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1
GRAF, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. "God's Brain. Some Critical Remarks on Modern Neurotheology." European Review 15, no. 2 (April 4, 2007): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000257.
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The author starts from an observed increase in theoretical contributions to the debate on neurotheology, illustrated by the example of the moral implications of certain discourse types in the novel God's Brain (Johler and Burow). Central scriptural passages of the Judeo-Christian tradition are then interpreted; a crucial shared aspect of these is the implication of an eternal divine memory, the physiological dimension of which has fostered, not just in terminology, a general openness of theology from the ‘neuronal turn’ to the neurotheological diagnostics since the late 19th century. Once the question of a possible self-reflection by the neurologist is systematically excluded, it becomes obvious that the ‘twilight of neurosciences’ still contains a considerable ideological potential. This is particularly evident in light of the questions addressed since the 1970s, despite the most modern methods in imaging and measurement.
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ÁRNASON, GARDAR. "Neuroimaging, Uncertainty, and the Problem of Dispositions." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109990454.
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Brain research in neuroscience and related fields is changing our understanding of the brain and its relation to the mind and to human behavior, giving a new impetus to the problem of free will and moral responsibility. The reactions have covered the entire range, from claims to the effect that neuroscientific research is showing that our folk–psychological understanding of conscious free will and moral responsibility is deeply mistaken to claims to the effect that neuroscientific research is irrelevant to moral issues of free will and responsibility. In any case, neuroscience is posing some serious challenges to our conceptions of free will and moral responsibility.
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BULLER, TOM. "The New Ethics of Neuroethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180118000087.
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Abstract:According to a familiar distinction, neuroethics incorporates the neuroscience of ethics and the ethics of neuroscience. Within neuroethics, these two parts have provoked distinct and separate lines of inquiry, and there has been little discussion of how the two parts overlap. In the present article, I try to draw a connection between these two parts by considering the implications that are raised for ethics by scientific findings about the way we make moral decisions. The main argument of the article is that although neuroscience is “stretching” ethics by revealing the empirical basis of our moral decisions and, thereby, challenging our present understanding of the dominant ethical theories, substantial further questions remain regarding the impact that neuroscience will have on ethics more broadly.
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Musto, Lynn C., Patricia A. Rodney, and Rebecca Vanderheide. "Toward interventions to address moral distress." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014534879.
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Background: The concept of moral distress has been the subject of nursing research for the past 30 years. Recently, there has been a call to move from developing an understanding of the concept to developing interventions to help ameliorate the experience. At the same time, the use of the term moral distress has been critiqued for a lack of clarity about the concepts that underpin the experience. Discussion: Some researchers suggest that a closer examination of how socio-political structures influence healthcare delivery will move moral distress from being seen as located in the individual to an experience that is also located in broader healthcare structures. Informed by new thinking in relational ethics, we draw on research findings from neuroscience and attachment literature to examine the reciprocal relationship between structures and agents and frame the experience of moral distress. Conclusion: We posit moral distress as a form of relational trauma and subsequently point to the need to better understand how nurses as moral agents are influenced by—and influence—the complex socio-political structures they inhabit. In so doing, we identify this reciprocity as a framework for interventions.
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HÄYRY, MATTI. "Neuroethical Theories." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109990430.
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Neuroethics addresses moral, legal, and social questions created or highlighted by theoretical and practical developments in neuroscience. Practices in need of scrutiny currently include at least brain imaging with new techniques, chemical attempts to shift exceptional brain function toward normality, chemical attempts to enhance ordinary brain function beyond normality, and brain manipulation by other methods.
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LOVELESS, SHERRY E., and JAMES GIORDANO. "Neuroethics, Painience, and Neurocentric Criteria for the Moral Treatment of Animals." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000698.
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Abstract:Neuroscience affords knowledge that can be leveraged in the ontological valuation of individuals, groups, and species. Sociocultural sentiments, norms, and mores may impede embracing such knowledge to revise moral attitudes, ethics, and policies. We argue that the practices of neuroethics will be valuable in that they ground ethico-legal discourse in (1) naturalistic philosophy; (2) the current epistemological capital of neuroscience; (3) the issues, problems, and solutions arising in and from neuroscientific research and its applications; and 4) the use of neurocentric criteria—such as painience—to define and resolve ethical decisions regarding attitudes toward and treatment of nonhuman animals.
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Rappaport, Jack M., Stephen B. Richter, and Dennis T. Kennedy. "An Innovative Information Technology Educational Framework Based on Embodied Cognition and Sensory Marketing." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2018040106.
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This article describes and implements an innovative framework for information technology (IT) education. The proposed framework creates metaphors for various IT topics using music. The theory of embodied cognition or grounded cognition argues that all aspects of cognition, including decision making, are shaped by aspects of the body. Various theories of neuroscience, the interdisciplinary study of the nervous system, are used to explain how the brain processes the information and multi-modal stimuli generated by the authors' model. The framework proposed in this article can also be considered a form of sensory marketing, which is also based upon embodied cognition, theories of neuroscience and the cognitive significance of metaphors. The model was implemented at the secondary and university levels using both a formative and summative evaluation process. The survey results support the theoretical arguments supplied by many theories of embodied cognition and neuroscience.
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ZULLO, SILVIA. "Naturalizing Responsibility." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 25, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180116000426.
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Abstract:In the contemporary debate on the use of the neurosciences in ethics and law, numerous arguments have been bandied about among scientists and philosophers looking to uphold or reject the reliability and validity of scientific findings obtained by brain imaging technologies. Among the most vexing questions is,Can we trust that technology?One point of disagreement is whether brain scans offer a window through which to observe the functioning of the mind, in such a way as to enable lawyers, judges, physicians, and lawmakers to detect anomalies in brain function that may account for criminal unconscious behavior. Those who stand behind brain imaging believe that this can indeed be achieved, whereas those in opposition stress that brain scans are highly open to interpretation and that the data they provide is insufficient to establish causal connections. The question essentially comes down to whether technology can reliably be used to determine the intentions of the individual, thus establishing mens rea, for example, and hence responsibility. This article focuses on the latter notion and explores whether we can rely on the neurosciences to shed light on a complex form of moral and legal reasoning, as well as the role of the neurosciences in reawakening a philosophical and legal interest in trying to set responsibility on an empirical basis.
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Rueda, Jon. "Socrates in the fMRI Scanner: The Neurofoundations of Morality and the Challenge to Ethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 4 (October 2021): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180121000074.
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AbstractThe neuroscience of ethics is allegedly having a double impact. First, it is transforming the view of human morality through the discovery of the neurobiological underpinnings that influence moral behavior. Second, some neuroscientific findings are radically challenging traditional views on normative ethics. Both claims have some truth but are also overstated. In this article, the author shows that they can be understood together, although with different caveats, under the label of “neurofoundationalism.” Whereas the neuroscientific picture of human morality is undoubtedly valuable if we avoid neuroessentialistic portraits, the empirical disruption of normative ethics seems less plausible. The neuroscience of morality, however, is providing relevant evidence that any empirically informed ethical theory needs to critically consider. Although neuroethics is not going to bridge the is–ought divide, it may establish certain facts that require us to rethink the way we achieve our ethical aspirations.
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Dašić, Dejan, Gruja Kostadinović, and Milan Stanković. "Ethical Aspects of Science and Technological Innovations." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-2-343-350.
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The progress of civilization depends on both science and ethics, on two different ideas. Unlike ethics, which deals with moral principles and ideals that guide human behavior, science is based on logical argumentation, empirical data, and methodical testing. However, as science develops, it often raises ethical questions that must be addressed. As a result, science and ethics are intertwined and both are essential for the moral and long-term advancement of science. This research examines the results of two interconnected processes: the quick development of science and technology and its moral ramifications, or the harm it does to people’s lives all around the world. The writers highlight the need for a qualitative shift in attitudes toward nature and society as a whole in order to address environmental challenges and remove the threat of a global ecological disaster by analyzing the substance and impact of these processes.
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Hao, Yuxin, Xun Duan, and Qiuyue Yan. "Processing Aspectual Agreement in a Language with Limited Morphological Inflection by Second Language Learners: An ERP Study of Mandarin Chinese." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050524.
