Academic literature on the topic 'Neuropsychological tests'

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Journal articles on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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YAMASHITA, HIKARU. "Neuropsychological tests." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 31, no. 9 (1994): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.31.651.

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MD, O. D., B. Myrvang, and R. B. PhD. "Neuropsychological tests in HIV." Neurology 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.10.2055-c.

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Miller, E. N., P. S. PhD, and B. Visscher. "Neuropsychological tests in HIV." Neurology 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.10.2056.

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Maeshima, Shinichiro, and Aiko Osawa. "Outline of Neuropsychological Tests(Brain Surgery and Neuropsychological Function)." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 18, no. 4 (2009): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.18.264.

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Rozzini, R., O. Zanetti, and M. Trabucchi. "Delirium Induced by Neuropsychological Tests." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, no. 7 (July 1989): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb01263.x.

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Gasquoine, Philip G. "Race-Norming of Neuropsychological Tests." Neuropsychology Review 19, no. 2 (March 19, 2009): 250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9090-5.

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Freides, David. "Desirable features in neuropsychological tests." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 7, no. 4 (December 1985): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00960708.

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Hiskey, Syd. "Ecological validity of neuropsychological tests." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 194 (February 2009): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2009.1.194.17.

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This paper explores when it might be important to employ ecologically valid neuropsychological tests and outlines some of the evidence and issues clinical psychologists might consider during measure selection.
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Boller, F., and G. Dalla Barba. "Neuropsychological tests in Alzheimer’s disease." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 13, no. 3 (June 2001): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03351479.

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ALLEN, DANIEL N., GERALD GOLDSTEIN, and ERIN WARNICK. "A consideration of neuropsychologically normal schizophrenia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770391006x.

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Neuropsychological deficits are considered by many to be core features of schizophrenia. However, about 20% of patients with schizophrenia appear to have normal neuropsychological function. This study investigates this subgroup by comparing a “neuropsychologically normal” schizophrenia group to a non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged patient comparison (PC) sample, and to patients with definitive brain damage who performed normally on neuropsychological testing. All patients completed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and were classified as neuropsychologically normal or impaired using the Average Impairment Rating (AIR). In a sample of 113 patients with schizophrenia, 19.5% were classified as neuropsychologically normal. The brain damaged neuropsychologically normal group (BD-NN) consisted of 14.3% of 124 subjects. These groups were compared with a patient non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged group who were selected on the basis of having an Average Impairment Rating in the neuropsychologically normal range. The neuropsychologically normal schizophrenic group performed less well than the non-brain damaged, non-schizophrenic patient comparison group on a number of tests, indicating that patients in this group may not be completely neuropsychologically normal, and would be better characterized as “high-functioning” or near normal. The results are discussed in regard to possible neurobiological differences between neuropsychologically impaired and intact schizophrenic patients, and implications for course and outcome. (JINS, 2003, 9, 56–63.)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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Rattan, Arlene I. "A self-report measure of neuropsychological symptomology : the neuropsychological symptom inventory." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/558345.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceived anxiety experienced by coronary care nurses working eight- and 12-hour work shifts. It was hypothesized that length of shift work affects the before- and after-shift anxiety for nurses working eight or 12-hour work shifts. Anxiety differences between the eight- and 12-hour work shifts were examined as well as differences between the before- and after-shift anxiety for each length of shift.Thirty-two (32) coronary care nurses from a general medical and surgical hospital in the Midwest volunteered to participate in the research. The sample consisted of all females (18 Registered Nurses, nine Licensed Practical Nurses, three charge nurses, a supervisory nurse, and a rehabilitation nurse). The nurses had voluntarily selected the eight- or 12-hour length of shift work and understood that they would be committed to work that shift for one year. Twelve nurses worked the eight-hour shift; 20 nurses chose the new 12-hour shift.The State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) was used to measure the nurses' before- and after-shift anxiety. Baseline data were collected from the nurses prior to the initiation of the 12-hour shift. The Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis was used to analyze the daily before- and after-shift anxiety scores and to establish a forecasted trend for both the eight- and 12-hour shifts.The first finding was that the before-shift anxiety scores for the eight-hour workers declined, while the anxiety scores for the 12-hour workers increased, following the implementation of the 12-hour shift. The same trend was forecast for the after-shift anxiety scores. The eight-hour nurses' after-shift anxiety scores declined while the 12-hour nurses' anxiety scores increased. A transfer function was conducted for both the eight-hour and 12-hour before- and after-shift anxiety scores. No predictive trend could be established for the eight-hour anxiety scores; however, the 12-hour after-shift anxiety scores were found to be consistently higher than before-shift anxiety scores.
Department of Educational Psychology
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Cobb, Stephanie Marie. "Dissimulation strategies on neuropsychological tests : a qualitative investigation." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3497/.

