protein III, and synaptophysin (protein p38) were concentrated on microvesicles but were not detectable in the membranes of neurosecretory granules. In addition, we have studied the distribution of the same proteins and of the synaptic vesicle protein p65 in subcellular fractions of bovine posterior pituitaries obtained by sucrose density centrifugation. We have found that the intrinsic membrane proteins synaptophysin and p65 had an identical distribution and were restricted to low density fractions of the gradient which contained numerous clear microvesicles with a size range the same as that of small synaptic vesicles. The peripheral membrane proteins synapsin I and Protein III exhibited a broader distribution extending into the denser part of the gradient. However, the amount of these proteins clearly declined in the fractions preceding the peak of neurosecretory granules. Our results suggest that microvesicles of the neurohypophysis are biochemically related to small synaptic vesicles of all other nerve terminals and argue against the hypothesis that such vesicles represent an endocytic byproduct of exocytosis of neurosecretory granules.

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Onetti, C. G., U. Garcia, R. F. Valdiosera, and H. Arechiga. "Ionic currents in crustacean neurosecretory cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 1514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.5.1514.

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1. The patterns of electrical activity and membrane characteristics of a population of neurosecretory-cell somata in the X-organ of the crayfish were investigated with microelectrodes and whole-cell, voltage-clamp techniques. Some neurons (56%) were silent but could be excited by intracellular current injection: other cells showed spontaneous tonic activity (35%), and some had spontaneous bursting activity (9%). The spiking activity was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) exposure and by severing the axon near the cell body. After axotomy, only a small, slow, regenerative depolarization remained that could be blocked by Cd2+. 2. Under voltage clamp the steady-state I-V curve in low [Ca2+]i (9 X 10(-9) M) showed a slope conductance of 16.7 +/- 3.9 (SD) nS (n = 10) at -50 mV and zero current potential of -50.1 +/- 7.7 mV. In current-clamp mode these neurons were either silent or fired tonically. With high [Ca2+]i (1.7 X 10(-6) M) both the slope conductance and inward and outward currents were reduced. In some neurons high [Ca2+]i reveals a negative slope resistance in the range of -46 to -41 mV. It could be supressed by removing [Na+]o, but it was TTX insensitive. These are the neurons that under current clamp showed bursting activity. 3. The main inward current in cell somata was a Ca2+ current of 2 +/- 0.6 nA (n = 18), activated at -40 mV and peaking at 20 mV. It showed relaxation with prolonged pulses. No Na(+)-dependent, TTX-sensitive inward currents were recorded with short (100-ms) pulses in axotomized neurons. 4. Two outward currents could be distinguished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Wen, Peter J., Shona L. Osborne, Isabel C. Morrow, Robert G. Parton, Jan Domin, and Frederic A. Meunier. "Ca2+-regulated Pool of Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate Produced by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase C2α on Neurosecretory Vesicles." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 12 (December 2008): 5593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-06-0595.

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Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] is a key player in early endosomal trafficking and is mainly produced by class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In neurosecretory cells, class II PI3K-C2α and its lipid product PtdIns(3)P have recently been shown to play a critical role during neuroexocytosis, suggesting that two distinct pools of PtdIns(3)P might coexist in these cells. However, the precise characterization of this additional pool of PtdIns(3)P remains to be established. Using a selective PtdIns(3)P probe, we have identified a novel PtdIns(3)P-positive pool localized on secretory vesicles, sensitive to PI3K-C2α knockdown and relatively resistant to wortmannin treatment. In neurosecretory cells, stimulation of exocytosis promoted a transient albeit large increase in PtdIns(3)P production localized on secretory vesicles sensitive to PI3K-C2α knockdown and expression of PI3K-C2α catalytically inactive mutant. Using purified chromaffin granules, we found that PtdIns(3)P production is controlled by Ca2+. We confirmed that PtdIns(3)P production from recombinantly expressed PI3K-C2α is indeed regulated by Ca2+. We provide evidence that a dynamic pool of PtdIns(3)P synthesized by PI3K-C2α occurs on secretory vesicles in neurosecretory cells, demonstrating that the activity of a member of the PI3K family is regulated by Ca2+ in vitro and in living neurosecretory cells.