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Previous studies on the neural cognitive mechanisms of aspectual processing in second language (L2) learners have focused on Indo-European languages with rich inflectional morphology. These languages have aspects which are equipped with inflected verb forms combined with auxiliary or modal verbs. Meanwhile, little attention has been paid to Mandarin Chinese, which has limited morphological inflection, and its aspect is equipped with aspectual particles (e.g., le, zhe, guo). The present study explores the neurocognitive mechanism of Mandarin Chinese aspect processing among two groups of late Mandarin Chinese proficient learners with Thai (with Mandarin Chinese-like aspect markers) and Indonesian (lack of Mandarin Chinese-like aspect markers) as their first language (L1). We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) time locked to the aspect marker le in two different conditions (the aspect violation sentences and the correct sentences). A triphasic ELAN-LAN-P600 effect was produced by the Mandarin Chinese native speakers. However, there was no ELAN and LAN in Indonesian native speakers and Thai native speakers, except a 300–500 ms negativity widely distributed in the right hemisphere and P600-like effect. This suggests that both groups of Mandarin Chinese learners cannot reach the same level as Mandarin Chinese native speakers to process Mandarin Chinese aspect information, probably due to the complex feature of Mandarin Chinese aspect maker, the participants’ L2 proficiency and age of L2 acquisition.
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Peirce, Anne Griswold, Suzanne Elie, Annie George, Mariya Gold, Kim O’Hara, and Wendella Rose-Facey. "Knowledge development, technology and questions of nursing ethics." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 1 (April 28, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019840752.
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This article explores emerging ethical questions that result from knowledge development in a complex, technological age. Nursing practice is at a critical ideological and ethical precipice where decision-making is enhanced and burdened by new ways of knowing that include artificial intelligence, algorithms, Big Data, genetics and genomics, neuroscience, and technological innovation. On the positive side is the new understanding provided by large data sets; the quick and efficient reduction of data into useable pieces; the replacement of redundant human tasks by machines, error reduction, pattern recognition, and so forth. However, these innovations require skepticism and critique from a profession whose mission is to care for and protect patients. The promise of technology and the new biological sciences to radically and positively transform healthcare may seem compelling when couched in terms of safety, efficiency, and effectiveness but their role in the provision of ethical nursing care remains uncertain. Given the profound moral and clinical implications of how today’s knowledge is developed and utilized, it is time to reconsider the relationship between ethics and knowledge development in this new uncharted area.
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Cervantes, José-Antonio, Luis-Felipe Rodríguez, Sonia López, Félix Ramos, and Francisco Robles. "Cognitive Process of Moral Decision-Making for Autonomous Agents." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013100105.
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There are a great variety of theoretical models of cognition whose main purpose is to explain the inner workings of the human brain. Researchers from areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and physiology have proposed these models. Nevertheless, most of these models are based on empirical studies and on experiments with humans, primates, and rodents. In fields such as cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence, these cognitive models may be translated into computational implementations and incorporated into the architectures of intelligent autonomous agents (AAs). Thus, the main assumption in this work is that knowledge in those fields can be used as a design approach contributing to the development of intelligent systems capable of displaying very believable and human-like behaviors. Decision-Making (DM) is one of the most investigated and computationally implemented functions. The literature reports several computational models that enable AAs to make decisions that help achieve their personal goals and needs. However, most models disregard crucial aspects of human decision-making such as other agents' needs, ethical values, and social norms. In this paper, the authors present a set of criteria and mechanisms proposed to develop a biologically inspired computational model of Moral Decision-Making (MDM). To achieve a process of moral decision-making believable, the authors propose a cognitive function to determine the importance of each criterion based on the mood and emotional state of AAs, the main objective the model is to enable AAs to make decisions based on ethical and moral judgment.
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Heiphetz, Larisa, and Liane Young. "A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment." Behaviour 151, no. 2-3 (2014): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003131.
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Moral judgment constitutes an important aspect of adults’ social interactions. How do adults’ moral judgments develop? We discuss work from cognitive and social psychology on adults’ moral judgment, and we review developmental research to illuminate its origins. Work in these fields shows that adults make nuanced moral judgments based on a number of factors, including harm aversion, and that the origins of such judgments lie early in development. We begin by reviewing evidence showing that distress signals can cue moral judgments but are not necessary for moral judgment to occur. Next, we discuss findings demonstrating that both children and adults distinguish moral violations from violations of social norms, and we highlight the influence of both moral rules and social norms on moral judgment. We also discuss the influence of actors’ intentions on moral judgment. Finally, we offer some closing thoughts on potential similarities between moral cognition and reasoning about other ideologies.
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Suhler, Christopher L., and Patricia Churchland. "Can Innate, Modular “Foundations” Explain Morality? Challenges for Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (September 2011): 2103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21637.
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Jonathan Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory is an influential scientific account of morality incorporating psychological, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. The theory proposes that morality is built upon five innate “foundations,” each of which is believed to have been selected for during human evolution and, subsequently, tuned-up by learning during development. We argue here that although some general elements of Haidt's theory are plausible, many other important aspects of his account are seriously flawed. First, innateness and modularity figure centrally in Haidt's account, but terminological and conceptual problems foster confusion and ambiguities. Second, both the theory's proposed number of moral foundations and its taxonomy of the moral domain appear contrived, ignoring equally good candidate foundations and the possibility of substantial intergroup differences in the foundations' contents. Third, the mechanisms (viz., modules) and categorical distinctions (viz., between foundations) proposed by the theory are not consilient with discoveries in contemporary neuroscience concerning the organization, functioning, and development of the brain. In light of these difficulties, we suggest that Haidt's theory is inadequate as a scientific account of morality. Nevertheless, the theory's weaknesses are instructive, and hence, criticism may be useful to psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers attempting to advance theories of morality, as well as to researchers wishing to invoke concepts such as innateness and modularity more generally.
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Stadler, Jane. "“Mind the Gap”." Projections 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/proj.2018.120211.
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Murray Smith’s Film, Art, and the Third Culture makes a significant contribution to cognitive film theory and philosophical aesthetics, expanding the conceptual tools of film analysis to include perspectives from neuroscience and evolutionary psychology. Smith probes assumptions about how cinema affects spectators by examining aspects of experience and neurophysiological responses that are unavailable to conscious, systematic reflection. This article interrogates Smith’s account of emotion, empathy, and imagination in cinematic representation and film spectatorship, placing his work in dialogue with other recent interventions in the fields of cinema studies and embodied cognition. Smith’s contribution to understanding the role of emotion in screen studies is vital, and when read in conjunction with recent publications by Carl Plantinga and Mark Johnson on ethical engagement and the moral imagination, this new work constitutes a notable advance in film theory.
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Young, Liane, and Rebecca Saxe. "An fMRI Investigation of Spontaneous Mental State Inference for Moral Judgment." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 7 (July 2009): 1396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21137.
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Human moral judgment depends critically on “theory of mind,” the capacity to represent the mental states of agents. Recent studies suggest that the right TPJ (RTPJ) and, to lesser extent, the left TPJ (LTPJ), the precuneus (PC), and the medial pFC (MPFC) are robustly recruited when participants read explicit statements of an agent's beliefs and then judge the moral status of the agent's action. Real-world interactions, by contrast, often require social partners to infer each other's mental states. The current study uses fMRI to probe the role of these brain regions in supporting spontaneous mental state inference in the service of moral judgment. Participants read descriptions of a protagonist's action and then either (i) “moral” facts about the action's effect on another person or (ii) “nonmoral” facts about the situation. The RTPJ, PC, and MPFC were recruited selectively for moral over nonmoral facts, suggesting that processing moral stimuli elicits spontaneous mental state inference. In a second experiment, participants read the same scenarios, but explicit statements of belief preceded the facts: Protagonists believed their actions would cause harm or not. The response in the RTPJ, PC, and LTPJ was again higher for moral facts but also distinguished between neutral and negative outcomes. Together, the results illuminate two aspects of theory of mind in moral judgment: (1) spontaneous belief inference and (2) stimulus-driven belief integration.
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Jarmużewski, Mateusz. "Natural Sciences and/in Moral Theology: The Case of Free Will." Studia Nauk Teologicznych PAN, no. 17 (November 28, 2022): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/snt.13799.
