Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neuronal discrimination'
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Ménardy, Fabien. "Reconnaissance des signaux de communication chez le diamant mandarin : étude des réponses des neurones d’une aire auditive secondaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T049/document.
Full textHow sensory signals are encoded in the brain and whether their behavioural relevance affects their encoding are central questions in sensory neuroscience. Studies have consistently shown that behavioural relevance can change the neural representation of sounds in the auditory system, but what occurs in the context of natural acoustic communication where significance could be acquired through social interaction remains to be explored. The zebra finch, a highly social songbird species that forms lifelong pair bonds and uses a vocalization, the distance call, to identify its mate offers an opportunity to address this issue. One auditory area in the songbird telencephalon, the caudo-medial nidopallium (NCM) that is considered as being analogous to the secondary mammalian auditory cortex, has recently emerged as part of the neural substrate for sensory representation of species-specific vocalizations: the activation of NCM neurons is greatest when birds are exposed to conspecific song, as compared to heterospecific song or artificial stimuli. This led us to investigate whether, in the zebra finch, NCM neurons could contribute to the discrimination among vocalizations that differ in their degree of familiarity: calls produced by the mate, by familiar individuals (males or females), or by unfamiliar individuals (males or females). In females, behaviourally relevant calls, i.e. the mate’s call and familiar calls, evoked responses of greater magnitude than unfamiliar calls. This distinction between responses was seen both in multiunit recordings from awake freely moving mated females (using a telemetric system) and in single unit recordings from anesthetized mated females. In contrast, control females that had not heard them previously displayed response of similar magnitude to call stimuli. In addition, more cells showed highly selective responses in mated than in control females suggesting that experience-dependent plasticity in call-evoked responses resulted in enhanced discrimination of auditory stimuli. In males, as in females, call playback evoked robust auditory responses. However, neurons in males did not appear capable of categorizing the calls of individuals (males or females) as ‘‘familiar’’ or ‘‘unfamiliar’’. Then, we investigated how calls are represented in the NCM of zebra finches by assessing whether certain call-specific acoustic cues drove NCM neurons to a greater degree than others. Behavioural studies had previously identified call-specific acoustic cues that are necessary to elicit a vocal response from male and female zebra finches. Single-unit recordings indicated that NCM neurons in females were particularly sensitive to call modifications in the spectral domain: suppressing the fundamental frequency of call stimuli or modifying the relative energy levels of harmonics in call caused a marked decrease in response magnitude of NCM neurons. In males, NCM neurons also appear to be sensitive to call modifications in the spectral domain, however changes in magnitude of responses (increase or decrease) depended on the acoustic cue that had been modified.Our results provide evidence that the NCM is a telencephalic auditory region that contributes to the processing of the distance call, in females as well in males. However, how the distance call is processed and represented in the NCM appears to differ between males and females. In females, the NCM could be involved in dicrimination between call stimuli whereas, in males, its functional role in call-processing remains to be determined. Our results also suggest that, in females, social experience with the call of individuals, by affecting the degree to which neurons discriminated between these calls, may shape the functional properties of neurons in a telencephalic auditory area. The functional properties of auditory neurons may therefore change continuously to adapt to the social environment
Meisel, Joshua D. (Joshua Daniel). "The genetic, neuronal, and chemical basis for microbial discrimination in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104172.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Discrimination among pathogenic and beneficial microbes is essential for host organism immunity and homeostasis. Increasingly, the nervous system of animals is being recognized as an important site of bacterial recognition, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Chapter One discusses how the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can be used to dissect the genetic and neuronal mechanisms that coordinate behavioral responses to bacteria. In Chapter Two, we show that chemosensory detection of two secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa modulates a neuroendocrine signaling pathway that promotes C. elegans avoidance behavior. Specifically, secondary metabolites phenazine- I -carboxamide and pyochelin activate a G protein-signaling pathway in the ASJ chemosensory neuron pair that induces expression of the neuromodulator DAF-7/TGF-[beta]. DAF-7, in turn, activates a canonical TGF-P signaling pathway in adjacent interneurons to modulate aerotaxis behavior and promote avoidance of pathogenic P. aeruginosa. This chapter provides a chemical, genetic, and neuronal basis for how the behavior and physiology of a simple animal host can be modified by the microbial environment, and suggests that secondary metabolites produced by microbes may provide environmental cues that contribute to pathogen recognition and host survival. Genetic dissection of neuronal responses to bacteria in C. elegans can also lend insights into neurobiology more generally. In Chapter Three we show that loss of the lithium-sensitive phosphatase bisphosphate 3'-nucleotidase (BPNT-1) results in the selective dysfunction of the ASJ chemosensory neurons. As a result, BPNT- 1 mutants are defective in behaviors dependent on the ASJ neurons, such as pathogen avoidance and dauer exit. Acute treatment with lithium also causes reversible dysfunction of the ASJ neurons, and we show that this effect is mediated specifically through inhibition of BPNT-1. Finally, we show that lithium's selective effect on the nervous system is due in part to the limited expression of the cytosolic sulfotransferase SSU-1 in the ASJ neuron pair. Our data suggest that lithium, through inhibition of BPNT- 1 in the nervous system, can cause selective toxicity to specific neurons, resulting in corresponding effects on behavior of C. elegans. In Chapter Four I discuss the future directions for the genetic dissection of pathogen recognition in C. elegans.
by Joshua D. Meisel.
Ph. D.
