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Journal articles on the topic 'Neurosciences, biological and chemical aspects, n.e.c'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Pszczółkowski, Piotr, Piotr Barbaś, Barbara Sawicka, and Barbara Krochmal-Marczak. "Biological and Agrotechnical Aspects of Weed Control in the Cultivation of Early Potato Cultivars under Cover." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090373.

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Problems with weed infestation under cover were the reason to conduct research on the regulation of weed infestation in potato cultivation for early harvest. The field experiment was carried out in 2015–2017 at the Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment in Uhnin (51°34′ N, 23°02′ E) using the method of random subblocks, in a dependent system (split-split-plot). The first order factor was edible potato cultivars ‘Denar’ and ‘Lord’. The second order factor was cultivation technologies: (A) traditional technology, (B) technology using polyethylene film cover, (C) technology using polypropylene agrotextile. The third order factor was weed management methods: (1) mechanical, (2) mechanical and chemical method using Afalon Dispersion 450 SC preparation, (3) mechanical and chemical methods using Racer 250 EC herbicide, and (4) mechanical and chemical methods using a mixture of herbicides Afalon Dispersion 450 SC and Command 480 EC. Mechanical and chemical methods proved to be more effective than the mechanical method. The best effectiveness in limiting both fresh and dry weed mass in potato cultivation under cover was achieved using the mechanical and chemical method using a mixture of herbicides, Afalon Dispersion 450 SC and Command 480 EC.
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2

Mekonnen, Endalh, Gedion Brehanu, and Tizazu Yitayew. "Biological Aspects, Catch and Length Distribution of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio in in Lake Lugo, South Wollo, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v12i3.1.

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Determining biological parameters such as length to weight relationship, sex ratio and size at first maturity of threatened fishes give good information on their growth performance and help manage and conserve fish populations in their natural water bodies. In this study, some biological parameters were reported for Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio. Samples were taken at monthly intervals from October 2013 to September 2017 in Lake Lugo, South Wollo, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to determine length to weight relationships, length class frequency, sex ratio and size at first maturity of the fishes. Total length (TL) of the species was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and total body weight (TW) to the nearest 1 g. The physico-chemical parameters were also measured: transparency by using secchi disk, conductivity by Wagtach International conductivity meter and pH by pH meter. The results showed that the parameters were within the permissible limits except the pH level at Gedam Sefar sampling site. A total of 672 fish specimens were collected. Length (cm) to weight (g) relationship for C. gariepinus was sketched as: TW = 0.015TL2.8, n = 81, r2 = 0.901 and for C. carpio as: TW = 0.018TL2.85, n = 591, r2 = 0.926, which, in both cases, showed a curvilinear relationship, signifying the fishes followed negative allometric growth. The sex ratio between males to females showed significant difference (C. gariepinus: χ2 = 4.46, P<0.05; C. carpio: χ2 = 12.0, P<0.05). Size at first sexual maturity (L50) for C. gariepinus was 31.7 cm for females and 31.1 cm for males, while L50 for C. carpio was 19.2 cm for females and 19.3 cm for males.
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3

Prihastuti and Sudaryono. "Soil Chemical and Biological Characteristics for Diagnostic the Potency of Acid Dry Land for Soybean Extensification." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 1 (March 19, 2013): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i1.17-24.

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The descriptive explored study was conducted in districts Bumi Nabung, Sari Bakti, Seputih Banyak and Rumbia, Central Lampung, Indonesia. The parameters observed consisted of chemical and biological aspects of soil, which directly affected plant growth. This activity was carried out as preliminary studies for the diagnosis of soybean extensification on acid dry land. The results showed that all locations observed were less suitable for soybean development, indicated by low pH values (4.35 – 6.00), nutrient contents (N < 0.1% and C-organic < 2.0%), and low soil microbial populations. Population of bacteria was 17 × 103 – 29 × 104 CFU g-1 soil and fungi was 21 × 101 – 63 ×102 CFU g-1 soil of soils. Beneficial microbe types included non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (with the capability to fix the Nitrogen around 0.16 – 1.53 mM 100 ml-1 medium h-1), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (with the value index 1.22 – 6.25) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (with root colonization by 70.50 – 90.33% and the number of sporeswere 49 – 175 spores g-1 soil). This less suitable land can be improved to become suitable for developing soybean by using innovative technology. Soil biological and chemical improvement technology through liming and amelioration as well as organic and bio-fertilizers applications were required for soybeans extensification on acid dry land.[How to Cite: Prihastuti and Sudaryono. 2013. Soil Chemical and Biological Characteristics for Diagnostic the Potency of Acid Dry Land for Soybean Extensification. J Trop Soils, 18 (1) : 17-24. doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.17][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.17]
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Skonieczny, Kamil, Eli M. Espinoza, James B. Derr, Maryann Morales, Jillian M. Clinton, Bing Xia, and Valentine I. Vullev. "Biomimetic and bioinspired molecular electrets. How to make them and why does the established peptide chemistry not always work?" Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0111.

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Abstract“Biomimetic” and “bioinspired” define different aspects of the impacts that biology exerts on science and engineering. Biomimicking improves the understanding of how living systems work, and builds tools for bioinspired endeavors. Biological inspiration takes ideas from biology and implements them in unorthodox manners, exceeding what nature offers. Molecular electrets, i.e. systems with ordered electric dipoles, are key for advancing charge-transfer (CT) science and engineering. Protein helices and their biomimetic analogues, based on synthetic polypeptides, are the best-known molecular electrets. The inability of native polypeptide backbones to efficiently mediate long-range CT, however, limits their utility. Bioinspired molecular electrets based on anthranilamides can overcome the limitations of their biological and biomimetic counterparts. Polypeptide helices are easy to synthesize using established automated protocols. These protocols, however, fail to produce even short anthranilamide oligomers. For making anthranilamides, the residues are introduced as their nitrobenzoic-acid derivatives, and the oligomers are built from their C- to their N-termini via amide-coupling and nitro-reduction steps. The stringent requirements for these reduction and coupling steps pose non-trivial challenges, such as high selectivity, quantitative yields, and fast completion under mild conditions. Addressing these challenges will provide access to bioinspired molecular electrets essential for organic electronics and energy conversion.
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5

Dharmawibawa, Iwan Doddy, Hunaepi Hunaepi, and Herdiyana Fitriani. "ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI ANCAR DALAM UPAYA BIOREMIDIASI PERAIRAN." Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v2i2.1065.

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The purpose of this research is to know the characteristic 'water quality' river ancar Mataram city based on biological, chemical, and physics as bioremidiasi waters. The type of this research is descriptive explorative and research method used is survey, laboratory analysis, and case study, ie method of all aspects must be observed fully, while the data analysis is only valid for certain place and time period. The results showed that, overall observation and identification of 6 research sampling stations, 21 species were identified with four microlagae classes: Bacillariophyceae, Cyanopyceae, Chlorophyceae and Crysophyceae. Bacillariophyceae class is the class that has the most types, then Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Chrisophyceae. Factors supporting the growth of bologic components such as pH, temperature, light intensity, salinity with the range of each 7.2-8.3; 25-27 ° C; 1011-1800 lux; 3-3.2%, nutrients (N and P), according to the microalgae living conditions which are the most primitive plant organisms that are small in size, live in all waters, both rivers and seawater.
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Nowaczyk, Magdalena, Agnieszka Zimna, Tobiasz Deptuła, Katarzyna Fiedorowicz, Natalia Rozwadowska, Marta Podralska, and Maciej Kurpisz. "pNiPAM-Nanoparticle-Based Antiapoptotic Approach for Pro-Regenerative Capacity of Skeletal Myogenic Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102495.

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The biocompatibility of pNiPAM (Poly N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers has been examined and they did not exert any cytotoxic effects. Their properties and vulnerable temperature characteristics make them candidates for use in medical applications. We synthesized a well-characterized nanoparticles-based cargo system that would effectively deliver a biological agent to human skeletal myogenic cells (SkMCs); among other aspects, a downregulating apoptotic pathway potentially responsible for poor regeneration of myocardium. We confirmed the size of the pNiPAM based spheres at around 100 nm and the nanomeric shape of nanoparticles (NP) obtained. We confirmed that 33 °C is the adequate temperature for phase transition. We performed the dynamics of cargo release. A small amount of examined protein was detected at 10 min after reaching LCTS (lower critical solution temperature). The presented results of the test with BSA (bovine serum albumin) and doxorubicin loaded into nanoparticles showed a similar release profile for both substances. SkMCs incubated with NP loaded with antiapoptotic agent, BCB (Bax channel blocker), significantly diminished cell apoptosis (p < 0.01). Moreover, the lowest apoptotic level was detected in SkMCs treated with camptothecin and simultaneously incubated with pNiPAMs loaded with BCB. Application of nanoparticles loaded with BCB or subjected to BCB alone did not, however, diminish the amount of apparently necrotic cells.
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Schabelnyk, K. P., S. V. Kholodnyak, N. M. Polishchuk, and S. І. Kоvalenko. "2-Сycloalkyl-(hetaryl-)-[1,2,4]triazol[1,5-с]quinazolines: synthesis, physical and chemical properties and antibacterial activity." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 6 (December 9, 2020): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.6.20.07.

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In spite of the achievements in the chemistry of triazoloquinazolines, the synthetic possibilities of this class of compounds are not exhausted, some problems remain unresolved and require further study. 2-R-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-с]quinazolines are among them due to insufficiently explored but at the same time interesting in both chemical and biological aspects. Undoubtedly «pharmacophore» has the crucial role in the response of a biological action. It is contained in this heterocycle namely the substitute position 2. In view of the above, we attempted to modify triazolo[1,5-с]quinazoline by introducing a methyl group or halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine) into a benzene moiety and a triazole moiety of a cycloalkyl or heterocyclic substituent molecule. The aim of this work is to develop simple and affordable methods of the synthesis of new 2-cycloalkyl-(hetaryl-)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-с]quinazolines, quinazolines, to study their physical and chemical properties and to conduct primary screening for antibacterial activity The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized chemical compounds was performed by the method of two-fold serial dilutions in Mueller–Hinton broth (for strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and in Saburo broth (for Candida albicans ATCC 885–653). MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), MBсC and MFсC (minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations respectively) was determined. The optimal method of synthesis of 2-cycloalkyl-(hetaryl-)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-с]quinazolines, which represent value as chemical reagents for further transformations and study of biological activity is substantiated and developed. The possibility of «one-pot» synthesis of the target compounds with 4-hydrazinoquinazolines and cycloalkylcarboxylic acids under conditions of activation of the carboxyl group N,N¢-carbonyldiimidazole is shown. Conducted microbiological screening of 2-cycloalkyl-(hetaryl-)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-с]quinazolines revealed a number of promising compounds that inhibit the growth of St. aureus (МІС 25‒50 μg/ml) and C. albicans (25‒50 μg/ml). The optimal method of synthesis of 2-cycloalkyl-(hetaryl-)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-с]quinazolin by cyclocondensation (3Н-quinazoline-4-ylidene)­hydrazides withcycloalkyl-(hetaryl)carboxylic acidsis substantiated and developed. The structure and individuality of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, physicochemical methods (1H NMR-spectroscopy, HPLC/MS). The peculiarity of the 1H NMR spectra of this heterocycle is discussed, namely the significant paramagnetic shift of benzene protons and the characteristic weak-field single-proton singlet of the proton of position 5 of the heterocycle, which is a confirmation of recycling isomerization by Dimrot rearrangement. The structure-activity relationship is discussed and the study of the most active compounds for a wider range of strains and resistant strains of bacteria and fungi is recommended.
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8

Готцева, Маріана. "A Neurocognitive Perspective on Language Acquisition in Ullman’s DP Model." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.got.

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In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies. References Aboitiz, F. (1995). Working memory networks and the origin of language areas in the human brain. Medical Hypothesis, 25, 504-506. Aboitiz, F. & Garcia, R. (1977). The anatomy of language revisited. Biological Research, 30, 171-183. Aboitiz, F., Garcia, R., Brunetti, E. & Bosman, C. (2006). The origin of Broca’s area and its connections from an ancestral working memory network. In: Broca’s Region, (pp. 3-16). Y.Grodzinsky and K. Amunts, (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Alexander, M. P. (1997). Aphasia: clinical and anatomic aspects. In: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology, (pp. 133–150). T. E. Feinberg, & M. J. Farah, (Eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Alexander, G.E., DeLong, M.R. & Strick, P.L. (1986). Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381. Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., Qin, Y. (2004). An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review, 111, 1036–1060. Birdsong, D., ed. (1999). Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Buckner, R. L., & Wheeler, M. E. (2001). 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A crosslinguistic study of relationship between grammar and lexical development. Journal of Child Language, 32, 759–786. Di Giulio, D.V., Seidenberg, M., O’Leary, D. S. & Raz, N. (1994). Procedural and declarative memory: a developmental study. Brain and Cognition, 25(1), 79-91. Dionne, G., Dale, P., Boivin, M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Genetic evidence for bidirectional effects of early lexical and grammatical development. Child Development, 74, 394–412. Eichenbaum, H. & Cohen, N.J. (2001). From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, N.C. (1994). Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. New York: Academic Press. Ellis, N.C. (2002). Reflections on frequency effects in language processing. Studies in Second language acquisition, 24, 297-339. Ellis, R., Loewen, S., Elder, C., Erlam, R., Philp, J., Reinders, H. (2009). Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Embick, D., Marantz, A., Miyashita, Y., O’Neil, W., & Sakai, K. L. (2000). A syntactic specialization for Broca’s area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, (6150–6154). Fabbro, F., Clarici, A., Bava, A. (1996). Effects of left basal ganglia lesions on language production. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(3), 1291–1298. Ferman, S., Olshtain, E., Schechtman, E. & Karni, A. (2009). The acquisition of a linguistic skill by adults: procedural and declarative memory interact in the learning of an artificial morphological rule. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22, 384-412. Retrieved from: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jneuroling. Fredriksson, A. (2000). Maze learning and motor activity deficits in adult mice induced by iron exposure during a critical postnatal period. Developmental Brain Research, 119(1), 65-74. Friederici, A. (2002). Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 78–84. Friederici, A., von Cramon, D., Kotz, S. (1999). Language related brain potentials in patients with cortical and subcortical left hemisphere lesions. Brain, 122, 1033-1047. Goodale, M. A. (2000). Perception and action in the human visual system. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences, (pp. 365-378). M. S. Gazzaniga, (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Hahne, A., Friederichi, D. (2003). Processing a second language: late learners’ comprehension strategies as revealed by event-related brain potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 1-42. Henke, K (2010) A model for memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 523–532. Hikosaka, O., Sakai, K., Nakahara, H., Lu, X., Miyachi, S., Nakamura, K., Rand, M. K. (2000). Neural mechanisms for learning of sequential procedures. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences, (pp. 553-572). M. S. Gazzaniga, (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Joanisse, M.F., Seidenberg, M.S. (1999). Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: a connectionist model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 96, (7592 –7597). Middleton, F.A., Strick, P.L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebral loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain research reviews, 31, 236-250. Moro, A., Tettamanti, M., Perani, D., Donati, C., Cappa, S. F., & Fazio, F. (2003). Syntax and the brain: disentangling grammar by selective anomalies. Neuroimage, 13(1), 110–118. Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Perspectives on SLA. (2010). Arabski, J. & Wojtaszek, A. (Eds.), Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Newport, E. (1993). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 11-28. Opitz, B. & Friederichi, A.D. (2003). Interactions of the hippocampal system and the prefrontal cortex in learning language-like rules. Neuroimage, 19(4), 1730-1737. Packard, M.& Knowlton, B. (2002). Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 563–593. Park, D., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N., Smith, A. & Smith, P. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 16, 299-320. Peelle, J.E., McMillan, C., Moore, P., Grossman, M. & Wingfield, A. (2004). Dissociable patterns of brain activity during comprehension of rapid and syntactically complex speech: evidence from fMRI. Brain and Language, 91, 315-325. Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. New York: William Morrow. Poldrack, R., Packard, M. G. (2003). Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 245–251. Roediger, H.L., Butler, A.C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Science, 15, 20-27. Schlaug, G. (2001). The brain of musicians: a model for functional and structural adaptation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930(1), 281-299. Squire, L.R., Knowlton, B.J. (2000). The medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus, and the memory systems of the brain. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences. (pp. 765-780). M. S. Gazzaniga, Ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Squire, L. R., Zola, S. M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93. (13515–13522). Sun, R., Zhang, X. (2004). Top-down versus bottom-up learning in cognitive skill acquisition. Cognitive Systems Research, 5, 63–89. Ullman, M.T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92(1-2), 231-70. Ullman, M.T. (2005). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: the declarative/procedural model. In: Adult Second Language Acquisition, (pp. 141-178). C. Sanz, (ed.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Ullman, M.T. & Pieport, E.I. (2005). Specific language impairment is not specific to language: the procedural deficit hypothesis. Cortex, 41, 399-433. Ullman, M. (2006). Is Broca’s area part of a basal ganglia thalamocortical circuit? In: The Cortex: Integrative Models of Broca’s Area and the Ventral Premotor Cortex. (pp. 480-485). R. Schubotz & C. Fiebach, (Eds.). Milan: Masson. Ullman, M. (2015) The declarative / procedural model: A neurobiologically motivated theory of first and second language. In: Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction, (pp. 135-158.) VanPatten, B. and J. Williams, (Eds.). 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Ullman, M. and Lovelett, J. (2016). Implications of the declarative / procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques. Second Language Research, Special issue, 1-27. Zurowski, B., Gostomzyk, J., Gron, G., Weller, R., Schirrmeister, H., Neumeier, B., Spitzer, M., Reske, S.N. & Walter, H. (2002). Dissociating a common working memory network from different neural substrates of phonological and spatial stimulus processing. 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Suprihatin, Agus, and Johanes Amirullah. "Pengaruh Pola Rotasi Tanaman terhadap Perbaikan Sifat Tanah Sawah Irigasi." Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v12n1.2018.49-57.