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People are known to feign or exaggerate symptoms of cognitive impairment for a wide range of reasons, such as for financial gain or avoidance of criminal responsibility. With £5.2 million paid out daily in compensation claims (Association of British Insurers, 2011), it is important that neuropsychologists have as much information as possible at their disposal for detecting unworthy claims. This study investigates the strategies employed by individuals attempting to feign cognitive impairment on standard neuropsychological tests. A review of the literature revealed that most previous studies in the area of malingering neuropsychological deficits have focused on developing and validating measures to detect falsification of symptoms or poor performance on standard tests. The only qualitative study published in this area investigated strategies employed by individuals feigning memory impairment (Iverson, 1995). Iverson (1995) used questionnaires and brief interviews, subjected to a simple content analysis. The present research constitutes a more thorough and in-depth qualitative study than any that have been previously disseminated in this area. Detailed semi-structured interviews were administered to 15 non-neurological individuals instructed to feign cognitive impairment on a battery of standard neuropsychological tests. The interviews examined both the strategies used and the thinking underlying participants’ choices to achieve a richer and more detailed understanding of the phenomena of feigning. Thematic Analysis revealed three main organising themes. Participants described Using Strategies, on specific tests and generally across the battery, offered explanations of the Rationale behind their decisions and spontaneously commented on their Experience of the Task. The findings of the present study reveal numerous potentially useful identifiers of feigning strategies, including many not previously reported. The resulting themes point to the development of more effective methods for detecting feigned cognitive impairments and could have a significant impact on the way that neuropsychological testing sessions are conducted.
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Liff, Christine D. "The Detection of Neuropsychological Malingering." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4309/.

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The present study compared the responses of a group of simulating malingerers who were offered a monetary incentive to feign symptoms of a head injury, with the responses of head injured groups both with and without litigation, a forensic parole group, and an honest-responding control group. The following six neuropsychological measures were utilized: Rey 15-Item Memory Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Finger Oscillation Test, WAIS-R Neuropsychological Instrument (Vocabulary, Information, and Similarities subtests), Booklet Category Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The statistical concepts of floor effect, performance curve, and magnitude of error were examined. Additionally, the statistical differences in the responses of the five groups were analyzed to determine cutting scores for use in distinguishing malingerers from nonmalingerers.
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Brooks, David A. "Development of the Ball neuropsychological screening measure." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/558340.

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The present research concerned the validation of a neuropsychological screening measure. In a series of investigations the reliability, predictive validity and factor structure of the Ball Neuropsychological Screening Measure (BNSM) were examined.Such procedures were considered essential to investigate the utility of the BNSM.In a two part study, the reliability of the BNSM was investigated (Study 1). First, an attempt was made to determine BNSM test-retest reliability with the finding that subtest means on test and retest were too similar to permit interpretation. In the second portion of Study 1 the internal consistency of the BNSM was examined by computing Cronbach's alphas. The BNSM was found to have high internal consistency, producing an overall alpha coefficient of .951.A discriminant analysis was performed in study 2 to examine the utility of the BNSM in discriminating between normal and impaired adults.The BNSM was found to be highly accurate in this regard, achieving an overall correct placement prediction rate of 96%. Study 3 looked at the utility of the BNSM in correctly predicting lateralization of brain Impairment.The BNSM successfully predicted placement into three groups (Normals, Right-Hemispheric Impairment, LeftHemispheric Impairment) with 95% overall accuracy. Finally, the factor structure of the BNSM was examined in Study 4. Utilizing a varimax rotation, a two factor solution was found to account for 66.8% of the total variance.
Department of Educational Psychology
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Tsang, Michael Hing-pui. "Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia and Their Neuropsychological Correlates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278921/.

