Academic literature on the topic 'Neuron visual response study'
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Journal articles on the topic "Neuron visual response study"
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HUGUES, ETIENNE, and JORGE V. JOSÉ. "STIMULUS COMPETITION IN ATTENTION: A NEURAL MODEL OF VISUAL CORTEX AREA V4." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 05 (2008): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010258.
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When a monkey is presented simultaneously two stimuli in the receptive field of a neuron in the visual cortex area V4, the neuron firing rate response is intermediate between the neuron response when both stimuli are presented alone. This phenomenon is called stimulus competition. To study its basic underlying neural mechanisms, we calculate the neuron firing rate response to different stimulus configurations. We find that stimulus competition can arise from the neuron's response properties alone, but only for a limited set of stimulus pair parameters. Furthermore, network properties may be important in modifying the inputs so that competition may occur for much wider sets of stimulus pairs.
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Richmond, B. J., and L. M. Optican. "Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate primary visual cortex. II. Information transmission." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 2 (1990): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.370.
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1. Previously, we studied how picture information was processed by neurons in inferior temporal cortex. We found that responses varying in both response strength and temporal waveform carried information about briefly flashed stationary black-and-white patterns. Now, we have applied that same paradigm to the study of striate cortical neurons. 2. In this approach the responses to a set of basic black and white pictures were quantified through use of a set of basic waveforms, the principal components (extracted from all the responses of each neuron). We found that the first principal component, which corresponds to the response strength, and others, which correspond to different basic temporal activity patterns, were significantly related to the stimuli, i.e., the stimulus drove both the response strength and its temporal pattern. 3. Our previous study had shown that, when information theory was used to quantify the stimulus-response relation, inferior temporal neurons convey over twice as much information in a response code that includes temporal modulation as in a response code that includes only the response strength. This study shows that striate cortical neurons also carry twice as much information in a temporal code as in a response strength code. Thus single visual neurons at both ends of a cortical processing chain for visual pattern use a multidimensional temporal code to carry stimulus-related information. 4. These results support our multiplex-filter hypothesis, which states that single visual system neurons can be regarded as several simultaneously active parallel channels, each of which conveys independent information about the stimulus.
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Allman, Brian L., and M. Alex Meredith. "Multisensory Processing in “Unimodal” Neurons: Cross-Modal Subthreshold Auditory Effects in Cat Extrastriate Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (2007): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00173.2007.
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Historically, the study of multisensory processing has examined the function of the definitive neuron type, the bimodal neuron. These neurons are excited by inputs from more than one sensory modality, and when multisensory stimuli are present, they can integrate their responses in a predictable manner. However, recent studies have revealed that multisensory processing in the cortex is not restricted to bimodal neurons. The present investigation sought to examine the potential for multisensory processing in nonbimodal (unimodal) neurons in the retinotopically organized posterolateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS) area of the cat. Standard extracellular recordings were used to measure responses of all neurons encountered to both separate- and combined-modality stimulation. Whereas bimodal neurons behaved as predicted, the surprising result was that 16% of unimodal visual neurons encountered were significantly facilitated by auditory stimuli. Because these unimodal visual neurons did not respond to an auditory stimulus presented alone but had their visual responses modulated by concurrent auditory stimulation, they represent a new form of multisensory neuron: the subthreshold multisensory neuron. These data also demonstrate that bimodal neurons can no longer be regarded as the exclusive basis for multisensory processing.
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Gharat, Amol, and Curtis L. Baker. "Motion-defined contour processing in the early visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 5 (2012): 1228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00840.2011.
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From our daily experience, it is very clear that relative motion cues can contribute to correctly identifying object boundaries and perceiving depth. Motion-defined contours are not only generated by the motion of objects in a scene but also by the movement of an observer's head and body (motion parallax). However, the neural mechanism involved in detecting these contours is still unknown. To explore this mechanism, we extracellularly recorded visual responses of area 18 neurons in anesthetized and paralyzed cats. The goal of this study was to determine if motion-defined contours could be detected by neurons that have been previously shown to detect luminance-, texture-, and contrast-defined contours cue invariantly. Motion-defined contour stimuli were generated by modulating the velocity of high spatial frequency sinusoidal luminance gratings (carrier gratings) by a moving squarewave envelope. The carrier gratings were outside the luminance passband of a neuron, such that presence of the carrier alone within the receptive field did not elicit a response. Most neurons that responded to contrast-defined contours also responded to motion-defined contours. The orientation and direction selectivity of these neurons for motion-defined contours was similar to that of luminance gratings. A given neuron also exhibited similar selectivity for the spatial frequency of the carrier gratings of contrast- and motion-defined contours. These results suggest that different second-order contours are detected in a form-cue invariant manner, through a common neural mechanism in area 18.
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Wang, Xiao-Jing, Yinghui Liu, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives, and David A. McCormick. "Adaptation and Temporal Decorrelation by Single Neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 6 (2003): 3279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00242.2003.
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Limiting redundancy in the real-world sensory inputs is of obvious benefit for efficient neural coding, but little is known about how this may be accomplished by biophysical neural mechanisms. One possible cellular mechanism is through adaptation to relatively constant inputs. Recent investigations in primary visual (V1) cortical neurons have demonstrated that adaptation to prolonged changes in stimulus contrast is mediated in part through intrinsic ionic currents, a Ca2+-activated K+ current ( IKCa) and especially a Na+-activated K+ current ( IKNa). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the activation of adaptation ionic currents may provide a cellular mechanism for temporal decorrelation in V1. A conductance-based neuron model was simulated, which included an IKCa and an IKNa. We show that the model neuron reproduces the adaptive behavior of V1 neurons in response to high contrast inputs. When the stimulus is stochastic with 1/ f 2 or 1/ f-type temporal correlations, these autocorrelations are greatly reduced in the output spike train of the model neuron. The IKCa is effective at reducing positive temporal correlations at approximately 100-ms time scale, while a slower adaptation mediated by IKNa is effective in reducing temporal correlations over the range of 1–20 s. Intracellular injection of stochastic currents into layer 2/3 and 4 (pyramidal and stellate) neurons in ferret primary visual cortical slices revealed neuronal responses that exhibited temporal decorrelation in similarity with the model. Enhancing the slow afterhyperpolarization resulted in a strengthening of the decorrelation effect. These results demonstrate the intrinsic membrane properties of neocortical neurons provide a mechanism for decorrelation of sensory inputs.
