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Academic literature on the topic 'Neurones moteurs – Dégénérescence (pathologie)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Neurones moteurs – Dégénérescence (pathologie)"
Barkats, Martine. "Amyotrophie spinale infantile." médecine/sciences 36, no. 2 (February 2020): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020010.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Neurones moteurs – Dégénérescence (pathologie)"
Tournezy, Jeflie. "Etude des effets thérapeutiques de la protéine X du virus Borna chez la souris SOD1G93." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0298.
Full textToday, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) remains an incurable disease for which therapeutic trials have been unsuccessful. It is therefore essential to propose new therapeutic approaches that would slow the progression of the disease and prolong patient survival.Among the pathophysiological characteristics described, mitochondrial dysfunctions are one of the earliest events and could be the origin of the progressive loss of motor neurons. Restoring mitochondrial functions could therefore constitute a therapeutic area of interest to develop new therapies against this disease.With this in mind, we were interested in the X protein of the Bornavirus (BDV for Borna Disease Virus). When it targets mitochondria, the X protein inhibits the apoptosis of neurons and protects them from degeneration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (Szelechowski et al., 2014). This neuroprotective action of the X protein resides in its last 29 carboxy-terminal amino acids which constitute the PX3 peptide. In addition, a modification to increase the mitochondrial localization of the protein X (XA4 protein) has shown improved neuroprotective effects in vitro.This thesis aimed to propose a new preclinical therapeutic approach, consisting in protecting motor neurons by using the neuroprotective properties of the Bornavirus X protein.First, we tested the neuroprotective effects of the X protein and its derived peptide PX3 in a well-characterized model of ALS, the SOD1G93A mice. Administration of the PX3 intranasally and the X intramuscularly via a viral vector (CAV2-X) slowed the progression of the disease and increased the survival of lumbar motor neurons. However, this treatment did not increase the life expectancy of the mice.Then, we used adeno-associated viruses (AAV) as gene transfer tools. More specifically, we used AAV serotype 10 (AAV10) to administer the gene encoding the X protein (AAV10-X) or its modified form, the XA4 protein (AAV10-XA4) to SOD1G93A mice. We evaluated the effects of these treatments on motor performances, life span, denervation of the neuromuscular junction, and preservation of lumbar and phrenic motor neurons (motor neurons innervating the diaphragm). Our results show that the X and XA4 proteins slowed the degeneration of lumbar motor neurons. Furthermore, while the X protein delayed the onset of motor deficits, the XA4 protein extended the life expectancy of the animals. The maintenance of motor performances in mice treated with X protein was associated with better preservation of the neuromuscular junction compared to untreated SOD1G93A mice.In addition, the administration of X or XA4 proteins to SOD1G93A mice blocks the degeneration of phrenic motor neurons, allowing them to return to values similar to the wild-type group.Although further investigations are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the effects of these proteins, our work demonstrates their certain therapeutic effects, on the extension of the life span, on the preservation of the neuromuscular junction, and the limitation of the degeneration of the spinal motor neurons. These studies open a new therapeutic avenue against ALS
Yi, Feng-Hua. "Caractérisation d'autoanticorps sériques et étude de l'induction d'apoptose in vitro de cellules neuroblastiques humaines dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO110D.
Full textLe, Gall Laura. "Secretion of neurotoxic vesicles by muscle cells of ALS patients." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS210.pdf.