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Fuenzalida, Lidia C., Kim L. Keen, and Ei Terasawa. "Colocalization of FM1-43, Bassoon, and GnRH-1: GnRH-1 Release from Cell Bodies and Their Neuroprocesses." Endocrinology 152, no. 11 (September 6, 2011): 4310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1416.

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Pulsatile release of GnRH-1 is critical for reproductive function. However, the cellular mechanism of GnRH-1 neurosecretion is still elusive. In this study, we examined the neurosecretory process of GnRH-1 neurons using time-lapse image acquisition followed by immunocytochemistry with confocal microscopy. To monitor exocytotic processes, cultured GnRH-1 neurons derived from monkey embryos were labeled with the lipophilic dye, FM1-43, or its fixable form FM1-43Fx, in the presence or absence of depolarization signals, and changes in vesicles labeled with FM1-43 were analyzed. The results show FM1-43 was taken up into the cell and labeled puncta in the soma and neuroprocesses in the absence of depolarization signals, indicating that GnRH-1 neurons were spontaneously active. Depolarization of GnRH-1 neurons with high K+ or veratridine challenge increased the intensity and size of puncta in both soma and neuroprocesses, and the veratridine-induced changes in puncta were blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating that changes in the puncta intensity and size reflect neurosecretory activity. Subsequent double immunocytochemistry for GnRH-1 and the synaptic vesicle marker, vesicle-associated membrane protein, demonstrated that the FM1-43Fx-labeled puncta were synaptic vesicles with the GnRH-1 peptide. Additional double immunocytochemistry for GnRH-1 and the marker of the neurosecretory active zone, Bassoon, indicated that the FM1-43Fx-labeled puncta were located at the sites of neurosecretory active zones in GnRH-1 neurons. These results suggest that GnRH-1 neurons have the capacity to release the peptide from the soma and dendrites. Collectively, we hypothesize that soma-dendritic release of the peptide may be a mechanism of synchronized activity among GnRH-1 neurons.

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KHAN, H., and A. SALEUDDIN. "Neurofilaments of the neurosecretory cells of a snail." Cell Biology International Reports 11, no. 10 (October 1987): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1651(87)90127-5.

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Bai, Hongdong, Samir Nangia, and Robert J. Parmer. "The Plasminogen Activation System and the Regulation of Catecholaminergic Function." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/721657.

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The local environment of neurosecretory cells contains the major components of the plasminogen activation system, including the plasminogen activators, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), as well as binding sites for t-PA, the receptor for u-PA (uPAR), and also the plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI-1. Furthermore, these cells express specific binding sites for plasminogen, which is available in the circulation and in interstitial fluid. Colocalization of plasminogen and its activators on cell surfaces provides a mechanism for promoting local plasminogen activation. Plasmin is retained on the cell surface where it is protected from its inhibitor,α2-antiplasmin. In neurosecretory cells, localized plasmin activity provides a mechanism for extracellular processing of secreted hormones. Neurotransmitter release from catecholaminergic cells is negatively regulated by cleavage products formed by plasmin-mediated proteolysis. Recently, we have identified a major plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT. We have found that Plg-RKTis highly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla as well as in other catecholaminergic cells and tissues. Plg-RKT-dependent plasminogen activation plays a key role in regulating catecholaminergic neurosecretory cell function.

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Osborne, Shona L., Peter J. Wen, Christine Boucheron, Hao N. Nguyen, Masahiko Hayakawa, Hiroyuki Kaizawa, Peter J. Parker, Nicolas Vitale, and Frederic A. Meunier. "PIKfyve Negatively Regulates Exocytosis in Neurosecretory Cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, no. 5 (November 26, 2007): 2804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m704856200.