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Carandini, Matteo, Horace B. Barlow, Lawrence P. O'keefe, Allen B. Poirson, and J. Anthony Movshon. "Adaptation to contingencies in macaque primary visual cortex." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1358 (1997): 1149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0098.
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We tested the hypothesis that neurons in the primary visual cortex adapt selectively to contingencies in the attributes of visual stimuli. We recorded from single neurons in macaque V1 and measured the effects of adaptation either to the sum of two gratings (compound stimulus) or to the individual gratings. According to our hypothesis, there would be a component of adaptation that is specific to the compound stimulus. In a first series of experiments, the two gratings differed in orientation. One grating had optimal orientation and the other was orthogonal to it, and therefore did not activate the neuron under study. These experiments provided evidence in favour of our hypothesis. In most cells adaptation to the compound stimulus reduced responses to the compound stimulus more than it reduced responses to the optimal grating, and adaptation to the optimal grating reduced responses to the optimal grating more than it reduced responses to the compound stimulus. This suggests that a component of adaptation was specific to (and caused by) the simultaneous presence of the two orientations in the compound stimulus. To test whether V1 neurons could adapt to other contingencies in the stimulus attributes, we performed a second series of experiments, in which the component gratings were parallel but differed in spatial frequency, and were both effective in activating the neuron under study. These experiments failed to reveal convincing contingent effects of adaptation, suggesting that neurons cannot adapt equally well to all types of contingency.
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Carlson, Synnöve, Pia Rämä, Heikki Tanila, Ilkka Linnankoski, and Heikki Mansikka. "Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal Processing in the Monkey Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 2 (1997): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.2.761.
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Carlson, Synnöve, Pia Rämä, Heikki Tanila, Ilkka Linnankoski, and Heikki Mansikka. Dissociation of mnemonic coding and other functional neuronal processing in the monkey prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 761–774, 1997. Single-neuron activity was recorded in the prefrontal cortex of three monkeys during the performance of a spatial delayed alternation (DA) task and during the presentation of a variety of visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli. The aim was to study the relationship between mnemonic neuronal processing and other functional neuronal responsiveness at the single-neuron level in the prefrontal cortex. Recordings were performed in both experimental situations from 152 neurons. The majority of the neurons (92%) was recorded in the prefrontal cortex. Nine of the neurons were recorded in the dorsal bank of the anterior cingulate sulcus and two in the premotor cortex. Of the total number of neurons recorded in the prefrontal area, 32% fired in relation to the DA task performance and 39% were responsive to sensory stimulation or to the movements of the monkey outside of the memory task context. Altogether 42% of the recorded neurons were neither activated by the various stimuli nor by the DA task performance. Three types of task-related neuronal activity were recorded: delay related, delay and movement related, and movement related. The majority of the task-related neurons ( n = 33, 73%) fired in relation to the delay period. Of the delay-related neurons, 26 (79%) were spatially selective. The number of spatially selective delay-related neurons of the whole population of recorded neurons was 18%. Twelve task-related neurons (27%) fired in relation to the response period of the DA task. Five of these neurons changed their firing rate during the delay period and were classified as delay/movement-related neurons. Contrary to the delay-related neurons, less than half (42%) of the response-related neurons were spatially selective. The majority (70%) of the delay-related neurons could not be activated by any of the sensory stimuli used and did not fire in relation to the movements of the monkey. The remaining portion of the delay-related neurons was activated by stationary and moving visual stimuli or by visual fixation of an object. In contrast to the delay-related neurons, the majority (66%) of the task-related neurons firing in relation to the movement period were also responsive to sensory stimulation outside of the task context. The majority of these neurons responded to visual stimulation, visual fixation of an object, or tracking eye movements. One neuron gave a somatomotor and another a polysensory response. The majority ( n = 37, 67%) of all neurons responding to stimulation outside of the task context did not fire in relation to the DA task performance. The majority of their responses was elicited by visual stimuli or was related to visual fixation of an object or to eye movements. Only six neurons fired in relation to auditory, somatosensory, or somatomotor stimulation. This study provides further evidence about the significance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in spatial working memory processing. Although a considerable number of all DA task-related neurons responded to visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimulation or to the movements of the monkey, most delay-related neurons engaged in the spatial DA task did not respond to extrinsic sensory stimulation. These results indicate that most prefrontal neurons firing selectively during the delay phase of the DA task are highly specialized and process only task-related information.
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Yang, Jin, and Stephen G. Lisberger. "Relationship Between Adapted Neural Population Responses in MT and Motion Adaptation in Speed and Direction of Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (2009): 2693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00061.2009.
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We have asked how sensory adaptation is represented in the response of a population of visual motion neurons and whether the neural adaptation could drive behavioral adaptation. Our approach was to evaluate the effects of about 10 s of motion adaptation on both smooth-pursuit eye movements and the responses of neuron populations in extrastriate middle temporal visual area (MT) in awake monkeys. Stimuli for neural recordings consisted of patches of 100% correlated dot textures. There was a wide range of effects across neurons, but on average adaptation reduced the amplitude and width of the direction tuning curves of MT neurons, without large changes in the preferred direction. The effects were greatest when the direction of the adapting stimulus corresponded to the preferred direction of the MT neuron under study. Adaptation also reduced the amplitude of speed-tuning curves, again with the greatest effect when the adapting speed was equal to the preferred speed. The adapted tuning curves were shifted toward lower preferred speeds as the adapting speed increased. We constructed populations of model MT neurons based on our experimental sample and showed that the effects of adaptation on the direction and speed of pursuit eye movements were predicted when a variant of vector averaging decoded the responses of a subset of the neural population. We conclude that the effects of motion adaptation on the responses of MT neurons can support behavioral adaptation in pursuit eye movements.