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Heaton, Shelley C. "The utility of education corrections for interpreting neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3026371.

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Chaytor, Naomi S. "Improving the ecologicical [i.e. ecological] validity of executive functioning assessment." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2004/n%5Fchaytor%5F070604.pdf.

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Rattan, Gurmal. "The role of response time in a complex learning task of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/468348.

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The present study was designed to assess the role of response time on the Category Test of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNB). The intent was to define the underlying constructs of the Category Test more particularly, the speed of performance by examining response time to individual slides of the Category Test.Seventy-two normal adult volunteers were administered the complete HRNB. Average response times were computed for correct (CRT), incorrect (IRT), and total (TRT) scores on the Category Test. The efficacy of using response measures (CRT, IRT, and TRT) to predict Category performance was examined in the context of other HRNB variables that loaded factorially with the Category Test, more specifically: TPT-time, memory, and location, Trails B, WAIS-R Block Design, and WAIS-R Object Assembly.A step-wise multiple regression analysis was computed using the above HRNB and response time measures to predict Category error scores. Results from this analysis indicated that TPT-location, TRT, and IRT contributed significantly (p<.05) in the prediction of Category scores. Approximately 15% of the variability in Category scores was explained by a measure of spatial memory (TPT-location) and an additional 15% was accounted for by psycho-motor speed (TRT and IRT). The significant contribution of response time in defining the underlying construct of the Category Test was discussed in terms of possible implications for enhancing the neuropsychological significance of the Category Test.
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Miller, Ashley K. "Examining the Errors and Self-Corrections on the Stroop Test." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1274111033.

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Braganza, Giselle. "Neuropsychological deficits in early versus late onset Alzheimer's Disease /." View abstract, 2000. http://library.ccsu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/showit.php3?id=1612.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2000.
Thesis advisor: Charles Mate-Kole. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in [in Psychology]." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-60).
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Books on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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Deutsch, Lezak Muriel, ed. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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R, Arzubi Eric, and Mambrino Elisa, eds. A guide to neuropsychological testing for health care professionals. New York: Springer, 2010.

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William, Milberg, ed. Essentials of neuropsychological assessment. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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William, Milberg, ed. Essentials of neuropsychological assessment. New York: Wiley, 2002.

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Golden, Charles J., Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, and Jana Wachsler-Felder. Neuropsychological Interpretation of Objective Psychological Tests. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b107998.

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Golden, Charles J. Neuropsychological interpretation of objective psychological tests. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000.

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Franzen, Michael D. Reliability and validity in neuropsychological assessment. 2nd ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000.

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Golden, Charles J. Neuropsychological assessment and intervention. Springfield, Ill: C.C. Thomas, 1992.

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A, Otto David, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Reliability of selected tests from the neurobehavioral evaluation system. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Stern, Robert A. NAB, neuropsychological assessment battery: Language module stimulus book : Form 1. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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Gabel, Stewart, Gerald D. Oster, and Steven M. Butnik. "Neuropsychological Tests." In Understanding Psychological Testing in Children, 109–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0554-3_9.

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Spores, John M. "Neuropsychological Tests." In Psychological Assessment and Testing, 299–359. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429326820-11.

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Scifers, James R. "Neuropsychological Tests." In Special Tests for Neurologic Examination, 95–104. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003526483-6.

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Ben-David, Boaz M., Gali Malkin, and Hadas Erel. "Ageism and Neuropsychological Tests." In International Perspectives on Aging, 277–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_17.

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Mondini, Sara, Marinella Cappelletti, and Giorgio Arcara. "Psychometric assessment and neuropsychological tests." In Methodology in Neuropsychological Assessment, 38–62. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003195221-4.

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Franzen, Michael D. "Tests of Memory." In Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychological Assessment, 229–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3224-5_14.

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Burdick, Katherine E., Manuela Russo, and Jane Martin. "Neuropsychological Assessment and Psychological Tests." In Mount Sinai Expert Guides, 24–27. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118654231.ch5.

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Franzen, Michael D. "Tests of Verbal Functions." In Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychological Assessment, 255–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3224-5_15.

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Franzen, Michael D. "Tests of General Intelligence." In Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychological Assessment, 91–114. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3224-5_8.