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Nässel, Dick R., and Meet Zandawala. "Hormonal axes in Drosophila: regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions." Cell and Tissue Research 382, no. 2 (August 22, 2020): 233–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03264-z.

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Abstract Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.

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Hatcher, Nathan G., and Jonathan V. Sweedler. "Aplysia Bag Cells Function as a Distributed Neurosecretory Network." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00968.2007.

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The anatomical organization of many neuroendocrine systems implies multiple sites of hormone release in areas mediating multiple aspects of physiology and behavior, yet this neurosecretory complexity has not often been verified. Here we probe the well-characterized hormonal model, the reproductive bag cell neuroendocrine system of the sea slug Aplysia californica. The bag cell neurons of Aplysia mediate egg-laying behavior through the coordinated secretion of a suite of peptides derived from a single gene product, the egg-laying prohormone (proELH). Although the majority of bag cell neurons are located within two major abdominal bag cell clusters, smaller groups of egg-laying hormone-expressing cells have been observed in specific pleural and cerebral ganglia regions, some of which have been reported to be electrically connected to the abdominal bag cell clusters. Releasates are sampled from discrete locations within the Aplysia CNS before and during stimulation of afterdischarge activity and subsequently analyzed with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Site-specific release profiles are observed at bag cell cluster, pleural, and genital ganglion sites after site-specific electrophysiological activation of bag cell afterdischarges. These data demonstrate that the bag cell network has multiple neurohemal release sites, exhibits descending activation that travels from the cerebral and pleural ganglia down to the abdominal bag cell clusters, and releases spatially distinct profiles of proELH-derived peptides within the Aplysia nervous system. Such distributed neurosecretory organization may be a common feature of neuroendocrine systems across higher order organisms linking multiple behavioral aspects to a single neuronal network.

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Day, Trevor A., and John R. Sibbald. "Involvement of the A1 cell group in baroreceptor inhibition of neurosecretory vasopressin cells." Neuroscience Letters 113, no. 2 (May 1990): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90296-l.

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Latchford, Kevin J., and Alastair V. Ferguson. "Angiotensin depolarizes parvocellular neurons in paraventricular nucleus through modulation of putative nonselective cationic and potassium conductances." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): R52—R58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2004.

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Neurosecretory parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) exercise considerable influence over the adenohypophysis and thus play a critical role in neuroendocrine regulation. ANG II has been demonstrated to act as a neurotransmitter in PVN, exerting significant impact on neuronal excitability and also influencing corticotrophin-releasing hormone secretion from the median eminence and, therefore, release of ACTH from the pituitary. We have used whole cell patch-clamp techniques in hypothalamic slices to examine the effects of ANG II on the excitability of neurosecretory parvocellular neurons. ANG II application resulted in a dose-dependent depolarization of neurosecretory neurons, a response that was maintained in tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting a direct mechanism of action. The depolarizing actions of this peptide were abolished by losartan, demonstrating these effects are AT1 receptor mediated. Voltage-clamp analysis using slow voltage ramps revealed that ANG II activates a voltage-independent conductance with a reversal potential of −37.8 ± 3.8 mV, suggesting ANG II effects on a nonselective cationic current. Further, a sustained potassium current characteristic of IK was significantly reduced (29.1 ± 4.7%) by ANG II. These studies identify multiple postsynaptic modulatory sites through which ANG II can influence the excitability of neurosecretory parvocellular PVN neurons and, as a consequence of such actions, control hormonal secretion from the anterior pituitary.

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Ilijin, Larisa, Marija Mrdakovic, Vesna Peric-Mataruga, Jelica Lazarevic, Dragana Matic, Dajana Todorovic, and Milena Vlahovic. "Adjustment of L1 neurosecretory neuron activity in response to different stressors in gypsy moth caterpillars." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141210059i.