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<p>Abstrak. Penggenangan terus-menerus di lahan sawah akan berpengaruh terhadap keseimbangan kimia dan biologi tanah. Pergantian aerobik dan anaerobik di lahan sawah merupakan satu kontrol alami yang efektif mengendalikan keseimbangan biologi dan nonbiologi sehingga tanah sawah menjadi sehat dan tetap produktif. Penerapan rotasi tanamanantara tanaman padi dengan palawija maupun hortiklutura merupakan salah alternatif yang bijak untuk tetap mempertahankan produktivitas dan kesuburan lahan, dan perekonomian petani. Penerapan rotasi tanam memiliki peranan terhadap beberapa aspek antara lain agronomi, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Pengelolaan lahan pertanian tanah sawah secara terus-menerus pada berbagai rotasi tanam dapat meningkatkan berat jenis tanah, dan persentase fraksi lempung dalam tanah sawah. Rotasi tanaman padi-palawija/hortikultura dapat memperbaiki srtuktur tanah melalui peningkatan nilai MWD. Penerapan rotasi tanaman secara terus-menerus berpengaruh nyata terhadap perubahan sifat kimia tanah seperti pH, N-total, P dan K-tersedia, KPK tanah, dan C-organik. Penerapan rotasi tanaman padi-jagung pada 1 – 2 tahun pertama memberikan kadar N-total tanah, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> dan DOC yang sangat tinggi. Penanaman jagung di musim kemarau pada rotasi tanaman padi-jagung dapat menyimpan air dan menekan pencucian hara, daripada penanaman padi-padi dalam jangka panjang. Pengembalian nutrisi nitrogen dalam rotasi tanaman dapat dilakukan melalui penanaman tanaman legum setelah penanaman tumbuhan serealia dan sejenisnya.</p><p>Abstract. Continuous flooding in paddy fields will disrupt the biological and chemical balance of the soil. Substitution of aerobics and anaerobics in paddy fields is a natural control that effectively controls the biological and nonbiological balance so that the paddy fields become healthy and remain productive. Application of plant rotation between rice plants with crops and horticulture is a wise alternative to maintain the productivity and fertility of paddy field, and the economy of farmer. Application of rotation has a role to play on several aspects such as agronomy, economy and environment. Continuous management of paddy field on various rotations of cropping can increase bulk density, and the percentage of clay fraction in paddy soil. Rotation of rice-upland/horticulture can improve soil structure by increasing the value of MWD. Continuous application of crop rotation has a significant effect on changes in soil chemical properties such as pH, totalN, available P and K, CEC, and organic carbon. The application of rotation of rice-maize in the 1–2 years can give very high total N, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and DOC levels. The planting of maize in the dry season on a rotation of rice-maize can store water and suppress nutrient leaching, rather than long-term rice-rice cultivation. Return of nitrogen nutrients in crop rotation can be done through planting legumes after planting cereals and the like.</p>
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Bollenbach, Alexander, and Dimitrios Tsikas. "GC-MS Studies on the Conversion and Derivatization of γ-Glutamyl Peptides to Pyroglutamate (5-Oxo-Proline) Methyl Ester Pentafluoropropione Amide Derivatives." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186020.

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Glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) is the most abundant intra-cellular dicarboxylic tripeptide with multiple physiological roles. In biological samples, glutathione exists in its reduced form GSH and in two stable oxidized forms, i.e., in its symmetric disulfide form GSSG and as S-glutathionyl residue in proteins. S-Glutathionylation is a post-translational modification, which is involved in several pathophysiological processes, including oxidative stress. The GSH-to-GSSG molar ratio is widely used as a measure of oxidative stress. γ-Glutamyl is the most characteristic structural moiety of GSH. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies for the development of a highly specific qualitative and quantitative method for γ-glutamyl peptides. We discovered intra-molecular conversion of GSH, GSSG, γ-Glu-Cys and of ophthalmic acid (OPH; γ-glutamyl-α-amino-n-butyryl-glycine) to pyroglutamate (pGlu; 5-oxo-proline, also known as pidolic acid) during their derivatization with 2 M HCl/CH3OH (60 min, 80 °C). For GC-MS analysis, the methyl esters (Me) were further derivatized with pentafluoropropionic (PFP) anhydride in ethyl acetate (1:4, v/v; 30 min, 65 °C) to their PFP derivatives. At longer reaction times, pGlu is hydrolyzed to Glu. Internal standards were prepared by derivatizing GSH, GSSG, γ-Glu-Cys and OPH in 2 M HCl/CD3OD. Quantification of the Me-PFP derivative of pGlu was performed in the electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization (ECNICI) mode by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of the mass-to-charge (m/z) ions 269 for unlabeled pGlu (d0Me-PFP-pGlu) and m/z 272 for the in situ prepared deuterium-labeled pGlu (d3Me-PFP-pGlu). Although not inherent to the analysis of small peptides, the present GC-MS method is useful to study several biochemical aspects of GSH. Using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br) as the derivatization reagent, we found that synthetic pGlu is converted in aqueous acetone (60 min, 50 °C) into its pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) ester (PFB-pGlu). This derivatization procedure is useful for the GC-MS analysis of free pGlu in the ECNICI mode. Quantitative analysis of PFB-pGlu by GC-MS requires the use of stable-isotope labeled analogs of pGlu as an internal standard.
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Haerussana, Ayu Nala El Muna, and Haura Fatona Chairunnisa. "Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (April 24, 2022): 1338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9546.

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BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil contains citral-derived chemicals with a variety of pharmacological effects, although there has been minimal research on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and biological aspects. AIM: This research aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and chemical components of C. winterianus stem essential oil. METHODS: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water extractive values, ethanol extractive values, and essential oil yield. The oil was extracted by ethanol steam distillation method, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS: Cymbopogon winterianus stems are 15-35 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with a rough, stiff, and thin texture, with prominent fibers on the top and bottom surfaces. It has a bitter and slightly spicy taste with a distinctive lemony aroma and was greenish yellow in hue with a blend of purplish-red colors. The upper and lower epidermis was examined under a microscope, which revealed sclerenchyma fibers, trichomes, parenchyma, calcium oxalate (rosette), cortex, stem pith, oil cells, stomata (Gramineae type), trachea (ladder and spiral thickening), and collenchyma. The water content was 7.16±0.72%, the water-soluble extractive value was 12.152±0.003%, the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 12.290 ±0.76%, and the essential oil content was 6.46±0.50%. Essential oil constituents were 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, formate; trifluoroacetyl-lavandulol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl-; palmitic acid vinyl ester; glycidyl palmitate; 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; glycidyl palmitoleate; 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene; and cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-. CONCLUSION: The essential oil constituents and preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus stem can provide useful data for further phytochemical analysis, quality control, and standardization of Cymbopogon winterianus. Citronellyl formate detected as citral derivatives as the main compound in the ethanol steam distillation method.
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Britton, David T. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 9 (January 1, 2006): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20067809iv.

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As a physicist, it is a great honor for me to write the preface to this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC), which focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanostructured advanced materials. Nanoscale science and nanotechnology are rapidly advancing examples of the interdisciplinary nature of science and technology in the 21st century, requiring the mastery of a combination of chemical and physical techniques and a broad vision. In the study of material properties, the nanoscale is truly the interface between the two fundamental natural sciences, where size, geometry, and chemical species all play a significant role in determining the electronic and mechanical properties of nanostructured materials, and their subsequent biological and chemical activity. All these aspects are covered in the selection of papers presented here, written by both established and upcoming chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and technologists.The 13 papers in this issue are selected from the invited presentations at the 3rd IUPAC Workshop on Advanced Materials (WAM III). This event is the third in a series devoted to the general theme of New Directions in Chemistry under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The Workshop was held on 5-8 September 2005 at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, and addressed the topic of Nanostructured Advanced Materials. Previous Workshops in this series were held in Hong Kong, 14-18 July 1999, and Bangalore, 13-16 February 2002. It is an indication of the importance of the science of nanomaterials that IUPAC continues to promote the advancement of interdisciplinary research and international collaboration in this area through these flagship workshops. In South Africa, this has been mirrored by the growth of the South African Nanotechnology Initiative (SANi), whose members, particularly at the student level, were lively participants of WAM III, and the recent launch, by the SA Department of Science and Technology, of a National Nanotechnology Strategy with a very strong focus on the characterization and basic properties of nanostructured materials.The atmosphere of the workshop was fully in keeping with the interdisciplinary and international nature of the field, with invited speakers and participants representing a range of disciplines, including inorganic and organic chemistry, physics, materials science, process engineering, and electrical engineering, representing both academia and industry, and 25 countries from all five continents. The formal program consisted of 16 contributed posters, 34 invited talks, and 7 plenary lectures. Although the majority of presentations concerned the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nanoparticles (3 plenary and 8 invited talks), other themes of the workshop focused on nano-electronics (6 invited talks); nanotubes and fibers (1 plenary and 3 invited talks); bottom-up design and self-assembly (1 plenary and 5 invited talks); biorelated and general nanomaterials (5 invited talks); and device application and characterization (2 plenary and 7 invited talks). All of these talks have been made available for download from the University of Stellenbosch website at http://academic.sun.ac.za/unesco/Conferences/Conference2005/programme.htm. The WAM III program also incorporated a German-South African student symposium, with oral presentations from four German students and one South African student, and the annual general meeting of SANi.Acknowledgments are due firstly to IUPAC for their continued support for the WAM series, and to the immediate past president Prof. P. S. Steyn for bringing the workshop to South Africa. In this regard, the support of the international organizing committee, and, in particular, Profs. C. N. R. Rao, P. O'Brien, and J. Wendorff, who gave plenary lectures. Another international organizing committee member, Dr. S. Mathur, organized the student symposium. The local organizing committee, comprising members from various local institutions, was chaired by Prof. R. D. Sanderson of Stellenbosch University, with all the organizational aspects ably handled by Ms. Aneli Fourie.David T. BrittonConference Editor
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Merante, Serena, Diomira Magliacane, Iria Neri, Cristiana Pascutto, Roberta Zanotti, Ingeborg Forer, Lisa Pieri, et al. "The New Italian Mastocytosis Registry." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3805.3805.