Ortiz, Cantin. "Neuronal discrimination of visual environments differentially depends on behavioural context in the hippocampus and neocortex." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS311.
Full textForming memories of the environment is essential for survival, whether it is for finding food, escaping predators or seeking shelter. To create spatial memories, one first needs to generate a mental representation of the surroundings, which is referred to as a cognitive map. Such maps are believed to emerge in the hippocampus, a brain region known to play a crucial role in the formation of new episodic memories, and more specifically in its output layer CA1. To efficiently use spatial memories, it is necessary to be able to ascertain whether a location has already been visited. This requires discriminating between potentially similar yet distinct sensory environments. It is thought that the dentate gyrus (DG), the entry layer of the hippocampus, plays a pivotal role in this ability. Indeed, it has been shown to perform neuronal pattern separation by creating decorrelated neuronal representations of its inputs, even when they share a high degree of similarity. Before reaching the hippocampus, sensory signals are initially processed in sensory cortices. Visual representations are formed in the primary visual cortex (V1), which is situated at the earliest stage of the neocortical hierarchy. V1 has traditionally been thought of as a brain region that represents low-level visual features, such as bars of a specific orientation or length. However, recent research has demonstrated that neuronal activity is already behaviourally modulated at this initial level of visual processing, with spatial representations emerging concurrently.Considering the growing evidence that the distinctions between these two regions are more complex than previously thought, we wondered how they may differentially contribute to sensory processing. We hypothesised that primary sensory cortices provide a faithful representation of the sensory environment to distributed brain regions, whereas the hippocampus produces a cognitive map that is weighted according to the behavioural relevance of the sensory inputs. To test this hypothesis, we aimed to determine how complex sensory stimuli differentially depend on the behavioural context in V1, CA1 and DG. We performed two-photon calcium imaging of head fixed mice navigating in a virtual-reality linear track. Mice were exposed to alternating environments by changing visual textures along the virtual corridor. During active navigation, movements in the virtual environment were controlled by the animal motion on a running wheel. By contrast, in a passive open-loop condition, the visual scene was completely uncoupled from animal locomotion.We found that environments could be discriminated based on the activity of single neurons in all regions during active navigation. However, while neurons in V1 maintained a high level of discrimination in the passive exposure condition, those in the hippocampus failed to discriminate between environments. A decoder trained to predict the visited corridor based on the activity of all neurons revealed that the discrimination at the population level was similarly affected by the behavioural context. Moreover, the results indicated that the degree of discrimination correlated with running speed in the hippocampus, but not in V1, which further supports the idea that neuronal activity is more dependent on the current behaviour in the hippocampus than in V1.We concluded that task engagement is therefore necessary for neuronal discrimination in the hippocampus, while it simply modulates it in V1, suggesting that primary sensory cortices serve as robust general-purpose discriminators of sensory inputs, while the hippocampus selectively discriminates behaviourally relevant inputs. Overall, these results reveal how information about the environment is differentially processed as it is transmitted to the hippocampus, with fundamental implications for our understanding of how the brain filters information as it is made available to the memory circuits in the hippocampus
Ahn, Sungwoo. "Transient and Attractor Dynamics in Models for Odor Discrimination." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1280342970.
Full textAbolafia, Moya Juan Manuel. "Neuronal basis of auditory adaptation and temporal discrimination in the auditory cortex of the awake freely moving rat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31992.
Full textAlzaher, Mariam. "Mismatch negativity, un marqueur neuronal de la plasticité spatiale auditive chez les sujets sourds unilatéraux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30253.
Full textThis thesis investigates different spatial hearing functions in 3 types of populations: Normal Hearing Subjects (NHS), Unilateral Hearing Loss patients (UHL) and Bilateral Hearing Loss patients ( BHL). To discover the mechanisms underlying the adaptive strategies that are observed in UHL with acquired deafness. The main aim of the thesis is to verify whether spatial Mismatch Negativity (MMN) could be a neuronal marker of spatial auditory plasticity observed in UHL patients, and to verify whether these neural correlates are consistent with the spatial auditory performance. Two types of investigations were applied to 20 NHS, 21 UHL and 14 BHL. The first investigation is a sound source identification task measured by the root mean square error (RMS). The second assessment is an electroencephalography (EEG) study where we analyzed the amplitude and latency of the MMN. MMN is defined as an auditory evoked potential that reflects the brain's ability to detect a change in one physical property of a sound. We used a standard sound in a reference position (50°) with three deviations from the standard (10° , 20°, and 100°), in binaural and monaural conditions. UHL patients were divided into 3 groups according to their spatial performances. The group of good performers (UHL {low rms}) showed better RMS scores in comparison with NHS with earplugs (NHS-mon), with performances similar to those of NHS subjects in binaural condition. A progressive increase of the MMN with the angle of deviation from the standard was noted in all groups. With a significant reduction of MMN amplitude in monaural NHS when the ear plug was applied on the ipsilateral side of the standard. MMN showed consistent variation with the behavioral observations, where UHL {low rms} patients had larger MMN amplitudes than those of monaural NHS and similar to those of binaural NHS. UHL patients have adaptive spatial auditory strategies. Our study was able to demonstrate that spatial auditory plasticity that occurs after deafness can be reflected by the MMN. Neural observations (i.e. the MMN) are correlated with behavioral observations of spatial source identification. This means that the spatial cortical plasticity, that took place in these subjects, is not limited to the functions of identification of the sound source, but exceeds these capacities towards more complex mechanisms such as deviance detection and short-term memory, that are involved in the spatial discrimination function
Sun, Weilun [Verfasser], and Alexander [Gutachter] Dityatev. "Role of retrosplenial cortex in context discrimination and the underlying neuronal coding in mouse (mus musculus) / Weilun Sun ; Gutachter: Alexander Dityatev." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219965065/34.