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Gypsy moth caterpillars were exposed to an increased rearing temperature of 35?C and diet, supplemented with Cd, a heavy metal pollutant, and tannic acid, a plant secondary metabolite. After 3 days? exposure to stressors, changes in the number, morphometric parameters of L1 neurosecretory neurons (nsn) (sizes of the nsn and their nuclei), and the quantity of neurosecretory material in the cytoplasm of the neurons were estimated. Acute exposure to the high temperature of 35?C induced increases in the number of L1 nsn, their size and the size of their nuclei with prolonged exposure time. After acute exposure to different Cd concentrations, the number of L1 nsn was reduced, their size increased and the size of their nuclei decreased. Together with the enhanced relative density of the cytoplasm, our results point to an intensive synthesis and retention of neurosecretory material in the neurons. The relative density of the neurosecretory material in the cytoplasm increased at the thermal treatment, suggesting intensive synthesis and secretory activity in L1 nsn. Caterpillars reared on an artificial substrate with the addition of high concentrations of tannic acid (TA) showed a decreased number of nsn, increased cell size and decreased size of their nuclei. The reduction in the relative density of the cytoplasm led us to conclude that this treatment induced a high synthetic activity of L1 nsn.

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Russell, J. T., M. Levine, and D. Njus. "Electron transfer across posterior pituitary neurosecretory vesicle membranes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 1 (January 1985): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89720-4.

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Álvarez, Ramón Alvarado, Mercedes Graciela Porras Villalobos, Gabina Calderón Rosete, Leonardo Rodríguez Sosa, and Hugo Aréchiga. "Dopaminergic Modulation of Neurosecretory Cells in the Crayfish." Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 25, no. 2 (April 2005): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-005-3064-9.

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Wang, X., SN Treistman, A. Wilson, JJ Nordmann, and JR Lemos. "Ca2+ Channels and Peptide Release From Neurosecretory Terminals." Physiology 8, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.2.64.

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Evoked release of neuropeptides and/or neurotransmitters requires activation of membrane Ca2+ channels. Because of the generally small size and inaccessibility of nerve endings, most electrophysiological studies have observed this activation only in cell bodies. However, recent techniques have permitted insights into the diversity and behavior of Ca2+ channels in neurosecretory terminals.

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Quatacker, J. R., W. G. Annaert, B. J. Miserez, and W. P. De Potter. "Immunocytochemical demonstration of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and cytochrome B561 on the axonal reticulum in bovine sympathetic neurons." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 10 (October 1992): 1599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.10.1527378.

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In sympathetic neurons the axonal reticulum can be considered an extension of the secretory pole of the Golgi apparatus. If this tubular system indeed represents the neurosecretory apparatus, it would likely contain on its membranes the enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and cytochrome b561 in bovine splenic nerve and nerve terminals in the vas deferens with an immunogold procedure after glycolmethacrylate embedding. Counterstaining with phosphotungstic acid at low pH selectively revealed the axonal reticulum elements. With antibodies against both enzymes, gold labeling was observed over the large dense-cored vesicles, the Golgi-associated axonal reticulum, the reticulum within axons, and the tubular complex at the nerve terminal. From our results it can be concluded that in sympathetic neurons the axonal reticulum represents a tubular neurosecretory system, extending from the Golgi apparatus in the cell soma to the nerve terminal. This concept emphasizes the local production of neurosecretory vesicles and may be of importance in the interpretation of neuronal transmission in normal and diseased states.

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Borgonovo, Barbara, Gabriella Racchetti, MariaLuisa Malosio, Roberta Benfante, Paola Podini, Patrizia Rosa, and Jacopo Meldolesi. "Neurosecretion Competence, an Independently Regulated Trait of the Neurosecretory Cell Phenotype." Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, no. 52 (December 25, 1998): 34683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.52.34683.