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The issue of free will, supporting moral responsibility in various accounts of Catholic moral theology, is in a particular way situated at the crossroads of theological and non-theological disciplines. Because of its connection to philosophy, as well as to natural and empirical sciences, the topic enjoys growing interdisciplinary attention. Early studies in cognitive neuroscience of volition, inspired by the experiment of Libet (1983), suggest that free will is an illusion because our conscious intentions do not cause corresponding actions: these are initiated earlier by the unconscious brain processes. While this seems to conflict with fundamental anthropological and ethical assumptions, a closer look renders such a worry immature. The more traditional, pre-modern notion of what willing, intending and choosing actually means – and how does it relate to us having free will or not – proves largely intact by the Libet-style argumentation. At the same time, new developments within a multidisciplinary science of volition highlight several aspects of freedom and agency that could be central to the way humans produce actions and control their lives. Implications from these studies might provoke some reformulations on the side of theological ethics. They might also set forth some particular schools and traditions, such as Christian virtue ethics, as theologically preferable. All this on the condition that a kind of knowledge coming from natural sciences – which often already contains a measure of (theological) interpretation– can be seen as both relevant and integrable in theological methodology and insight. Anthropological and ethical realms strike as particularly suitable for such integration: the essential embodiment of personal agency definitely deserves more attention, also for clarifying its free and indeed moral predicate.
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Boyer, Pascal. "Prosocial aspects of afterlife beliefs: Maybe another by-product." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 5 (October 2006): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06269103.
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Bering argues that belief in posthumous intentional agency may confer added fitness via the inhibition of opportunistic behavior. This is true only if these agents are interested parties in our moral choices, a feature which does not result from Bering's imaginative constraint hypothesis and extends to supernatural agents other than dead people's souls. A by-product model might handle this better.
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Saihu, Made. "Isomorphic Learning Model Based on the Qur'an in Early Childhood." AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 13, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 1452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.630.
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This study discusses the isomorphic learning model based on the Qur'an in early childhood Islamic education. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method which was confirmed by three educators at PIAUD Amanah Bunda Tangerang during December 2019 to February 2020 through deep interviews. Research shows that in applying the isomorphic learning model, educators have several obstacles, namely: lack of parental support, lack of support from the surrounding environment, and lack of ability of educators to explore educational concepts in the Qur'an. Some of these obstacles can be overcome by conducting home visits, educational partners, and upgrading the study of the Qur'an. This study also shows that to foster noble character, it is carried out by introducing moral education, worship education and monotheism education. If associated with the isomorphic learning model, moral education is related to the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology. While worship education is closely related to the science of health, nutrition and physiology. Finally, monotheism education is related to the science of neuroscience, aiming to optimize the work of the mind to study all of Allah's creations that exist on earth and in the sky. Thus, the isomorphic learning model based on the Qur'an which focuses on aspects of faith and morality as the foundation for early childhood Islamic education becomes an obligation to be implemented.
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Wang, Minhong. "Prediction and Analysis of Dynamic Changes of College Students’ Ideological and Political Changes Based on Multiple Regression." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5323699.
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The construction of a harmonious society requires college students to coordinate their ideological, political, and moral qualities with social development and the needs of the times. Through the investigation and analysis of the ideological, political, and moral qualities of college students, on the one hand, we can see that the ideological, political, and moral qualities of college students are generally positive and healthy. On the other hand, it also exposes the outstanding problems in the ideological and political aspects of college students and the shortcomings of the ideological and political work in colleges and universities. This paper analyzes the dynamic changes of college students’ ideological and political changes and further studies the relationship between various indicators and students’ ideological and moral qualities through multiple linear regression analysis.
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Capps, Benjamin. "One Health Requires a Theory of Agency." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31, no. 4 (October 2022): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180122000044.
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AbstractOne health suggests that human and animal health are comparable, but in practice, the concept aligns with the principles of public health ethics. One health ethics, as such, appears to eschew connotations of equality for the natural world. A theory of agency revises that anthropocentric assumption. This article begins with a critique of environmental dualism: the idea that human culture and nature are separate social realms, thus justifying public health as a (unifying) purpose. In response, this article argues that, first, a neuroethics of one health might equally regard humans and (some) animals, which have comparable mental states, as rational agents. Second, rational agency should ground our moral connections to nature in terms of the egalitarian interests we have (as coinhabitants) in the health of the planet. While this article makes a moderate case for interspecific rights (as the first argument asserts), neuroscience is unlikely for now to change how most public institutions regard nonhuman animals in practice. However, the second argument asserts that rational agency is also grounds for philosophical environmentalism. One health ethics, therefore, is a theory of equality and connects culture to nature, and, as such, is a separate, but coextensive approach to that of public health.
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Rasool, Anbreena, Marium Zafar, Nisar Fatima, Kinza Ehsan, Javeria Ashraf, and Muhammad Nouman Hussain. "Effectiveness of Pain Neuroscience Education on Chronic Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.159.
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Background: Diabetic neuropathy, a common complication of diabetes mellitus, often leads to chronic pain, significantly impacting the quality of life. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) has emerged as a potential intervention to address the bio-psychosocial aspects of chronic pain. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PNE in combination with conventional therapy in reducing pain and improving the quality of life in individuals with diabetic neuropathy. Objective: The primary objective was to assess the impact of Pain Neuroscience Education combined with conventional therapy on pain levels and quality of life in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 participants, divided into two groups: 15 in the treatment group and 15 in the control group. Participants were recruited from neurology and physical therapy outpatient departments and selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The treatment group received PNE and conventional therapy (TENS, stretching, and strengthening exercises), while the control group received only conventional therapy. Pain levels were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. Results: The pre-treatment VAS scores showed no significant difference between the groups (Treatment: Mean = 57.00, SD = 16.77583; Control: Mean = 56.2667, SD = 15.91705, P = 0.903). Post-treatment, the treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in pain (Mean = 19.6667, SD = 6.39940) compared to the control group (Mean = 45.3333, SD = 14.81634), with a mean difference of 25.66 and a P-value of 0.000. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Pain Neuroscience Education, when combined with conventional therapy, significantly reduces pain and improves the quality of life in patients with diabetic neuropathy. This suggests that PNE could be an effective component of a multi-modal approach to managing diabetic neuropathy pain.
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Blinowska, Katarzyna, Gernot Müller-Putz, Vera Kaiser, Laura Astolfi, Katrien Vanderperren, Sabine Van Huffel, and Louis Lemieux. "Multimodal Imaging of Human Brain Activity: Rational, Biophysical Aspects and Modes of Integration." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/813607.
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Until relatively recently the vast majority of imaging and electrophysiological studies of human brain activity have relied on single-modality measurements usually correlated with readily observable or experimentally modified behavioural or brain state patterns. Multi-modal imaging is the concept of bringing together observations or measurements from different instruments. We discuss the aims of multi-modal imaging and the ways in which it can be accomplished using representative applications. Given the importance of haemodynamic and electrophysiological signals in current multi-modal imaging applications, we also review some of the basic physiology relevant to understanding their relationship.
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Arango, Alejandro. "From sensorimotor dependencies to perceptual practices: making enactivism social." Adaptive Behavior 27, no. 1 (November 23, 2018): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712318811897.
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Proponents of enactivism should be interested in exploring what notion of action best captures the type of action–perception link that the view proposes, such that it covers all the aspects in which our doings constitute and are constituted by our perceiving. This article proposes and defends the thesis that the notion of sensorimotor dependencies is insufficient to account for the reality of human perception and that the central enactive notion should be that of perceptual practices. Sensorimotor enactivism is insufficient because it has no traction on socially dependent perceptions (SDPs), which are essential to the role and significance of perception in our lives. Since the social dimension is a central desideratum in a theory of human perception, enactivism needs a notion that accounts for such an aspect. This article sketches the main features of the Wittgenstein-inspired notion of perceptual practices as the central notion to understand perception. Perception, I claim, is properly understood as woven into a type of social practices that includes food, dance, dress, and music. More specifically, perceptual practices are the enactment of culturally structured, normatively rich techniques of commerce of meaningful multi- and intermodal perceptible material. I argue that perceptual practices explain three central features of SDP: attentional focus, aspects’ salience, and modal-specific harmony-like relations.
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Oudman, Erik, Nairobi J. Vlot, Sioux van Stigt Thans, Misha J. Oey, and Albert Postma. "47 Social Cognition and Moral Decision Making in Korsakoff's Syndrome." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723010330.