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GEISLER, WILSON S., DUANE G. ALBRECHT, ALISON M. CRANE, and LAWRENCE STERN. "Motion direction signals in the primary visual cortex of cat and monkey." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 4 (2001): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801184014.
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When an image feature moves with sufficient speed it should become smeared across space, due to temporal integration in the visual system, effectively creating a spatial motion pattern that is oriented in the direction of the motion. Recent psychophysical evidence shows that such “motion streak signals” exist in the human visual system. In this study, we report neurophysiological evidence that these motion streak signals also exist in the primary visual cortex of cat and monkey. Single neuron responses were recorded for two kinds of moving stimuli: single spots presented at different velocities and drifting plaid patterns presented at different spatial and temporal frequencies. Measurements were made for motion perpendicular to the spatial orientation of the receptive field (“perpendicular motion”) and for motion parallel to the spatial orientation of the receptive field (“parallel motion”). For moving spot stimuli, as the speed increases, the ratio of the responses to parallel versus perpendicular motion increases, and above some critical speed, the response to parallel motion exceeds the response to perpendicular motion. For moving plaid patterns, the average temporal tuning function is approximately the same for both parallel motion and perpendicular motion; in contrast, the spatial tuning function is quite different for parallel motion and perpendicular motion (band pass for the former and low pass for the latter). In general, the responses to spots and plaids are consistent with the conventional model of cortical neurons with one rather surprising exception: Many cortical neurons appear to be direction selective for parallel motion. We propose a simple explanation for “parallel motion direction selectivity” and discuss its implications for the motion streak hypothesis. Taken as a whole, we find that the measured response properties of cortical neurons to moving spot and plaid patterns agree with the recent psychophysics and support the hypothesis that motion streak signals are present in V1.
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Kawano, K., M. Shidara, and S. Yamane. "Neural activity in dorsolateral pontine nucleus of alert monkey during ocular following responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 3 (1992): 680–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.3.680.
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1. Movements of the visual scene evoke short-latency ocular following responses. To study the neural mediation of the ocular following responses, we investigated neurons in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) of behaving monkeys. The neurons discharged during brief, sudden movements of a large-field visual stimulus, eliciting ocular following. Most of them (100/112) responded to movements of a large-field visual stimulus with directional selectivity. 2. Response amplitude was measured in two components of the neural response: an initial transient component and a late sustained component. Most direction-selective DLPN neurons showed their strongest responses at high stimulus speeds (80-160 degrees/s), whether their response components were initial (63/87, 72%) or sustained (63/87, 72%). The average firing rates of 87 DLPN neurons increased as a linear function of the logarithm of stimulus speed up to 40 degrees/s for both initial and sustained responses. 3. Not only the magnitude but also the latency of the neural and ocular responses were dependent on stimulus speed. The latencies of both neural and ocular responses were inversely related to the stimulus speed. As a result, the time difference between the response latencies for neural and ocular responses did not vary much with changes of stimulus speed. 4. Response latency was measured when a large-field random dot pattern was moved in the preferred direction and at the preferred speed of each neuron. Seventy-three percent (56/77) of the neurons were activated less than 50 ms after the onset of the stimulus motion. In most cases (67/77, 87%), their increase of firing rate started before the eye movements, and 34% of them (26/77) started greater than 10 ms before the eye movements. 5. Blurring of the random dot pattern by interposing a sheet of ground glass increased the latency of both neural responses and eye movements. On the other hand, the blurred images did not change the timing of the effect of blanking the visual scene on the responses of the neurons or eye movements. 6. When a check pattern was used instead of random dots, both neural and ocular responses began to decrease rapidly when the temporal frequency of the visual stimulus exceeded 20 Hz. When the temporal frequency of the visual stimulus approached 40 Hz, the neurons showed a distinctive burst-and-pause firing pattern. The eye movements recorded at the same time showed signs of oscillation, and their temporal patterns were closely correlated to those of the firing rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neuron visual response study"
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Hasselmo, M. E. "The representation and storage of visual information in the temporal lobe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379950.
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Chryslee, Gail J. "The construction of a rhetorical response to visual art : a case study of Brushstrokes in Flight /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302641265.
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Silverio, Carolina Menezes. "A influência do voo na resposta do H1 e o registro do comportamento motor em Chrysomya megacephala." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-30102013-111946/.