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Bräunig, Peter. "Neurons without dendrites? – A novel type of neurosecretory cell in locusts." Arthropod Structure & Development 44, no. 6 (November 2015): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2015.06.004.

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Day, T. A., and J. Ciriello. "Effects of renal receptor activation on neurosecretory vasopressin cells." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): R234—R241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.2.r234.

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Electrical stimulation of afferent renal nerves (ARN) has been shown to excite neurosecretory vasopressin (AVP) cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON). To investigate the sensory modality of the ARN involved, the present study examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats the responses of putative AVP cells to procedures intended to differentially activate renal receptor populations. Neurosecretory SON cells were identified by antidromic invasion from the neurohypophysis and classified as AVP secreting on the basis of spontaneous activity patterns and responses to arterial baroreceptor activation. Neither elevation of systemic arterial pressure (50-100 mmHg, 9 cells) following sinoaortic and cardiopulmonary afferent nerve transection nor renal venous occlusion (15 cells) altered AVP cell discharge. Renal ischemia, produced by renal arterial occlusion (50-120 s, 14 cells), and renal arterial infusion of adenosine (1-50 micrograms, 8 cells) were also without effect. However, infusions into the renal artery of bradykinin (1-3 micrograms) excited 9/15, of capsaicin (1-3 micrograms) excited 13/15, and of sodium cyanide (5-40 micrograms) excited 1/11 AVP cells examined. These data demonstrate that, in the anesthetized rat, putative neurosecretory AVP cells in the SON are responsive to activation of bradykinin- and capsaicin-sensitive renal receptors and suggest that activation of these receptors contributes to the hormonal regulation of the circulation.

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Malosio, M. L., R. Benfante, G. Racchetti, B. Borgonovo, P. Rosa, and J. Meldolesi. "Neurosecretory cells without neurosecretion: evidence of an independently regulated trait of the cell phenotype." Journal of Physiology 520, no. 1 (October 1999): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.t01-1-00043.x.

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Diederen, Jacques H. B., Rob C. H. M. Oudejans, Lucien F. Harthoorn, and Dick J. Van Der Horst. "Cell biology of the adipokinetic hormone-producing neurosecretory cells in the locust corpus cardiacum." Microscopy Research and Technique 56, no. 3 (January 24, 2002): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10026.

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Cohen, Stewart L., Kenneth E. Miller, and Richard M. Kriebel. "Distribution of serotonin in the caudal neurosecretory complex." Anatomy and Embryology 181, no. 5 (June 1990): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02433796.

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Mizoguchi, Akira, Tadanori Oka, Hiroshi Kataoka, Hiromichi Nagasawa, Akinori Suzuki, and Hironori Ishizaki. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Producing Neurosecretory Cells in the Brain of Bombyx mori. (prothoracicotropic hormone/Bombyx mori/monoclonal antibody/brain neurosecretory cell/neurohaemal organ)." Development, Growth and Differentiation 32, no. 6 (December 1990): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.1990.00591.x.

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Cuzin-Roudy, Janine, and A. S. M. Saleuddin. "A study of the neurosecretory centres of the eyestalk in Siriella armata M. Edw. (Crustacea: Mysidacea): their involvement in molting and reproduction." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-416.

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Neurosecretory cells and centres arc described in the eyestalk of the mysid Siriela armata. The sinus gland is situated on the neuropilar regions along the main blood sinus. The medulla interna and medulla externa X organ is formed of G1 cells; the medulla terminalis X organ consists of G3 and G4 cells. Other neurons, the G2 cells, and a "giant cell" may also be neurosecretory. Destruction of the medulla interna – medulla externa X organ results in an inhibition of the preparation for molt and ecdysis in both sexes. Reproducing females also show inhibition of secondary vitellogenesis and of marsupial development. The role of the medulla interna – medulla externa X organ in the control of premolt, secondary vitellogenesis, and marsupial development is discussed.