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Objective:Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder, caused by vitamin B1 insufficiency. KS is characterized by severe declarative amnesia. Often, also executive disorders are present. Emotion recognition and theory of mind are gold-standard measures of social cognition. Moral decision making is often assessed by means of moral dilemmas. Surprisingly social cognition and moral decision making has received hardly any attention in research on KS, although the severity of behavioural problems in KS suggest possible problems in both domains. The aim of this study was therefore to broadly assess social cognition and moral decision-making capacities in patients with KS.Participants and Methods:20 KS patients and 20 age-, education-, and gender-matched healthy controls were assessed on standardized tests for social cognition, namely the mini-Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment battery (mini-SEA), and a specialized version of the Sally-Anne Test. Moral decision making was assessed by means of the Moral Behaviour Inventory (MBI) for everyday moral dilemmas, and ten cartoons of abstract moral dilemmas. For moral decision making, “yes” and “no” responses were scored, together with a scoring for moral reasoning according to the Kohlberg stages of moral maturity.Results:KS patients have large impairments in both cognitive and affective aspects of social cognition. Their ability to recognize emotions, take the perspective of others, and understand socially awkward situations is vastly compromised. While KS patients were able to replicate the Sally Anne storyline, their task performance was on chance level. Regarding moral decision making, there was a tendency to more frequently carry out the moral dilemma. Moral maturity, as indexed by means of their reasoning behind the decision was of a lower level. Of interest, moral immaturity could find its origin already before the onset of the KS diagnosis, as suggested by elevated premorbid levels of delinquent behavior.Conclusions:Both social cognition and moral decision making are compromised in KS patients. Specifically social cognitive disorders are the direct result of KS, and are likely to strongly relate to social and neuropsychiatric issues in KS. Moral decision making was more likely to be already of a lower level of maturity, based on a strong relationship between premorbid delinquency and moral immaturity in KS patients. This study highlights the importance to properly index social cognition in neuropsychological assessments for individuals with a possible KS diagnosis
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Viktorova, Elena Yurievna. "Gender Aspects in the Use of Selfmentions (based on the Genre of TED Talks)." International Journal “Speech Genres” 28, no. 4 (2020): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2020-4-28-287-294.
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The article deals with gender aspects in the use of English selfmentions – phrases containing first person pronouns and possessive adjectives (I, we, me, us, my, our). The research is based on TED talks given by men and women, experts in different areas of expertise (medicine, psychology, politics, business, and neuroscience). Selfmentions are directly oriented to the image of the author and reflect the subjective-modal side of communication. However, speakers widely use them not only to present their own selves – to demonstrate their personal opinions, attitudes or assessments, but also to create the relations of credibility, confidence, and solidarity with the audience. Selfmentions are crucial in improving the efficiency of language persuasion and of communication in general. The applied methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the use of selfmentions in men’s and women’s talks allowed to claim that while overall frequency rates of these phrases in the speech of men and women differ only slightly, gender differences in the use of certain selfmention types are significant. Men’s talks demonstrate high frequency of I-phrases and exclusive (expert) we-phrases. Women use I-phrases less frequently, however, they are more likely to choose inclusive we-phrases, where we can refer to the whole humanity, a certain nation or gender. The obtained results prove the well-known facts about the specific features of masculine and feminine communicative styles: the desire to develop closeness and solidarity in the interaction with the addressee typical of women’s speech behaviour and the inclination to demonstrate individuality, authority, status orientation commonly found in men’s language performance.
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Farnè, Alessandro, and Elisabetta Làdavas. "Auditory Peripersonal Space in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 7 (October 1, 2002): 1030–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902320474481.
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In the present study we report neuropsychological evidence of the existence of an auditory peripersonal space representation around the head in humans and its characteristics. In a group of right brain-damaged patients with tactile extinction, we found that a sound delivered near the ipsilesional side of the head (20 cm) strongly extinguished a tactile stimulus delivered to the contralesional side of the head (cross-modal auditory-tactile extinction). By contrast, when an auditory stimulus was presented far from the head (70 cm), cross-modal extinction was dramatically reduced. This spatially specific cross-modal extinction was most consistently found (i.e., both in the front and back spaces) when a complex sound was presented, like a white noise burst. Pure tones produced spatially specific cross-modal extinction when presented in the back space, but not in the front space. In addition, the most severe cross-modal extinction emerged when sounds came from behind the head, thus showing that the back space is more sensitive than the front space to the sensory interaction of auditory-tactile inputs. Finally, when cross-modal effects were investigated by reversing the spatial arrangement of cross-modal stimuli (i.e., touch on the right and sound on the left), we found that an ipsilesional tactile stimulus, although inducing a small amount of cross-modal tactile-auditory extinction, did not produce any spatial-specific effect. Therefore, the selective aspects of cross-modal interaction found near the head cannot be explained by a competition between a damaged left spatial representation and an intact right spatial representation. Thus, consistent with neurophysiological evidence from monkeys, our findings strongly support the existence, in humans, of an integrated cross-modal system coding auditory and tactile stimuli near the body, that is, in the peripersonal space.
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Luo, Emanuel, C. Pan, and Xiujun Fan. "Music, Language, and Autism: Neurological Insights for Enhanced Learning." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 8, no. 09 (September 3, 2023): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol08-i09/1743.
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This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the intricate relationship between music and language, encompassing their historical, cognitive, and neural dimensions. It draws evidence from ancient Chinese civilizations dating back to 4500 BC to analyze the coexistence and parallel evolution of music and language for the first time. Comparative studies illuminate the shared and distinctive aspects of pitch, rhythm, and syntax inherent to music and language. The examination extends to the diverse impact of music, including second language acquisition, phonological awareness, pitch processing, memory, and cognitive skills. This influence is also observed among individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The paper further examines the intricate neural connections, neural overlapping, networks, structural processing, bidirectional relationships, cross-modal transfer effects, and brain plasticity that underpin music and language. It reviews music interventions for enhancing language and cognitive abilities, particularly in the context of autism spectrum disorders. However, the precise role of music and its intricate neural mechanisms in shaping language-related outcomes within Autism spectrum disorder groups remains incompletely understood. Further interdisciplinary research integrating disciplines like neuroscience, psychology, sociology, and related fields is imperative to deepen our comprehension and unlock the precise neural mechanisms and interventions that can foster enhanced language and cognitive development in individuals with autism.
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Kropf, Mario. "Ethical Aspects of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potentials and Challenges of a Seemingly Harmless Method." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports 7, no. 1 (September 8, 2023): 993–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/adr-230018.
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Dementia currently affects more than 55 million people worldwide, and scientists predict that this number will continue to rise. The most common form is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is triggered, among other things, by dysfunctional cells in the human brain. Stem cell research attempts to counteract neurodegenerative processes, for example by replacing or treating diseased cells. In addition to human embryonic stem cells, since the successes of Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006, there has been an increased focus on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS cells). These cells avoid ethically challenging questions about the moral status of human embryos, but there are numerous problems, such as high production costs, side effects from the reprogramming process, or a potentially new moral status. These ethical issues will be examined primarily in relation to AD. The first part will be a discussion of hiPS cells and their importance for stem cell research, after which the focus turns to AD. Based on scientific studies, the relationship between hiPS cells and AD will be outlined as well as ethical implications presented. While potential limitations of hiPS cells have been discussed by numerous authors, an ethical perspective on the link between hiPS cells and AD seems to be neglected in the scientific community. The following risk analysis aims to identify a possible research agenda. In conclusion, the focus on individuals with AD may help to adopt an ethical stance that recognizes existing limitations and constructively engages with the possibilities of research.
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Schubotz, Ricarda I., and D. Yves von Cramon. "Brains have emulators with brains: Emulation economized." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 3 (June 2004): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04400090.
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This commentary addresses the neural implementation of emulation, mostly using findings from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, both empirical and theoretical suggestions are discussed that render two aspects of emulation theory redundant: independent modal emulators and extra measurement of amodal emulation. This modified emulation theory can conceptually integrate simulation theory and also get rid of some problematic philosophical implications.
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Abdullahi, Sunusi Bala, Zakariyya Abdullahi Bature, Lubna A. Gabralla, and Haruna Chiroma. "Lie Recognition with Multi-Modal Spatial–Temporal State Transition Patterns Based on Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory." Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2023): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040555.
