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Journal articles on the topic 'Neurological soft sign'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Dazzan, Paola, Tuhina Lloyd, Kevin D. Morgan, Jolanta Zanelli, Craig Morgan, Ken Orr, Gerard Hutchinson, et al. "Neurological abnormalities and cognitive ability in first-episode psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 3 (September 2008): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045450.

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BackgroundIt remains unclear if the excess of neurological soft signs, or of certain types of neurological soft signs, is common to all psychoses, and whether this excess is simply an epiphenomenon of the lower general cognitive ability present in psychosis.AimsTo investigate whether an excess of neurological soft signs is independent of diagnosis (schizophrenia v. affective psychosis) and cognitive ability (IQ).MethodEvaluation of types of neurological soft signs in a prospective cohort of all individuals presenting with psychoses over 2 years (n=310), and in a control group from the general population (n=239).ResultsPrimary (P<0.001), motor coordination (P<0.001), and motor sequencing (P<0.001) sign scores were significantly higher in people with any psychosis than in the control group. However, only primary and motor coordination scores remained higher when individuals with psychosis and controls were matched for premorbid and current IQ.ConclusionsHigher rates of primary and motor coordination signs are not associated with lower cognitive ability, and are specific to the presence of psychosis.

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2

Thioritz, Wempy, Erlyn Limoa, J. C. Hutomo, Saidah Syamsuddin, and Sonny T. Lisal. "Differentiation in Neurological Soft Sign Scores on Schizophrenic Patients with Antipsychotic Treatment." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (July 2, 2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6356.

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Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that affects cognitive aspect of a patient which need long term care with antipsychotics. Long term use of antipsychotic itself causes neurobiological change in the brain which results in alteration of cognitive function. The latest research had demonstrated that NSS (Neurological Soft Sign) reflect a rather wide range of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia which was not accounted for by age, education or severity of global cognitive deficits. Therefore, we examined the effects and impact of antipsychotic Haloperidol and Risperidone treatment in schizophrenic patient using NSS scores. The Study showed that chronic schizophrenia patients had a higher NSS scores than acute patients. NSS also significantly associated with all neuropsychological domains of MMSE in both groups and were confirmed when age, education and severity of global cognitive deficits were not accounted for. This study also obtained a lower NSS score in patients who received Risperidone therapy compared to Haloperidol with p = 0.003. Out of 5 NSS domain in the Heidelberg scale, there was a significant improvement in motor coordination and motor sequencing (p = 0.004) and (p = 0.048) in patients who received Risperidone therapy compared to Haloperidol. There was an association between the chronicity of the disease and NSS, NSS also shows that it’s not influenced by age, education and severity of global cognitive deficits as a screening instrument. Finally the improvement of NSS scores in the Risperidone group was far superior compared to the Haloperidol group particularly in motor coordination and motor sequencing.

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3

Phillips, P. H. "Intermittent exotropia increasing with near fixation: a "soft" sign of neurological disease." British Journal of Ophthalmology 89, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.063123.

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4

Phillips, P. H., K. J. Fray, and M. C. Brodsky. "Intermittent Exotropia Increasing with Near Fixation: A “Soft” Sign of Neurological Disease." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 10, no. 2 (April 2006): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.03.006.

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5

Picard, Hernàn, Anne Le Seac'h, Isabelle Amado, Raphael Gaillard, Marie-Odile Krebs, and Cécile Beauvillain. "Impaired saccadic adaptation in schizophrenic patients with high neurological soft sign scores." Psychiatry Research 199, no. 1 (August 2012): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.039.

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6

GARDNER, DAVID, PETER B. LUCAS, and REX W. COWDRY. "Soft Sign Neurological Abnormalities in Borderline Personality Disorder and Normal Control Subjects." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, no. 3 (March 1987): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198703000-00009.

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7

King, D. J., A. Wilson, S. J. Cooper, and J. L. Waddington. "The Clinical Correlates of Neurological Soft Signs in Chronic Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 6 (June 1991): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.6.770.