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Franzen, Michael D. "Tests of Higher Cognitive Function." In Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychological Assessment, 283–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3224-5_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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Yang, Jiajia, Yong Shen, and Jinglong Wu. "Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with cognitive neuropsychological tests." In 2009 ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering - CME 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2009.4906666.

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Nguyen, Duc-Canh, Gerard Bailly, and Frederic Elisei. "Conducting neuropsychological tests with a humanoid robot: Design and evaluation." In 2016 7th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coginfocom.2016.7804572.

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Peles, Patrícia, Larissa Salvador, Luciano Mariano, Viviane Carvalho, Clarisse Frieldlaender, Leonardo de Souza, and Paulo Caramelli. "ACCURACY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN PATIENTS WITH BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda080.

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Background: Neuropsychological tests are important tools for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To investigate the accuracy of common neuropsychological tests used in the clinical setting for AD diagnosis. Methods: Forty two patients with diagnosis of AD continuum [A+T+/-(N)+/-] and 32 non-AD [A-T+/-(N)+/-]. All participants were submitted to a thorough neuropsychological assessment with the following instruments: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Boston naming-Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, a reduced version of the CERAD, Digit Span Forward (DSF), Digit Span Backward (DSB) and Cubes from The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), verbal fluency – animals (VF-A), and FAS. Results: Memory (MEM) and Initiation/Perseveration (I/P) subscales of the DRS, FAS, Digit Span Backward (DSB) and Boston naming displayed good discrimination between AD and non-AD patients. The MEM subscale of the DRS, RAVLT A6 and FAS presented high sensitivity (90% or more) for AD diagnosis, while DSF displayed high specificity. Non-AD patients had greater difficulty in FAS, DSB and in Boston naming. Conclusion: Performance of patients with biological diagnosis of AD on MEM and I/P of DRS, and RAVLT A7 was significantly different from that of non-AD subjects.
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Souza, Milene, Marcio Balthazar, and Mônica Yassuda. "CAN COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS BETTER DISCRIMINATE SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE DECLINE IN ELDERLY?" In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda097.

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Background: Subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are at higher risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). By definition, they perform normally on conventional neuropsychological tests. However, it is unclear whether computerized tests can detect subtle changes in this population. Objective: To compare cognitive performance in conventional and computerized tests of the CANTAB battery in people over 55 years old, divided into three subgroups: Controls, SCD and MCI, according to the NIA-AA 2018 criteria. Methods: We included 64 volunteers: 19 controls, 15 SCD, 30 MCI. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model was used in both tests and naive bayes classifier were used to distinguish SCD from controls. Results: In conventional tests, variability of 57,17%, differentiating only the MCI. The CANTAB showed a subtle difference in dispersion between SCD and controls, with a variability of 30,12%. Cognitive functions with greater differentiation: episodic visual memory and new learning with variability of 72,65%, visual perception and immediate visual memory 51,95% variability, with similar results between the SCD and MCI groups. Attention and psychomotor speed 23,89%. Sustained attention and psychomotor speed with 71,3%. Adjusted for demographic variables, 52,63% of the SCD were classified as MCI in the computerized test, while the conventional one did not change. Conclusion: Computerized tests seem to be more sensitive in differentiating SCDs from controls, resembling the MCI group.
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Bailly, Gérard, Frédéric Elisei, Alexandra Juphard, and Olivier Moreaud. "Quantitative Analysis of Backchannels Uttered by an Interviewer During Neuropsychological Tests." In Interspeech 2016. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2016-22.

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Garcia Baez, P., C. Fernandez Viadero, M. A. Perez del Pino, A. Prochazka, and C. P. Suarez Araujo. "HUMANN-based systems for differential diagnosis of dementia using neuropsychological tests." In 2010 IEEE 14th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ines.2010.5483872.

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Ziegler, Stefanie, Christoph Maier, and Alexandra Reichenbach. "Stratification of patients with Alzheimer’s disease based on longitudinal neuropsychological tests." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374343.

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Juarez, Jose M., Guadalupe Garcia-Fernandez, Manuel Campos, Begona Martinez, Martirio Antequera, and Carmen Antunez. "Experiences on Computerised Neuropsychological Tests for Dementia Using a Mobile Touchable Interface." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichi.2014.56.