Full textLarsson, Johan P. "Modelling neuronal mechanisms of the processing of tones and phonemes in the higher auditory system." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97293.
Full textThough much experimental research exists on both basic neural mechanisms of hearing and the psychological organization of language perception, there is a relative paucity of modelling work on these subjects. Here we describe two modelling efforts. One proposes a novel mechanism of frequency selectivity improvement that accounts for results of neurophysiological experiments investigating manifestations of forward masking and above all auditory streaming in the primary auditory cortex (A1). The mechanism works in a feed-forward network with depressing thalamocortical synapses, but is further showed to be robust to a realistic organization of the neural circuitry in A1, which accounts for a wealth of neurophysiological data. The other effort describes a candidate mechanism for explaining differences in word/non-word perception between early and simultaneous bilinguals found in psychophysical studies. By simulating lexical decision and phoneme discrimination tasks in an attractor neural network model, we strengthen the hypothesis that people often exposed to dialectal word variations can store these in their lexicons, without altering their phoneme representations.
Se ha investigado mucho tanto los mecanismos neuronales básicos de la audición como la organización psicológica de la percepción del habla. Sin embargo, en ambos temas hay una relativa escasez en cuanto a modelización. Aquí describimos dos trabajos de modelización. Uno propone un nuevo mecanismo de mejora de selectividad de frecuencias que explica resultados de experimentos neurofisiológicos investigando manifestaciones de forward masking y sobre todo auditory streaming en la corteza auditiva principal (A1). El mecanismo funciona en una red feed-forward con depresión sináptica entre el tálamo y la corteza, pero mostramos que es robusto a la introducción de una organización realista del circuito de A1, que a su vez explica cantidad de datos neurofisiológicos. El otro trabajo describe un mecanismo candidato de explicar el hallazgo en estudios psicofísicos de diferencias en la percepción de palabras entre bilinguës tempranos y simultáneos. Simulando tareas de decisión léxica y discriminación de fonemas, fortalecemos la hipótesis de que personas expuestas a menudo a variaciones dialectales de palabras pueden guardar éstas en su léxico, sin alterar representaciones fonémicas.
Pernot, Etienne. "Choix d'un classifieur en discrimination." Paris 9, 1994. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1994PA090014.
Full textKang, Jing. "Discrimination and control in stochastic neuron models." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3155/.
Full textDahlquist, Clara. "Somatosensory system; touch : Physiology and Neuronal Correlates of Discriminative and Affective Touch." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9718.
Full textHerry, Sébastien. "Détection automatique de langue par discrimination d'experts." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066101.
Full textThe purpose of the presented work in this memoir is to automatically detect language in audio stream. For this we suggest a model which, like bilingual expert, done an discrimination by language pair with only acoustic information. The system have constraint : Operating in real time, Use database without phonetic information, Able to add a new language without retrain all the model In a first time we have done an Automatic language detection system derived from the stat of the art. The results obtained by this system are used as reference for the rest of memoir, and we compare those results with the results obtained by the developed model. In a first time, we propose a set of discriminator, by pair of language, based on neural network. The treatment is done on the whole duration of speech segment. The results of these discriminators are fused to create de detection. This model has a patent. We have study more precisely the influence of different parameter as the number of locator, the variation intra and inter corpus or the hardiness. Next we have compared the proposed modelling based on discrimination, with modelling auto regressive or predictive. This system has been tested with our participation of the international campaign organised by NIST in December 2005. To conclude on this campaign where 17 international teams have participated, we have proposed several improvements as: A normalisation of database, A modification of speaker database for learning only, Increase scores with segment duration. To conclude, the system proposed fulfils the constraints because the system is real time, and use only acoustic information. More over the system is more efficient than the derived model from the stat of the art. At last the model is hardiness for noise, for unknown language, for new evaluation database
Mazurek, Mark. "Neural mechanisms for combining information in a visual discrimination task /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10649.
Full textZhu, Wenhua. "Modèles statistiques et réseaux de neurones : stratégie et validation dans le cas de la discrimination." Paris 9, 1995. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1995PA090022.
Full textThis thesis has accost two domains : data analysis and neural networks. It present the mains methods of discriminant analysis and treats the importants points in this field : learning procedures, construction and validation of decision rule, model selection, the relation with neural networks. This thesis propose some strategy of improving their generalization abilities and for reduce their complexity so that the neural networks can be applied to large more and realistic tasks
Saal, Hannes. "Information theoretic approach to tactile encoding and discrimination." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5737.
Full textTsunozaki, Makoto. "Cell-intrinsic mechanisms of odor preference and discrimination in Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3324614.
Full textDevaud, Jean-Marc. "Morphogenese de neurones impliques dans la discrimination olfactive : etude in vivo et in vitro." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066306.
Full textDerosiere, Gérard. "Vers la discrimination des corrélats neuronaux des déficits d'attention : des Neurosciences Cognitives à l'Ingénierie Cognitive." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T008/document.