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Recognition of lying is a more complex cognitive process than truth-telling because of the presence of involuntary cognitive cues that are useful to lie recognition. Researchers have proposed different approaches in the literature to solve the problem of lie recognition from either handcrafted and/or automatic lie features during court trials and police interrogations. Unfortunately, due to the cognitive complexity and the lack of involuntary cues related to lying features, the performances of these approaches suffer and their generalization ability is limited. To improve performance, this study proposed state transition patterns based on hands, body motions, and eye blinking features from real-life court trial videos. Each video frame is represented according to a computed threshold value among neighboring pixels to extract spatial–temporal state transition patterns (STSTP) of the hand and face poses as involuntary cues using fully connected convolution neural network layers optimized with the weights of ResNet-152 learning. In addition, this study computed an eye aspect ratio model to obtain eye blinking features. These features were fused together as a single multi-modal STSTP feature model. The model was built using the enhanced calculated weight of bidirectional long short-term memory. The proposed approach was evaluated by comparing its performance with current state-of-the-art methods. It was found that the proposed approach improves the performance of detecting lies.
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Jiang, Wan, Mark T. Wallace, Huai Jiang, J. William Vaughan, and Barry E. Stein. "Two Cortical Areas Mediate Multisensory Integration in Superior Colliculus Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 506–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.506.
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The majority of multisensory neurons in the cat superior colliculus (SC) are able to synthesize cross-modal cues (e.g., visual and auditory) and thereby produce responses greater than those elicited by the most effective single modality stimulus and, sometimes, greater than those predicted by the arithmetic sum of their modality-specific responses. The present study examined the role of corticotectal inputs from two cortical areas, the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) and the rostral aspect of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus (rLS), in producing these response enhancements. This was accomplished by evaluating the multisensory properties of individual SC neurons during reversible deactivation of these cortices individually and in combination using cryogenic deactivation techniques. Cortical deactivation eliminated the characteristic multisensory response enhancement of nearly all SC neurons but generally had little or no effect on a neuron's modality-specific responses. Thus, the responses of SC neurons to combinations of cross-modal stimuli were now no different from those evoked by one or the other of these stimuli individually. Of the two cortical areas, AES had a much greater impact on SC multisensory integrative processes, with nearly half the SC neurons sampled dependent on it alone. In contrast, only a small number of SC neurons depended solely on rLS. However, most SC neurons exhibited dual dependencies, and their multisensory enhancement was mediated by either synergistic or redundant influences from AES and rLS. Corticotectal synergy was evident when deactivating either cortical area compromised the multisensory enhancement of an SC neuron, whereas corticotectal redundancy was evident when deactivation of both cortical areas was required to produce this effect. The results suggest that, although multisensory SC neurons can be created as a consequence of a variety of converging tectopetal afferents that are derived from a host of subcortical and cortical structures, the ability to synthesize cross-modal inputs, and thereby produce an enhanced multisensory response, requires functional inputs from the AES, the rLS, or both.
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Gultom, Syamsul, Baharuddin ., Dina Ampera, Dewi Endriani, Ismail Jahidin, and Samsidar Tanjung. "Traditional Games in Cultural Literacy to Build the Character of Elementary School Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22226.
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Formal educational institutions are responsible for the character education of students as the next generation of the nation, for which students need to be prepared for education as early as possible to have character, as in traditional games. Along with the times, traditional children's games have shifted with modern games, namely virtual world games with advanced technology. The 21st St skills early learning framework supports the integration of skills (critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity, technology literacy, and socio-emotional. Traditional games have many benefits in all aspects of student development which include physical-motor, socio-emotional, moral, cognitive, and language development. Through the 2013 curriculum, it is expected to be able to provide life skills during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cultural literacy developed is very diverse, among others with traditional game literacy. The introduction and preservation of traditional game culture in addition to government support is certainly also highly expected the role of parents and the community. Play is a very important and fun activity in the child's learning process, so it will be encouraged to experiment and grow well in life. Traditional games have so many different forms and variations and tend to take advantage of tools or facilities that exist in the school environment without having to buy them so that it requires high imagination and creativity. In addition, traditional games also have noble values and certain moral messages such as the values of togetherness, honesty, responsibility, airy attitude (if lost), encouragement of achievement, and adherence to rules. All that can be done if the player really enjoys, enjoys and understands the essence of the game. By sticking to Indonesian cultural literacy has an honest identity about culture. It is hoped that the Indonesian nation can become a developed and civilized nation.
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Wen, Tanya, Daniel J. Mitchell, and John Duncan. "The Functional Convergence and Heterogeneity of Social, Episodic, and Self-Referential Thought in the Default Mode Network." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 11 (June 23, 2020): 5915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa166.
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Abstract The default mode network (DMN) is engaged in a variety of cognitive settings, including social, semantic, temporal, spatial, and self-related tasks. Andrews-Hanna et al. (2010; Andrews-Hanna 2012) proposed that the DMN consists of three distinct functional–anatomical subsystems—a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) subsystem that supports social cognition; a medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem that contributes to memory-based scene construction; and a set of midline core hubs that are especially involved in processing self-referential information. We examined activity in the DMN subsystems during six different tasks: 1) theory of mind, 2) moral dilemmas, 3) autobiographical memory, 4) spatial navigation, 5) self/other adjective judgment, and 6) a rest condition. At a broad level, we observed similar whole-brain activity maps for the six contrasts, and some response to every contrast in each of the three subsystems. In more detail, both univariate analysis and multivariate activity patterns showed partial functional separation, especially between dMPFC and MTL subsystems, though with less support for common activity across the midline core. Integrating social, spatial, self-related, and other aspects of a cognitive situation or episode, multiple components of the DMN may work closely together to provide the broad context for current mental activity.
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Bacha-Trams, Mareike, Elisa Ryyppö, Enrico Glerean, Mikko Sams, and Iiro P. Jääskeläinen. "Social perspective-taking shapes brain hemodynamic activity and eye movements during movie viewing." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 2 (February 2020): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa033.
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Abstract Putting oneself into the shoes of others is an important aspect of social cognition. We measured brain hemodynamic activity and eye-gaze patterns while participants were viewing a shortened version of the movie ‘My Sister’s Keeper’ from two perspectives: that of a potential organ donor, who violates moral norms by refusing to donate her kidney, and that of a potential organ recipient, who suffers in pain. Inter-subject correlation (ISC) of brain activity was significantly higher during the potential organ donor’s perspective in dorsolateral and inferior prefrontal, lateral and inferior occipital, and inferior–anterior temporal areas. In the reverse contrast, stronger ISC was observed in superior temporal, posterior frontal and anterior parietal areas. Eye-gaze analysis showed higher proportion of fixations on the potential organ recipient during both perspectives. Taken together, these results suggest that during social perspective-taking different brain areas can be flexibly recruited depending on the nature of the perspective that is taken.
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Moscardini, A. O., K. Lawler, T. Vlasova, and I. Pavlenko. "THE MAP IS NOT THE TERRITORY: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CURRENT ECONOMIC THINKING." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 218 (2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2022/218-1/4.
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This paper purports that throughout history, there has been continuous interplay between the ideals of individual disciplines and the prevailing weltanschauung. It then suggests, using examples from the Arts, Physics and Neuroscience, that the current weltanschauung is gradually adopting a systems view. Economic theory provides a map for human behaviour but can never replicate the whole. The map is not the territory. The paper then critically evaluates the effects of a systems weltanschauung on Economic theory and practice. The current age is strongly connected with environmental issues. The attitudes, values and morality of Gen Z (people born after 1995) are very different to those of previous generations. Gen Z demands a stronger ethical/moral aspect to political, social and economic life and environmental principles A systems weltanschauung will combine a RV (which is aware of our physical presence in a undifferentiable, changing world, accepts a greater role for emotions, and uses reason to adjust to the world rather than master it) and a OV (which sets this presence in an individualised abstract way which it uses for planning and possibly controlling reality). It ends with an appeal for an interdisciplinarity of experts to enable the solution of current global problems. The thread to this paper is: first, the meaning of a systems weltanschauung is discussed. The paper then looks for signs and indications for the emergence of such a weltanschauung. This then initiates a critical evaluation of current economic thinking. It is hoped that such critical analysis and reflections will lead to a new level of ‘understanding economics’ rather than ‘economic understanding’ which would allow Economics to fulfil its potential as a useful and needed contributor to the global problems of today Systematic learning and education through art and music were regarded as just as important as mathematics to the training of the mind. The ability to think critically was more important than strict vocational training.
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Verkerk, Maarten J., Joost van Hoof, Sil Aarts, Sylvia J. M. M. de Koning, and Johanna J. van der Plaats. "A neurological and philosophical perspective on the design of environments and technology for older people with dementia." Journal of Enabling Technologies 12, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jet-11-2017-0043.