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Abstract Abstract 3805 Background: Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation and accumulation of mast cells (MC) in several organs and tissues such as skin, bone marrow, liver, gastrointestinal tract and lymphnodes. The reported prevalence of mastocytosis (cutaneous or systemic) is lower than 1/50,000. Mastocytosis encompasses a wide range of clinical entities, extremely heterogeneous for symptoms, clinical course and prognosis. The heterogeneity and the complexity of its clinical signs lead to the definition of mastocytosis as a multidisciplinary pathology, involving different specialists such as hematologists, internists, dermatologists, immunologists and pediatricians. Mastocytosis is a MC clonal disease associated to a somatic mutation (D816V) of the proto-oncogene c-kit (KIT), which codifies for the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor. SFC is the main factor stimulating the proliferation, chemotaxis and activation of human mast cells. Different KIT mutations have been found in 15% of patients. Clinical signs and symptoms of mastocytosis mainly depend on the liberation of chemical mediators produced by the mast cells, on the tissue infiltration of the mast cells and on other associated hematological diseases. Aim of the Registry: promoting studies on mastocytosis in Italy aimed at investigating the epidemiology of the disease, its prognostic factors and health technology assessment (HTA) aspects associated to the management of a rare “orphan” disease. Methods: The Italian Mastocytosis Registry was constituted in 2009, with the aim of promoting communication between specialists and collecting data about patients diagnosed with mastocytosis at a national level. Anagraphical, anamnestic, clinical, biological, treatment and follow-up data of patients with mastocytosis are being routinely collected in 15 Italian centers after written informed consent. An on-line database (www.registroitalianomastocitosi.it) has been set up for this purpose. The collected data will allow specialists to: Results: At present, data on 175 patients have been collected. Seventy-nine (45%) have been diagnosed with systemic mastocytosis and 40 (50%) of them progressed from a cutaneous disease. Ninety-four (54%) are females; 81 (46%) are males. Among 49 patients for whom data on familiarity were available, 12 (24%) reported familiar cases of autoimmune diseases (n=3), allergies (n=5) or interestingly mastocytosis (n=4). Sixty-one (35%) patients reported allergies. Of 121 reported lines of therapy, 37 (31%) were described as not specified anti chemical mediators, 51 (42%) anti-H1, 21 (17%) anti-H2, 30 (25%) corticosteroids, 22 (18%) phototherapy, 7 (6%) alpha-interpheron, 8 (7%) chemotherapy and 13 (11%) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (total exceeds 100% because multiple choice is allowed). As to the histological findings, 82 (47%) patients have data on bone marrow biopsy: 48 (59%) had a positive finding, with a median mast cells infiltrate of 30% (range 3–90%). Among 43 patients tested for tryptase serum level, 41 (95%) had levels above normal values (12.5 ng/ml). Conclusions: This is the first spontaneous observational study on mastocytosis in Italy. The on-line database is a useful tool for data collection at a national level. The Registry is an opportunity to carry out epidemiological studies aimed at estimating occurrence and geographical distribution of the disease. It will also allow specialists to investigate possible prognostic factors and provide a starting point for the research into ad hoc therapies and HTA studies. It will hopefully provide a link with other international registries to improve understanding of this disease. Last but not least, the Italian Registry may support a National Government policy to provide assistance by the Public Health System to patients with mastocytosis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Djamila Abdelkader ABID, Nassima MOKHTARI- SOULIMANE, and Hafida MERZOUK. "Effect of Linseed Oil Supplementation on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Capacity in Pregnant Overfed Obese Rats and Their Offspring." Journal of Natural Product Research and Applications 1, no. 02 (December 3, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/jnpra.v1i02.11.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of linseed oil on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative capacity, as well as serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and TG levels, in cafeteria-diet-fed dams during gestation and lactation, and in their offspring throughout adulthood. Food and energy intakes were also evaluated. The cafeteria diet led to higher energy intake, body weight, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (higher TC, LDL-C and TG) in dams’ rats and their pups. Plasma vitamin C, Erythrocyte GSH levels and catalase activity were lower, whereas plasma diene conjugates (DC), Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels (PC) in plasma and erythrocytes were higher in cafeteria-diet-fed mothers and their pups compared to controls. Supplement of linseed oil significantly enhanced plasma antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the marked increase in the levels of plasma vitamin C and erythrocyte GSH as well as the activities of CAT and the significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (lower DC and MDA) and PC in CAFL-diet-fed mothers and their offspring. Simultaneous intake of linseed oil also reduced body weight, plasma TG, TC and LDL-C contents in obese pregnant and lactating dams and their pups at day 30 and day 90. The flaxseed oil supplementation may prevent lipid peroxidation and metabolic disorders which might be helpful in preventing obesity complications in mothers during pregnancy and lactation and in their offspring. REFERENCES:Adeoye, O., Olawumi, J., Opeyemi, A., & Christiania, O. (2016). Review on the role ofglutathione on oxidative stress and infertility. JBRA Assisted Reproduction, 22(1), 61-66.Aebi, H. (1974). Catalase. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (Bergmeyer, H.U., ed.), pp. 673–684, Verlag Chemie, WeinheimAmbrozova, G., Pekarova, M., & Lojek, A. (2010). Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids onthe reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production by raw 264.7 macrophages.European Journal of Nutrition, 49,133–139.Ayad, A., Merzouk, H., Merzouk, S.A., & Narce, M. (2013). Blood Oxidant/AntioxidantStatus in overfed Aging Rats: Comparative Effects of Sunflower and Olive-LinseedMixture Oil Rich Diets. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 9, 765–768Benkalfat, N.B, Merzouk, H., Bouanane, S., Merzouk, S.A., Bellenger, J., Gresti, J., Tessie,C., & Narce, M. (2011). Altered adipose tissue metabolism in offspring of dietary obeserat dams. Clinical Science, 121, 19–28.Bouanane, S., Benkalfat, N.B., Baba Ahmed, F.Z., Merzouk, H., Soulimane Mokhtari, N.,Merzouk, S., Gresti, J., Tessier, C., & Narce M. (2009). Time course of changes in serum oxidant/antioxidant status in overfed obese rats and their offspring. ClinicalScience, 116, 669–680.Bradlee, M.L, Singer, M.R, Qureshi, M.M, & Moore, L.L. (2010). Food group intake andcentral obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health andNutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Public Health Nutrition, 22, 1–9.Cetin, I., Alvino, G., & Cardellicchio, M. (2009). Long chain fatty acids and dietary fats infetal nutrition. Journal of Physiology, 14, 3441–3451.Catalano, PM., & Shankar, K. (2017). Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term andlong term adverse consequences of mother and child. British Medical Journal, 8, 356.D’Archivio, M., Annuzzi, G., Varì, R., Filesi, C., Giacco, R., Scazzocchio, B., Santangelo, C.,Giovannini, C., Rivellese, A.A., & Masella, R. (2012). Predominant role ofobesity/insulin resistance in oxidative stress development. European Journal ofClinical Investigation, 42, 70–78.Denisenko, Y.K., & Novgorodtseva, T.P. (2013). Effect of Prolonged High-Fat Diet onThiol-Disulfide Homeostasis in Rats. International Journal of BioMedicine, 3, 197–200.Duttaroy, A.K. (2009). Transport of fatty acids across the human placenta. Progress in LipidResearch, 48, 52–61.Falcone, V., Stopp, T., Feichtinger, M ., Kiss,H., Eppel,W., Husslein,PW., Prager,G., & Göbl,CS. (2018). Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: a narrative literature review anddiscussion of impact on pregnancy management and outcome. BMC PregnancyChildbirth, 18, 507.Fang, Y.Z., Yang, S., & Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition.Nutrition,18, 872– 879.Galtier-Dereure, F., Boegner, C., & Bringer J. (2000). Obesity and pregnancy: complicationsand cost. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 1242–1248Goutzourelas, N., Orfanou, M., Charizanis, I., Leon, G., Spandidos, DA., Kouretas, D. (2018).GSH levels affect weight loss in individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesityfollowing dietary therapy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16(2), 635-642.Haggarty, P. (2002). Placental regulation of fatty acid delivery and its effect on fetal Growth- a review. Placenta, 23, 28–38.Havel, R.J, Eder, H.A., & Bragdon, J.H. (1955). The distribution and chemical compositionof ultra centrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. Journal of ClinicalInvestigation, 34, 1345–1353Khan, N.I, Naz, L., & Yasmeen, G. (2006). Obesity: an independent risk factor for systemicoxidative stress. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19, 62–65Laissouf, A., Mokhtari-Soulimane, N., Merzouk, H., & Benhabib, N. (2013). Dietary flaxseedoil supplementation improves the oxidant/antioxidant status in obese aged rats.International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 87–94.Levine, R.L, Garland, D., Oliver, C.N., Amici, A., Climent, I., Lenz, A.G., Ahn, B.W.,Shaltiel, S., & Stadtman, E.R. (1990). Determination of carbonyl content in oxidativelymodified proteins. Methods in Enzymology, 186, 464–478Jones, M.L., Mark, P.J., Mori, T.A., & Keelan, J.A., Waddell, B.J. (2013). Maternal dietaryomega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces placental oxidative stress and increasesfetal and placental growth in the rat. Biology of Reproduction, 88 (2):1–8.Meghelli-Bouchenak, M., Boquillon, M., & Belleville., J. (1989). Serum lipoproteincomposition and amounts during the consumption of two different low protein dietsfollowed by a balanced diet. Nutrition Reports International, 39, 323–34.Moll, U., Olsson, H., & Landin-Olsson, M. (2017). Impact of Pregestational Weight andWeight Gain during Pregnancy on Long-Term Risk for Diseases. PLOS One, 3, 12(1). Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues bythiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95, 351–351.Oken, E., Ning, Y., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Olsen, S.F., & Gillman, M.W.(2007). Diet during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension.Annals of Epidemiology, 17, 663-668.Rasmy, G.E. (2007). Protective effect of linseed oil on hyperlipidemia in experimentalanimals. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 5, 9–17.Redgrave, T.G, Robert, D.C.K, & West, C.E. (1975). Separation of plasma lipoproteins bydensity-gradient ultracentrifugation. Analytical Biochemistry, 65, 42–49Rezaei, A., & Heidarian, E. (2013). Co-administration of trientine and flaxseed oil onoxidative stress, serum lipids and heart structure in diabetic rats. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology, 51,646–652.Roe, J.H, & Kuether, C.A. (1943). The determination of ascorbic acid in whole blood andurine through the 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of dehydroascorbic acid.Journal of Biological Chemistry,14, 399–407.Ross, S.R., Lexin, W., & Herbert, J. (2007). Erythrocyte Oxidative Damage in ChronicFatigue Syndrome. Archives of Medical Research, 38, 94–98.Savini, I., Catani, M.V., Evangelista, D., Gasperi, V., & Avigliano, L. (2013). ObesityAssociated Oxidative Stress: Strategies Finalized to Improve Redox State. InternationalJournal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 10497–10538.Sen, S., & Simmons, R.A. (2010). Maternal Antioxidant Supplementation Prevents Adiposityin the Offspring of Western Diet–Fed Rats. Diabetes, 59, 3058–3065.Simko, M., Totka, A., Vondrova, D., Samohyl, M., Jurkovicova, J., Trnka, M., Cibulkova, A.,Stofko, J., & Argalasova, L. (2019). Maternal Body Mass Index and Gestational WeightGain and Their Association with Pregnancy Complications and Perinatal Conditions.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,16 (10), 1751.Song, J.H., Fujimoto, K., & Miyazawa, T. (2000). Polyunsaturated (n-3) Fatty AcidsSusceptible to Peroxidation Are Increased in Plasma and Tissue Lipids of Rats FedDocosahexaenoic Acid Containing Oils. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 3028–3033.Tang, Z., Ying, R.F., Lv, B.F., Yang, L.H., Xu, Z., Yan, L.Q ., Bu, J.Z., & Wei, Y.S. (2021).Flaxseed oil: Extraction, Health benefits and products. Quality Assurance and Safety ofCrops & Foods, 13(1), 1-19.Tran, B., Oliver, S., Rosa, J., & Galassetti, P. (2012). Aspects of inflammation and oxidativestress in pediatric obesity and type 1 diabetes: An overview of ten years of studies.Experimental Diabetes Research, 683–680.Vincent, H.K., & Taylor, A.G. (2006). Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesityinduced oxidant stress in humans. International Journal of Obesity, 30,400–418Whitaker, R.C. (2004) Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity inearly pregnancy. Pediatrics, 114, 29–36Xu, J., Gao, H., Song, L., Yang, W., Chen, C., Deng, Q., Huang, Q., Yang, J., & Huang, F.(2013). Flaxseed oil and alpha-lipoic acid combination ameliorates hepatic oxidativestress and lipid accumulation in comparison to lard. Lipids in Health and Disease,12, 581–7Xu, J., Yang, W., Deng, Q., Huang, Q., Yang, J, & Huang, F. (2012). Flaxseed oil and αlipoic acid combination reduces atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet.Lipids in Health and Disease, 11,148–155Yagi, K. (1987). Lipid peroxides and human diseases. chemistry physics lipids, 45, 337–51.Yanes, O., Clark, J., Wong, D.M., Patti, G.J., Sanchez-Ruiz, A., Benton, H.P.0, Trauger, S.A.,Desponts, C., Ding, S., & Siuzdak, G. (2010) Metabolic oxidation regulates embryonicstem cell differentiation. 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Vidadala, Ramasubbarao, and Madhusudana Rao J. "Isolation, characterization and semi-synthesis of natural products dimeric amide alkaloids." Journal of Natural Products and Natural Products Synthesis 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/jnns.v1i1.17.