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Desenvolvemos um protocolo experimental para estudar a codificação do movimento horizontal pelo neurônio H1 de moscas varejeiras Chrysomya megacephala durante o voo. Tradicionalmente, o neurônio H1 é considerado puramente sensorial, e a maioria dos trabalhos tem utilizado o trem de potenciais de ação deste neurônio para explorar o código neural visual da mosca enquanto esta se encontra imobilizada (cabeça, asas, patas) e observa passivamente uma imagem que se move de maneira controlada. Nosso laboratório já dispunha de um aparato para registrar de maneira adequada a atividade do H1, enquanto a mosca imobilizada observava um padrão de barras verticais se movendo de acordo com uma sequência de velocidades previamente escolhidas pelo experimentador. Por meio de um novo suporte, especialmente desenvolvido neste trabalho, pudemos obter as medidas eletrofisiológicas quando apenas parte do corpo do inseto se encontra fixo. Além disso, conseguimos encontrar uma maneira de estimular a mosca para que esta apresentasse períodos de atividade, com batimentos de asa, similares ao voo. Utilizamos estes períodos de atividade de voo para registrar a atividade dos músculos que controlam a direção do voo. Também utilizamos microfones que captam pequenas diferenças de pressão do batimento das asas para inferir quando a mosca quer mudar a direção do voo e validamos estas medidas com o auxílio de um pequeno acelerômetro adaptado à haste de fixação da mosca. Mostramos que a taxa média de disparo do H1 é mais alta quando a mosca está voando do que quando está com as asas paradas. Além disso, a resposta ao estímulo visual é mais rápida e mais intensa quando a mosca está voando. Estes resultados são evidências de que a codificação da informação visual é diferente nos dois casos. Nossos experimentos com registro da atividade de controle motor do voo através de microfones permitiram encontrar padrões que podem ser usados para inferir a tentativa do inseto de mudar a direção do voo, em um intervalo de poucas batidas de asas e de maneira não invasiva. Esta informação poderá ser utilizada no futuro para produzir um equipamento em que a própria mosca controle o movimento da imagem em tempo real.<br>We developed a protocol do address the movement information coding in flying Chrysomya Megacephala by the horizontal sensitive H1neuron. H1 is traditionally considered a purely sensory neuron and his sequence of action potentials is used to explore the visual neural code while an immobilized fly passively watch a movie generated by the experimenter. We improved an apparatus to perform such experiments, that was already working in our laboratory, by developing a new holder for the fly and electrode that allowed to record from H1 while only part of the fly was fixed, keeping wings and legs free to move. Moreover we found a protocol to stimulate the fly to present long periods of wing beating activity, very similar to the insect flying. During these flying periods of activity, we also recorded from the steering muscles that control fly direction as well as from small microphones sensitive to subtle pressure variations of the beating wings when the fly try to change direction. These recordings were validated by using an accelerometer adapted to the fly fixation rod. According to our results, the firing rate of H1 increases during the flying periods. Moreover, the response to visual stimuli is faster and more intense during the flying than the response when the wings are not beating. These are evidences that the information coding is different in both cases. We could also find some patterns in the time series of the microphones recordings that allowed us to infer, in a small number of wing beatings, when the insect tries to turn and what is the turning direction. This information can be useful to perform new experiments in the future, were the fly controls in real-time the image movement.
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Bedrossian, Diane. "The effects of ghrelin on the amygdala response to visual food and non-food stimuli : an fMRI study in humans." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111507.
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A complex physiological system, composed of central and peripheral signals, balances energy intake and expenditure. Among these signals, the enteric and orexigenic hormone ghrelin is a regulator of energy balance with several uncharacterized functions. Although much research has accumulated regarding ghrelin's effects on metabolic parameters, little is known about its other behavioural and cognitive effects. Consequently, this study, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, showed that ghrelin administered intravenously to healthy volunteers increased the neural response to food pictures, as well as faces of fear and disgust, in brain areas regulating the hedonic and incentive evaluation of visual stimuli, such as the amygdala. Moreover, ghrelin exhibited memory enhancing effects for both food pictures and faces of fear and disgust. These findings suggest that ghrelin's activation of the amygdala may serve as a magnitude signal for value judgments of visually-presented food and non-food stimuli, thus engaging critical feeding, emotional and cognitive responses.
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Strickland, Monica Kathleen. "The Effects of Self-evaluation and Response Restriction on Letter and Number Reversal in Young Children." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4542/.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a training package consisting of response restriction and the reinforcement of self-evaluation on letter reversal errors. Participants were 3 typically developing boys between the age of 5 and 7. The results indicated that the training package was successful in correcting reversals in the absence of a model during training and on application tests. These improvements maintained during subsequent follow-up sessions and generalized across trainers. Fading was not always necessary in correcting reversals, but was effective in correcting reversals that persisted during the overlay training procedures. The advantages to implementing a systematic intervention for reducing letter reversal errors in the classroom, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
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en-Chi, Wu, and 吳文棋. "A Design and Study of Applying Neuron-Fuzzy Theory on Visual Inspect System." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98517624236058643794.
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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>86<br>The purpose of the thesis is to propose a visual recognition system combineneuron with fuzzy theory. Visual recognition techniques applied industrial productuon inspection hasbeen using for many years, but most of the inspect techniques can tell us onlythe product is good or bad, they can't recognize if the product is in betweengood and bad. In order to increase the recognition capability, we apply theNeuron and Fuzzy theory to solve this problems. Finally, we implement our thoery to robot arm, the simulation resultsverify that after this design, the recognition capability can really beincreased and improved.
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Dyakova, Olga. "The processing of natural images in the visual system." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328041.
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Any image can be described in terms of its statistics (i.e. quantitative parameters calculated from the image, for example RMS-contrast, the skewness of image brightness distribution, and slope constant of an average amplitude spectrum). It was previously shown that insect and vertebrate visual systems are optimised to the statistics common among natural scenes. However, the exact mechanisms of this process are still unclear and need further investigation. This thesis presents the results of examining links between some image statistics and visual responses in humans and hoverflies. It was found that while image statistics do not play the main role when hoverflies (Eristalis tenax and Episyrphus balteatus) chose what flowers to feed on, there is a link between hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) active behaviours and image statistics. There is a significant difference in the slope constant of the average amplitude spectrum, RMS contrast and skewness of brightness distribution between photos of areas where hoverflies were hovering or flying. These photos were also used to create a prediction model of hoverfly behaviour. After model validation, it was concluded that photos of both the ground and the surround should be used for best prediction of behaviour. The best predictor was skewness of image brightness distribution. By using a trackball setup, the optomotor response in walking hoverflies (Eristalis tenax) was found to be influenced by the slope constant of an average amplitude spectrum. Intracellular recording showed that the higher-order neuron cSIFE (The centrifugal stationary inhibited flicker excited) in the hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) lobula plate was inhibited by a range of natural scenes and that this inhibition was strongest in a response to visual stimuli with the slope constant of an average amplitude spectrum of 1, which is the typical value for natural environments. Based on the results of psychophysics study in human subjects it was found that sleep deprivation affects human perception of naturalistic slope constants differently for different image categories (“food” and “real world scenes”). These results help provide a better understanding of the link between visual processes and the spatial statistics of natural scenes.