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Purpose Older people with dementia (OPD) have specific housing and technology-related needs, for which various design principles exist. A model for designing environments and its constituting items for people with dementia that has a firm foundation in neurology may help guide designers in making design choices. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A general design model is presented consisting of three principles for OPD, namely designing for ageing people; designing for a favourable state and designing for beautiful moments. The neurosciences as a whole give shape to an eminent framework explaining the behaviour of OPD. One of the objectives of this paper is to translate the design principles into design specifications and to show that these specifications can be translated in a design. Findings Philosophical concepts are introduced which are required to understand design for OPD. Four case studies from Dutch nursing homes are presented that show how the theory of modal aspects of the philosopher Dooyeweerd can be used to map design specifications in a systematic way. Research limitations/implications These examples of design solutions illustrate the applicability of the model developed in this article. It emphasises the importance of the environment for supporting the daily life of OPD. Originality/value There is a need for a design model for OPD. The environment and technology should initiate positive behaviours and meaningful experiences. In this paper, a general model for the designing of environments for OPD was developed that has a firm foundation in neurology and behavioural sciences. This model consists of six distinct steps and each step can be investigated empirically. In other words, this model may lay the foundation for an evidence-based design.
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Bläsing, Dominic, and Manfred Bornewasser. "Influence of Increasing Task Complexity and Use of Informational Assistance Systems on Mental Workload." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010102.
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(1) Background: Cognitive aspects and complexity in modern manual mixed model assembly are increasing. To reduce mental workload (MWL), informational assistance systems are introduced. The influence of complexity and used assistance system on MWL should be investigated to further improve the implementation of such assistance systems. (2) Methods: Using a simulated close to real-life assembly task a 2 × 3 design was chosen, with two levels of assembly complexity (within subjects) and three different assistance systems (paper, Augmented Reality (AR)-glasses, tablet–between subjects). MWL was measured using either physiological response (electrocardiogram (ECG) and eye-tracking) or performance indicators. (3) Results: An influence of task complexity on MWL can be shown. Additionally, usability based differences between the used assistance systems become more evident with reference to the results of area of interest analysis. (4) Conclusions: Using a multi-modal measurement approach, it is possible to detect complexity-based differences in MWL. Additional research on validity and alignment is needed to further use these for (neuro-) ergonomic considerations and recommendations.
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Fallon, Nicholas, Timo Giesbrecht, Anna Thomas, and Andrej Stancak. "A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Investigation of Effects of Visual Congruence on Olfactory Sensitivity During Habituation to Prolonged Odors." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 9, 2020): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa065.
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Abstract Congruent visual cues augment sensitivity to brief olfactory presentations and habituation of odor perception is modulated by central-cognitive processing including context. However, it is not known whether habituation to odors could interact with cross-modal congruent stimuli. The present research investigated the effect of visual congruence on odor detection sensitivity during continuous odor exposures. We utilized a multimethod approach, including subjective behavioral responses and reaction times (RTs; study 1) and electroencephalography (EEG, study 2). Study 1: 25 participants received 2-min presentations of moderate-intensity floral odor delivered via olfactometer with congruent (flower) and incongruent (object) image presentations. Participants indicated odor perception after each image. Detection sensitivity and RTs were analyzed in epochs covering the period of habituation. Study 2: 25 new participants underwent EEG recordings during 145-s blocks of odor presentations with congruent or incongruent images. Participants passively observed images and intermittently rated the perceived intensity of odor. Event-related potential analysis was utilized to evaluate brain processing related to odor–visual pairs across the period of habituation. Odor detection sensitivity and RTs were improved by congruent visual cues. Results highlighted a diminishing influence of visual congruence on odor detection sensitivity as habituation occurred. Event-related potential analysis revealed an effect of congruency on electrophysiological processing in the N400 component. This was only evident in early periods of odor exposure when perception was strong. For the first time, this demonstrates the modulation of central processing of odor–visual pairs by habituation. Frontal negativity (N400) responses encode the aspects of cross-modal congruence for odor–vision cross-modal tasks.
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Barnden, Leighton, Benjamin Crouch, Richard Kwiatek, Zack Shan, Kiran Thapaliya, Donald Staines, Sandeep Bhuta, Peter Del Fante, and Richard Burnet. "Anti-Correlated Myelin-Sensitive MRI Levels in Humans Consistent with a Subcortical to Sensorimotor Regulatory Process—Multi-Cohort Multi-Modal Evidence." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121693.
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Differential axonal myelination synchronises signalling over different axon lengths. The consequences of myelination processes described at the cellular level for the regulation of myelination at the macroscopic level are unknown. We analysed multiple cohorts of myelin-sensitive brain MRI. Our aim was to (i) confirm a previous report of anti-correlation between myelination in subcortical and sensorimotor areas in healthy subjects, (ii) and thereby test our hypothesis for a regulatory interaction between them. We analysed nine image-sets across three different human cohorts using six MRI modalities. Each image-set contained healthy controls (HC) and ME/CFS subjects. Subcortical and Sensorimotor regions of interest (ROI) were optimised for the detection of anti-correlations and the same ROIs were used to test the HC in all image-sets. For each cohort, median MRI values were computed in both regions for each subject and their correlation across the cohort was computed. We confirmed negative correlations in healthy controls between subcortical and sensorimotor regions in six image-sets: three T1wSE (p = 5 × 10−8, 5 × 10−7, 0.002), T2wSE (p =2 × 10−6), MTC (p = 0.01), and WM volume (p = 0.02). T1/T2 was the exception with a positive correlation (p = 0.01). This myelin regulation study is novel in several aspects: human subjects, cross-sectional design, ROI optimization, spin-echo MRI and reproducible across multiple independent image-sets. In multiple independent image-sets we confirmed an anti-correlation between subcortical and sensorimotor myelination which supports a previously unreported regulatory interaction. The subcortical region contained the brain’s primary regulatory nuclei. We suggest a mechanism has evolved whereby relatively low subcortical myelination in an individual is compensated by upregulated sensorimotor myelination to maintain adequate sensorimotor performance.
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Pan, Wen-Tsao, Bingqian Jiang, Yuting Wang, Yueyuan Cai, and Xiaoxia Ji. "Comparison and Suggestions of Logistics Performance Index of Main Countries of Belt and Road Strategy Based on Bootstrap DEA Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 13, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2159578.
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As an important economic sector, logistics is becoming more important, if not crucial, in economic growth. In our nation, the logistics industry is booming, and it’s just getting better. However, in addition to focusing on the positive aspects of our country’s logistics industry’s development, we should also analyze and address the negative aspects of our country’s logistics industry’s development. The overall logistics pattern has not yet been formed, and there is an urgent need for systematic construction. The regional development is extremely unbalanced. By comparing the logistics performance indices of various Belt and Road countries, this research aims to examine the major elements influencing overall logistics performance. Second, we introduce the Moran index to explore the geographical association of the subdivision indicators of the logistics performance index using the spatial econometric model. The bootstrap DEA analysis method examines and ranks the countries’ logistics performance indexes, determines our country’s advantages and disadvantages in comparison to other Belt and Road countries, and executes specific improvement strategies that will enhance logistics and boost the overall growth of our country’s logistics sector.
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Searle, John R. "Consciousness, explanatory inversion, and cognitive science." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 1990): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00080304.
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AbstractCognitive science typically postulates unconscious mental phenomena, computational or otherwise, to explain cognitive capacities. The mental phenomena in question are supposed to be inaccessible in principle to consciousness. I try to show that this is a mistake, because all unconscious intentionality must be accessible in principle to consciousness; we have no notion of intrinsic intentionality except in terms of its accessibility to consciousness. I call this claim the “Connection Principle.” The argument for it proceeds in six steps. The essential point is that intrinsic intentionality has aspectual shape: Our mental representations represent the world under specific aspects, and these aspectual features are essential to a mental state's being the state that it is.Once we recognize the Connection Principle, we see that it is necessary to perform an inversion on the explanatory models of cognitive science, an inversion analogous to the one evolutionary biology imposes on preDarwinian animistic modes of explanation. In place of the original intentionalistic explanations we have a combination of hardware and functional explanations. This radically alters the structure of explanation, because instead of a mental representation (such as a rule) causing the pattern of behavior it represents (such as rule-governed behavior), there is a neurophysiological cause of a pattern (such as a pattern of behavior), and the pattern plays a functional role in the life of the organism. What we mistakenly thought were descriptions of underlying mental principles in, for example, theories of vision and language were in fact descriptions of functional aspects of systems, which will have to be explained by underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. In such cases, what looks like mentalistic psychology is sometimes better construed as speculative neurophysiology. The moral is that the big mistake in cognitive science is not the overestimation of the computer metaphor (though that is indeed a mistake) but the neglect of consciousness.