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Isolation, characterization of natural products dimeric amide alkaloids from roots of the Piper chaba Hunter. The synthesis of these products using intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction has been described. Obtained products were characterized using IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass Spectroscopy. Introduction The awesome structural diversity and complexity of natural products inspire many chemists to consider how nature creates these molecules. Nature’s biosynthetic enzymes offer a powerful and practical route to many organic compounds, and synthetic chemists sometimes seek to imitate the efficiency and elegance of the biosynthetic machinery by designing biomimetic reactions that approximate natural reaction pathways. Probably the most astonishing biomimetic reactions1 are tandem processes that combine several transformations in sequence and produce complicated structures from comparably simple starting materials in a single laboratory operation. Biosynthesis is described as “the reaction or reaction sequence occurred in organism or its immediate environment will be viewed as biosynthesis” where as biomimetic synthesis describes as “A specific reaction or a sequence of reactions that mimic a proposed biological pathway is defined as bimimetic synthesis. An early example is Sir Robert Robinson’s landmark synthesis of tropinone in 1917.2 Forty-two years later, Gilbert Stork and Albert Eschenmoser independently proposed that the steroid ring system could be formed by tandem cation-π cyclizations of a polyene in an ordered transition state.3 A non-enzymatic version of this reaction type was demonstrated in W. S. Johnson’s classic synthesis of progesterone in 1971.4 Chapman’s synthesis of carpanone is a striking example of the power of biomimetic strategies.5 In 1980, Black proposed that the endiandric acids could arise biosynthetically from linear polyenes.6 In 1982, K. C. Nicolaou gave chemical support to Black’s hypothesis by chemically synthesizing endiandric acids A-G.7 Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Products which involves, The biomimetic polyene carbocyclizations reaction, The biomimetic cycloaddition reaction, The biomimetic electrocyclization reaction, The polyether biomimetic synthesis, The biomimetic oxidative coupling of phenol, Some other interesting biomimetic synthesis, The present biomimetic synthesis of chabamides or dimeric amide alkaloids involves cycloaddition reactions. The Diels Alder reaction In the Diels-Alder reaction a six membered ring is formed through fusion of a 4 π component, usually a diene and a 2 π component which is commonly referred to as the Figure 1. dienophile. The Diels Alder reaction has proven to be great synthetic value, forming a key-step in the construction of compounds containing six-membered rings. Cyclohexene ring generated all the way through the formation of two new σ-bonds and one π bond with four adjacent stereocenters. The reaction is named after Otto Diels and Kurt Alder, two German chemists who studied the synthetic and theoretical aspects of this reaction in great detail.8 Their efforts have been rewarded with the 1950 Noble prize. Figure 2 Schematic representation of the Diels-Alder reaction. Cis principle In Diels-Alder reactions, the stereoselectivity is generally high due to the “cis principle”, which states that Diels-Alder reactions require a cisoid conformation for the diene and suprafacial-suprafacial mode of reaction, meaning that both ends of the diene attack from the same face of the dienophile in a syn fashion. Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Approach Diels-Alder rections can be devided into, normal electron demand and inverse electron demand additions. This difference is based on the way the rate of the reaction responds to the introduction of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents. Normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions are promoted by electron donating substituents on the diene and electron withdrawing substituents on the dienophile. In contrast, inverse electron demand reactions are accelerated by electron withdrawing substituents on the diene and electron donating ones on the dienophile. There also exists an intermediate class, the neutral Diels-alder reaction, which is accelerated by both electron withdrawing and donating substitutents. The way the substituents affect the rate of the reaction can be rationalized with aid of Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) theory. This theory was developed during a study of the role of orbital asymmetry in pericyclic reactions by Woodward and Hoffmann9 and, independently, by fukui10 Later, Houk contributed significantly to the understanding of the reactivity and selectivity of these processes.11 The FMO theory states that a reaction between two compounds is controlled by the efficiency with which the molecular orbitals of the individual reaction partners interact. The interaction is most efficient for the reactivity is completely determined by interactions of the electrons that are highest in energy of the of the reaction partners (those in the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, the HOMO) with the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) of the other partner, applied to the Diels-alder reactions, two modes of interaction are possible. The reaction can be controlled by the interaction of the HOMO of the diene and the LUMO of the Dienophile (normal electron demand), or by the interaction between the LUMO of the diene and the HOMO of the dienophile (inverse electron demand), as illustrated in Fig-B. In the former case, a reduction of the diene-HOMO and dienophile-LUMO energy gap can be realized by either raising the energy of the HOMO of the diene by introducing electron donating substituents or lowering the energy of the dienophile LUMO by the introduction of electron donating substituents or lowering the energy of the dienophile LUMO by the introduction of electron withdrawing substituents. A glance at Fig-A confirms that in the formation of two new bonds, orbital symmetry is conserved so that, according to Woodward and Hoffmann, the reaction is concerted. In other words, no intermediate is involved in the pericyclic process such as the Diels-Alder reaction.12 This conclusion is consistent with a number of experimental observations. The cis or trans conformation of the dienophile is fully conserved in the configuration of the cycloadduct, which proves that there is no intermediate involved with a lifetime long enough to allow rotation around C-C bond. Selectivity can arise when substituted dienes and dienophiles are employed in the Diels-Alder reaction. Two different cycloadducts denoted as endo and exo are possible. Under the usual conditions their ratio is kinetically controlled. Alder and Stein already discerned that there usually exists a preference for formation of the endo isomer i.e formulated as tendency of maximum accumulation of unsaturation, (the Alder-Stein rule)13 Indeed, there are only very few examples of Diels-Alder reactions where the exo isomer is major product.14 The interactions underlying this behavior have been subject of intensive research. Since the reactions leading to endo and exo product share the same initial state, the difference between the respective transition-state energies fully account for the observed selectivity. These differences are typically in the range of 10-15 kJ per mole.15 Woodward and Katz16 suggested that secondary orbital interactions are of primary importance. These interactions are illustrated in fig-B for the normal electron demand (HOMO-diene, LUMO-dienophile controlled). The symmetry allowed overlap between π-orbital of the carbonyl group of the dienophile and the diene-HOMO is only possible in the endo activiated complex. Hence, only the endo transition state is stabilized so that the reaction forming the endo adduct is faster than that yielding exo product. This interpretation has been criticized by Mellor, who attributed the endo selectivity to steric interactions. Steric effects are frequently suggested as important in determining the selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions, particularly of α-subsituted dienophiles, and may ultimately lead to exo-selectivity. 17 For other systems, steric effects in the exo activated complex can enhance endo selectivity. 18 In summary, it seems for most Diels-Alder reactions secondary orbital interactions afford a satisfactory rationalization of the endo-exo selectivity. However, since the endo-exo ratio is determined by small differences in transition state energies, the influence of other interactions, most often steric in origin and different for each particular reaction is likely to be felt. The compact character of the Diels-Alder activated complex (the activation volume of the retro Diels-Alder reaction is negative) will attenuate these effects.19 Results and Discussions Chabamides F & G as dimeric amide alkaloids were isolated from this plant Piper chaba Hunter. These two dimers were formed by Diels-Alder reaction employing monomer trichostachine. This hypothesis was further confirmed by the mass spectrum, which showed a significant peak at m/z 294.113 [M++Na], assigned to the trichostachine ion arising by the Retro-Diels–Alder cleavage of molecular ion into two halves. Finally, to confirm the existence of the compounds F and G, we extracted the roots of P.chaba with MeOH at room temperature followed HPLC/electron spray ionization (ESI) MS experiments. In HPLC/ESIMS of the MeOH extract showed the presence of peaks at m/z 563 [M++Na] and 543 [M++1] at about 8.8 min and 10.6 min of LC retention time, respectively. To prove this biosynthetic hypothesis we have carried out the intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with the trichostachine under solvent free conditions (Scheme 1). Reaction mixture was analysed by the LC-MS, which clearly indicted the presence of the compounds 1 and 2 (retention time and mass). In HPLC analysis, retention times of the synthetic 1 and 2 were identical to those of chabamide F and G, confirming the structure and stereochemistry are same as that of isolated alkaloids. Based on above result during Diels-Alder reaction of trichostachine, we developed two kinds of methodologies for this biomimetic synthesis of dimeric amide alkaloids based on catalytic. On the basis of a biosynthetic hypothesis (described in Chapter I) by the intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction, we chosen piperine (1a), pellitorine (1c) and trans-fagaramide (1c) as substrates to perform the biomimetic synthesis of the dimeric chabamides (Compound H-K) and this study also identified plausible products between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1c). This study not only explains formation of cyclo adducts but also explains the different mechanistic aspects in Diels-Alder reaction (endo and exo products) of copper salts in aqueous medium. Under normal conditions only combinations of dienes and dienophiles that have FMO’s of similar energy can be transformed into a Diels-Alder adduct. When the gap between the FMO’s large, forcing conditions are required, and undesired side reactions and retro Diels-Alder reactions can easily take over. These cases challenge the creativity of the organic chemist and have led to the invention of a number of methods for promoting reluctant Diels-Alder reactions under mild conditions.20 Plausible mechanism for Diels-Alder reaction: Sijbren Otto. et. al studied extensively on copper (II) catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions on various moieties. 25, 26 Based on these reports we proposed plausible mechanism for this copper catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction. The first step in the cycle comprises rapid coordination of the lewis acid to the dienophile leading to a complex in which the dienophile is activated for reaction with the diene. The cycloadduct has dissociated from the lewis acid in order to make the catalyst available for another cycle. However we didn’t carry any kinetic studies to prove this mechanism. Plausible mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by copper (II) salts Use of lewis acids in Diels-Alder reaction is to lower LUMO dienophile energy to result in the decrease of the LUMO dienophile-HOMO diene gap (normal electron demand) or reduce LUMO diene energy to result in the decrease of the LUMO diene-HOMO dienophile gap (inverse electron demand). The presence of Lewis acids, the Diels-Alder dimerization of piperine, pellitorine, piperine with fagaramide, peperine with pellitorine, gave much lower combined yields in neat conditions. Wie et al. previously reported 21, 22 Diels-Alder reaction of piperine and in both thermal and by lewis acid of Co(II) Cl2.6H2O/P(Ph)3/Zn (1:10:10 mol %) in 3-octanol at 170oC with isomerised product (24 %) and 77 % over all yield. To find the optimum conditions towards the catalyst, piperine (1a) was taken to perform the Diels-Alder reaction in presence of variety of lewis acids and metal salts (Table 1). The highest catalytic activity was attained for the reaction using 10 mol % of Cu (II) salts. The role of copper salts in this reaction can be attributed to its Lewis acid ability, which enhances both the electron donating capacity of diene and electron withdrawing capacity of the dienophile (required for normal electron demand for Diels-Alder reaction). The The catalytic activitiy of Lewis acids like Cu+2 mainly relies on their coordinating character to assemble both dienophile and diene to such a way that promote the reaction to wards the reaction barrier. To find the optimum conditions towards the solvent several reactions were carried out under the solvents like benzene, toluene, xylene, water and results were tabulated (Table 2). Among organic solvents xylene is better to get considerable yield with copper salts. Later water was found to be the best for both yield and selectivity of this cycloaddition. Cycloaddition reactions of piperine (1a): Lewis acids catalyzed cycloaddition reactions (Scheme 2) of piperine (1a) under organic and aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a, among them 2a is major ortho-exo cyclohexene type dimeric amide alkaloid and also known as chabamide, which is previously isolated23 from this plant, isomer 3a is previously isolated from Piper nigrum21 Remaining isomers (4a-6a) were synthesized from piperine by Diels-Alder reaction by Kun Wei. et al. its physical and spectroscopic data were identical with reported data22 (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR & Mass spectra). In the cycloaddition of piperine (1a), solvents toluene, xylene and water were used in presence of cuper (II) salts. Reaction showed good overall yield and more exo selectivity in organic solvent like xylene. Water catalyzed reactions were ended with good overall yield and minute decrease in exo selectivity, infinitesimal increase in endo selectivity (Table 2). This reaction showed completely regioselectivity (yield of 2a+3a>4a+5a+6a) due to maximum involvement of α-double bond rather than γ-double bond of 1a during Diels-Alder reaction. Cycloaddition reactions of pellitorine (1b): Same catalytic and solvent conditions were employed for pellitorine (1b) as used in piperine (1a) for the biomimetic synthesis (Scheme 3) of chabamide J & K (Chapter-II). These dimers were plausibly generated by monomer pellitorine by cycloaddtion reactions in biosynthesis. During cycloaddition of pellitorine (1b), solvents like toluene xylene and water were used in presence of cupper (II) salts. In former catalyzed reaction showed good overall yield and more endo selectivity in both organic (xylene) and water. Increase in endo selectivity is more in aqueous medium rather than organic solvent like xylene (Table 2). Cycloaddition of pellitorine under above said catalytic conditions gave corresponding cycloadducts 2b, 3b, 4b and 5b. Physical and spectral data of adducts 2b & 3b are identical with compound J & K (chabamide J & K mentioned in Chapter-II) and all physical and spectral data of adduct 4b is identical with nigramide O which is isolated previously from piper nigrum.21 The structure of 5b a new cycloadduct formed during this biomoimetic synthesis employ pellitorine as monomer, its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D spectral data. This reaction showed completely regioselectivity (yield of 2b+5b≈3b+4b) due to maximum involvement of α-double bond rather than γ-double bond of 1b during Diels-Alder reaction. Structure elucidation of compound 5b: Compound 5b was obtained as a pale yellow oil, had the molecular formula of C28H50N2O2, as deduced from the HRESIMS (Fig-9) m/z, 447.3958 [M++H]. IR spectrum (Fig-1) implied the presence of carbonyl (1648 cm-1) and NH (3304 cm-1). The 1H NMR spectrum of 5b revealed the presence of a trans double bond at δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), 5.63 (m, H-5"), two isobutylamide groups at δ 3.15 (m), 3.17 (m), 3.17 (m, H2-1'), 1.74 (m, H-2'), 0.91 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'), 0.90 (d, J = 6.7, H- 3'), 5.53 (br t, J = 5.7 Hz, NH) and δ 2.96 (m, H1-1'''), 2.97 (m, H2-1'''), 1.73 (m, H-2'''), 0.87 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'''), 0.86 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'''), 3.15 (br t, J = 6.0 Hz, NH), n-amyl group and 1-heptene unit at δ 1.96 (m, H-6), 1.40 (m, H-7), 1.20 (m, H-8), 1.27 (m, H-9), 0.86 ( t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-10) and δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), 5.63 (m, H-5"), 1.89 (m, H-6"), 1.30 (m, H-7"), 1.28 (m, H-8"), 1.27 (m, H-9"), 0.88 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-10"), respectively (Table 3). The 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-3) displayed the presence of 28 carbon atoms and were further classified by DEPT experiments (Fig-4) into categories of 6 methyls, 10 methylenes, 10 methines and 2 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.80 and 173.04). ' The analyses of the 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of 5b showed a high degree of similarity to dimeric alkaloid, compound J naturally isolated from this plant (Chapter-II) compound is meta-endo while 5b is meta-exo product. Furthermore, the detailed elucidation of the 2D NMR data (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) had determined the planar structure of 5b. The 1H homodecoupling NMR (Fig-7) experiments of 5b revealed the connectivities H-2 (δ 2.45, m) to H-3 (δ 5.56, ddd, J = 10.0, 4.3, 2.6 Hz) to H-4 (δ 5.98, dt, J = 10.0, 1.8 Hz) to H-5 (δ 2.41, m) to H-2"( δ 2.68, dd, J = 11.3, 10.0 Hz) to H-3" (δ 2.82, ddd, J = 10.1, 10.0, 5.0 Hz ) via cyclohexene ring protons. The meta-orientation of the carbonyl and isobutylamide groups were established by HMBC (Fig-6) correlations for δ 2.45 (m, H-2), 5.56 (ddd, J = 10.0, 4.3, 2.6 Hz, H-3), 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3")/δ 173.80 (C-1) and δ 2.68 (dd, J = 10.3, 10.0 Hz, H-2"), 2.41 (m, H-5), 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3")/δ 173.04 (C-1"). Furthermore, the 1H-1H COSY (Fig-7) cross-peaks between δ 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3") and δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), and δ 5.63 (m, H-5") and δ 2.41 (m, H-5), 1.96 (m, H-6), 1.40 (m, H-7), coupled with the HMBC correlation for δ 5.63 (m, H-5'') to δ 28.35 (C-7"), δ 1.40 (m, H-7) to δ 37.04 (C-5) established the attachment of the 1-heptene and n-amyl groups at C-3" and C-5, respectively. The analysis of the 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY (Fig- 8) data allowed us to determine the relative stereochemistry of compound 5b. The coupling constants of H-2"/H-5 and H-2"/H-3" (10.3 Hz) indicated anti relations of H-2"/H-5 and H-2"/H-3". In the NOESY spectrum correlations were observed at δ 2.45 (H-2) δ 2.82 (H-3") and δ 2.41 (H-5) and correlations were not observed at δ 2.68 (H-2") with δ 2.82 (H-3") and δ 2.68 (H-2") with δ 2.41 (H-5). These data were in agreement with the β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-3" and H-5. Thus, based on these spectral data the stereostructure of 5b was confirmed and trivially named as chabamide L. Cycloaddition reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b): Our aim of this cycloaddition reaction is to explain to study different cycloadducts and selectivity of diene among piperine and pellitorine (Scheme 4). This biomimetic synthesis will explain the probability of diene, which participated in Diels-Alder reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) both were isolated from same plant (P. chaba). Nigramide N, which is formed biosynthetically via cycloaddition reaction between piperine and pellitorine, this adduct previously isolated from roots of P. nigrum 21 by Wei. et. al. Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) under organic and aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2c, 3c, 4c, 2a and 3b. Cycloadduct 2c and 3c is new cycloadducts and their structures were illustrated by 1D and 2D spectral data. Structure elucidation of compound 2c: Compound 2c was obtained as pale yellow liquid. The molecular formula of 2c was established as C31H44N2O4 by HRESIMS (Fig-18), which provided a molecular ion peak at m/z 509.3381 [M++H], in conjunction with its 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-12). The IR spectrum displayed absorption bands diagnostic of carbonyl (1640 cm-1) (Fig-10). The 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum (in CDCl3) indicated the presence of two signals at δ 5.86 (dd, J = 15.6, 10.1 Hz) and 6.27 (d, J = 15.6 Hz), which were assigned to trans-olefinic protons by the coupling constant of 15.6 Hz. It also displayed aromatic protons due to two 1, 3, 4-trisubstituted aromatic rings at δ 6.82 (1H, br s), 6.76 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz), 6.75 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz) (Fig-11), (Table 4). In addition to the above-mentioned moieties, combined inspection of 1H NMR and 1H–1H COSY revealed the presence of cyclohexene ring, one isobutylamide and one pyrrolidine ring. The 13C NMR spectrum displayed the presence of 31 carbon atoms and were further confirmed by DEPT experiments into categories of 11 methylenes, 12 methines and 5 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.01 and 172.50). On the basis of these characteristic features, database and literature search led the skeleton of compound 2c as a dimeric alkaloidal framework. A comprehensive analysis of the 2D NMR data of compound 2c facilitated the proton and carbon assignments. 1H–1H COSY spectrum suggested the sequential correlations of δ 3.51 (dq, J = 5.0, 2.6 Hz)/5.62 (dt, J = 9.8, 2.6 Hz)/6.10 (ddd, J = 9.8, 1.5 Hz)/2.20 (m)/2.72 (ddd, J = 11.1, 10.1, 5.2 Hz)/3.35 (dd, J = 11.1, 9.8 Hz) assignable to H-2-H-3-H-4-H-5-H-3"-H-2" of the cyclohexene ring. Concerning the connections of the n-amyl and 3, 4-methylenedioxy styryl groups, HMBC spectrum (Fig-15) showed correlations of H-4, H-6, H-7/C-5; H-5", H-4"/C-3", which implies that these units were bonded to the cyclohexene ring at C-5 and C-3". Further, HMBC correlations of two methylene protons at δ 5.95 with 147.91 (C-8"), 146.87 (C-9"), confirmed the location of methylenedioxy group at C-8", and C-9". Remaining units, isobutylamine and pyrrolidine (rings) were connected through carbonyl groups at C-2 and C-2", which was confirmed by HMBC correlations of H-2 and H-1' to C-1 (δ 173.01) and H-2" and H-1''' to C-1" (δ 172.50). The assignment of the relative configuration of compound 2c, and confirmation of overall structure were achieved by the interpretation of the NOESY spectral data and by analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants. The large vicinal coupling constants of H-2"/H-2 (11.1 Hz) and H-2"/H-3" (11.1 Hz) indicated anti-relations of H-2"/H-2 and H-2"/H-3" and the axial orientations for these protons. In the NOESY spectrum (Fig-17), the occurrence of the correlations between H-2/H-3" and the absence of NOE effects between H-2/H-2" and H-2"/H-3" supported the above result. This data indicated β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-2 and H-3". The α-orientation of H-5 was suggested by the coupling constant of H-5/H-3" (5.2 Hz) and the absence of the NOESY correlations between H-3" and H-2". On the basis of these spectral data, the structure of compound 2c was unambiguously established and trivially named as chabamide M. Structure elucidation of compound 3c: Compound 3c was obtained as pale yellow liquid. The molecular formula of 3c was established as C31H44N2O4 by HRESIMS (Fig-27), which provided a molecular ion peak at m/z 509.3391 [M++H], in conjunction with its 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-21). The IR spectrum displayed absorption bands diagnostic of carbonyl (1624 cm-1) moiety (Fig-19). The 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum (in CDCl3) indicated the presence of two signals at δ 4.63 (dd, J = 15.6, 10.0 Hz) and 5.46 (dt, J = 15.6, 6.8 Hz), which were assigned to trans-olefinic protons by the coupling constant of 15.6 Hz. It also displayed aromatic protons due to two 1, 3, 4-trisubstituted aromatic ring at δ 6.75 (1H, br s), 6.73 (1H, d, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz), 6.71 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz) (Fig-20). In addition to the above-mentioned moieties, combined inspection of 1H NMR and 1H–1H COSY revealed the presence of cyclohexene ring, one isobutylamide and one pyrrolidine ring. The 13C NMR spectrum displayed the presence of 31 carbon atoms (Table 5), and were further classified by DEPT experiments (Fig-22) into categories of 11 methylenes, 12 methines and 5 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.34 and 173.88). On the basis of these characteristic features, database and literature searches led the skeleton of compound 3c as a dimeric alkaloidal framework. A comprehensive analysis of the 2D NMR data of compound 3c facilitated the proton and carbon assignments. 1H–1H COSY spectrum (Fig-25) suggested the sequential correlations of δ 2.82 (m)/5.63 (dt, J = 9.7, 1.9 Hz)/5.82 (ddd, J = 9.7, 4.8, 1.9 Hz)/3.94 (dq, J =.10.0, 1.9 Hz)/2.76 (ddd, J = 11.7, 10.0 Hz)/3.36 (dt, J = 11.7, 4.8 Hz) assignable to H-2-H-3-H-4-H-5-H-3"-H-2" of the cyclohexene ring. Concerning the connections of the 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl and 1-heptene groups, HMBC spectrum (Fig-24) showed correlations of H-7, H-11, H-3"/C-5; H-5", H-4", H-5/C-3", which implies that these units were bonded to the cyclohexene ring at C-5 and C-3". Further, HMBC correlations of two methylene protons at δ 5.92 with 147.42 (C-8"), 146.49 (C-9"), confirmed the location of methylenedioxy group at C-8", and C-9". Remaining units, pyrrolidine and isobutylamine were connected through carbonyl groups at C-2 and C-2", which was confirmed by HMBC correlations of H-2 and H-1' to C-1 (δ 171.34) and H-2" and H-1''' to C-1" (δ 173.88). The assignment of the relative configuration of compound 3c, and confirmation of overall structure were achieved by the interpretation of the NOESY spectral data and by analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants. The large vicinal coupling constants of H-3"/H-2" (11.7 Hz) and H-5/H-3" (10.0 Hz), indicated anti-relations of H-3"/H-5 and H-3"/H-2" and the axial orientations for these protons. In the NOESY spectrum (Fig-26), the occurrence of the correlations between H-2"/H-5 and the absence of NOE effects between H-3"/H-2" and H-3"/H-5 supported the above result. These data indicated β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-2 and H-3". The α-orientation of H-2 was suggested by the coupling constant of H-2/H-2" (4.8 Hz) and the occurrence of the NOESY correlations between H-2" and H-2. On the basis of this spectral data, the structure of compound 3c was unambiguously established and trivially named as Chabamide N. Cycloaddition reaction between piperine (1a) and E-fagaramide (1c) Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions (Scheme 5) of piperine (1a) and trans-fagaramide (1c) under aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2d, 3d and 2a. To carry this biomimetic synthesis to explain compound H and I (mentioned in chapter-II), we taken piperine (1a) which is isolated from same plant and trans fagaramide was synthesized by reported method.24 Cycloaddition reaction between 1a and 1c end up with overall yield 70% in xylene and 75% in water. In both solvents ortho products were formed dominantly compared with meta products. Spectral data 1D and 2D of cycloadducts 2d & 3d were identical with compound H & I (see chapter I, compound H & K). Cycloadduct 2a is identical with chabamide. This cycloaddition reaction practically proved as biomimetic synthesis for compound H and I. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Director IICT for his constant encouragement and CSIR New Delhi for providing the fellowship References and Notes Braun, M. Synth. Highlights 1991, 232 Robinson, R. Chem. Soc. 1917, 762. Stork, G.; Burgstahler, A. W. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 38, 1890. Johnson, W. S.; Gravestock, M. B.; McCarry, B. E. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4332. Chapman, O. L.; Engel, M. R.; Springer, J. P.; Clardy, J. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 6696. Bandaranayake, W. M.; Banfield, J. E.; Black, D. St. C. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1980, 902. Nicolaou, K. C.; Zipkin, R. E.; Petasis, N. A. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5558. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1928, 460, 98. Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. Chem. 1969, 81, 797. Fakui, K. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 57. Houk, K. N. Chem.. Res. 1975, 8, 361. Houk, K. N.; Li, Y.; Evanseck, D. Angew Chem., Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 682. Alder, K.; Stein, G. Chem. 1937, 50, 510. Fotiadu, F.; Michel, F.; Buono, G. Tetraheron Lett. 1990, 34, 4863. Gleiter, R.; Bohm, M. C. Pure Appl. Chem. 1983, 55, 237. Woodward, R. B.; Katz, T. J. Terahedron 1958, 5, 70. Kakushima, M. J. Chem. 1979, 57, 2564. Houk, K. N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 30, 2621. Houk, K. N.; Luskus, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4606. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 7702–7707. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1164. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Lett. 2005, 7, 2833–2835. Rukachaisirikul, T.; Prabpai, S.; Champung, P.; Suksamrarn, A. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 850-853. Nagao, Y.; Seno, K.; Kawabata, K.; Miyasaka, T.; Takao, S.; Fujita, Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 841. Otto, S.; Boccaletti, G.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4238–4239. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7702–7707. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1931, 490, 243. Woodward, R. B.; Baer, H. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1161. Breslow, R.; Rideout, D. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7816. Breslow, R.; Guo, T. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5613. Grieco, P.A.; Nunes, J. J.; Gaul, M. D. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4595.
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Ali, Inaam N., Muthana M. Awad, and Alaa S. Mahmood. "Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study." Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (August 3, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20428/yjms.11.1.1.