Full textTo date, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remain incurable and the causes for motor neuron death are unknown. The primary involvement of skeletal muscle in ALS pathogenesis is still controversial. Several studies suggested that a distal axon degeneration occurs prior to the onset of ALS clinical symptoms. Moreover, there are growing evidences for a disruption of exosomes biogenesis and secretion pathways in genetic forms of ALS. Knowing that the skeletal muscle can be a source of exosomes, we hypothesised that ALS skeletal muscle could contribute to the toxic environment of motor neurons and thus participate in ALS pathogenesis through their secretion of exosomes. During my PhD, I investigated the secretion of exosomes by muscle cells from sporadic ALS patients and their role in motor neuron death. First, we show that muscle cells present a consistent signature across ALS patients with an accumulation and over-secretion of exosomes. Second, ALS muscle exosomes are toxic toward healthy human iPSCs motor neurons by inducing shorter, reduced branching neurites and cell death. Third, we observed that ALS muscle exosomes contain FUS protein and are enriched in proteins involved in RNA maturation and transport. Fourth, ALS muscle exosomes induced a disruption in RNA transport in healthy human motor neuron. Fifth, the exosome toxicity is dependent on FUS expression level in the recipient cells, as an over-expression of FUS in the recipient cells exacerbated the ALS exosome toxicity while an inhibition of FUS expression decreased their toxic effect. The greater sensitivity of motor neurons to ALS muscle exosomes might thus be explained by their higher expression level of FUS compare to healthy muscle cells. Altogether, these results suggest that ALS muscle exosomes could contribute to the degeneration of motor neuron in ALS patients
Marques, Christine. "Dégénérescence des neurones moteurs cortico-spinaux dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique : dynamique spatio-temporelle et mécanismes moléculaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ063/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is clinically defined as the combined degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) along with the bulbar and spinal motor neurons (BMN and SMN). While a growing body of evidence points to the cerebral cortex as the potential initiation site of ALS, little is known about the cortical pathology, the spatio-temporal dynamics of CSMN degeneration, and the molecular pathways involved. This thesis work aimed at filling this knowledge gap. In Sod1G86R, we showed that CSMN loss seems to take place without major gliosis, occurs in a somatotopic manner and precedes motor symptom appearance and SMN degeneration. We purified, thanks to the development of a novel protocol, adult CSMN from the cerebral cortex of healthy or diseased mice from early presymptomatic ages to the end stage of the disease. The RNA-seq analysis has made it possible to identify new and early molecular players in ALS. This would provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic approaches based on the maintenance of healthy and functional CSMN, and, on the long run, may in turn inform the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for ALS
Jardin, Nicolas. "Rôle de la spastin dans le developpement des circuits moteurs et leur dégénérescence dans les paraplégies spastiques héréditaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066601/document.
Full textMutations in SPG4, encoding spastin cause the major form of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP), a paralytic disorder characterised by the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. Spastin and its close homologue p60-katanin are microtubule-severing enzymes (MSE) required for spinal motor neuron (SMN) axon extension during zebrafish development. However, their roles in SMN axon navigation which also rely on microtubules (MTs) remain elusive. My PhD work aimed at refining the functional specificity and redundancy of these MSE during motor circuit wiring and clarifying the physiopathology of SPG4-linked HSP. I have first contributed to show that p60-Katanin controls SMN axon targeting and larval locomotion in a dose-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that Spastin and p60-Katanin play differential roles in SMN navigation and identified TTLL6-mediated MT polyglutamylation as a key event in regulating p60-Katanin activity in this process. Concomitantly, I have conducted a functional analysis of spastin main isoforms (resulting from alternative translation, M1 and M61) during zebrafish development, which reveals their critical and specific involvement in two distinct signalling pathways that are both essential for motor circuit wiring and locomotor behaviours. This study has provided compelling evidences for a concerted role for M1 and other HSP proteins in the down-regulation of the BMP pathway and reveals a specific role for M87 as a downstream effector of Neuropilin-1 signalling. Altogether, our study emphasizes defective BMP signalling as a key pathogenic mechanism in HSP, and shows that dysregulation of the Neuropilin-1 pathway may equally contribute to SPG4-linked HSP
Henry, Vincent. "Place de l'activation microgliale associée à la dégénérescence des neurones dopaminergiques provoquée par la 6-OHDA chez le rat : implication dans la compréhension de la pathogénie de la maladie de Parkinson." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=d3f14e98-eeb2-4d1f-994b-98a0f8398190.