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Rotaru, Dan C., Sara García-Herranz, Manuel Freire Morán, Iván Martínez-Ortiz, Baltasar Fernández-Manjón, and Ma Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo. "Using Game Technology to Automatize Neuropsychological Tests and Research in Active Aging." In the 4th EAI International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3284869.3284887.

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Gonçalves, Brenda, Isadora Ribeiro, Thamires Magalhães, Christian Gerbelli, Luciana Pimentel Silva, Helena Joaquim, Leda Talib, Orestes Forlenza, and Marcio Balthazar. "NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AS PREDICTORS OF CONVERSION TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN BETA-AMYLOID POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda007.

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Background: amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) refers to a possibletransitional stage between healthy aging and dementia and has an increased chance of converting to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objectives: to assess whether neuropsychological tests can predict the conversion to AD in patients with aMCI and altered CSF amyloid peptide (βA+). Methods: 48 individuals underwent neuropsychological assessment (time 0 and time 1), being 18 healthy controls and 30 aMCI βA+, who performed a single CSF collection (time 0). All subjects with aMCI scored 0.5 in the Memory category of the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) test, and we considered the conversion to AD if the overall score changed from 0.5 to 1. We performed different additional univariate analyses with MANOVAs to differentiate between groups. Results : 8 subjects converted to AD (converters), and 22 remained stable (non-converters). The converters performed worse in the sub-item test Recognition of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) compared to controls and non-converters (F = 14,58, p <0,001). Conclusions: the Recognition task of the RAVLT was able to differentiate aMCI βA+ individuals who converted to AD in our sample, which was not observed in the other investigated tests. We suggest additional studies with larger sample sizes and validation cohorts to contribute to our findings.
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Reports on the topic "Neuropsychological tests"

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Kendall, Sarah N. The Effects of Stress on Neuropsychological Tests of Attention and Memory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011281.

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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.

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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Peterson, Bradley S., Joey Trampush, Margaret Maglione, Maria Bolshakova, Morah Brown, Mary Rozelle, Aneesa Motala, et al. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer267.

Full text
Abstract:
Objective. The systematic review assessed evidence on the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents to inform a planned update of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, PsycINFO®, ERIC, clinicaltrials.gov, and prior reviews for primary studies published since 1980. The report includes studies published to June 15, 2023. Review methods. The review followed a detailed protocol and was supported by a Technical Expert Panel. Citation screening was facilitated by machine learning; two independent reviewers screened full text citations for eligibility. We abstracted data using software designed for systematic reviews. Risk of bias assessments focused on key sources of bias for diagnostic and intervention studies. We conducted strength of evidence (SoE) and applicability assessments for key outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022312656). Results. Searches identified 23,139 citations, and 7,534 were obtained as full text. We included 550 studies reported in 1,097 publications (231 studies addressed diagnosis, 312 studies addressed treatment, and 10 studies addressed monitoring). Diagnostic studies reported on the diagnostic performance of numerous parental ratings, teacher rating scales, teen/child self-reports, clinician tools, neuropsychological tests, EEG approaches, imaging, and biomarkers. Multiple approaches showed promising diagnostic performance (e.g., using parental rating scales), although estimates of performance varied considerably across studies and the SoE was generally low. Few studies reported estimates for children under the age of 7. Treatment studies evaluated combined pharmacological and behavior approaches, medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration, other pharmacologic treatment, psychological/behavioral approaches, cognitive training, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, nutrition and supplements, integrative medicine, parent support, school interventions, and provider or model-of-care interventions. Medication treatment was associated with improved broadband scale scores and ADHD symptoms (high SoE) as well as function (moderate SoE), but also appetite suppression and adverse events (high SoE). Psychosocial interventions also showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on moderate SoE. Few studies have evaluated combinations of pharmacological and youth-directed psychosocial interventions, and we did not find combinations that were systematically superior to monotherapy (low SoE). Published monitoring approaches for ADHD were limited and the SoE is insufficient. Conclusion. Many diagnostic tools are available to aid the diagnosis of ADHD, but few monitoring strategies have been studied. Medication therapies remain important treatment options, although with a risk of side effects, as the evidence base for psychosocial therapies strengthens and other nondrug treatment approaches emerge.
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