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CHIANG, CHENG-JU, and 江承儒. "Study of the Relationship between Visual Fusion and EEG Response." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15774980013882373067.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>資電碩士在職專班<br>101<br>In this paper, using the EEG signal interpretation of visual physiology reaction, through the rotating mirror the external light conversion from the eye into the brain stimulation produced by reaction of physiological signals, do financial association between like and the brain basis for visual.
In this study, using a rotating prism destruction of visual fusion as a foundation, makes the brain and eyes temporarily relaxed, the incident light angle change to light at different angles into the eye to promote macular activation, and will melt like damage to visual acuity after reorganization, promote and raise attention. By not wearing glasses to restore the original vision eye, first to measure when visual fusion ability was destroyed and reconstructed after using rotating mirror. When the eyes using a rotating prism, EEG for melt like failure and relax, and reconstructing the visual fusion increased visual acuity, attention will considerably increase. This study first EEG in &;quot;sabotage melt like&;quot; and &;quot;like&;quot; financial reconstruction under the two modes of special relationship, brain and vision.
Capture EEG physiological signals using single in type EEG, the signal collection through the processing of eight bands of EEG. To analyze the fusion failure and fusion after reconstruction of visual signal response through these bands to relax, get the subjects and concentration. The research results in the brain associated with vision can be regarded as an important discovery, to enhance the learning efficiency and quality of vision care and brain relaxation has a great help.
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Chen, Ying-Chun, and 陳膺淳. "A study on visual response and psychological cognition at different landscape typologies." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44328518770950191204.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>景觀與遊憩研究所<br>99<br>The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different landscape space typologies on visual reflection and psychological cognition using both results from the Eye Tracker and psychological evaluation of questionnaire responses.Eye Tracker hot spot analysis showed the overall median landscape type the number of people focused on the visual placement of trees and shrubs, sky, structure and elements of the landscape area ratio can be found that people were viewing the landscape picture, when the element of area is larger, the viewer visual number will increase. In seven landscape types people prefer Japanese garden landscape (5.41) and recreation landscape (5.10), and lower value in streetscape (3.52), two types of visual focus are trees and shrubs ;same as landscape elements to area ratio. preference matrix in the environment, "complexity", "mystery" and other types of two types of evaluation value is higher than compared to show the overall space environment with rich landscape elements, and deep, convoluted imagery, can stimulate the viewer''s curiosity. 7 landscape types to group photos and landscape preference evaluation value ANOVA analysis. Test results (χ2 = 38.949, P &lt;0.05), on behalf of the preferences of different types of landscape assessment values have significant differences, we can see the value of individual landscape preference evaluation due to different scales of landscape types will vary, also verified this hypothesis by. In addition, people in this study to explore the physical environment of the landscape and environmental preferences of the matrix elements of the landscape preferences of the impact of multiple regression analysis showed that the landscape elements of the real part of the landscape preferences of multiple regression model was significant only street side landscape and the overall landscape types of significance level. The overall landscape types in the sky, trees and shrubs, vegetation, rocks, water , significant differences on advertising; the Beta value of 0.499 to trees and shrubs of the biggest influence landscape preferences; landscape types could explain the whole area of landscape elements preferred R2 = 49.6% of the variation.
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Chen, Chien-cheng, and 陳建成. "The Visual Design Study of Emergency Aid Information Communication – A Stroke-rapid-response Explanation Graphic." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70659991168670672806.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>設計研究所<br>100<br>Correct and effective knowledge of assessment and first aid can not only help patients have nice and successful treatment after hospitalized, but also reduce the possibility of secondary impairment caused by inappropriate first aid. Even though the medical community has developed an effective prehospital stroke assessment scales, but the public lacks correct understanding on interpretation of stroke symptoms, and there is no useful, understandable propaganda document for stroke assessment, so delayed patients still occur from time to time.
To study the stroke-rapid-response explanation graphic by a series of data collection, interviews, sample design and user testing, this study can be divided into three sections. The first section investigates the overseas market to know the arrangement and presentation of communicative information by producers’ view; the second section takes existing stroke-rapid-response explanation graphics as samples to test the comprehension and cognition of viewers, and clarify how to interactively affect viewers’ comprehension under these varied conditions: presenting textual language only, presenting visual language only, presenting textual and visual language simultaneously and different levels of stylizations; based on the data and results in the last two sections and interviews with related professionals for design principles, the third section redesigns stroke-rapid-response explanation graphic, and takes existing and redesigned explanation graphics as sample to test and interview for the results of users’ comprehension and learning.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1) In descriptive words, easily understandable slogan and colloquial copy can increase comprehension and memory durability; 2) In image design, taking close-up shot, magnifying symptoms and adjusting brightness/chroma can attract attention and strengthen impression; 3) Shape can guide the visual focus and give the still images the concept of motion, time and abstraction; 4) Users will repeatedly confirm and review between text and images to build up the relationship to verify their understanding and deepen the impression. When designing a document for emergency aid information communication, the study suggests that designers can make good use of the advantages of text and images to establish the connection, and design in a spiral-research routine.
Books on the topic "Neuron visual response study"
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Clickers In The Astronomy Classroom How To Enhance Astronomy Teaching Using Classroom Response Systems. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, 2005.
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Lasc, Anca I. Interior decorating in nineteenth-century France. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526113382.001.0001.