Full textThe objective of this work was to develop a new rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). A bilateral injection of 6-OHDA induced specific and quantifiable motor behavioral trouble. These were correlated with dopamine (DA) containing neurons loss in the substantia nigra (SN). L-DOPA treatment reversed behavioral deficiency and induced dyskinesia on most denerved rats. Then, we studied inflammatory phenomenon associated with DA neurons degeneration induced by 6-OHDA. Microglia activation kinetic was analyzed for 35 days after injection. It was strictly concomitant with the DA neuronal loss within the SN. On rat sham, microglial activation caused by the vehicle injection trauma did not induce neurodegenerescence. Minocycline treatment, considered as a microglial activation inhibitor, caused an increased of neuronal death associated with a proportional increase of microglial activation within the SN. This data suggested a 6-OHDA protoxic effect of this treatment. In the bilateral rat model of PD, a quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed an increase of GDNF, TNFa and iNOS mRNA possibly produced by microglia after the initiation of the DA neuron degeneration. Taken together, all this data suggest that microglial activation is not a primary phenomenon, but induced by the neuronal death in our model
Roques, Isabelle. "Etude de vingt observations d'amyotrophies spinales infantiles : aspects cliniques et génétiques." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23019.
Full textBernard, Nathalie. "Implication de la Calréticuline et de CRMP4 dans la dégénérescence des motoneurones dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22088.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motoneurons (MNs). The most common familial form and best characterized mouse model of ALS is linked to mutations in the gene coding for the superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1). MNs expressing mSOD1 show an increased sensitivity to the death induced by Fas/NO activation. Our proteomic study identified two downstream effectors of NO, Calreticulin (CRT) and CRMP4. CRT is a chaperone-calcium-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is decreased two-fold in vivo, in an early degenerating MNs sub-population, named vulnerable. The decrease in CRT expression is both necessary and sufficient to kill mSOD1 MNs through ER stress activation. CRMP4 is a neurite outgrowth regulator which expression is increased in vivo in mSOD1 MNs at a presymptomatic stage. CRMP4 overexpression is sufficient to induce peripheral denervation and, through a dying-back effect, to kill mSOD1 MNs. Our results point out CRT and CRMP-4 as two potential therapeutic targets for ALS
Benosman, Samir. "Interplay of p53 members in the regulation of neuronal death." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13134.
Full textThe role of p53 family members in neuronal apoptosis has been suggested by many studies. However, the mechanisms by which this pathway is regulated remain poorly known. We undertook to study the regulation of two components of the p53 regulatory pathway: MDMX and p73 (with its long and short isoforms, TA and DN respectively). To this aim, we cultured primary neurons in which we induced apoptosis via different pathways (DNA damage, loss of electric activity, excitotoxicity and APP stimulation). Our results show that these stresses induce loss of MDMX and DNp73. We demonstrate that those factors undergo degradation via phosphorylation at specific sites. Furthermore, overexpression of either MDMX or DNp73 partially restores neuronal viability after neurotoxic treatments. Our results show that MDMX and DNp73 are anti-apoptotic factors that inhibit not only p53, but E2F1 (for MDMX) and Tap73 (for DNp73) activity as well
Burg, Thibaut. "Détermination du rôle des neurones corticospinaux dans le déclenchement et la progression de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez les souris Sod1G86R." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ046.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease characterized by progressive and combined degeneration of corticospinal neurons (CSN) and bulbar and spinal motoneurons (MN). Studies in patients suggest a cortical origin and a corticofugal spread of the pathology. However, this hypothesis has never been demonstrated in ALS patients nor tested in mouse models. The work of this thesis allowed to test the role of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN) in the onset and progression of ALS in Sod1G86R mice. To do so, we generated a new mouse model developing ALS in the absence of SCPN. Results show that the absence of SCPN delays the onset of the pathology, prolongs the survival of the animals, while reducing the decline of their motor abilities. These data suggest that the absence of SCPN is beneficial and that, in an ALS context, SCPN would be toxic and have a preponderant role in the onset and establishment of the pathology. This work shows the importance of including the CSN study for the development of future therapeutic strategies