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Abstract:
Introduction Methods Resuts Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments Authors' contributions Competing interests Ethical approval References Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study Inaam N. Ali1, Muthana M. Awad2, Alaa S. Mahmood2,* 1 Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq * Corresponding author: A. S. Mahmood (alaashm91@gmail.com) Abstract: Objective: To assess the effect of methotrexate and omega-3 combination on cytogenetic changes of bone marrow and activities of some enzymatic antioxidants. Methods: Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was sub-divided into three sub-groups depending on the concentration of methotrexate (MTX): X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125 mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.250 mg/kg MTX), which were given intraperitoneally on a weekly basis for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) was also sub-divided into three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The rats of the control group were given distilled water. The enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the sera of rats. In addition, the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow were also studied. Results: MTX resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR compared to the controls. It also increased the MI and chromosomal aberrations of rat bone marrows. On the other hand, omega-3 significantly increased the activities of the investigated enzymatic antioxidants and reduced the MI and chromosomal aberrations in treated mice when given in combination with MTX. Conclusions: MTX has a genotoxic effect on the bone marrow by increasing the MI and all types of chromosomal aberrations and decreasing the enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GR. The addition of omega-3 can lead to a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX. Keywords: Methotrexate, Omega-3, Antioxidant, Wistar rat, Chromosomal aberration, Mitotic index 1. Introduction Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist because of their chemical similarity [1]. Vezmar et al. [2] showed that MTX affects the synthesis of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) by interfering with the biosynthesis of thymine and purines. It also directly affects the rapidly dividing and intact cells, especially those in the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestine and bone marrow [3]. Omega-3 is a type of unsaturated fats, which are classified as essential fatty acids that cannot be manufactured by the body and should be taken with food [4]. Sources of omega-3 include fish oils, such as salmon, sardines and tuna, as well as soybeans, walnuts, raisins and linseed, almonds and olive oils [5]. Omega-3 is used in the prevention of a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases [6]. A large amount of evidence indicates that omega-3 fatty acids have significant health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties besides their effect on blood cholesterol levels [7]. Antioxidants retard the oxidation process by different mechanisms such as the removal of free radicals [8]. Enzymatic antioxidants include catalase (CAT), which is the first line of defense in the cell that removes hydrogen peroxide formed during biological processes by converting it into an aldehyde, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). There are three major families of SOD enzymes: manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) in the mitochondria and peroxisomes, iron SOD (Fe-SOD) in prokaryote cells and copper/zinc SOD (Cu-Zn SOD) in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells [9]. Therefore, changes in the metal co-factors (manganese, iron, copper and zinc) can alter the effectiveness of SOD and may lead to diseases as a result of oxidative stress [10]. Glutathione reductase (GR) is also an enzymatic antioxidant that converts the oxidized glutathione to the reduced glutathione in the presence of NADPH, which is oxidized to NADP [11]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of MTX and omega-3 on the cytogenetic changes of bone marrow as well as the activities of CAT, SOD and GR enzymatic antioxidants in male rats. 2. Method 2.1. Laboratory animals and experimental design Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 10–12 weeks old and weighing 250–300 gm, were used in the present study. The rats were kept in separate cages, with natural 13- hour light and 11-hour dark periods in a contamination-free environment with a controlled temperature (28.0 ± 1.0°C). In addition, rats were maintained on a standard diet and tap water ad libitum. The rats were randomly allocated to two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group (MTX group) included 24 rats injected intraperitoneally with different MTX dilutions with distilled water [12]. It was sub-divided into three sub-groups (eight rats per sub-group) according to MTX concentration as follows: X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.25 mg/kg MTX). All rats were given a single dose of the specified MTX concentration weekly for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) included 24 rats allocated to three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The control group included eight rats that were intraperitoneally injected with distilled water and given a single dose of distilled water orally weekly for eight weeks. 2.2. Blood collection and processing After the end of the dosing period, 5 ml of blood were withdrawn from the heart (by cardiac puncture) using a 5 cc disposable syringe. The collected blood was immediately poured into a clean sterile screw-capped tube (plain tube) and left for coagulation in a water bath at 37°C for 15 minutes. After coagulation of blood, the plain tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm. Then the samples were stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis. 2.3. Measurement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes The antioxidant activities of CAT, SOD and GR were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits purchased from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, US), according to the manufacturer's instructions. 2.4. Cytogenetic study of bone marrow Rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and their hip bones were cleaned from surrounding muscles and then dissected by cutting both ends of the bone. Five milliliters of physiological buffered saline were injected inside the bone to withdraw bone marrow into a test tube. Tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm/10 minutes. The supernatant was then removed, and 10 ml of KCL solution (0.075 M) were added to the sediment. The mixture was then incubated at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 minutes, with shaking from time to time. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2000rpm/10 minutes to remove the supernatant. However, 5 ml of a freshly prepared fixative solution (methanol: glacial acetic acid 1:3) were added gradually in the form of droplets into the inner wall of the tube with constant mixing. After that, the tubes were placed at 4 °C for half an hour to fix the cells. This process was repeated for three times, and the cells were then suspended in 2 ml of the fixative solution. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was then removed while the cells were re-suspended in 1-2 ml of cold fixative solution. After shaking the tubes, 4–5 drops were then taken from each tube onto a clean slide from a height of about three feet to provide an opportunity for the cells and nuclei to spread well. The slides were stained with acridine orange solution (0.01%) for 4–5 minutes, incubated in Sorensen’s buffer (0.06M, pH 6.5) for a minute. and then examined using a fluorescence microscope Olympus BX 51 America at a wavelength of 450–500 nm [13, 14]. A total of 1000 cells were examined, and both dividing and non-dividing cells were calculated [13]. Mitotic index (MI) was calculated according to the following formula [13]: MI= No. of dividing cells / 1000 × 100 2.5. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells A total of 1000 dividing cells were examined on the stained slides under a fluorescence microscope at a wavelength of 45–500 nm. The examined cells were at the first metaphase of the mitotic division, where chromosomal aberrations are clear and can be easily seen [13]. 2.6. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS®) software, version 9.1 (Cary, NC, USA) [15]. Effects were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) and statistically compared using a completely randomized design analysis of variance and least significant differences. Differences at P values <5 were considered statistically significant. 3. Results 3.1. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on antioxidant enzymatic activities Table (1) shows significantly lower SOD activities among rats treated with MTX or MTX-omega-3 compared to controls. Moreover, sera of rats receiving relatively high doses of MTX (sub-groups X2 and X3) showed the lowest enzymatic activities of 4.29 ± 0.01 IU and 3.93 ± 0.11 IU, respectively. On the other hand, CAT activity differed significantly between treated and control rats as well as among treated rats themselves, In this respect, the controls showed the highest activity of 39.38 ±0.02 IU, while those receiving the highest MTX concentration, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X3 and Y3), showed the lowest activities of 30.97 ± 0.03 IU and 32.12± 0.06 IU, respectively. Regarding GR activity, control rats showed a higher activity of 53.09± 0.05 IU compared to treated ones; however, the differences in GR activities in rats given low doses of MTX, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X1 and Y1), were not statistically significant. On the other hand, rats in sub-groups X3 and Y3 showed the lowest GR activities of 34.59 ± 0.63 IU and 37.15 ±0.01, respectively, with statistically significant differences from other sub-groups. 3.2. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on mitotic index of bone marrow cells Figure (1) shows a significant decrease in the MI in all treated groups compared to control. In addition, there was a reverse association between MTX concentration and MI, where rats treated with the highest dose of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant decrease in MI compared to all other treated rat sub-groups. In addition, rats in sub-groups treated with MTX and omega-3 (sub-groups Y1, Y2 and Y3) showed a significant increase in MI compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX only. Table 1. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3 Group Enzymatic activity (mean± SE) SOD (IU) CAT (IU) GR (µmol) Control 6.41±0.02 a 39.38±0.02 a 53.09±0.05 a X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg) 5.33±0.01 b 37.81±0.01 c 51.12±0.06 a Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 6.08±0.04 a 38.40±0.02 b 51.97±0.03 a X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg) 4.29±0.01 cd 33.13±0.01 e 42.34±0.03 b Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 4.99±0.40 b 36.68±0.02 d 43.02±3.04 b X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg) 3.93±0.11 d 30.97±0.03 g 34.59±0.63 c Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 4.47±0.02 c 32.12±0.06 f 37.15±0.01 c SE, Standard error; IU, international unit; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GR, glutathione reductase; *statistically significant at P < 0.05; **statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference. 3.3. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells Rats receiving higher concentrations of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant increase in all types of chromosomal aberrations, i.e., chromatid gaps, chromosome gaps, chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, deletions and simple fragments (Figure 2 and Table 2) than those of the control group or other treated sub-groups. All rats treated with MTX-omega-3 combination showed a significant decrease in almost all types of chromosomal aberrations compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX alone (Table 2). Figure 1. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on the MI of bone marrow cells of treated rats compared to the controls. The groups X1 (0.05 MTX), X2 (0.125 MTX) and X3 (0.250 MTX) were compared to the control group, while the groups Y1 (0.05 MTX+ omega-3), Y2 (0.125 MTX+ omega-3) and Y3 (0.25 MTX+ omega-3) were compared to X1, X2 and X3, respectively. Figure 2. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on chromosomal aberration as seen under fluorescence microscope after staining with acridine orange: (1) a simple fragment; (2) a chromatid gap; (3) a chromosomal gap (A) and a chromosomal break (B). 4. Discussion The present experiment reveals that the addition of omega-3 to MTX alleviates its effects on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GR, and decreases the MI as well as all types of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells. Daham et al. [16] showed that the decline in antioxidants associated with chemotherapy is attributed to the increase in lipid peroxidation caused by these kinds of drugs, which increase the level of free radicals. In addition, Weijl et al. [17] showed that some chemotherapeutic drugs have a negative effect on the antioxidant levels such as GR, whose activity decreases as a result of its involvement in many cellular processes such as cell defenses against the toxicity of some compounds. Al-Dalawy et al. [18] found that the decrease in the level of SOD is an evidence of its increased activity due to the increased release of free radicals. MTX causes an increase in the release of free radicals, including the OH radical that causes direct damage to DNA [16]. Al-Helaly [19] showed that the amount of food taken has an effect on antioxidants, where nutritional deficiency decreases the antioxidant levels, thus increasing free radicals that cause damage to DNA. Table 2. Chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3 Group Type of chromosomal aberration(mean ± SE) Chromatid gap Chromosome Gap Chromatid breaks Chromosome breaks Deletion Simple Fragments Chromosomal aberration (%) Control 1.33±0.33 e 0.00±0.00 e 1.67±0.33 c 0.33±0.15 c 0.00±0.00 0.67±0.33 cd 0.04±0.005 f X1 2.75±0.47 cd 1.50±0.28 cd 2.50±0.64 bc 1.00±0.41 bc 0.50±0.28 bc 0.75±0.25 bcd 0.09±0.02 de Y1 1.75±0.47 de 0.75±0.25 de 1.50±0.28 c 1.00±0.00 bc 0.75±0.25 abc 0.75±0.25 abc 0.065±0.005 ef X2 4.67±0.33 b 2.67±0.33 ab 2.67±0.33 bc 1.67±0.33 ab 0.67±0.33 abc 1.67±0.33 ab 0.14±0.006 bc Y2 3.00±0.00 c 2.00±0.00 bc 3.00±0.057 bc 1.33±0.33 b 0.67±0.33 abc 0.33±0.15 d 0.106±0.003 cd X3 6.80±0.37 a 3.00±0.31 a 4.60±0.74 a 2.40±0.24 a 1.40±0.24 a 1.80±0.37 a 0.20±0.017 a Y3 5.60±0.40 ab 2.40±0.24 ab 3.60±0.24 ab 1.80±0.20 ab 1.20±0.20 ab 1.40±0.24 abc 0.16±0.003 b LSD 1.231** 0.814** 0.602** 0.841** 0.774* 0.941** 3.499* SE, Standard error; * statistically significant at P < 0.05; ** statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference. X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg); X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg); X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg); Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg). In the present study, the intraperitoneal administration of MTX to rats also caused a decrease in the MI of bone marrow and a significant increase in the rate of abnormal chromosomal aberration compared to the control rats. This finding is consistent with those reported previously [20], [21]. The effect of MTX can be attributed to its ability to interfere with the genetic material, leading to the appearance of toxic and mutagenic consequences. Rushworth et al. [22] reported that MTX leads to a lack of dihydrofolate reductase, which is the key to the growth and cell division processes. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of the nucleotides involved in the building of DNA and, therefore, to a stop or obstruction of the repair mechanisms of the damaged DNA. In addition, Wong and Choi [23] concluded that MTX inhibits the action of enzymes controlling the purine metabolism, which leads to the accumulation of adenosine in addition to the damage of the molecule itself and to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. Jafer et al. [24] reported the ability of MTX to induce chromosomal aberration in humans or animals by preventing the repair of DNA and affecting the proteins found in chromosomes. These findings were also confirmed by Hussain et al. [25], who found that MTX causes an increase in chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, the MI showed a significant increase in rat sub-groups treated with MTX-omega-3 combination, but there was a decrease in the rate of chromosomal aberration, which confirms the role of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids in protecting the cell from the impact of free radicals [26], [27]. Attia and Nasr [28] reported the antioxidant effect of omega-3, which was attributed to the reduction in lipid peroxidation and the increase in SOD and CAT or the stimulation of GR. It is noteworthy that GR leads to the synthesis of reduced glutathione, which is important in the defense of the cell against toxic substances and the prevention of the occurrence of mutations [29]. 5. Conclusions MTX significantly decreases the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, reduce the MI and increase the chromosomal aberrations of all types in bone marrow. This gives further evidence on the genotoxic effects of MTX on the bone marrow. On the other hand, omega-3 shows a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX. Acknowledgments The authors thank the staff of the Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq for their cooperation. They also thank Dr. Jasim Al-Niami for his technical and scientific guidance. Authors' contributions INA, MMA and ASM contributed to the study design and analyzed data. All authors contributed to the manuscript drafting and revising and approved the final submission. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests associated with this article. Ethical approval The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Science, University of Anbar (Reference No. A. D. 51 in 30/8/2015). References Yuen CW, Winter ME. Methotrexate (MTX). In: Basic clinical pharmacokinetics, Winter ME, editor. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p.p. 304–25. 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Ali, Inaam N., Muthana M. Awad, and Alaa S. Mahmood. "Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study." Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (August 3, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20428/yjms.v11i1.1059.