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Among 16 chronic schizophrenic in-patients, all had at least one neurological soft sign (NSS), and 6 (40%) had definite neurodysfunction. NSS and TD scores were highly intercorrelated, and NSS were significantly correlated with neuroleptic drug exposure. NSS correlated positively with both positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairment but not with cerebral ventricular size on CT. Patients with neurodysfunction had more positive and negative psychopathology, cognitive impairment and TD than those without. Cerebral ventricular sizes and family histories of schizophrenia were similar in both NSS groups. The presence of NSS may be a simple but important way of identifying a subgroup of schizophrenics with neurodevelopmental predisposing abnormalities, and vulnerability to TD.

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8

Aronowitz, Bonnie R., Concetta Decaria, Andrea Allen, Nicola Weiss, Audrey Saunders, Lisa Margolin, Serge Mosovich, Montebuchs Baum, and Eric Hollander. "The Neuropsychiatry of Autism and Asperger's Disorder: Review of the Literature and Case Reports." CNS Spectrums 2, no. 5 (May 1997): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900004892.

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AbstractThe literature on neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings in autism and Asperger's disorder is briefly reviewed. Neurological soft sign, neuropsychological, and positron-emission tomography findings in one patient with Asperger's disorder and one patient with autism are highlighted, discussed as examples of heterogeneity, and integrated with the relevant literature.

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9

Toro Espinoza, P., M. E. Ceballos, D. Valenzuela, M. F. Inostroza, and J. Schröder. "Subtests of the heidelberg neurological soft sign scale that discriminate HIV patients with and without hand." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 357 (October 2015): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.096.

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10

Bajraktari, Mustafa, Majlinda Naco, Gentian Huti, Blerim Arapi, and Rudin Domi. "Fat Embolism Syndrome Without Bone Fracture: Is It Possible?" Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. C (December 19, 2022): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.11169.

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BACKGROUND: Fat embolism syndrome is a life challenge syndrome. Early diagnosing and treatment can significantly improve the patient’s prognosis and likelihood of success. This syndrome occurs mainly after long bones fractures or orthopedic surgery up to 95% of diagnosed cases, but in unusual situation can be faced as well. These rare situations include diabetes mellitus, video-assisted thoracoscopies, fatty liver, and fat injection in plastic and cosmetic procedures. The likelihood of this syndrome can be increased if multiplex long bones fractures occur in the same patient simultaneously. This syndrome is usually manifested with respiratory changes (hypoxemia and ARDS), neurological focal symptoms (confusion, headache, aphasia, and hemiplegia), and skin abnormalities (petechias, and rush in conjunctiva and oral mucosa). The clinical scenario begins typically after 24−72 h of injury, and mainly, respiratory changes are the first, followed by neurological abnormalities and finally petechias as the most significant sign. CASE REPORT: In this case, we report a rare case of unexpected fat embolism syndrome after soft-tissue minimal trauma. This is the first case that we faced according to literature, and the aim of reporting this case is to emphasize that fat syndrome embolism can happen perhaps in every trauma patient even in minor soft-tissue trauma in absence of bone fractures. CONCLUSION: We strongly suggest that this case should make the physicians taking in consideration fat embolism syndrome even if bone fracture missed, to early diagnosing and adequately treating the patient, and optimizing his chances to survive.

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Sobana, Siti Aminah, Tiara Pramaesya, Uni Gamayani, Lisda Amalia, Suryani Gunadharma, and Andi Basuki Prima Birawa. "Cut-off Score of Indonesian Version of Sensorimotor History Questionnaire for Preschooler and Soft Sign Cambridge Neurological Inventory against Intelligent Quotient." Majalah Kedokteran Bandung 53, no. 4 (December 2021): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v53n4.2420.

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12

Pirouzmand, Farhad, Kavya Kommaraju, Kenneth J. Craddock, and David Howarth. "Synovial Sarcoma of the Brachial Plexus." Neurosurgery 70, no. 5 (July 19, 2011): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31822e0e35.

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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a malignant soft-tissue tumor that rarely involves brachial plexus. The authors report a case of brachial plexus SS and review the relevant literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 53-year-old woman presented with gradually enlarging right subclavicular mass over 5 years associated with sharp aching pain radiating down toward the radial 3 fingers. On examination, she had a corresponding firm mass in the supraclavicular region with a positive Tinel sign. There was no objective neurological deficit. She underwent partial excision of this mass without any further adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy. Pathology was consistent with SS. CONCLUSION: Lack of any recurrence in this case 6 years after incomplete excision with no adjuvant therapy suggests slow clinical course in some of these sarcomas.