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Overall, Karen L. "Pharmacotherapeutics in clinical ethology: treatment efficacy, clinical pathology and outcome." Behaviour 158, no. 14-15 (June 1, 2021): 1355–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10096.
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Abstract The use of psychopharmaceutical agents is a core aspect of treatment in veterinary behavioural medicine. Psychotropic medication use has shifted the focus of treatment from purely behavioural and environmental interventions to a multi-modal approach. Objective measures of efficacy are required for the licensing of medication. Pharmacotherapeutics have come to encompass supplements and diets, in addition to prescription medications. The first part of this paper examines the efficacy of medications, supplements and diets used in behavioural medicine. Foci include the role of evolution in the types of behavioural concerns reported, the importance of defining abnormal or pathological behaviour, use of terminology that supports stratified mechanistic diagnoses aid in understanding presentation and response clusters, and rational use of medication to relieve emotional, mental and behavioural suffering, given these diagnoses and clusters. The second part of this paper examines the extent to which variation in patient response to medication can enlighten us about mechanisms and outcomes of distress using a series of 3 patient populations who are the focus of studies on separation anxiety and noise reactivity. This response surface approach can be useful for understanding differences in populations in susceptibility to behavioural pathology and in medication response, and may suggest new avenues for drug development and application.
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Bjelajac, Željko, Aleksandar M. Filipović, and Lazar Stošić. "Can AI be Evil: The Criminal Capacities of ANI." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 11, no. 3 (December 20, 2023): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-3-519-531.
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Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) represents a captivating domain within technological advancement, bearing the potential for profound societal transformations. While ANI holds the promise of enhancing various facets of human existence, it concurrently engenders inquiries into its “darker aspects.” This study delves into the challenges associated with ANI’s conceivable manifestation of harm and injustice, a phenomenon devoid of consciousness, intention, or responsibility akin to that of human entities. A pivotal dimension of ANI’s “dark side” pertains to its susceptibility to malevolent utilization. Despite its lack of awareness, ANI serves as a tool for malicious endeavors, encompassing the propagation of disinformation, compromise of security systems, and consequential decision-making. This prompts contemplation on strategies to mitigate these “precise manifestations of malevolence” arising from ANI’s technological progression. Additionally, ANI’s development introduces profound ethical quandaries. Ensuring ANI’s alignment with moral principles while averting scenarios in which it generates decisions conflicting with human morality becomes a pressing concern. This research underscores the imperative for rigorous regulatory frameworks and ethical directives to curtail potential hazards and unscrupulous utilization of ANI. The fundamental objective of this investigation is to advocate for the responsible deployment of ANI in society. A comprehensive understanding of potential risks, complemented by meticulous consideration of ethical dimensions, emerges as an indispensable prerequisite to harmonizing technological advancement with safeguarding societal and individual interests.
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LaPine, Matthew A. "The Logic of the Body: Retrieving Theological Psychology." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 74, no. 4 (December 2022): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-22lapine.
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THE LOGIC OF THE BODY: Retrieving Theological Psychology by Matthew A. LaPine. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2020. 363 pages. Paperback; $26.99. ISBN: 9781683594253. *In this book, the author seeks a theological and biblical response to contemporary neuropsychology, stemming from a need for more effective pastoral care and faith-based counseling.1 LaPine seeks to address a perceived gap between a theological understanding of human agency, and current neuroscience and psychology that leaves pastors and faith-based counselors under-equipped to meet the real mental health and counseling needs they encounter. Although the ultimate purpose is to provide much-needed support for applied pastoral or counseling care, the book is written as a theological reflection to inform a practitioner's theology of practice. *Anchored in the Reformed tradition, LaPine provides an overview of pre-Reformation and Reformed 'theological history in relation to the historical evolution of the field of psychology. Given the scope of these fields, the task of a thorough theology of psychology would take volumes. As a classical Reformed theologian, LaPine uses almost four hundred pages to narrow down the conversation to the theological basis for emotions and neurobiology, specifically through the relationship between the body and mind or spirit. The relationship of will, emotion, biology, spirit, and soul forms the core pieces of this book, around which the chapters revolve. *In his introduction, LaPine presents his "straw man" conflict: the rich spiritual position of faith, against "the modern, reductionist tendency to explain our emotional life exclusively in terms of brain function" (p. xix). At the same time as he points to a distance between (secular) psychology and theology, LaPine also highlights two opposing streams of theology: one that makes the spirit or the spiritual superior to the body or biology, and one that does not. LaPine shows that neuro'psychology values the body and integrates it with the biological facts of emotion and volition (will), whereas mainstream Reformed theology does not, valuing the spiritual in primacy. LaPine notes that this dualism leaves Reformed counselors and pastors without a theology for a more holistic account of human psychology. He states that the Reformed mainstream shows a "lack of psychological nuance" (p. 4), leading to "emotional volunteerism," or the position that people have moral culpability for emotions. In other words, an experience like anxiety becomes a moral sin, to be addressed by prescriptive spiritual re-orientation. The risk here is either a moralistic approach to mental health and human pain, or else abandonment of theology in an attempt to align counseling to contemporary psychological science in practice. Both these options undercut holistic care by undervaluing or ignoring either the body or spirit respectively. *LaPine argues, rightly in my view, that "sufferers simply cannot repent and believe their way out of anxiety" (p. 36); this begs a need for a more robust and nuanced theology, particularly given the current scientific evidence for the neurobiology of emotion. LaPine describes what he calls a "tiered psychology," for which he finds a better grounding in Thomistic theology. The first three chapters of the book are dedicated to a history of theological attempts to account for psychology, in dialogue with the medical scientific understandings of those times. Chapter four explores the theology of Calvin, covering roots in theology for the current Reformed mainstream demotion of the body, as well as nuances of interpretation that LaPine sees as evidence of threads of Reformed theology that instead carried on the earlier holism. In chapter five, he continues the history of Reformed theology in respect of the debate of the seat of the soul, the place of the will, and the 'question of the influence of the body's impulses on moral or cognitive control. *The overall picture in this historical review is of an emerging dualism and hierarchy in which reason is morally obligated to control the inherently sinful impulses of the "flesh." Chapters six to nine alternate between explorations of natural law, science, and biblical reference to show that a more biblical and authentic (to Calvinism) theology comes closer to Thomas Aquinas's views, as well as to contemporary neuroscience (accepting psycho-emotional struggle as a human phenomenon without inherent moral culpability). *LaPine's Reformed-style writing (dense discussion with heavy footnotes, discussion spiraling around the same theme in different ways for several hundred pages) is admirable for its integrity. He has done his homework on both theological history and many aspects of psychology and neuroscience. As well, he is addressing very important issues in the context of a history of inadequacy in faith-based responses to mental health and counseling across Christian denominations. LaPine's work fills a critical gap at a timely moment in history, when the church needs a better response to human needs, and practitioners need tools for a more robust theology of practice. *At the same time, the author's deep dives into highly technical theological language and footnoted minutiae make a commitment to reading the whole book difficult for anyone who is unfamiliar or uncomfortable with the dense writing style of Reformed theology. There are also inconsistencies in the central arguments. For example, LaPine's opening section pits faith approaches against biological materialism as the current mainstream view, but draws on nonmaterialist views and resources in other areas without acknowledging that materialism is only one among the current views, many of which are more inclusive of spirituality. Materialist determinism is more confined to the medical model, which governs only a fraction of the practice of counseling psychology, most of which has embraced either existential, psychodynamic, or humanistic approaches. *LaPine does an interesting job of trying to pry Reformed theology from a particular tradition of Reformed thought, showing this particular tradition to be just one among many options consistent with core Reformed commitments. The book, however, can't quite get unstuck from its initial strategy of attaching its arguments to highly specific and selective theological and psychological parameters. A therapist or pastor wishing to better anchor their counseling approach in their theology might do well to select from the range of neuropsychotherapeutic theories and approaches in the dialogue between their theology and psychology, rather than start with defining the task as a conversation with materialist determinism. *The theological treatment sometimes loses "the forest for the trees." The discussion of interpretive nuances in Jesus's embodied experience of anguish in Matthew 26 (chap. 7) is a nugget. LaPine's arguments ground the issues well in scripture and in the heart of the Christian faith (the life and death of Jesus), as well as in its roots of Jewish understanding. Nonetheless, the reader loses track of the key salient points in the main theology chapters that lay out the "chess pieces" of the debate--Aquinas (chap. 2), Calvin (chap. 4), Reformed tradition (chaps. 