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Abstract:
Introduction Methods Resuts Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments Authors' contributions Competing interests Ethical approval References Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study Inaam N. Ali1, Muthana M. Awad2, Alaa S. Mahmood2,* 1 Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq * Corresponding author: A. S. Mahmood (alaashm91@gmail.com) Abstract: Objective: To assess the effect of methotrexate and omega-3 combination on cytogenetic changes of bone marrow and activities of some enzymatic antioxidants. Methods: Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was sub-divided into three sub-groups depending on the concentration of methotrexate (MTX): X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125 mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.250 mg/kg MTX), which were given intraperitoneally on a weekly basis for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) was also sub-divided into three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The rats of the control group were given distilled water. The enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the sera of rats. In addition, the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow were also studied. Results: MTX resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR compared to the controls. It also increased the MI and chromosomal aberrations of rat bone marrows. On the other hand, omega-3 significantly increased the activities of the investigated enzymatic antioxidants and reduced the MI and chromosomal aberrations in treated mice when given in combination with MTX. Conclusions: MTX has a genotoxic effect on the bone marrow by increasing the MI and all types of chromosomal aberrations and decreasing the enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GR. The addition of omega-3 can lead to a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX. Keywords: Methotrexate, Omega-3, Antioxidant, Wistar rat, Chromosomal aberration, Mitotic index 1. Introduction Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist because of their chemical similarity [1]. Vezmar et al. [2] showed that MTX affects the synthesis of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) by interfering with the biosynthesis of thymine and purines. It also directly affects the rapidly dividing and intact cells, especially those in the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestine and bone marrow [3]. Omega-3 is a type of unsaturated fats, which are classified as essential fatty acids that cannot be manufactured by the body and should be taken with food [4]. Sources of omega-3 include fish oils, such as salmon, sardines and tuna, as well as soybeans, walnuts, raisins and linseed, almonds and olive oils [5]. Omega-3 is used in the prevention of a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases [6]. A large amount of evidence indicates that omega-3 fatty acids have significant health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties besides their effect on blood cholesterol levels [7]. Antioxidants retard the oxidation process by different mechanisms such as the removal of free radicals [8]. Enzymatic antioxidants include catalase (CAT), which is the first line of defense in the cell that removes hydrogen peroxide formed during biological processes by converting it into an aldehyde, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). There are three major families of SOD enzymes: manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) in the mitochondria and peroxisomes, iron SOD (Fe-SOD) in prokaryote cells and copper/zinc SOD (Cu-Zn SOD) in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells [9]. Therefore, changes in the metal co-factors (manganese, iron, copper and zinc) can alter the effectiveness of SOD and may lead to diseases as a result of oxidative stress [10]. Glutathione reductase (GR) is also an enzymatic antioxidant that converts the oxidized glutathione to the reduced glutathione in the presence of NADPH, which is oxidized to NADP [11]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of MTX and omega-3 on the cytogenetic changes of bone marrow as well as the activities of CAT, SOD and GR enzymatic antioxidants in male rats. 2. Method 2.1. Laboratory animals and experimental design Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 10–12 weeks old and weighing 250–300 gm, were used in the present study. The rats were kept in separate cages, with natural 13- hour light and 11-hour dark periods in a contamination-free environment with a controlled temperature (28.0 ± 1.0°C). In addition, rats were maintained on a standard diet and tap water ad libitum. The rats were randomly allocated to two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group (MTX group) included 24 rats injected intraperitoneally with different MTX dilutions with distilled water [12]. It was sub-divided into three sub-groups (eight rats per sub-group) according to MTX concentration as follows: X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.25 mg/kg MTX). All rats were given a single dose of the specified MTX concentration weekly for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) included 24 rats allocated to three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The control group included eight rats that were intraperitoneally injected with distilled water and given a single dose of distilled water orally weekly for eight weeks. 2.2. Blood collection and processing After the end of the dosing period, 5 ml of blood were withdrawn from the heart (by cardiac puncture) using a 5 cc disposable syringe. The collected blood was immediately poured into a clean sterile screw-capped tube (plain tube) and left for coagulation in a water bath at 37°C for 15 minutes. After coagulation of blood, the plain tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm. Then the samples were stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis. 2.3. Measurement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes The antioxidant activities of CAT, SOD and GR were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits purchased from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, US), according to the manufacturer's instructions. 2.4. Cytogenetic study of bone marrow Rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and their hip bones were cleaned from surrounding muscles and then dissected by cutting both ends of the bone. Five milliliters of physiological buffered saline were injected inside the bone to withdraw bone marrow into a test tube. Tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm/10 minutes. The supernatant was then removed, and 10 ml of KCL solution (0.075 M) were added to the sediment. The mixture was then incubated at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 minutes, with shaking from time to time. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2000rpm/10 minutes to remove the supernatant. However, 5 ml of a freshly prepared fixative solution (methanol: glacial acetic acid 1:3) were added gradually in the form of droplets into the inner wall of the tube with constant mixing. After that, the tubes were placed at 4 °C for half an hour to fix the cells. This process was repeated for three times, and the cells were then suspended in 2 ml of the fixative solution. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was then removed while the cells were re-suspended in 1-2 ml of cold fixative solution. After shaking the tubes, 4–5 drops were then taken from each tube onto a clean slide from a height of about three feet to provide an opportunity for the cells and nuclei to spread well. The slides were stained with acridine orange solution (0.01%) for 4–5 minutes, incubated in Sorensen’s buffer (0.06M, pH 6.5) for a minute. and then examined using a fluorescence microscope Olympus BX 51 America at a wavelength of 450–500 nm [13, 14]. A total of 1000 cells were examined, and both dividing and non-dividing cells were calculated [13]. Mitotic index (MI) was calculated according to the following formula [13]: MI= No. of dividing cells / 1000 × 100 2.5. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells A total of 1000 dividing cells were examined on the stained slides under a fluorescence microscope at a wavelength of 45–500 nm. The examined cells were at the first metaphase of the mitotic division, where chromosomal aberrations are clear and can be easily seen [13]. 2.6. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS®) software, version 9.1 (Cary, NC, USA) [15]. Effects were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) and statistically compared using a completely randomized design analysis of variance and least significant differences. Differences at P values <5 were considered statistically significant. 3. Results 3.1. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on antioxidant enzymatic activities Table (1) shows significantly lower SOD activities among rats treated with MTX or MTX-omega-3 compared to controls. Moreover, sera of rats receiving relatively high doses of MTX (sub-groups X2 and X3) showed the lowest enzymatic activities of 4.29 ± 0.01 IU and 3.93 ± 0.11 IU, respectively. On the other hand, CAT activity differed significantly between treated and control rats as well as among treated rats themselves, In this respect, the controls showed the highest activity of 39.38 ±0.02 IU, while those receiving the highest MTX concentration, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X3 and Y3), showed the lowest activities of 30.97 ± 0.03 IU and 32.12± 0.06 IU, respectively. Regarding GR activity, control rats showed a higher activity of 53.09± 0.05 IU compared to treated ones; however, the differences in GR activities in rats given low doses of MTX, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X1 and Y1), were not statistically significant. On the other hand, rats in sub-groups X3 and Y3 showed the lowest GR activities of 34.59 ± 0.63 IU and 37.15 ±0.01, respectively, with statistically significant differences from other sub-groups. 3.2. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on mitotic index of bone marrow cells Figure (1) shows a significant decrease in the MI in all treated groups compared to control. In addition, there was a reverse association between MTX concentration and MI, where rats treated with the highest dose of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant decrease in MI compared to all other treated rat sub-groups. In addition, rats in sub-groups treated with MTX and omega-3 (sub-groups Y1, Y2 and Y3) showed a significant increase in MI compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX only. Table 1. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3 Group Enzymatic activity (mean± SE) SOD (IU) CAT (IU) GR (µmol) Control 6.41±0.02 a 39.38±0.02 a 53.09±0.05 a X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg) 5.33±0.01 b 37.81±0.01 c 51.12±0.06 a Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 6.08±0.04 a 38.40±0.02 b 51.97±0.03 a X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg) 4.29±0.01 cd 33.13±0.01 e 42.34±0.03 b Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 4.99±0.40 b 36.68±0.02 d 43.02±3.04 b X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg) 3.93±0.11 d 30.97±0.03 g 34.59±0.63 c Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg) 4.47±0.02 c 32.12±0.06 f 37.15±0.01 c SE, Standard error; IU, international unit; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GR, glutathione reductase; *statistically significant at P < 0.05; **statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference. 3.3. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells Rats receiving higher concentrations of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant increase in all types of chromosomal aberrations, i.e., chromatid gaps, chromosome gaps, chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, deletions and simple fragments (Figure 2 and Table 2) than those of the control group or other treated sub-groups. All rats treated with MTX-omega-3 combination showed a significant decrease in almost all types of chromosomal aberrations compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX alone (Table 2). Figure 1. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on the MI of bone marrow cells of treated rats compared to the controls. The groups X1 (0.05 MTX), X2 (0.125 MTX) and X3 (0.250 MTX) were compared to the control group, while the groups Y1 (0.05 MTX+ omega-3), Y2 (0.125 MTX+ omega-3) and Y3 (0.25 MTX+ omega-3) were compared to X1, X2 and X3, respectively. Figure 2. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on chromosomal aberration as seen under fluorescence microscope after staining with acridine orange: (1) a simple fragment; (2) a chromatid gap; (3) a chromosomal gap (A) and a chromosomal break (B). 4. Discussion The present experiment reveals that the addition of omega-3 to MTX alleviates its effects on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GR, and decreases the MI as well as all types of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells. Daham et al. [16] showed that the decline in antioxidants associated with chemotherapy is attributed to the increase in lipid peroxidation caused by these kinds of drugs, which increase the level of free radicals. In addition, Weijl et al. [17] showed that some chemotherapeutic drugs have a negative effect on the antioxidant levels such as GR, whose activity decreases as a result of its involvement in many cellular processes such as cell defenses against the toxicity of some compounds. Al-Dalawy et al. [18] found that the decrease in the level of SOD is an evidence of its increased activity due to the increased release of free radicals. MTX causes an increase in the release of free radicals, including the OH radical that causes direct damage to DNA [16]. Al-Helaly [19] showed that the amount of food taken has an effect on antioxidants, where nutritional deficiency decreases the antioxidant levels, thus increasing free radicals that cause damage to DNA. Table 2. Chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3 Group Type of chromosomal aberration(mean ± SE) Chromatid gap Chromosome Gap Chromatid breaks Chromosome breaks Deletion Simple Fragments Chromosomal aberration (%) Control 1.33±0.33 e 0.00±0.00 e 1.67±0.33 c 0.33±0.15 c 0.00±0.00 0.67±0.33 cd 0.04±0.005 f X1 2.75±0.47 cd 1.50±0.28 cd 2.50±0.64 bc 1.00±0.41 bc 0.50±0.28 bc 0.75±0.25 bcd 0.09±0.02 de Y1 1.75±0.47 de 0.75±0.25 de 1.50±0.28 c 1.00±0.00 bc 0.75±0.25 abc 0.75±0.25 abc 0.065±0.005 ef X2 4.67±0.33 b 2.67±0.33 ab 2.67±0.33 bc 1.67±0.33 ab 0.67±0.33 abc 1.67±0.33 ab 0.14±0.006 bc Y2 3.00±0.00 c 2.00±0.00 bc 3.00±0.057 bc 1.33±0.33 b 0.67±0.33 abc 0.33±0.15 d 0.106±0.003 cd X3 6.80±0.37 a 3.00±0.31 a 4.60±0.74 a 2.40±0.24 a 1.40±0.24 a 1.80±0.37 a 0.20±0.017 a Y3 5.60±0.40 ab 2.40±0.24 ab 3.60±0.24 ab 1.80±0.20 ab 1.20±0.20 ab 1.40±0.24 abc 0.16±0.003 b LSD 1.231** 0.814** 0.602** 0.841** 0.774* 0.941** 3.499* SE, Standard error; * statistically significant at P < 0.05; ** statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference. X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg); X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg); X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg); Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg). In the present study, the intraperitoneal administration of MTX to rats also caused a decrease in the MI of bone marrow and a significant increase in the rate of abnormal chromosomal aberration compared to the control rats. This finding is consistent with those reported previously [20], [21]. The effect of MTX can be attributed to its ability to interfere with the genetic material, leading to the appearance of toxic and mutagenic consequences. Rushworth et al. [22] reported that MTX leads to a lack of dihydrofolate reductase, which is the key to the growth and cell division processes. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of the nucleotides involved in the building of DNA and, therefore, to a stop or obstruction of the repair mechanisms of the damaged DNA. In addition, Wong and Choi [23] concluded that MTX inhibits the action of enzymes controlling the purine metabolism, which leads to the accumulation of adenosine in addition to the damage of the molecule itself and to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. Jafer et al. [24] reported the ability of MTX to induce chromosomal aberration in humans or animals by preventing the repair of DNA and affecting the proteins found in chromosomes. These findings were also confirmed by Hussain et al. [25], who found that MTX causes an increase in chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, the MI showed a significant increase in rat sub-groups treated with MTX-omega-3 combination, but there was a decrease in the rate of chromosomal aberration, which confirms the role of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids in protecting the cell from the impact of free radicals [26], [27]. Attia and Nasr [28] reported the antioxidant effect of omega-3, which was attributed to the reduction in lipid peroxidation and the increase in SOD and CAT or the stimulation of GR. It is noteworthy that GR leads to the synthesis of reduced glutathione, which is important in the defense of the cell against toxic substances and the prevention of the occurrence of mutations [29]. 5. Conclusions MTX significantly decreases the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, reduce the MI and increase the chromosomal aberrations of all types in bone marrow. This gives further evidence on the genotoxic effects of MTX on the bone marrow. On the other hand, omega-3 shows a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX. Acknowledgments The authors thank the staff of the Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq for their cooperation. They also thank Dr. Jasim Al-Niami for his technical and scientific guidance. Authors' contributions INA, MMA and ASM contributed to the study design and analyzed data. All authors contributed to the manuscript drafting and revising and approved the final submission. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests associated with this article. Ethical approval The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Science, University of Anbar (Reference No. A. D. 51 in 30/8/2015). References Yuen CW, Winter ME. Methotrexate (MTX). In: Basic clinical pharmacokinetics, Winter ME, editor. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p.p. 304–25. 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Maechling, Simon, and Stephen Lindell. "ChemInform Abstract: Covalent C=N Bond Hydration in Heteroaromatic Compounds - Chemical and Biological Aspects." ChemInform 39, no. 35 (August 26, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200835261.

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Da Silva Lopes, Rosineide, Mônica Cristina Barroso Martins, Geiziquele De Lima, Luciana Gonçalves de Oliveira, Antonio Félix da Costa, Venézio Felipe Dos Santos, Maria Tereza Dos Santos Correia, et al. "Toxicity of Agave sisalana extracts on Cordyceps and their effect and the association with fungi on Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 48, no. 2 (November 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v48i2.11537.

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Nasutitermes corniger is an arboreal termite that causes economic damage in urban areas, and its control is for chemical insecticides. An alternative for insect control is the use of entomopathogenic fungi and plant extracts, or the synergistic effect of the association of these. The toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Agave sisalana on the biological aspects of the fungal Cordyceps farinosa, C. fumosorosea and C. javanica and the action of the extracts and their synergistic effect on N. corniger was examined. The effect of the extracts on fungi was evaluated by germination, sporulation and mycelial growth of fungi in Sabouraud medium through the study of biological aspects under laboratory conditions; and control of N. corniger were examined, by ingestion of extracts and of the association extract plus fungus on filter paper, being the percentage of mortality of soldiers and workers of the termite daily. In general, the extracts were inoffensive to the fungi at concentrations 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg.mL-1. The extracts demonstrated termiticidal actions at concentrations tested, causing the mortalities about 100% of the workers after the third and sixth days (LC50: 0.778 to 0.803 mg.mL-1) and 100% of the soldiers between the fourth and seventh days (LC50:0.146 to 0.956 mg.mL-1). The association of the extracts with C. farinosa ESALQ1355 was more efficient in inducing the mortality in N. corniger. These results demonstrated the efficiency in vitro of the sisal extracts in controlling N. corniger termites, alone or in combination with fungi, suggesting their potential joint usefulness in the biological control of insect pests.
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"Characterization of Lectin from Colpomenia Sinuosa and Effect of Physico Chemical Parameters on Haemagglutination Activity." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3S2 (December 10, 2019): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c1256.1083s219.