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13

Folic, Miljan, and Dragoslava Djeric. "Facial nerve paralysis as first sign of metastatic breast cancer to the temporal bone." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 11-12 (2018): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh180110027f.

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Introduction. Facial nerve paralysis originates from various factors, although in most cases etiology is idiopathic. Temporal bone metastases are quite rare, but should still be suspected in cases when congenital disorders, inflammatory disease, infection or trauma are excluded as cause of facial palsy. We present an unusual case of facial nerve paralysis as the initial sign of temporal bone metastasis of breast carcinoma and discuss diagnostic pitfalls. Case outline. A 70-year-old patient presented with facial nerve palsy, severe otalgia, hearing loss and vertigo. Patient underwent steroid treatment 6 months earlier due to peripheral facial palsy with complete neurological resolution. CT scan revealed osteolytic lesion of the right temporal bone with extension into the parietal bone and soft-tissue. Additional examination confirmed ductal breast carcinoma and osteolysis of the ribs and vertebrae. After four months, the patient with metastatic breast carcinoma to the temporal bone died despite chemotherapy. Conclusion. Temporal bone metastasis of breast cancer is very rare condition with poor prognosis. Late diagnosis and inadequate management of breast cancer are factors that contribute to the temporal bone metastasis formation. Temporal bone metastasis should be excluded in elderly patients, both with and without any history of malignancy, especially in cases of peripheral facial palsy refractory to treatment.

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14

Ondreka, Nele, Sara Malberg, Emma Laws, Martin Schmidt, and Sabine Schulze. "Lipomeningocele associated with diplomyelia in a dog." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 46, no. 05 (October 2018): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-170751.

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SummaryA 2-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog with a body weight of 30 kg was presented for evaluation of a soft subcutaneous mass on the dorsal midline at the level of the caudal thoracic spine. A further clinical sign was intermittent pain on palpation of the area of the subcutaneous mass. The owner also described a prolonged phase of urination with repeated interruption and re-initiation of voiding. The findings of the neurological examination were consistent with a lesion localization between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spina bifida with a lipomeningocele and diplomyelia (split cord malformation type I) at the level of thoracic vertebra 11 and 12 and secondary syringomyelia above the aforementioned defects in the caudal thoracic spinal cord. Surgical resection of the lipomeningocele via a hemilaminectomy was performed. After initial deterioration of the neurological status postsurgery with paraplegia and absent deep pain sensation the dog improved within 2 weeks to non-ambulatory paraparesis with voluntary urination. Six weeks postoperatively the dog was ambulatory, according to the owner. Two years after surgery the owner recorded that the dog showed a normal gait, a normal urination and no pain. Histopathological diagnosis of the biopsied material revealed a lipomeningocele which confirmed the radiological diagnosis.

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15

Cherraqi, Amine, Siham El Haddad, Ola Messaoud, Hajar Andour, Mohammed Tbouda, Naoual El Ansari, Amina KILI, Laila Hessissen, Nazik Allali, and Latifa Chat. "Saphenous Nerve Schwannoma: A Rare Differential Diagnosis of Knee Pain in Children." Global Pediatric Health 10 (January 2023): 2333794X2311560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x231156047.

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Schwannomas are uncommon benign tumors of the peripheral nerves with a low risk of malignant transformation. They rarely affect children, can affect any part of the body but rarely occur in the lower extremity and typically present with a palpable mass, pain or neurological signs. Imaging helps to orient the diagnosis and anatomopathological examination helps to confirm it. We report a case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with left knee pain with subcutaneous mass overlying the tibial tuberosity medially. Clinical examination revealed a positive Tinel’s sign. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee was performed, which revealed an encapsulated subcutaneous soft tissue mass overlying the tibial tuberosity medially, eccentric to the course of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. The patient was operated with total intracapsular excision of the lesion and the anatomopathological study of the surgical specimen came back in favor of a schwannoma. Postoperatively, the patient showed a good recovery with disappearance of pain and swelling.