Full textFocused attention represents a high-level cognitive function enabling humans to selectively facilitate specific actions and perceptions. In a world full of choices of action, and of perceptual possibilities, focused attention appears to be a vital component of human cognition. One observation however, is worth making: human-beings are unable to maintain stable states of focused attention indefinitely. This inability manifests during sustained attention tasks with the progressive occurrence of sensory-motor deficiencies with time-on-task. The phenomenon - called attention decrement - is characterized by increases in motor impulsivity and in response times to imperative events, and by a reduction in perceptual sensitivity. So far, the neural underpinnings of attention decrement have not been fully elucidated and this lack of knowledge is clearly palpable within two disciplinary fields : Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Engineering. In Cognitive Neuroscience, the associated question is why are human-beings unable to maintain an optimal sensory-motor performance during sustained attention tasks? In Cognitive Engineering, the lack of a complete scientific understanding of attentional issues impacts the development of efficient passive Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI), capable of detecting the occurrence of potentially dangerous attention decrements during the performance of everyday activities. Both issues have been addressed in this thesis. In terms of Cognitive Neuroscience, I demonstrate that sustaining focused attention on a visual stimulation rapidly leads to an inhibition of the visual cortices. This sensory inhibition can be causally related to the lack of changes in perceptual stimulation typically characterizing sustained attention tasks. While the mechanism may be beneficial during visual search tasks as it helps humans avoid processing the same stimulus, the same object, the same location several times, it can lead to the occurrence of sensory deficiencies when sustained attention is required. As such, the sensory inhibition provides a compelling explanation as to the decrease in perceptual sensitivity and to the increase in reaction time that typify attention decrement. I show in a second study that attention decrement is associated with an increase in the activity of motor- and attention-related neural structures (i.e., cortico-spinal tract, primary motor, prefrontal and right parietal cortices). This excessive engagement reflects a compensatory process occurring in response to the sensory disengagement already highlighted and to the related degradation of the quality of perceptual representations. It is notable that the excessive engagement of the motor neural structures with time-on-task provides a potential explanation for the increase in motor impulsivity typifying attention decrement. In terms of application of these new findings, I investigated the potential of exploiting these neural correlates of attention decrement to discriminate between two different attentional states (i.e., with or without attention decrement) through a passive BCI system. To do so, we applied supervised classification analyses on near-infrared spectroscopy signals reflecting the hemodynamic activity of prefrontal and parietal cortices as recorded during a sustained attention task. We achieved relatively promising classification performance results which bode well for the future development of passive BCI. When considered together, the results described in this thesis contribute towards a better understanding of the neural correlates of attention decrement and demonstrate how this novel knowledge can be exploited for the future development of systems which may enable a reduction in accidents and human error-driven incidents in real world environments
Feiza, Vidmantas. "Neurono sinapsių plastiškumo modeliavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20141223_175459-67418.
Full textPlentiful results are coming from advances in single cell recordings. All these data have to be treated in complex ways implementing powerful computational techniques. Goal of this study was to identify the optimal learning rule of feedforward inhibitory interneurons that preserves high temporal precision of input discrimination while excitatory synapses undergo synaptic modifications according to the asymmetric spike-timing dependent plasticity rule. Temporal integration of inputs is enhanced if excitatory synapses undergo long term potentiation. To preserve narrow temporal integration window, feedforward inhibitory synapses must be plastic as well.
Laurent, Stéphanie. "Une approche de la discrimination olfactive : étude en "patch-clamp" des neurones sensoriels olfactifs de l'abeille." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066427.
Full textLINSTER, CHRISTIANE. "Reseaux de neurones formels et olfaction : un modele de la discrimination des pheromones sexuels chez les insectes." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066675.
Full textLefevre, Laura. "Importance des modifications de flairage dans l’acquisition d’une tâche de discrimination olfactive : approche comportementale et corrélats neuronaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1314.
Full textSensory modalities actively take part in collecting relevant information from the environment. In olfaction, active sampling amounts to sniffing in rodents (2-10 Hz). In behaving animals, sniffing is highly dynamic, notably in frequency and flow rate. Sniffing can be modulated by parameters related to the odorant stimulus, such as the physicochemical properties of the molecule or its concentration. It can also vary depending on “internal” parameters such as attention, emotions or motivation. Several studies highlighted the importance of the sniffing frequency in performance. First, I looked at the impact of olfactory learning on the acquisition of a specific sniffing pattern. For that purpose, I monitored sniffing activity in a non-invasive way, using a whole-body plethysmograph, on rats performing a two-alternative choice odor discrimination task. Second, I looked for neuronal correlates of the acquisition of such a sniffing pattern by simultaneously recording sniffing and neuronal activities (local field potentials) in olfactory, motor and limbic areas in behaving animals. I sought to characterize oscillatory activities in beta (15-30 Hz) and theta (2-10 Hz) ranges. I finally discussed to what extent they were related to learning and/or sniffing modulations
Ménardy, Fabien. "Reconnaissance des signaux de communication chez le diamant mandarin : étude des réponses des neurones d'une aire auditive secondaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764923.
Full textMouret, Aurélie. "Intégration des nouveaux neurones dans le bulbe olfactif de souris adulte : modulation par l’apprentissage olfactif et implications fonctionnelles." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066078.
Full textLaifa, Oumeima. "A joint discriminative-generative approach for tumour angiogenesis assessment in computational pathology." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS230.