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37

Mukai, S. T., and A. S. M. Saleuddin. "Mating increases the synthetic activity of the neurosecretory caudodorsal cells of Helisoma duryi (Mollusca: Pulmonata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-334.

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In Helisoma duryi, virgin snails lay significantly fewer eggs than mated snails. It is generally accepted that in basommatophoran pulmonates, the neurosecretory caudodorsal cells located in the cerebral ganglia produce a hormone that regulates egg laying. The synthetic activity of the caudodorsal cells in Helisoma has been measured in vitro and in vivo using tritiated leucine. Virgin and castrated snails (reproductively inactive) showed significantly reduced levels of [3H]leucine incorporation compared with first-mated snails (24 and 48 h postmating). This increase in synthetic activity following mating was corroborated by autoradiography at the light microscope level which localized transport of caudodorsal cell neurosecretory proteins to the cerebral commissure, the neurohaemal area. Mating triggers an increase in synthetic activity of the caudodorsal cells.

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38

Biceroglu, Gulay, Teoman Akcay, Gonul Aydogan, Arzu Akcay, Ferhan Akici, Deniz Tugcu, Zafer Salcioglu, Hulya Sayilan, and Nuray Ayaz. "Irradiation-Induced Growth Hormone Neurosecretory Disfunction In ALL Patients." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4329.4329.

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Abstract Abstract 4329 With the recent developments in the treatment of ALL life expectancy is prolonged and complications due to therapy are increased. Combined chemotherapy may be applied in combination with distinct doses and schema of cranial radiotherapy according to the risk groups of patients. CRT damages the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis and affects the secretion of growth hormone (GH) at first and the other anterior hypophysis hormones also. At high doses of CRT, GH deficiency might occur in the long term follow-up, at lower doses the secretion pattern of GH may change. In this study, GH axis of the ALL patients treated with prophylactic CRT were evaluated. Thirty-two children (14 girls and 18 boys), diagnosed as ALL and applied prophylactic cranial therapy were enrolled to the study. Physical findings, weight and height measurements, Tanner stagings and bone age evaluations were performed to all patients. In order to interpret the functions of anterior and posterior hypophysis morning basal IGF-1, IGFBP-3, thyroid hormones, cortisol, prolactin and dansity of urine were measured. Gonodotrophins were not tested because none of our patients had the signs of early or late puberty. In order to evaluate the growth rate, weights and heights of the patients were measured after the first year. Even though the growth rate of some patients were normal, GH stimulation tests with clonidine were done to all cases, due to the fact that GH deficiency and neurosecretory dysfunction might be present pharmacologically. Second GH stimulation test with L-dopa were applied to patients with peak GH levels of <10 ng/ml. If the level was low in the second test, patients were accepted as GH deficient. For patients with low growth rate, low IGF-1/IGFBP-3 according to age and sex, but normal GH levels, night GH secretion pattern were tested. Patients with inadequate response to night secretion test were accepted as neurosecretory dysfunction. In our study, 25% of the patients were found to have complete and 21,7% incomplete GH deficiency. In 9.3% of cases there was GH-neurosecretory dysfunction (GH_NSD). There was no statistically significant relationship between the time passed after radiotherapy and GH axis dysfunction degree. IGF-BP3 was found to be more reliable than IGF-1 in estimating GH deficiency/GH-NSD. As a result, it is clear that prophylactic CRT affects the GH axis negatively in ALL patients, so their close follow-up is precious and mandatory. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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MASSE, Marie J. O., Pierette DESBOIS-PERICHON, and Paul COHEN. "Identification of Neurophysin-Related Proteins in Bovine Neurosecretory Granules." European Journal of Biochemistry 127, no. 3 (March 3, 2005): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06916.x.

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40

McBurney, R. N., and S. J. Kehl. "Electrophysiology of neurosecretory cells from the pituitary intermediate lobe." Journal of Experimental Biology 139, no. 1 (September 1, 1988): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.139.1.317.