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16

Kubrakov, Konstantin M., Valery M. Semenov, Olga V. Marshalko, and Victoria A. Migunova. "Etiological structure and antibacterial therapy of purulent meningitis in neurological patients." I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 27, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/pavlovj201927120-29.

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Purulent meningitis is one of the most severe forms of inflammatory brain lesions. Mortality rate in purulent meningitis amounts 10.0-25.0%. Aim. To study the etiological structure and resistance to antibacterial drugs, to optimize the algorithm of etiotropic therapy of purulent meningitis in neurological patients. Materials and Methods. The data on etiology and resistance of causative agents of purulent meningitis in 54 neurological patients (28 of them are male; the average age is 47 (33.5; 58) years) for the period of 2010-2018 are presented in the article. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study included general, biochemical, bacteriological analyses as well as the study of the D-lactate level. Identification of microorganisms and determination of resistance to antibacterial therapy was performed using identification test systems (ID) and strips (ATB) using the automatic microbiological analyzer ATB Expression (Bio Merieux, France). The combined test BD Directigen Meningitis Combo Test (Becton Dickinson, USA) was also used for the direct quantitative determination of antigens against H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, E. coli. Statistical processing of the results was performed using Statistica 10.0 (Stat Soft Inc., USA) with the calculation of the sign frequency, 95.0% confidence interval (95.0% CI), median, upper and lower quartiles (Me [LQ; UQ]). Results. 83.33% of meningitis cases in neurological patients have been established to be manifested by purulent inflammatory processes, which is confirmed by the results of the CSF analysis and the level of D-lactate (p0.05) in it. The inoculability of pathogens from CSF was 61.90% (95.0% CI 46.59-77.22%). At the same time, microorganisms were isolated in the monoculture. Gram-positive microflora constituted 88.46% (95.0% CI 75.30-100.0%) among the isolated pathogens. The main pathogens of purulent meningitis in the studied patients sample were Str. pneumoniae (34.62%) and S. aureus (26.92%); 96.15% of the isolated strains are sensitive to the most commonly used antibacterial drugs to treat meningitis. Conclusions. The etiological structure of purulent meningitis in neurological patients has been established. The resistance of pathogens to antibacterial drugs has been studied. The algorithm of etiotropic antibacterial therapy has been optimized.

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17

Pulidori, Massimiliano, Christian Capuano, Homere Mouchaty, Fabrizia Cioffi, and Nicola Di Lorenzo. "Intramuscular Thrombosed Arteriovenous Hemangioma of the Upper Right Arm Mimicking a Neuroma of the Ulnar Nerve: Case Report." Neurosurgery 54, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000109540.92261.44.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Soft tissue arteriovenous hemangiomas (AHs) are benign vascular hamartomas characterized by the presence of arteriovenous shunts. Few cases of soft tissue AHs have been found in the literature, and these were frequently described as cutaneous lesions of the limb or of the scalp. Intramuscular AHs are extremely rare. AHs are prevalent in children and women and are often associated with other types of malformations or genetic disorders. We present the case of an elderly woman with an intramuscular thrombosed AH on the volar side of the upper right arm. Owing to the close proximity of the ulnar nerve, this lesion was initially identified as a neuroma. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 70-year-old woman presented with a short history (a few months) of progressive growth of a nonpulsating, solid, palpable mass deeply localized in the distal third of the right upper arm. At the neurological examination, local evoked pain was the only sign detected. A Doppler ultrasound examination depicted a hyperechoic spherical lesion with widespread calcium deposits and necrosis. INTERVENTION The exploration of the upper arm revealed a capsulated nodular lesion, 7 cm in diameter, that morphologically corresponded to a thrombosed vascular lesion. This lesion was removed en bloc, and an unequivocal connection with a muscular branch of the ulnar artery was detected. The histological analysis revealed AH. CONCLUSION Intramuscular AHs are rare and may easily be misdiagnosed as neuromas, especially when they are contiguous to a peripheral nerve.

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18

BEEGHLY, JAMES. "Soft Neurological Signs." American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 8 (August 1989): 1071—a—1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.8.1071-a.

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19

Pine, Daniel S., Gail A. Wasserman, Jane E. Fried, Michael Parides, and David Shaffer. "Neurological Soft Signs." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 11 (November 1997): 1579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199711000-00021.