Full textAngiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones. During angiogenesis, tumour cells secrete growth factors that activate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and stimulate over production of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The fundamental role of vascular supply in tumour growth and anti-cancer therapies makes the evaluation of angiogenesis crucial in assessing the effect of anti-angiogenic therapies as a promising anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we establish a quantitative and qualitative panel to evaluate tumour blood vessels structures on non-invasive fluorescence images and histopathological slide across the full tumour to identify architectural features and quantitative measurements that are often associated with prediction of therapeutic response. We develop a Markov Random Field (MFRs) and Watershed framework to segment blood vessel structures and tumour micro-enviroment components to assess quantitatively the effect of the anti-angiogenic drug Pazopanib on the tumour vasculature and the tumour micro-enviroment interaction. The anti-angiogenesis agent Pazopanib was showing a direct effect on tumour network vasculature via the endothelial cells crossing the whole tumour. Our results show a specific relationship between apoptotic neovascularization and nucleus density in murine tumor treated by Pazopanib. Then, qualitative evaluation of tumour blood vessels structures is performed in whole slide images, known to be very heterogeneous. We develop a discriminative-generative neural network model based on both learning driven model convolutional neural network (CNN), and rule-based knowledge model Marked Point Process (MPP) to segment blood vessels in very heterogeneous images using very few annotated data comparing to the state of the art. We detail the intuition and the design behind the discriminative-generative model, and we analyze its similarity with Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed model on histopathology slide and synthetic data. The limits of this promising framework as its perspectives are shown
Greenberg, Paul Arthur. "Functional Stability and Learning in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1030%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textSouffi, Samira. "Evaluation des capacités de discrimination et de la robustesse des réponses des neurones du système auditif en situation de dégradation acoustique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS409.
Full textThis research aimed at evaluating the discrimination abilities of neuronal responses and their robustness to noise at each stage of the auditory system, from the cochlear nucleus to the secondary auditory cortex. We quantified the neuronal discrimination performance between four conspecific vocalizations masked by a stationary noise in anesthetized guinea pig. Discrimination of target vocalizations by neuronal populations was significantly reduced by noise in all structures, but collicular and thalamic populations displayed better performance than cortical populations. The comparison with neuronal responses obtained with vocoded vocalizations (using 38, 20 or 10 frequency bands) revealed that the reduction in discrimination performance was mainly due to the attenuation of slow amplitude modulations (<20 Hz). In addition, we quantified the robustness of neuronal responses using an automatic classification method performed on the whole database obtained in presence of stationary noise and of another noise called “chorus” noise. This highlighted five categories of neural behavior (from robustness to sensitivity) and their respective proportions across the auditory system as well as within each auditory structure. This analysis demonstrated that robust neurons do exist at all stages of the auditory system, although a higher proportion was found in the inferior colliculus and thalamus. Moreover, the proportion of robust neurons is lower in the chorus noise, which suggests that the latter is more penalizing than the stationary noise. It is worth to point out that a significant proportion of subcortical and cortical neurons changed category from one background noise to another, so that the behavior of these neurons in a particular noise was unpredictable. These results provide clear evidence that neuronal discrimination in degraded acoustic conditions is mainly determined by alterations of slow amplitude modulations both at the subcortical and cortical level, and suggest that the subcortical structures significantly contribute to the robust perception of a target signal in noise
Boueri, Myriam. "Plasma induit par laser sur des matériaux organiques et applications pour discrimination et identification de plastiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602340.
Full textBoueri, Myriam. "Laser-induced plasma on polymeric materials and applications for the discrimination and identification of plastics." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733833.
Full textMandrick, Kevin. "Application de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge dans la discrimination de la charge de travail." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868844.
Full textTreguier, Sylvain. "La spectroscopie comme outil de caractérisation des microorganismes : application à la microbiologie du sol et des produits laitiers." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0034.
Full textBacteria are unicellular microorganisms involved in many biological processes. Species involved in lactic fermentation and plant growth generates a particular interest in agro-industry. The identification of bacterial strains is essential for the creation of lactic ferments for dairy products and biofertilizers for soils. Current techniques for the identification of bacteria are destructive, and therefore require dedicated sample preparation for analyses. The purpose of this work is to develop a UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy screening method for bacteria inoculated on Petri dishes, in order to evaluate its potential as a simple, rapid and non-destructive alternative to conventional diagnostic tools. A measurement protocol was first elaborated on a limited number of bacterial strains for a NIR spectrometer and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer. 142 strains of lactic acid bacteria and 76 strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were then grown on agar plates and analyzed with both instruments during several experiments. Bias related to these series of inoculations and measurements was present in the raw spectra. A reduction of this bias was possible by correcting the acquisitions from pure agar plate spectra acquired during each experiment. An exploratory analysis of the spectral data revealed differences between genera and species of bacteria. They were mainly attributed to polysaccharides contained in the cell walls, forming the bacterial capsule or produced in the extracellular environment. Classification models have been developed with the spectral data using PLS-DA and artificial neural networks. Their performances were compared in prediction on 84 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw milk and 19 additional strains of rhizobacteria. The correct classification rates of the best models obtained were 70% and 63% for the genus and species of lactic acid bacteria and 66% for the genus of rhizobacteria, respectively. Suggestions have been made to improve the performance of the method and extend its applications
Azeraf, Elie. "Classification avec des modèles probabilistes génératifs et des réseaux de neurones. Applications au traitement des langues naturelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03880848.