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This book analyzes the early stages of the interior design profession as articulated within the circles involved in the decoration of the private home in the second half of nineteenth-century France. It argues that the increased presence of the modern, domestic interior in the visual culture of the nineteenth century enabled the profession to take shape. Upholsterers, cabinet-makers, architects, stage designers, department stores, taste advisors, collectors, and illustrators, came together to “sell” the idea of the unified interior as an image and a total work of art. The ideal domestic interior took several media as its outlet, including taste manuals, pattern books, illustrated magazines, art and architectural exhibitions, and department store catalogs. The chapters outline the terms of reception within which the work of each professional group involved in the appearance and design of the nineteenth-century French domestic interior emerged and focus on specific works by members of each group. If Chapter 1 concentrates on collectors and taste advisors, outlining the new definitions of the modern interior they developed, Chapter 2 focuses on the response of upholsterers, architects, and cabinet-makers to the same new conceptions of the ideal private interior. Chapter 3 considers the contribution of the world of entertainment to the field of interior design while Chapter 4 moves into the world of commerce to study how department stores popularized the modern interior with the middle classes. Chapter 5 returns to architects to understand how their engagement with popular journals shaped new interior decorating styles.
Book chapters on the topic "Neuron visual response study"
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Strisciuglio, Nicola, and Nicolai Petkov. "Brain-Inspired Algorithms for Processing of Visual Data." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82427-3_8.
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AbstractThe study of the visual system of the brain has attracted the attention and interest of many neuro-scientists, that derived computational models of some types of neuron that compose it. These findings inspired researchers in image processing and computer vision to deploy such models to solve problems of visual data processing.In this paper, we review approaches for image processing and computer vision, the design of which is based on neuro-scientific findings about the functions of some neurons in the visual cortex. Furthermore, we analyze the connection between the hierarchical organization of the visual system of the brain and the structure of Convolutional Networks (ConvNets). We pay particular attention to the mechanisms of inhibition of the responses of some neurons, which provide the visual system with improved stability to changing input stimuli, and discuss their implementation in image processing operators and in ConvNets.
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Koch, Christof. "Synaptic Input to a Passive Tree." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0024.
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Now that we have quantified the behavior of the cell in response to current pulses and current steps as delivered by the physiologist's microelectrode, let us study the behavior of the cell responding to a more physiological input. For instance, a visual stimulus in the environment will activate cells in the retina and its target, neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus. These, in turn, make on the order of 50 excitatory synapses onto the apical tree of a layer 5 pyramidal cell in primary visual cortex such as the one we use throughout the book, and about 100-150 synapses onto a layer 4 spiny stellate cell (Peters and Payne, 1993; Ahmed et al., 1994, 1996; Peters, Payne, and Rudd, 1994). All of these synapses will be triggered within a fraction of a millisecond (Alonso, Usrey, and Reid, 1996). Thus, any sensory input to a neuron is likely to activate on the order of 102 synapses, rather than one or two very specific synapses as envisioned in Chap. 5 in the discussion of synaptic AND-NOT logic. This chapter will reexamine the effect of synaptic input to a realistic dendritic tree. We will commence by considering a single synaptic input as a sort of baseline condition. This represents a rather artificial condition; but because the excitatory postsynaptic potential and current at the soma are frequently experimentally recorded and provide important insights into the situation prevailing in the presence of massive synaptic input, we will discuss them in detail. Next we will treat the case of many temporally dispersed synaptic inputs to a leaky integrate-and-fire model and to the passive dendritic tree of the pyramidal cell. In particular, we are interested in uncovering the exact relationship between the temporal input jitter and the output jitter. The bulk of this chapter deals with the effect of massive synaptic input onto the firing behavior of the cell, by making use of the convenient fiction that the detailed temporal arrangement of action potentials is irrelevant for neuronal information processing. This allows us to derive an analytical expression relating the synaptic input to the somatic current and ultimately to the output frequency of the cell.
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Parrington, John. "Light as a Life Tool." In Redesigning Life. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766834.003.0004.
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Visual light, and radiation of other frequencies, are highly important for scientific research. The first light microscopes made it possible for the first time to see that organisms from plants to humans are composed of cells. Electron microscopes have allowed scientists to study the structural components of cells in great detail, and even determine the shapes of individual proteins. Many lifeforms also use light to attract a mate or prey, or deter an attacker. Following the identification of the gene coding for the fluorescent protein that makes certain jellyfish glow green it has become possible to use this to genetically label proteins in a living cell, or even a live animal. This means that now the location of proteins in a cell can be determined exactly. A major recent step forward in neuroscience came with the discovery of protein channels in algae that conduct ions in response to light. By creating transgenic mice that have these proteins in their brain neurons, it is now possible to modulate the activity of these neurons by shining light into the brain though microscopic fibre optic cables. This new science of optogenetics allows neurons to be switched on or off experimentally. The optogenetic approach has been used to uncover the neural circuits involved in memory, pain and pleasure. In the future this technique might be used to treat physical pain or depression in people. Controversially, it might be also be misused, to supress memories, or even create completely false ones in people’s heads.
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Kapsner, PL, M. Bouchonville, M. Garimella, T. Teshiba, and A. Mayer. "Transsexuals' Response to Visual Stimuli – A fMRI Pilot Study." In The Endocrine Society's 92nd Annual Meeting, June 19–22, 2010 - San Diego. Endocrine Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2010.part1.p7.p1-316.
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Dik, Olga E., and Alexander D. Nozdrachev. "Chapter 7. Mechanisms of antinoceptive response of a sensory neuron." In Mechanisms of changes in dynamical complexity of physiological signal patterns. St. Petersburg State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288059322.08.