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One of the goals in studying the electrical properties of neurosecretory cells is to relate their electrical activity to the process of secretion. A central question in these studies concerns the role of transmembrane calcium ion flux in the initiation of the secretory event. With regard to the secretory process in pituitary cells, several research groups have addressed this question in vitro using mixed primary anterior pituitary cell cultures or clonal cell lines derived from pituitary tumours. Other workers, including ourselves, have used homogeneous cell cultures derived from the pituitary intermediate lobes of rats to examine the characteristics of voltage-dependent conductances, the contribution of these conductances to action potentials and their role in stimulus-secretion coupling. Pars intermedia (PI) cells often fire spontaneous action potentials whose frequency can be modified by the injection of sustained currents through the recording electrode. In quiescent cells action potentials can also be evoked by the injection of depolarizing current stimuli. At around 20 degrees C these action potentials have a duration of about 5 ms. Although most of the inward current during action potentials is carried by sodium ions, a calcium ion component can be demonstrated under abnormal conditions. Voltage-clamp experiments have revealed that the membrane of these cells contains high-threshold, L-type, Ca2+ channels and low-threshold Ca2+ channels. Since hormone release from PI cells appears not to be dependent on action potential activity but does depend on external calcium ions, it is not clear what role these Ca2+ channels play in stimulus-secretion coupling in cells of the pituitary pars intermedia. One possibility is that the low-threshold Ca2+ channels are more important to the secretory process than the high-threshold channels.

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41

Garcia, E., A. Benitez, and C. G. Onetti. "Responsiveness to D-glucose in neurosecretory cells of crustaceans." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.2.758.

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1. An electrophysiological study of the D-glucose sensitivity of X-organ (XO) neurosecretory cell bodies in crayfish was carried out with the use of microelectrodes, perforated, and cell-attached patch-clamp techniques. 2. Glucose depolarizes the membrane potential of XO cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 3. Depolarization produced by glucose initiates a change in the pattern of electrical activity. Silent cells began to discharge action potentials. When bursting cells are depolarized by glucose, their action potentials are no longer grouped in bursts or disappear entirely. 4. Although the membrane potential returns to its initial value after removing glucose from the bath, discharge patterns of the cells may remain different. This suggests that besides the depolarizing effect, once the cells have been exposed to glucose, the sugar switches on a process that is maintained for a long time. 5. Glucose produced a reduction of membrane steady-state conductance, and a shift of reversal potential of membrane currents to a more positive value. 6. Depolarization induced by D-glucose appears to be related with a closure of potassium channels. 7. Glucose effect was thought to be generated by a product of metabolism that would act as intracellular mediator.

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Smith, Carolyn L., Frédérique Varoqueaux, Maike Kittelmann, Rita N. Azzam, Benjamin Cooper, Christine A. Winters, Michael Eitel, Dirk Fasshauer, and Thomas S. Reese. "Novel Cell Types, Neurosecretory Cells, and Body Plan of the Early-Diverging Metazoan Trichoplax adhaerens." Current Biology 24, no. 14 (July 2014): 1565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.046.

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Malosio, M. L. "Dense-core granules: a specific hallmark of the neuronal/neurosecretory cell phenotype." Journal of Cell Science 117, no. 5 (March 1, 2004): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00934.

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Ichikawa, Toshio. "Synchronous firing dynamics in a heterogeneous neurosecretory-cell population in an insect." Brain Research 929, no. 2 (March 2002): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03349-2.

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Akai, Hiromu, Takayuki Nagashima, Shinji Aoyagi, Yasuhisa Endo, Makiko F. Uwo, Kiyoshi Asaoka, Hiroshi Kataoka, Akinori Suzuki, and Emiko Kobayashi. "Development and secretory function of neurosecretory A cell in brain ofBombyx mori." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 32, no. 3-4 (1996): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<333::aid-arch6>3.0.co;2-t.