Full textMany probabilistic models have been neglected for classification tasks with supervised learning for several years, as the Naive Bayes or the Hidden Markov Chain. These models, called generative, are criticized because the induced classifier must learn the observations' law. This problem is too complex when the number of observations' features is too large. It is especially the case with Natural Language Processing tasks, as the recent embedding algorithms convert words in large numerical vectors to achieve better scores.This thesis shows that every generative model can define its induced classifier without using the observations' law. This proposition questions the usual categorization of the probabilistic models and classifiers and allows many new applications. Therefore, Hidden Markov Chain can be efficiently applied to Chunking and Naive Bayes to sentiment analysis.We go further, as this proposition allows to define the classifier induced from a generative model with neural network functions. We "neuralize" the models mentioned above and many of their extensions. Models so obtained allow to achieve relevant scores for many Natural Language Processing tasks while being interpretable, able to require little training data, and easy to serve
Vacher, Jonathan. "Synthèse de textures dynamiques pour l'étude de la vision en psychophysique et électrophysiologie." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED005/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to propose a mathematical model of visual stimulations in order to finely analyze experimental data in psychophysics and electrophysiology. More precisely, it is necessary to develop a set of dynamic, stochastic and parametric stimulations in order to exploit data analysis techniques from Bayesian statistics and machine learning. This problem is important to understand the visual system capacity to integrate and discriminate between stimuli. In particular, the measures performed at different scales (neurons, neural population, cognition) allow to study the particular sensitivities of neurons, their functional organization and their impact on decision making. To this purpose, we propose a set of theoretical, numerical and experimental contributions organized around three principal axes: (1) a Gaussian dynamic texture synthesis model specially crafted to probe vision; (2) a Bayesian observer model that accounts for the positive effect of spatial frequency over speed perception; (3) the use of machine learning techniques to analyze voltage sensitive dye optical imaging and extracellular data. This work, at the crossroads of neurosciences, psychophysics and mathematics is the fruit of several interdisciplinary collaborations
Carlsson, Veronica. "Artificial intelligence in radiolarian fossil identification : taxonomic, biostratigraphic and evolutionary implications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR092.
Full textMicropaleontology is not only about studying the organisms themselves, rather understanding Earth's past environments, with applications ranging from biostratigraphy to paleoceanography as well as being able to study evolutionary changes within morphospecies in time and space. This field is facing numerous challenges, since the analysis of microfossils demands significant human effort and taxonomic expertise, often leading to inconsistencies in interpretations. This work focuses on the application of using Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), for automatic image recognition of tropical Atlantic middle Eocene radiolarians. Large datasets have been constructed, in order to train different neural networks and our results show that the neural networks can automatically classify several different classes of radiolarians down to a species level, as well as in many cases being able to identify closely related species and even evolutionary transition morphotypes. It has also been able to correctly identify less broken or blurry radiolarians. It was also successfully applied to automatic image recognition for a biostratigraphic work, which in general could detect more general ages or highly precise bio events. This work includes the use of the classical neural network approaches for analysing visual context such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) but also includes the use of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which is not as commonly used for automatic image recognition, as CNNs. SNNs resulted in almost or equal amount of accuracy obtained as for CNNs, just that the use is more computational efficient and takes up less memory. There have also been some comparisons using traditional morphometric analyses, such as Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA), giving approximately the same kind of results. Our research not only aims to simplify and speed up the analysis process but also helps in increasing the accuracy and consistency of micropaleontological interpretations, which eventually, will contribute to the high-resolution studies in order to understand Earth's past history
Bobin-Bègue, Anne. "Capacité de traitement temporel des durées courtes chez l'enfant entre 1 & 4 ans." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00111689.
Full textSelon un modèle développemental, le traitement temporel repose sur une période de référence. La sensibilité du système de traitement temporel serait meilleure pour des durées proches de cette période endogène particulière. Compte-tenu des ambiguïtés soulevées par les données de la littérature, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier ces paramètres du traitement temporel (période de référence et seuil de sensibilité) chez les enfants entre 1 et 4 ans par des tâches de perception et de production. Nos résultats ont permis de déterminer les étapes développementales de la mise en place du système de traitement et d'énoncer de nouvelles hypothèses, valables pour cette période critique du développement psychomoteur, cognitif et neurobiologique, quant à ces paramètres fondamentaux. Ainsi, la période de référence, reflet de la base de temps de l'horloge, reste constante pendant la petite enfance mais gagnerait en stabilité. Parallèlement, un seuil de sensibilité deviendrait effectif. Il a été retrouvé à la fois lors de tâches de production et de perception et il ne permet pas de vérifier que le traitement est meilleur à proximité de la période de référence. Par contre, nos résultats suggèrent que ce seuil de sensibilité doive être considéré en valeur absolue et non en valeur relative.
Rey, Nolwen. "Vieillissement olfactif chez la souris normale et chez la souris APP/PS1, modèle de la maladie d'Alzheimer : implications de la neurogenèse et du système noradrénergique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595030.
Full textDo, Quoc khanh. "Apprentissage discriminant des modèles continus en traduction automatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS071/document.