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Lectin is a protein which has the ability to bind carbohydrates and named as haemagglutinin. Lectins with specific carbohydrate specificity have been purified from various plant tissues and other organisms and exploited extensively in many aspects of biochemistry and biomedicine. Similar to land plants, lectins from marine algae appear to be useful in some biological applications. Although several studies on lectins from marine algae have been reported till date, few lectins from algae have been characterized in detail. The present study was focused on the lectin isolated from C.sinuosa. The algal lectin has high sugar specificity with N-acetylglucosamine and higher enzyme activity with trypsin. This lectin was identified as CaCl2 dependent – ‘C’ type lectin and was sensitive to EDTA. Higher H.A titre value was observed with CaCl2 and the lower with MnCl2 and ZnCl2 . Significant lectin activity was observed between pH 7 to 8 and temperature between 20 to 40 O C
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Rodríguez, Francisco Martín. "Metabolic fatigue in resuscitators using personal protection equipment against biological hazard." Investigación y Educación en Enfermería 37, no. 2 (June 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v37n2e04.

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AbstractObjective. To describe the effects of wearing individual protection equipment against biological hazard when performing a simulated resuscitation.Methods. Uncontrolled quasi-experimental study involving 47 volunteers chosen by random sampling stratified by sex and professional category. We determined vital signs, anthropometric parameters and baseline lactate levels; subsequently, the volunteers put on level D individual protection equipment against biological hazard and performed a simulated resuscitation for 20 minutes. After undressing and 10 minutes of rest, blood was extracted again to determine lactate levels. Metabolic fatigue was defined as a level of lactic acid above 4 mmol/L at the end of the intervention.Results. 25.5% of the participants finished the simulation with an unfavorable metabolic tolerance pattern. The variables that predict metabolic fatigue were the level of physical activity and bone mass -in a protective formand muscle mass. People with a low level of physical activity had ten times the probability of metabolic fatigue compared to those with higher levels of activity (44% versus 4.5%, respectively).Conclusion. Professionals who present a medium or high level of physical activity tolerate resuscitation tasks better with a level D individual biological protection suit in a simulated resuscitation.Descriptors: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; personal protective equipment; anaerobic threshold; containment of biohazards; stress, physiological.How to cite this article: Martín-Rodríguez F. Metabolic fatigue in resuscitators using personal protection equipment against biological hazard. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2019; 37(2):e04ReferencesBarsuk JH, Cohen ER, Wayne DB, Siddall VJ, McGaghie WC. Developing a Simulation-Based Mastery Learning Curriculum: Lessons from 11 Years of Advanced Cardiac Life Support. Simul. Healthc. 2016; 11(1):52–9. Kwon JH, Burnham CAD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, et al. Assessment of Healthcare Worker Protocol Deviations and Self-Contamination During Personal Protective Equipment Donning and Doffing. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2017; 38(9):1077-83. Schoch-Spana M, Cicero A, Adalja A, Gronvall G, Kirk Sell T, Meyer D, et al. Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Toward a Working Definition. Health Secur. 2017; 15(4):323-8. Millett P, Snyder-Beattie A. Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity. Health Secur. 2017; 15(4):373-83. Fogel I, David O, Balik CH, Eisenkraft A, Poles L, Shental O, et al. The association between self-perceived proficiency of personal protective equipment and objective performance: An observational study during a bioterrorism simulation drill. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2017; 45(11): 1238-42. Calfee MW, Tufts J, Meyer K, McConkey K, Mickelsen L, Rose L, et al. Evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during Bacillus anthracis incident response operations. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2016; 13(12): p. 980-92. Narayanan N, Lacy CR, Cruz JE, Nahass M, Karp J, Barone JA, et al. Disaster Preparedness: Biological Threats and Treatment Options. Pharmacotherapy. 2018; 38(2):217-34. Hunt L, Gupta-Wright A, Simms V, al. e. Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2015; 15(11):1292–9. Nicaise V. The Sensitivity And Specificity Of The IPAQ For Detecting Intervention Related Changes In Physical Activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(Sup. 1):607. van Poppel MNM, Chinapaw MJM, Mokkink LB, van Mechelen W, Terwee CB. Physical activity questionnaires for adults: A systematic review of measurement properties. Sports Med. 2010; 40(7):565-600. Baur DA, Bach CW, Hyder WJ, Ormsbee MJ. Fluid retention, muscle damage, and altered body composition at the Ultraman triathlon. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2016; 116(3):447-58. Spartano LN, Lyass GA, Larson DM, Lewis SG, Vasan SR. Abstract 19256: Predicting Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure and Heart Rate at 20 Years of Follow-up: Correlates in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2015; 132(3):A19256-A19256. Jayasinghe S, Lambert G, Torres S, Fraser S, Eikelis N, Turner A. Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis and sympatho-adrenal medullary system responses to psychological stress were not attenuated in women with elevated physical fitness levels. Endocrine. 2016; 51(2):369-79. Pattani R, Marquez C, Dinyarian C, Sharma M, Bain J, Moore JE, et al. The perceived organizational impact of the gender gap across a Canadian department of medicine and proposed strategies to combat it: a qualitative study. BMC Medicine. 2018; 16(1): p. 48. ¿Morales‐Alamo D, Losa‐Reyna J, Torres‐Peralta R, Martin‐Rincon M, Perez‐Valera M, Curtelin D, ¿et al. What limits performance during whole‐body incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans? J. Physiol. 2015; 593(20):4631–48. Hall MM, Rajasekaran S, Thomsen TW, Peterson AR. Lactate: Friend or Foe. PM R. 2016; 8(3):S8-S15. Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription. Prev. Med. 2014; 38(2):149-59. Vikmoen O, Raastad T, Seynnes O, Bergstrøm K, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR. Effects of Heavy Strength Training on Running Performance and Determinants of Running Performance in Female Endurance Athletes. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3):e0150. Devlin J, Paton B, Poole L, Sun W, Ferguson C, Wilson J, et al. d lactate clearance after maximal exercise depends on active recovery intensity. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2014; 54(3):271-8. Szarpak L, Madziała M, Smereka J. Comparison of endotracheal intubation performed with 3 devices by paramedics wearing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear personal protective equipment. Am. J. Emerg Med. 2016; 34(9):1902-3. Szarpak L, Ramirez JG, Buljan D, Drozd A, Madziała M, Czyzewski L. Comparison of Bone Injection Gun and Jamshidi intraosseous access devices by paramedics with and without chemical-biological-radiological-nuclear personal protective equipment: a randomized, crossover, manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(7):1307-8. Szarpak L, Truszewski Z, Smereka J, Madziała M, Czyzewski L. Comparison of two intravascular access techniques when using CBRN-PPE: A randomized crossover manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(6):1170-2. Szarpak L, Truszewski Z, Gałązkowski R, Czyzewski L. Comparison of two chest compression techniques when using CBRN-PPE: a randomized crossover manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(5): 913-5. Stein C, Makkink A, Vincent-Lambert C. The effect of physical exertion in chemical and biological personal protective equipment on physiological function and reaction time. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14(1):36-44. Ji T, Qian X, Yuan M, Jiang J. Experimental study of thermal comfort on stab resistant body armor. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1):1168. Carter H, Amlôt R. Mass Casualty Decontamination Guidance and Psychosocial Aspects of CBRN Incident Management: A Review and Synthesis. PLoS Curr. 2016; September 27; 8. Verbeek JH. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 4:CD011621. Coca A. Physiological Evaluation of Personal Protective Ensembles Recommended for Use in West Africa. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2017; 11(5): 580-6.
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Pulido-Blanco, Víctor Camilo, Elberth Hernando Pinzón-Sandoval, Carlos Felipe González-Chavarro, and Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely. "Management alternatives for Carmenta theobromae (Busck, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), limiting pests of guava in Colombia." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (February 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81830-3.

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AbstractThe larval stages of Carmenta theobromae Busck (1910) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia Davis, Gentili-Poole and Mitter (2008) attack the subcortical zone and pith in guava trees, respectively, in the first productive nucleus of fruit trees in Colombia: Hoya del Río Suárez (HRS). The presence of pest insects has been reported in 98% of the farms sampled in HRS (n = 124), with up to 96 and 11 simultaneous larvae per tree, respectively. Although the aspects of the basic biology and life cycle of both pests have been resolved, there are no strategies for managing populations in the field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management alternatives under laboratory and field conditions in HRS. In laboratory conditions, a completely randomized design was used in two separate experiments, each with six treatments: T1: Spinosad (a mixture of Spinosad A and D); T2: S-1,2-di(ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate (chemical control); T3: Lecanicillium lecanii; T4: Beauveria bassiana; T5: Mix of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, and T6: distilled water (control). The number of dead larvae per replicate per treatment was evaluated (DL), with experimental units of five and three larvae, respectively. In the field, to the two best alternatives found for each pest in the laboratory, pruning and keeping the area around the plants free of weeds were added as cultural management, in two separate additional experiments, each with three larvae as experimental unit per treatment. For C. theobromae, the best laboratory alternatives were chemical control (DL: 3.78) and L. lecanii (DL: 2.33), followed without statistical differences by B. bassiana (DL: 1.67). In the field, the virulence of B. bassiana improved (DL: 3), and together with pruning and keeping the area around the plants clear of weeds (DL: 3), they stood out as the best alternatives. For S. ampliophilobia under laboratory conditions, the best alternatives were Spinosad (2.74) and chemical control (DL: 2.66), without significant difference. In the field, there were no statistical differences between the alternatives, except for the control. This statistical parity of cultural practices, and biological and chemical management is an argument in favor of the use of the former to the detriment of the third, especially when the harmful effects of the molecule S-1,2 di (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0, 0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate have been proven in air, water and agricultural soils, in addition to its association with thyroid cancer in humans. This is a strong argument to favor the use of synergies of cultural and biological management methods framed in IPM, as opposed to the use of chemical agents whose harmful effects are strongly documented, and whose use is becoming increasingly prohibited.
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Thi Thuy, Nguyen, Phan Hong Minh, Nguyen Bao Kim, Dang Kim Thu, and Bui Thanh Tung. "Screenning Bioactive Compounds from Allium sativum as HER2 Inhibitors Targeting Breast Cancer by Docking Methods." VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 37, no. 1 (March 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4295.

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Background: HER2-positive breast cancer is a breast cancer that tests positive with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) promotes the proliferation of breast cancers cells. This research aimed to find the bioactive compounds from Allium sativum for inhibiting HER2 enzyme by using molecular docking method. Materials and method: The protein tyrosin kinase HER2 structure was obtained from Protein Data Bank. Compounds were collected from previous publications of Allium sativum and these structures were retrieved from PubChem database. Molecular docking was done by Autodock vina software. Lipinski’s rule of 5 is used to compare compounds with drug-like and non-drug-like properties. Pharmacokinetic parameters of potential compounds were evaluated using the pkCSM tool. Results: Based on previous publication of Allium sativum, we have collected 55 compounds. The results showed that 2 compounds have HER2 inhibitory activity stronger than the reference compounds including biochanin A và cyanidin 3-malonylglucoside. The Lipinski’s rule of Five showed that these two compounds had propietary drug-likenesss. Moreover, predict ADMET of these compounds was also analyzed. Conclusion: Therefore, biochanin A and cyanidin 3-malonylglucoside may be potential natural product compounds for HER2-positive breast cancer treatment. Keywords: Allium sativum, tyrosin kinase HER2, breast cancer HER2 positive, in silico, molecular docking. References [1] S. Libson, M. Lippman. A review of clinical aspects of breast cancer. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 26(1) (2014) 4.[2] D.J. Slamon, G.M. Clark, S.G. Wong, W.J. Levin, A. Ullrich, W.L. McGuire. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235(4785) (1987) 177.[3] U. Krishnamurti, J.F. Silverman. 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Determination of Seven Organosulfur Compounds in Garlic by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(5) (2006) 1535.[19] M.D. Dufoo-Hurtado, K.G. Zavala-Gutiérrez, C.-M. Cao, L. Cisneros-Zevallos, R.G. Guevara-González, I. Torres-Pacheco, et al. Low-Temperature Conditioning of “Seed” Cloves Enhances the Expression of Phenolic Metabolism Related Genes and Anthocyanin Content in ‘Coreano’ Garlic (Allium sativum) during Plant Development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(44) (2013) 10439.[20] L. Vlase, M. Parvu, E.A. Parvu, A. Toiu. Chemical Constituents of Three Allium Species from Romania. Molecules 18(1) (2013).[21] G. Diretto, A. Rubio-Moraga, J. Argandoña, P. Castillo, L. Gómez-Gómez, O. Ahrazem. Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Sulfur Compounds and Saponins in Different Parts of Garlic Cloves from Purple and White Ecotypes. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 22(8) (2017) 1359.[22] S. Kim, J. Chen, T. Cheng, A. Gindulyte, J. He, S. He, et al. PubChem in 2021: new data content and improved web interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 49(D1) (2021) D1388.[23] E.F. Pettersen, T.D. Goddard, C.C. Huang, G.S. Couch, D.M. Greenblatt, E.C. Meng, et al. UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. Journal of computational chemistry 25(13) (2004) 1605.[24] M.D. Hanwell, D.E. Curtis, D.C. Lonie, T. Vandermeersch, E. Zurek, G.R. Hutchison. Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform. Journal of cheminformatics 4(1) (2012) 17.[25] G.M. Morris, R. Huey, W. Lindstrom, M.F. Sanner, R.K. Belew, D.S. Goodsell, et al. AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. Journal of computational chemistry 30(16) (2009) 2785.[26] C.A. Lipinski. Lead-and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 1(4) (2004) 337.[27] B. Jayaram, T. Singh, G. Mukherjee, A. Mathur, S. Shekhar, V. Shekhar, Eds. Sanjeevini: a freely accessible web-server for target directed lead molecule discovery. Proceedings of the BMC bioinformatics; 2012. Springer (Year).[28] D.E. Pires, T.L. Blundell, D.B. Ascher. pkCSM: predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of medicinal chemistry 58(9) (2015) 4066.[29] A. Lee. Tucatinib: First Approval. Drugs 80(10) (2020) 1033.[30] B. Moy, P. Kirkpatrick, S. Kar, P. Goss. Lapatinib. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6(6) (2007) 431.[31] M.G. Cesca, L. Vian, S. Cristóvão-Ferreira, N. Pondé, E. de Azambuja. HER2-positive advanced breast cancer treatment in 2020. 1532-1967 (Electronic)).[32] M. Shah, S. Wedam, J. Cheng, M.H. Fiero, H. Xia, F. Li, et al. FDA Approval Summary: Tucatinib for the Treatment of Patients with Advanced or Metastatic HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research(2020) clincanres.2701.2020.[33] P. Wu, T.E. Nielsen, M.H. Clausen. FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors. 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Lotti, Laura. "DIY Cheese-making and Individuation: Towards a Reconfiguration of Taste in Contemporary Computer Culture." M/C Journal 17, no. 1 (March 3, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.757.