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Shanbaky, Nawal M., Ashraf El-Said, and Nadia Helmy. "Changes in Neurosecretory Cell Activity in Female Argas (Argas) hermanni (Acari: Argasidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 27, no. 6 (September 1, 1990): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.6.975.

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Chang, David Horng-Chyi, Swei Hsueh, and Yung-Kuei Soong. "Small cell carcinoma with neurosecretory granules arising in an ovarian dermoid cyst." Gynecologic Oncology 46, no. 2 (August 1992): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(92)90265-k.

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Chaudhuri, P. S., and R. Datta. "Neuroendocrine control of cocoon production in native earthworm Perionyx ceylanensis subjected to seasonal variation." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/4/mrn-1658.

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Aim: The aim of the present study was to observe the role of cerebral ganglionic neurosecretory cells (NSCs) during cocoon production in native earthworm species Perionyx ceylanensis subjected to amputation and seasonal variations. Methodology: Histological studies (using Aldehyde Fuchsin and Chrome Alum Haematoxylin Phloxin stain) were carried out on brain NSCs in the two groups of earthworms (Group I and Group II) maintained in earthen culture pots (2L) with cowdung as food. Group I comprised of brain amputed earthworms was subjected to observe the role of brain NSCs in production of cocoon and Group II earthworms subjected to seasonal changes in the cerebral NSCs during cocoon production. Five replications were kept for Group I (1 individual per pot) and Group II (1 pair per pot). Results: Group I debrained earthworms started to lay cocoons from the 31st day following regeneration of cerebral ganglionic type A NSCs. In group II worms the highest neurosecretory activity was registered in the cerebral type A cells, especially during monsoon coinciding with the hike of cocoon generation. Interpretation: Appearance of type A NSCs in regenerated brain and peak of type A neurosecretory cell activity during peak reproductive period of earthworm species (as indicated by peak of cocoon production) indicates the possible role of cerebral type A NSCs in cocoon laying.

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Knoll, Gerd, Helmut Plattner, and Jean J. Nordmann. "Exo-endocytosis in isolated peptidergic nerve terminals occurs in the sub-second range." Bioscience Reports 12, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01122037.

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Exo- and endocytotic processes induced by depolarization of isolated neurosecretory nerve terminals show a close temporal correlation, which suggests a short time of integration of the neurosecretory granule membrane with the plasma membrane. In order to determine minimal time requirements for exocytosis-coupled endocytosis to occur, we have analyzed by electron microscopy uptake of horserdish peroxidase (HRP) as a fluid phase marker at the onset of depolarization. We have applied rapid mixing and sampling (quenched flow) to assess events in subsecond time peroids after stimulation. A significant number of labelled endocytotic vacuoles was observed during the first second of depolarization. This number then further increased by a factor of about 2 (within 5 s) and 4 (within 50s). Thus, as for exocytosis, the rate of endocytosis decreased considerably during prolonged stimulation. These data indicate i) that a substantial proportion of secretory granules undergoes exocytosis very shortly after stimulation, and ii) that, following exocytosis, the minimal time required for consecutive membrane retrieval is in the sub-second range.

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BRÄUNIG, PETER. "A Suboesophageal Ganglion Cell Innervates Heart and Retrocerebral Glandular Complex in the Locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 156, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.156.1.567.

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The suboesophageal ganglion of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria contains a pair of large neurosecretory cells located posteriorly, close to the sagittal plane. By means of double labelling, it is shown that the cells are immunoreactive to bovine pancreatic polypeptide. Using a combination of electrophysiological, neuroanatomical and immunocytochemical methods, it is shown that the neurones project into the corpora cardiaca with ascending anterior axons and into the lateral cardiac nerve cords with posterior axons that descend into the thoracic and abdominal nerve cord.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neurosecretory cell'

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