Full textOver the past few years, neural network (NN) architectures have been successfully applied to many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, such as Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Statistical Machine Translation (SMT).For the language modeling task, these models consider linguistic units (i.e words and phrases) through their projections into a continuous (multi-dimensional) space, and the estimated distribution is a function of these projections. Also qualified continuous-space models (CSMs), their peculiarity hence lies in this exploitation of a continuous representation that can be seen as an attempt to address the sparsity issue of the conventional discrete models. In the context of SMT, these echniques have been applied on neural network-based language models (NNLMs) included in SMT systems, and oncontinuous-space translation models (CSTMs). These models have led to significant and consistent gains in the SMT performance, but are also considered as very expensive in training and inference, especially for systems involving large vocabularies. To overcome this issue, Structured Output Layer (SOUL) and Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) have been proposed; the former modifies the standard structure on vocabulary words, while the latter approximates the maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) by a sampling method. All these approaches share the same estimation criterion which is the MLE ; however using this procedure results in an inconsistency between theobjective function defined for parameter stimation and the way models are used in the SMT application. The work presented in this dissertation aims to design new performance-oriented and global training procedures for CSMs to overcome these issues. The main contributions lie in the investigation and evaluation of efficient training methods for (large-vocabulary) CSMs which aim~:(a) to reduce the total training cost, and (b) to improve the efficiency of these models when used within the SMT application. On the one hand, the training and inference cost can be reduced (using the SOUL structure or the NCE algorithm), or by reducing the number of iterations via a faster convergence. This thesis provides an empirical analysis of these solutions on different large-scale SMT tasks. On the other hand, we propose a discriminative training framework which optimizes the performance of the whole system containing the CSM as a component model. The experimental results show that this framework is efficient to both train and adapt CSM within SMT systems, opening promising research perspectives
Lobasenko, Andrii. "The neutrino nature through the study of the Xenon 136 double-beta decays on the PandaX-III experiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP051.
Full textThe search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) is crucial for advancing our understanding of physics and exploring physics beyond the Standard Model. However, this pursuit is incredibly challenging due to the decay's extreme rarity, requiring profound interpretation and reliance on experimental constraints and theoretical nuclear models. The PandaX-III experiment is dedicated to the search for 0νββ in 136-Xe. It is a high-pressure gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with Micromegas detectors. This design choice is made to maximize the particle track detection and discrimination 0νββ signal vs. gamma background capabilities. One of the main challenges of the 0νββ search is the discrimination between the signal and background events, which contaminate the region of interest (ROI). The strip readout system of the Micromegas detectors (a combination of 52 of them form a readout plane) allows for the precise 2D reconstruction of the ionization tracks together with the charge and time information. This allows for studying the electron tracks' energy and topology and ultimately discriminating the signal from the background. To suppress the scintillation light and rely only on the ionization signal, a 90% enriched 136-Xe is mixed with a 1% trimethylamine (TMA) quencher. The current energy resolution of the PandaX-III experiment is 3% for the 2457 keV energy of the 136-Xe 0νββ decay, envisioned to be improved to 1%. However, several factors can degrade the energy resolution, such as the presence of dead channels, gain inhomogeneities in the Micromegas detectors, or electron attachment in the TPC. This Ph.D work presents a study on the impact of missing channels on the energy and topology reconstructions in the PandaX-III experiment. The results of the Blob charge determination do not provide the desired possibility of reconstituting the part of the blob energy that would have been lost due to missing channels in XZ from YZ projections of reconstructed event tracks and vice versa. However, the study gave insight into employing machine learning (ML) algorithms to mitigate the impact of missing channels on energy and topology reconstructions. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was developed to predict the true energy of the electrons from the simulated data collected by the Micromegas with missing channels. The final results show that the CNN model predicts the true energy of the events recorded by the Micromegas with missing channels with a good energy resolution. We observe an improvement in the detection efficiency of the Monte Carlo 0νββ signal in the ROI from 69% to 89% after applying the CNN model, in comparison to the direct approach of directly summing amplitudes of the signals from the Micromegas with missing channels. Another CNN model was also used to classify the two-electron events from the single-electron events in the Monte Carlo data affected by missing channels. The model is capable of rejecting 99% of the background events while maintaining a 26% efficiency for the 0νββ signal in the ROI. The results of this work are promising and pave the way for further studies to improve the energy resolution and background rejection in the PandaX-III experiment
DasGupta, Shamik. "Neural Circuit Analyses of the Olfactory System in Drosophila: Input to Output: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2009. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/438.
Full textBillard, Pauline. "Cοmparative study οf episοdic memοry in cοmmοn cuttlefish (Sepia οfficinalis) and Εurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) Cuttlefish retrieve whether they smelt or saw a previously encountered item A new paradigm for assessing discriminative learning and incidental encoding of task-irrelevant contextual cues in Eurasian jays Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition Exploration of future-planning in the common cuttlefish Neuronal substrates of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC227.
Full textSome authors support that mental time travel is unique to humans. To their point of view, animals are not able to project themselves into the past of the future because they are bound into the present. Nevertheless, during the last 30 years, researchers have brought considerable knowledge on animals’ capacities to travel mentally through time. Even though opinions have evolved, the debate concerning the unicity of mental time travel is still on. My PhD thesis aimed at bringing further knowledge on this matter by focusing on an innovative aspect of episodic cognition in common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis and Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius, namely, source-memory. Source-memory is the capacity to retrieve the origin of an episodic memory. Results showed that cuttlefish were able to perform a source-discrimination study, revealing that they were able to discriminate and retrieve their own perceptions after 3-hours delay. A study on jays’ capacity to encode incidentally a contextual information (contextual source) revealed unexpected differences between males and females. Investigation of future-oriented behaviour in cuttlefish showed that they were able to take a decision in the present according to previous encoded knowledge and according to future experimental conditions. A preliminary study also revealed promising results on cuttlefish capacity to anticipate their future needs. To finish, we explored and revealed for the first time the neuronal substrates of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish. Alltogether, these results provide new knowledge on mental time travel in cuttlefish and in jays, suggesting that this capacity would have evolved under different environmental contraints
Chanon, Nicolas. "Observation des photons directs dans les premières données et préparation à la recherche du boson de Higgs dans l'expérience CMS au LHC (CERN)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598989.