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The seventh chapter is devoted to the determination of the mechanisms of changes in the dynamic complexity of the patterns of impulse activity of nociceptors. As a result of the study of the mechanisms of changes in the dynamic complexity of the patterns of impulse activity of nociceptive neurons when the antinociceptive response occurs, it was found that the change in this complexity is based on rearrangements in the temporal organization of patterns due to bifurcations of stationary states and limit cycles, leading to the appearance of two types of burst activity. The mechanism of correction of the damaging pain effect is based on the molecular mechanism of suppression of this activity associated with the modification of the activation gating structure of slow sodium NaV1.8 channels under the action of comenic acid, a drug substance of the non-opioid analgesic “Anoceptin”. The methodology for analyzing the considered molecular mechanism can be used in the search for new pharmacological targets for further research related to the development of innovative pharmacological strategies in the correction of pathological conditions.
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STOK, C. J., H. J. SPEKREIJSE, M. J. PETERS, H. B. K. BOOM, and F. H. LOPES DA SILVA. "A Comparative EEG/MEG Equivalent Dipole Study of the Pattern Onset Visual Response." In New Trends and Advanced Techniques in Clinical Neurophysiology. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81352-7.50009-1.
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Safar, Kristina, Margot J. Taylor, Junko Matsuzaki, and Timothy P. L. Roberts. "Applications of Magnetoencephalography to Autism Spectrum Disorder." In Fifty Years of Magnetoencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935689.003.0021.
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has a unique combination of attributes allowing the probing of brain function, with resolution of space, time, and spectral content. These attributes lend themselves to the study of disorders characterized by no conspicuous structural brain anomalies, but rather anomalies of neural signals and communication. This chapter reviews the use of diverse MEG techniques and paradigms to study one such disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The authors focus on MEG as a probe of auditory and face processing anomalies in ASD. Impairments in auditory processing in ASD have been identified as objective markers of language and communication ability, general cognitive ability, and abnormal sensory sensitivity. Most MEG studies have observed that atypical auditory responses such as components of the early auditory evoked field (i.e., M50, M100), mismatch fields, or gamma-band oscillatory activity occur in individuals with ASD compared with typically developing children. Maturational trajectories of such measures also deviate from neurotypical patterns. Similarly, impairments in face perception are characteristic of ASD and have been a large focus of MEG studies, as a model probe for the social impairment phenotype. MEG research has demonstrated atypical source localization of activity during face processing in children through adults as well as in executive functions, including working memory and inhibition. Interregional differences in synchrony of neural oscillations have been elaborated by MEG in emotional face processing tasks, with visual perceptual processing underscoring gamma-band atypicalities in ASD. We highlight MEG as a promising approach for establishing clinical biomarkers of ASD and informing mechanistic neuroscience.
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El Refaie, Elisabeth. "Introduction." In Visual Metaphor and Embodiment in Graphic Illness Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678173.003.0001.
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The Introduction sets out the book’s central theoretical concerns regarding the relationship between embodiment and metaphor, and presents the original concept of “dynamic embodiment,” using a page from a graphic illness narrative about Parkinson’s disease as an example. Dynamic embodiment refers to the idea that people’s relationship with their own bodies is never fixed and stable; rather, it is constantly shifting and changing in response to the aging process, physical or mental ill health, and the adoption of new bodily practices, including different ways of communicating. This chapter also introduces the argument that there are, in fact, three distinct forms of the phenomenon that is often subsumed under the collective term “visual metaphor,” namely pictorial, spatial, and stylistic metaphor. The data set and methods of analysis of the study are described and justified, and an outline of the five main chapters and the conclusion is provided.
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Lyketsos, Constantine G. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine." In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195309430.003.0028.
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Several lines of evidence suggest that acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmission is important to the normal functioning of memory, and loss of ACh-producing cells in the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis) is a consistent finding in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. The most successful approach to increasing ACh in vivo has been to develop drugs that reduce its degradation by the synaptic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Four cholinesterase inhibitors are available to treat memory and other cognitive symptoms in dementia patients. They may also stabilize or prevent the onset of milder non-cognitive neuropsychiatric or behavioral symptoms, although their use as exclusive agents for the more severe forms of the latter is not recommended. A recent Consensus Panel has articulated sound clinical principles regarding the use of these drugs in the context of the broader treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia (Lyketsos et al., 2006). Tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Tacrine should not ordinarily be used in light of the associated high risk of hepatotoxicity, its complex titration, and the availability of bettertolerated alternatives. The other three cholinesterase inhibitors seem similar in efficacy. All appear to modestly improve cognitive symptoms in 15% to 20% of patients, sometimes quite notably. In addition, they may either improve patient function and delay the emergence of behavioral symptoms or reduce the severity of the latter. The evidence does not support their use as single agents to treat more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression or delusions, although patients with apathy and visual hallucinations may respond. Any benefit of cholinesterase inhibitors to the long-term progression of dementia has not been shown conclusively. Some studies suggest that they may attenuate the long-term slope of cognitive or functional decline, but those studies have been flawed due to high levels of dropout and the use of historical untreated comparison groups. One brain imaging study, part of a clinical trial, has suggested that they may affect the size of the hippocampus or the integrity of hippocampal neurons. In the absence of replication or a better understanding of the imaging measures involved, these data are not conclusive.
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Posner, Michael I. "Integrating Technologies in the Study of Attentional Networks." In The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234737.003.0022.