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Introduction The trope of food is often used in the humanities to discuss aspects of a culture that are customarily overlooked by a textualist approach, for food embodies a kind of knowledge that comes from the direct engagement with materials and processes, and involves taste as an aesthetics that exceeds the visual concept of the “beautiful.” Moreover, cooking is one of the most ancient cultural practices, and is considered the habit that defines us as humans in comparison to other animals—not only culturally, but also physiologically (Wrangham). Today we have entered a post-human age in which technological augmentations, while promoting the erasure of embodiment in favour of intelligence (Hayles), create new assemblages between the organic and the digital, thus redefining what it means to be human. In this context, a reassessment of the practice of cooking as the manipulation of what constitutes food—both for thought and for the body—may promote a more nuanced approach to contemporary culture, in which the agency of the non-human (from synthetic materials to the digital) affects our modes of being and reflects on our aesthetic sensibility. In the 1980s, Guy Debord observed that the food industry's standardisation and automation of methods of production and consumption have anaesthetised the consumer palate with broader political and cultural implications. Today the Internet has extended the intertwinement of food and technology to the social and aesthetic spheres, thus further impacting on taste. For instance, cultural trends such as “foodism” and “slow food” thrive on blogs and social networks and, while promoting an artisanal style in food preparation and presentation, they paradoxically may also homogenise cooking techniques and the experience of sharing a meal. This leads to questions regarding the extent to which the digitalisation of culture might be hindering our capacity to taste. Or, given the new possibilities for connectivity, can this digitalisation also foster an aesthetic sensibility associated with different attitudes and approaches to food—one that transgresses both the grand narratives and the standardisation promoted by such gastronomic fashions? It also leads to the question of how such activities reflect on the collective sphere, considering the contagious character of networked communication. While foodism thrives online, the Internet has nevertheless prompted a renewed interest in DIY (do-it-yourself) cooking techniques. As a recent issue of M/C Journal testifies, today cookbooks are produced and consulted at an unprecedented rate—either in print or online (Brien and Wessell). Taking the example of the online diffusion of DIY cheese-making recipes, I will below trace the connections between cooking, computer culture, and taste with the support of Gilbert Simondon's metaphysics of technics. Although Simondon never extensively discussed food in relation to technology, the positioning of technicity at the heart of culture allows his work to be used to address the multifaceted nature of taste in the light of recent technological development, in particular of the Network. As a matter of fact, today cooking is not only a technical activity, in the sense that it requires a certain practical and theoretical skilfulness—it is also a technological matter, for the amount of networked machines that are increasingly used for food production and marketing. Specifically, this paper argues that by disentangling the human—albeit partially—from the capitalist cycle of production-marketing-consumption and by triggering an awareness of the increasingly dominant role technology plays in food processing and manufacturing, the online sharing of home-cooking advice may promote a reconfiguration of taste, which would translate into a more nuanced approach to contemporary techno-culture. In the first part of this discussion, I introduce Simondon’s philosophy and foreground the technical dimension of cooking by discussing cheese-making as a process of individuation. In the second, I focus on Simondon’s definition of technical objects and technical ensembles to position Internet culture in relation to cooking, and highlight how technicity folds back on taste as aesthetic impression. Ultimately, I conclude with some reflections on how such a culinary-aesthetic approach may find application in other techno-cultural fields by promoting an aesthetic sensibility that extends beyond the experience of the “social” to encompass an ethical component. Cooking as Individuation: The Networked Dimension of Taste Simondon is known as the thinker, and “tinkerer”, of technics. His project is concerned with ontogenesis—that is, the becoming of objects in relation to the terms that constitute them as individual. Simondon’s philosophy of individuation allows for a better understanding of how the Internet fosters certain attitudes to food, for it is grounded on a notion of “energetic materiality in movement” (Deleuze and Guattari 408) that explains how “immaterial” algorithms can affect individual experience and cultural production. For Simondon, individuation is the process that arises from objects being out-of-phase with themselves. Put differently, individuation allows for “the conservation of being through becoming” (Genesis 301). Likewise, individualisation is “the individuation of an individuated being, resulting from an individuation, [and creating] a new structuration within the individual” (L’Individuation 132). Individuation and individualisation are processes common to all kinds of being. Any individual operates an internal and an external resonance within the system in which it is enmeshed, and produces an “associated milieu” capable of entering into relation with other individuals within the system. Simondon maintains that nature consists of three regimes of individuation, that is, three possible phases of every being: the physical, the biological, and the psycho-social—that develop from a metastable pre-individual field. Technology traverses all three regimes and allows for further individualisation via transductive operations across such phases—that is, via operations of conversion of energy from one form to another. The recent online diffusion of DIY cheese-making recipes lends itself to be analysed with the support of Simondon’s philosophy. Today cheese dominates degustation menus beside the finest wines, and constitutes a common obsession among “foodies.” Although, as an object, cheese defies more traditional canons of beauty and pleasure—its usual pale yellow colour is not especially inviting and, generally speaking, the stinkier and mouldier it is, the more exclusive and expensive it usually is—it has played a sizeable role in the collective imagination since ancient times. Although the genesis of cheese predates archival memory, it is commonly assumed to be the fruit of the chemical reaction naturally occurring in the interaction of milk with the rennet inherently contained in the bladders made of ruminants’ stomachs in which milk was contained during the long transits undertaken by the nomadic cultures of Central Asia. Cheese is an invention that reportedly occurred without human intervention, and only the technical need to preserve milk in high temperature impelled humans to learn to produce it. Since World War II its production is most exclusively factory-based, even in the case of artisanal cheese (McGee), which makes the renewed concern for homemade cheese more significant from a techno-cultural perspective. Following Simondon, the individualisation of cheese—and of people in relation to cheese—depends on the different objects involved in its production, and whose associated milieu affects the outcome of the ontogenetic process via transductive operations. In the specific case of an industrial block of cheese, these may include: the more or less ethical breeding and milking of cows in a factory environment; the types of bacteria involved in the cheese-making process; the energy and costs inherent in the fabrication of the packaging material and the packaging process itself; the CO2 emissions caused by transportations; the physical and intellectual labour implied in marketing, retailing and selling; and, last but not least, the arguable nutritional value of the factory-produced cheese—all of which, in spite of their “invisibility” to the eyes of the consumer, affect physical conditions and moods when they enter into relation with the human body (Bennet). To these, we may add, with specific reference to the packaging: the RFID tags that electronically index food items into databases for a more efficient management of supplies, and the QR codes used for social media marketing purposes. In contrast, the direct engagement with the techno-material conditions at the basis of the home cookery process allows one to grasp how different operations may affect the outcome of the recipe. DIY cheese-making recipes are specifically addressed to laypeople and, because they hardly demand professional equipment, they entail a greater attunement with, and to, the objects and processes required by the recipe. For instance, one needs to “feel” when milk has reached the right temperature (specifically, 82 degrees centigrade, which means that the surface of the milk should be slightly bubbly but not fully boiling) and, with practice, one learns how the slightest movement of the hand can lead to different results, in terms of consistency and aspect. Ultimately, DIY cheese-making allows the cook to be creative with moulding, seasonings, and marinading. Indeed, by directly engaging with the undiscovered properties and potentials of ingredients, by understanding the role that energy (both in the sense of induction and “transduction”) plays on form and matter, and by developing—often via processes of trial and error—technics for stirring, draining, moulding, marinading, canning, and so forth, making cheese at home an exercise in speculative pragmatics. An experimental approach to cooking, as the negotiation between the rigid axioms that make up a recipe and the creative and experimental components inherent in the operations of mixing and blending, allows one to feel the ultimate outcome of the cooking process as an event. The taste of a homemade cheese is linked to a new kind of knowledge—that is, an epistemology based on continuous breakages that allow for the cooking process to carry on until the ultimate result. It is a knowledge that comes from a commitment to objects being out-of-phase, and from the acknowledgement of the network of technical operations that bring cheese to our tables. The following section discusses how another kind of object may affect the outcome of a recipe, with important implications for aesthetics, that is, technical objects. The Internet as Ingredient: Technical Objects, Aesthetics, and Invention The notion of technical objects complements Simondon’s theory of individuation to define the becoming of technology in relation to culture. To Simondon: “the technical object is not this or that thing, given hic et nunc, but that of which there is a genesis” (Du Mode 20). Technical objects, therefore, are not simply technological artifacts but are constituted by a series of events that determine their evolution (De Vries). Analogously to other kinds of individuals, they are constituted by transductive operations across the three aforementioned phases of being. The evolution of technical objects extends from the element to the individual, and ultimately to the technical ensemble. Elements are less than individualised technical objects, while individuals that are in a relation of interconnection are called ensembles. According to Simondon, technical ensembles fully individualise with the realisation of the cybernetic project. Simondon observes that: “there is something eternal in a technical ensemble [...] and it is that which is always present, and can be conserved in a thing” (Les Cahiers 87). The Internet, as a thing-network, could be regarded as an instance of such technical ensembles, however, a clarification needs to be made. Simondon explains that “true technical ensembles are not those that use technical individuals, but those that are a network of technical individuals in a relation of interconnection” (Du mode 126). To Simondon, humankind has ceased to be a technical individual with the industrialisation and automation of methods of production, and has consigned this function to machines (128). Expanding this line of thought, examples such as the viral spreading of memes, and the hypnotic power of online marketing campaigns, demonstrate how digital technology seems to have intensified this process of alienation of people from the functioning of the machine. In short, no one seems to know how or why things happen on the Internet, but we cannot help but use it. In order to constitute “real” technical ensembles, we need to incorporate technics again into culture, in a relation of reciprocity and complementarity with machines, under the aegis of a technical culture. Simondon specifies that such a reconfiguration of the relation between man and machines can only be achieved by means of an invention. An invention entails the individualisation of the technical ensemble as a departure from the mind of the inventor or designer that conceived it, in order to acquire its own autonomous existence (“Technical Mentality”). It refers to the origin of an operative solidarity between individual agents in a network, which provides the support for a human relation based on the “model of transidividuality” (Du Mode 247). A “transindividual relation” is a relation of relations that puts the individual in direct contact with a real collective. The notion of real collective is opposed to that of an interindividual community or social sphere, which is poisoned by the anxieties that stem from a defected relation with the technical ensemble culture is embedded in. In the specific context of the online sharing of DIY cheese-making recipes, rather than a fully individualised technical ensemble per se, the Internet can be regarded as one of the ingredients that make up the final recipe—together with human and the food—for the invention of a true technical ensemble. In such a framework, praxis, as linked to the kind of non-verbal knowledge associated with “making,” defines individuation together with the types of objects that make up the Network. While in the case of foodism, the practice of online marketing and communication homogenises culture by creating “social phenomena,” in the case of DIY cooking advice, it fosters a diversification of tastes, experiences, and flavours linked to individual modes of doing and cooking, that put the cook in a new relation with the culinary process, with food, and with the guests who have the pleasure to taste her meal. This is a qualitative change in the network that constitutes culture, rather than a mere quantitative shift in energy induction. The term “conviviality” (from the Latin con-vivere) specifically means this: a “living together,” rather than a mere dinner party. For Simondon, a real technical ensemble is an assemblage of humans, machines, tools, resources and milieus, which can only be éprouve—i.e., experienced, also in the sense of “experimented with”—rather than represented. A technical ensemble is first and foremost an aesthetic affair—it can only be perceived by experimenting with the different agents involved in the networked operations that constitute it. For Simondon “aesthetics comes after technicity [and] it also returns to us in the heart of technicity” (Michaud in De Boever et al. 122). Therefore, any object bears an aesthetic potential—even something as trivial as a homemade block of cheese. Simondon rejects the idea of an aesthetic object, but affirms the power of technicity to foreground an aesthetic impression, which operates a convergence between the diverging forces that constitute the mediation between man and world, in terms of an ethical treatment of technics. For Simondon, the beautiful is a process: “it is never, properly speaking, the object that is beautiful: it is the encounter operating a propos of the object between a real aspect of the world and a human gesture” (Du Mode 191 emphasis added). If an analysis of cooking as individuation already foregrounds an aesthetics that is both networked and technical, the relational capabilities afforded by networked media have the power to amplify the aesthetic potential of the human gesture implied in a block of homemade cheese—which today extends from searching for (or writing) a recipe online, to pouring the milk and seasoning the cheese, and which entails less environmental waste due to the less intensive processing and the lack of, or certainly a reduction in, packaging materials (Rastogi). The praise of technical creativity resounds throughout Simondon’s thought. By using the Internet in order to create (or indeed cook) something new, the online sharing of DIY cooking techniques like cheese-making, which partially disengages the human (and food itself) from the cycle of production-marketing-consumption that characterises the food industry in capitalist society by fostering an awareness of the networked operations that constitute her as individual, is an invention in its own right. Although the impact of these DIY activities on the global food industry is still very limited, such a hands-on approach, imbued with a dose of technical creativity, partially overcomes the alienation of the individual from the production process, by providing the conditions to “feel” how the individualisation of cheese (and the human) is inscribed in a larger metabolism. This does not stop within the economy of the body but encompasses the techno-cultural ensemble that forms capitalist society as a whole, and in which humans play only a small part. This may be considered a first step towards the reconciliation between humans and technical culture—a true technical ensemble. Indeed, eating involves “experiments in art and technology”—as the name of the infamous 1960s art collective (E.A.T.) evokes. Home-cooking in this sense is a technical-aesthetic experiment in its own right, in which aesthetics acquires an ethical nuance. Simondon’s philosophy highlights how the aesthetics involved in the home cooking process entails a political component, aimed at the disentanglement of the human from the “false” technical ensemble constituted by capitalist society, which is founded on the alienation from the production process and is driven by economic interests. Surely, an ethical approach to food would entail considering the biopolitics of the guts from the perspective of sourcing materials, and perhaps even building one’s own tools. These days, however, keeping a cow or goat in the backyard is unconceivable and/or impossible for most of us. The point is that the Internet can foster inventiveness and creativity among the participants to the Network, in spite of the fixity of the frame in which culture is increasingly inscribed (for instance, the standardised format of a Wordpress blog), and in this way, can trigger an aesthetic impression that comprises an ethical component, which translates into a political stand against the syncopated, schizophrenic rhythms of the market. Conclusion In this discussion, I have demonstrated that cooking can be considered a process of individuation inscribed in a techno-cultural network in which different transductive operations have the power to affect the final taste of a recipe. Simondon’s theory of individuation allows us to account for the impact of ubiquitous networked media on traditionally considered “human” practices, thus suggesting a new kind of humanism—a sort of technological humanism—on the basis of a new model of perception, which acknowledges the non-human actants involved in the process of individuation. I have shown that, in the case of the online sharing of cheese-making recipes, Simondon’s philosophy allows us to uncover a concept of taste that extends beyond the mere gustatory experience provided by foodism, and in this sense it may indeed affirm a reconfiguration of human culture based on an ethical approach towards the technical ensemble that envelops individuals of any kind—be they physical, living, or technical. Analogously, a “culinary” approach to techno-culture in terms of a commitment to the ontogenetic character of objects’ behaviours could be transposed to the digital realm in order to enlighten new perspectives for the speculative design of occasions of interaction among different beings—including humans—in ethico-aesthetic terms, based on a creative, experimental engagement with techniques and technologies. As a result, this can foreground a taste for life and culture that exceeds human-centred egotistic pleasure to encompass both technology and nature. Considering that a worryingly high percentage of digital natives both in Australia and the UK today believe that cheese and yogurt grow on trees (Howden; Wylie), perhaps cooking should indeed be taught in school alongside (rather than separate to, or instead of) programming. References Bennet, Jane. Vibrant Matter: a Political Ecology of Things. Durham: Duke UP, 2010 Brien, Donna Lee, and Adele Wessell. “Cookbook: A New Scholarly View.” M/C Journal 16.3 (2013). 7 Jan. 2014. ‹http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/688›. Crary, Jonathan, and Sanford Kwinter. Incorporations. New York: Zone, 1992. De Boever, Arne, Alex Murray, Jon Roffe, and Ashley Woodward, eds. Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012. De Vries, Marc. “Gilbert Simondon and the Dual Nature of Technical Artifacts.” Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 12.1 (2008). Debord, Guy. “Abat-Faim.” Encyclopedie des Nuisances 5 (1985) 2 Jan. 2014. ‹http://www.notbored.org/abat-faim.html›. Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus. London: Continuum, 2004. Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. Howden, Saffron. “Cultural Cringe: Schoolchildren Can’t See the Yoghurt for the Trees.” The Sydney Morning Herald 5 Mar. 2012. 5 Jan. 2014. ‹http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/cultural-cringe-schoolchildren-cant-see-the-yoghurt-for-the-trees-20120304-1ub55.html›. McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, 2004. Michaud, Yves. “The Aesthetics of Gilbert Simondon: Anticipation of the Contemporary Aesthetic Experience.” Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology. Eds. Arne De Boever, Alex Murray, Jon Roffe, and Ashley Woodward. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012. 121–32. Rastogi, Nina. “Soft Cheese for a Clean Planet”. Slate 15 Dec. 2009. 25 Jan. 2014. ‹http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2009/12/soft_cheese_for_a_clean_planet.html›. Simondon, Gilbert. Du Mode d’Existence des Objets Techniques. Paris: Aubier, 2001. ---. L’Individuation a La Lumière Des Notions de Forme et d’Information. Grenoble: Millon, 2005. ---. “Les Cahiers du Centre Culturel Canadien” 4, 2ème Colloque Sur La Mécanologie. Paris, 1976. ---. “Technical Mentality.” Parrhesia 7 (2009): 17–27.---. “The Genesis of the Individual.” Incorporations. Eds. Jonathan Crary, and Sanford Kwinter. New York: Zone, 1992. 296–319. Wrangham, Richard. “Reason in the Roasting of Eggs.” Collapse: Philosophical Research and Development Volume VII. Eds. Reza Negarestani, and Robin Mackay. London: Urbanomic, 2011. 331–44. Wylie, Catherine. “Significant Number of Children Believe Cheese Comes from Plants, Reveals New Survey.” The Independent 3 Jun. 2013. 5 Jan. 2014. ‹http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/significant-number-of-children-believe-cheese-comes-from-plants-reveals-new-survey-8641771.html›.
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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. 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Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. 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Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. 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PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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