Full textRamus, Franck. "Rythme des langues et acquisition du langage." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00242452.
Full textmet de déterminer certaines propriétés rythmiques des langues. Nous en avons déduit un modèle computationnel de la perception du rythme, et nous avons effectué des simulations prédisant quelles langues peuvent être distinguées sur la base de leurs propriétés rythmiques. Afin de tester ces prédictions, nous avons effectué une série d'expériences de discrimination de langues sur des sujets adultes, qui ont montré l'adéquation du modèle avec les données empiriques. Pour s'assurer que les
sujets n'utilisaient pas d'autres indices que le rythme, nous avons mis au point une technique basée sur la resynthèse de parole, permettant de dégrader les stimuli pour n'en préserver que les propriétés rythmiques.
Grâce à cette technique, nous avons pu montrer que des nouveau-nés sont capables de distinguer le néerlandais du japonais, sur la base de leurs seules différences rythmiques. Enfin, nous nous sommes demandés si cette sensibilité pour le rythme était spécique au langage, et donc à l'espèce humaine. Dans cette perspective, nous présentons quelques expériences-pilotes de discrimination de langues par des singes. Nous concluons que le nourrisson possède dès la naissance une capacité à analyser le rythme de la parole, et nous faisons de plus l'hypothèse que cette capacité peut lui être utile dans l'apprentissage de la structure des syllabes de sa langue maternelle.
Kremper, Helmut Alexander [Verfasser]. "Dimension-reduction and discrimination of neuronal multi-channel signals = Dimensionsredukton und Trennung neuronaler Multikanal-Signale / Helmut Alexander Kremper." 2006. http://d-nb.info/979340799/34.
Full textLee, Conrad. "Behavioural and neuronal correlates of sensory prioritization in the rat whisker system." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133569.
Full textHrůzová, Karolína. "Hipokampální kódování pozic nepřístupných objektů." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436145.
Full textBharmauria, Vishal. "Investigating the encoding of visual stimuli by forming neural circuits in the cat primary visual cortex." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14129.
Full textBackground ‘Connectomics’— the mapping of neural connections, is a rapidly advancing field in neurosciences and it promises significant insights into the brain functioning. The formation of neuronal circuits in response to the sensory environment is an emergent property of the brain; however, the knowledge about the precise nature of these sub-networks is still limited. Even at the level of the visual cortex, which is the most studied area in the brain, how sensory inputs are processed between its neurons, is a question yet to be completely explored. Heuristically, this invites an investigation into the emergence of micro-circuits in response to a visual input — that is, how the intriguing interplay between a stimulus and a cell assembly is engineered and modulated? Methods Neuronal assemblies were recorded in response to randomly presented drifting sine-wave gratings in the layer II/III (area 17) of the primary visual cortex (V1) in anaesthetized cats using tungsten multi-electrodes. Cross-correlograms (CCGs) between simultaneously recorded neural activities were computed to reveal the functional links between neurons that were indicative of putative synaptic connections between them. Further, the peristimulus time histograms (PSTH) of neurons were compared to divulge the epochal synergistic collaboration in the revealed functional networks. Thereafter, perievent spectrograms were computed to observe the gamma oscillations in emergent microcircuits. Noise correlation (Rsc) was calculated for the connected and unconnected neurons within these microcircuits. Results The functionally linked neurons collaborate synergistically with augmented activity in a 50-ms window of opportunity compared with the functionally unconnected neurons suggesting that the connectivity between neurons leads to the added excitability between them. Further, the perievent spectrogram analysis revealed that the connected neurons had an augmented power of gamma activity compared with the unconnected neurons in the emergent 50-ms window of opportunity. The low-band (20-40 Hz) gamma activity was linked to the regular-spiking (RS) neurons, whereas the high-band (60-80 Hz) activity was related to the fast-spiking (FS) neurons. The functionally connected neurons systematically displayed higher Rsc compared with the unconnected neurons in emergent microcircuits. Finally, the CCG analysis revealed that there is an activation of a salient functional network in an assembly in relation to the presented orientation. Closely tuned neurons exhibited more connections than the distantly tuned neurons. Untuned assemblies did not display functional linkage. In short, a ‘signature’ functional network was formed between neurons comprising an assembly that was strictly related to the presented orientation. Conclusion Indeed, this study points to the fact that a cell-assembly is the fundamental functional unit of information processing in the brain, rather than the individual neurons. This dilutes the importance of a neuron working in isolation, that is, the classical firing rate paradigm that has been traditionally used to study the encoding of a stimulus. This study also helps to reconcile the debate on gamma oscillations in that they systematically originate between the connected neurons in assemblies. Though the size of the recorded assemblies in the current investigation was relatively small, nevertheless, this study shows the intriguing functional specificity of interacting neurons in an assembly in response to a visual input. One may form this study as a premise to computationally infer the functional connectomes on a larger scale.
Jicheng, Dai, and 戴基城. "Growing self-organizing maps with determination of features and neuron's locations by effective discrimination radius." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59063922842798272998.
Full textHyde, Krista Leigh. "Behavioral and neural correlates of congenital amusia." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16987.
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