7-8)--after slogging through the tangents and lengthy footnotes. Shortening the book by 200 pages would have been a worthwhile editorial exercise and would also have made the book comprehensible to more readers. *LaPine's neuropsychology discussion sometimes gives an impression of romping loosely through a broad field that never shakes the overgeneralized straw-man role set at the beginning, despite some interesting and pertinent references (such as Panksepp's emotional systems). It is difficult to see the precise connection between the theology and contemporary psychology, despite the enduring relevance of the central debate about moral choice, spirituality, and emotional health. Nevertheless, professionals with psychology training will find interesting points and connections. LaPine's book is a worthwhile exercise in wrestling with one's beliefs about the interactions between body, mind, and soul, and with the place of human agency in mental health and moral life. For this, the book provokes a discussion that is much needed. The book is a worthwhile resource for any faith-based Christian (any denomination) student of counseling or chaplaincy, or for clergy or divinity students who want to take their responsibility for counseling and pastoral care seriously. The cost of the book is very reasonable, and well worth it for the segments a reader may find most useful. As well, the questions addressed (relationship of spirit/soul and body, moral choice vs. mental health) are central to the task of counseling. The church is long overdue for supporting practitioners toward a theology of practice in counseling psychology that integrates current science. *Generally, I give the book a thumb's up. I recommend it for therapists, though those who haven't read theology in a while, will find it hard slogging. I also recommend it for counseling and psychology training in faith-based institutions because LaPine addresses many of the core issues and difficult questions of agency and moral responsibility. The structure of the book could provide a nice framework for a course on topics such as the history of "theology of psychology," development of a theology of practice, or theories of change in pastoral counseling. Readers, however, do need to supplement the contemporary psychology references with further reading for a first-hand understanding of the nuances of the field, rather than relying on LaPine's brief and oversimplified summaries. *Note *1This book is available through the ASA Virtual Bookstore at: https://convention.christianbook.com/Christian/Books/easy_find?Ntt=THE+LOGIC+OF+THE+BODY%3A+Retrieving+Theological+Psychology&N=0&Ntk=keywords&action=Search&Ne=0&event=ESRCG&nav_search=1&cms=1&ps_exit=RETURN%7Clegacy&ps_domain=convention. *Reviewed by Heather Sansom, Registered Psychotherapist in private practice, and Professor, Cambrian College, Sudbury, ON P3A 3V8.
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Kurti, Bledar, and Arburim Iseni. "The School of Athens, the Philosophical Artwork that Conveys All Human Knowledge." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 11, no. 1 (April 20, 2023): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-1-165-172.
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The School of Athens, the fresco by Raphael, is an artwork in which the whole world has seen for five centuries, not only the aesthetic, emotional and spiritual aspect of art, but also the philosophical and intellectual one. In this fresco Raphael painted the human mind. This work is a holistic variation of cultural anthropology and cultural cognitive science. It is a university in which all human knowledge is summoned. Raphael combined paganism and humanism within the Vatican premises. Making this fresco a significant work, reflecting and conveying the core cultural values and universal ideals, offering an excellent opportunity for any viewer to engage in a multicultural cognitive act and process. This paper presents how this multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary work serves as an ideal example for today’s works and philosophy to connect all creative and philosophical disciplines into one, inspiring today’s thought and the new works of creative arts to contain the human knowledge of the ages, uniting the past and future, as a meeting point of history, reason, discovery and human aspirations. It will present how this complex artwork includes knowledge, philosophy, art, morals, customs, etc, acquired by any member of society to understand human cultural cognition.
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Billingsley, Joseph, Debra Lieberman, and Joshua M. Tybur. "Sexual Disgust Trumps Pathogen Disgust in Predicting Voter Behavior During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 147470491876417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918764170.
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Why is disgust sensitivity associated with socially conservative political views? Is it because socially conservative ideologies mitigate the risks of infectious disease, whether by promoting out-group avoidance or by reinforcing norms that sustain antipathogenic practices? Or might it be because socially conservative ideologies promote moral standards that advance a long-term, as opposed to a short-term, sexual strategy? Recent attempts to test these two explanations have yielded differing results and conflicting interpretations. Here, we contribute to the literature by examining the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation, political party affiliation, and an often overlooked outcome—actual voter behavior. We focus on voter behavior and affiliation for the 2016 U.S. presidential election to determine whether pathogen or sexual disgust better predicts socially conservative ideology. Although many prominent aspects of Donald Trump’s campaign—particularly his anti-foreign message—align with the pathogen-avoidance model of conservatism, we found that pathogen-related disgust sensitivity exerted no influence on political ideology, political party affiliation, or voter behavior, after controlling for sexual disgust sensitivity. In contrast, sexual disgust sensitivity was associated with increased odds of voting for Donald Trump versus each other major presidential candidate, as well as with increased odds of affiliating with the Republican versus the Democratic or Libertarian parties. In fact, for every unit increase in sexual disgust sensitivity, the odds of a participant voting for Trump versus Clinton increased by approximately 30%. It seems, then, that sexual disgust trumps pathogen disgust in predicting socially conservative voting behavior.
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Cimpian, Andrei, and Erika Salomon. "The inherence heuristic: An intuitive means of making sense of the world, and a potential precursor to psychological essentialism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002197.
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AbstractWe propose that human reasoning relies on aninherence heuristic, an implicit cognitive process that leads people to explain observed patterns (e.g., girls wear pink) predominantly in terms of the inherent features of their constituents (e.g., pink is a delicate color). We then demonstrate how this proposed heuristic can provide a unified account for a broad set of findings spanning areas of research that might at first appear unrelated (e.g., system justification, nominal realism, is–ought errors in moral reasoning). By revealing the deep commonalities among the diverse phenomena that fall under its scope, our account is able to generate new insights into these phenomena, as well as new empirical predictions. A second main goal of this article, aside from introducing the inherence heuristic, is to articulate the proposal that the heuristic serves as a foundation for the development of psychological essentialism. More specifically, we propose thatessentialism – which is the common belief that natural and social categories are underlain by hidden, causally powerful essences – emerges over the first few years of life as an elaboration of the earlier, and more open-ended, intuitions supplied by the inherence heuristic. In the final part of the report, we distinguish our proposal from competing accounts (e.g., Strevens's K-laws) and clarify the relationship between the inherence heuristic and related cognitive tendencies (e.g., the correspondence bias). In sum, this article illuminates a basic cognitive process that emerges early in life and is likely to have profound effects on many aspects of human psychology.
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Dar, Arshad Ahmad, Malik Zaib Alam, Adeel Ahmad, Faheem Ahmad Reegu, and Saima Ahmed Rahin. "Blockchain Framework for Secure COVID-19 Pandemic Data Handling and Protection." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 14, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7025485.
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COVID-19 pandemic caused global epidemic infections, which is one of the most severe infections in human medical history. In the absence of proper medications and vaccines, handling the pandemic has been challenging for governments and major health facilities. Additionally, tracing COVID-19 cases and handling data generated from the pandemic are also extremely challenging. Data privacy access and collection are also a challenge when handling COVID-19 data. Blockchain technology provides various features such as decentralization, anonymity, cryptographic security, smart contracts, and a distributed framework that allows users and entities to handle COVID-19 data better. Since the outbreak has made the moral crisis in the clinical and administrative centers worse than any other that has resulted in the decline in the supply of the exact information, however, it is vital to provide fast and accurate insight into the situation. As a result of all these concerns, this study emphasizes the need for COVID-19 data processing to acquire aspects such as data security, data integrity, real-time data handling, and data management to provide patients with all benefits from which they had been denied owing to misinformation. Hence, the management of COVID-19 data through the use of the blockchain framework is crucial. Therefore, this paper illustrates how blockchain technology can be implemented in the COVID-19 data handling process. The paper also proposes a framework with three main layers: data collection layer; data access and privacy layer; and data storage layer.