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The literature supports the idea that attention is not a unified concept, but involves separate mechanisms that support its varied functions (Petersen & Posner, 2012). One common taxonomy involves three such functions: obtaining and maintaining the alert state, orienting to sensory stimuli, and resolving conflict among competing responses. Each of the functions has a long history and has spawned tests designed to measure individual differences in attention. Many individual tests and batteries of tests are designed to measure attention. Tests of vigilance usually involve maintaining attention over long periods of time, originally simulating the job of scanning radar returns for low-probability targets (Mackworth, 1969; Parasuraman, 1985). Another approach is to require responses to infrequent events, as in the continuous performance test (Rosvold et al., 1956) or the serial response test (Manly et al., 1999). Vigilance varies with the diurnal rhythm and vigilance can be reduced by sleep deprivation. Collectively, the tests of performance during continuous tasks are often called measures of tonic alertness, which is thought to change rather slowly. It is also possible to cause phasic shifts of the level of alertness by the use of warning signals (Nickerson, 1967). A warning signal can bring a person from a relatively relaxed state to one fostering the very best performance within less than half a second. Recent fMRI studies have defined a default state in which a person is off task (Raichle, 2009). It seems likely that scalp electrodes recording direct current shifts following warning signals called the contingent negative variation (CNV) capture the shift from the default to the alert state. The most frequently studied area in attention research involves orienting to a sensory source that contains a target. For example, in a visual search, a target may be defined as a red triangle. If it appears in a field that contains other colored triangles and red forms other than triangles, one can ensure that the field is carefully searched until the target is found.
Conference papers on the topic "Neuron visual response study"
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Ravindra, Vikram, and Ananth Grama. "Characterizing Similarity of Visual Stimulus from Associated Neuronal Response." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/85.
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The problem of characterizing brain functions such as memory, perception, and processing of stimuli has received significant attention in neuroscience literature. These experiments rely on carefully calibrated, albeit complex inputs, to record brain response to signals. A major problem in analyzing brain response to common stimuli such as audio-visual input from videos (e.g., movies) or story narration through audio books, is that observed neuronal responses are due to combinations of ``pure'' factors, many of which may be latent. In this paper, we present a novel methodological framework for deconvolving the brain's response to mixed stimuli into its constituent responses to underlying pure factors. This framework, based on archetypal analysis, is applied to the analysis of imaging data from an adult cohort watching the BBC show, Sherlock. By focusing on visual stimulus, we show strong correlation between our observed deconvolved response and third-party textual video annotations -- demonstrating the significant power of our analyses techniques. Building on these results, we show that our techniques can be used to predict neuronal responses in new subjects (how other individuals react to Sherlock), as well as to new visual content (how individuals react to other videos with known annotations). This paper reports on the first study that relates video features with neuronal responses in a rigorous algorithmic and statistical framework based on deconvolution of observed mixed imaging signals using archetypal analysis.
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Myers, Kristin M., Frances Cone, Harry Quigley, Baptiste Coudrillier, and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Inflation Response of Mouse Sclera: Age Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Scleral Tissue." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19289.
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The mouse model offers an opportunity to investigate how alterations to the connective soft tissue contribute to the development of disease through the study of transgenic and diseased mouse strains. For example, by measuring the deformation response of the eye wall to increases in pressure of these different mouse types, the possible role of ocular tissue material properties in glaucomatous damage can be determined. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and in the world with an estimate of 60 million people affected by this year [1]. It is caused by damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. Despite therapeutic efforts to reduce the rate of vision loss in glaucoma patients, the rate of blindness remains high [2]. There is evidence that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a strong risk factor for the disease [3–5], and it is hypothesized that possible alterations in the time-dependent scleral material properties may play an important role in cumulative RGC death.
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Zhang, Xiaofeng, Vladislav Y. Toronov, Monica Fabiani, Gabriele Gratton, and Andrew G. Webb. "The study of cerebral hemodynamic and neuronal response to visual stimulation using simultaneous NIR optical tomography and BOLD fMRI in humans." In Biomedical Optics 2005, edited by Kenneth E. Bartels, Lawrence S. Bass, Werner T. W. de Riese, et al. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.593435.
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Li, Chunlin, Takanori Kochiyama, Jinglong Wu, Dehua Chui, Takaaki Tsuge, and Kunihiko Osaka. "Attention systems and neural responses to visual and auditory stimuli: an fMRI study." In 2007 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2007.4381995.
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Peng Yuan, Yijun Wang, Wei Wu, Honglai Xu, Xiaorong Gao, and Shangkai Gao. "Study on an online collaborative BCI to accelerate response to visual targets." In 2012 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346284.
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Ramirez-Mendoza, A. "Study of the response of the connection of adaptive fuzzy spiking neurons with self-synapse in each single neuron." In 2014 11th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2014.6978330.
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Myers, Kristin M., and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Bulge Inflation Response of Bovine Sclera." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204250.
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Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and in the world [1]. It is caused by damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. Despite therapeutic efforts to reduce the rate of vision loss in glaucoma patients, the rate of blindness remains high [2]. There is evidence that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) plays an important role in the damage to RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the connective tissue and how it affects the cellular function is not understood. The load-bearing eye wall consists of the cornea and the sclera. Both tissues are collagen rich structures with preferentially aligned collagen lamellae dictating its mechanical response. Previous studies have shown that the viscoelastic material response of the eye wall differs between normal and glaucoma animal tissues [6]. However, these previous studies relied on strip testing of tissue samples.
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Coudrillier, Baptiste, Kristin M. Myers, and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Biomechanical Response of Normal and Glaucoma Human Sclera." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19354.
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By 2010, 60 million people will have glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide [1]. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. It is well know that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor in the damage to the RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ocular connective tissue and how it affects cellular function is not well characterized. The cornea and the sclera are collage-rich structures that comprise the outer load-bearing shell of the eye. Their preferentially aligned collagen lamellae provide mechanical strength to resist ocular expansion. Previous uniaxial tension studies suggest that altered viscoelastic material properties of the eye wall play a role in glaucomatous damage [6].
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Pan, Jie, Xiaorong Gao, and Shangkai Gao. "An fMRI Study on the Spectral and Spatial Properties of Steady-State Visual Evoked Response." In 2009 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2009.5304891.
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Mirzajani, A., M. A. Oghabian, N. Riyahi-Alam, H. Saberi, K. Firouznia, and M. Bakhtiary. "Spatial frequency modulates the human visual cortical response to temporal frequency variation: an fMRI study." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.260078.
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