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20

Arnold, L. Eugene. "Soft Neurological Signs." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26, no. 6 (November 1987): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-8567(09)65959-1.

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21

Reynolds, C. R., and G. W. Hynd. "Soft Neurological Signs." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1987): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/2.3.305.

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22

Remler, B. "Soft Neurological Signs." Neurology 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.38.3.511-c.

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23

Shaffer, David. "Neurological Soft Signs." Archives of General Psychiatry 42, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270028003.

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24

Epstein, Nancy E. "Perspective: Early diagnosis and treatment of postoperative recurrent cerebrospinal fluid fistulas/ dural tears to avoid adhesive arachnoiditis." Surgical Neurology International 12 (May 3, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_317_2021.

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Background: Intraoperative traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas/dural tears (DT) occur in up to 8.7–9.5% of primary lumbar surgical procedures. Further, they recur secondarily in between 8.1% and 17% of cases. It is critical to diagnose and treat these recurrent lumbar DT early (i.e. within 3–4 weeks of the index surgery) to avoid the evolution of adhesive arachnoiditis (AA), and its’ permanent neurological sequelae. Methods: Postoperative lumbar CSF fistulas/DT should be diagnosed on postoperative MR scans, and confirmed on Myelo-CT studies if needed. They should be definitively treated/occluded early on (e.g. within 3–4 postoperative weeks) to avoid the evolution of AA which can be readily diagnosed on MR studies, and corroborated, if warranted, on Myelo-CT examinations. The most prominent MR/Myelo-CT findings include; nerve roots aggregated in the central thecal sac, nerve roots peripherally scarred/adherent to the surrrounding meningeal wall (“empty thecal sac sign”), soft tissue masses in the subarachnoid space, and/or multiple loculated/scarred compartments. Results: Percutaneous interventional procedures (i.e. epidural blood patches, injection of fibrin glue (FG)/fibrin sealants (FS)) are rarely effective for treating postoperative recurrent lumbar CSF fistulas. Rather, direct surgical occlusion is frequently warranted including the use of; an operating microscope, adequate surgical exposure, 7-0 Gore-Tex sutures, muscle/dural patch grafts or suture anchors, followed by the application of microfibrillar collagen, and fibrin sealant/glue. Conclusion: Lumbar AA most commonly results from the early failure to diagnose and treat recurrent postoperative CSF fistulas. Since the clinical course of lumbar AA is typically one of progressive neurological deterioration, avoiding its’ initial onset is key.

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PINE, DANIEL S., MICHELLE R. SCOTT, CAREY BUSNER, MARK DAVIES, JANE A. FRIED, MICHAEL PARIDES, and DAVID SHAFFER. "Psychometrics of Neurological Soft Signs." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 35, no. 4 (April 1996): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199604000-00017.

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26

Krebs, M. O., C. Spadone, J. M. Vanelle, J. Dischamps, H. Loo, J. P. Olié, and M. F. Poirier. "Neurological soft-signs in schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 224S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87824-9.

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27

Rossi, A., S. De Cataldo, V. Di Michele, V. Manna, S. Ceccoli, P. Stratta, and M. Casacchia. "Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 5 (November 1990): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.5.735.

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A standardised clinical examination which focused on neurological soft signs (NSS) was used by a neurologist blind to diagnosis to assess the presence of neurological soft signs. A comparison of NSS score was made among three groups of subjects consisting of 58 DSM–III schizophrenics, 31 of their healthy first-degree relatives and 38 normal controls. The schizophrenic group had significantly higher NSS total scores than normal controls but did not differ significantly from their first-degree relatives' group. The relatives' group showed higher NSS total scores than did normal controls although to a lesser extent than schizophrenics.

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Schröder, Johannes, Rainer Niethammer, Franz-Josef Geider, Christoph Reitz, Michael Binkert, Marek Jauss, and Heinrich Sauer. "Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 6, no. 1 (December 1991): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90017-l.

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29

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Soft Neurological Signs in Malnourished Children." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 4, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-4-3-7.

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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Neurological Soft Signs and Psychiatric Symptoms." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 11, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-11-11-3.

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31

Fellick, J. M. "Neurological soft signs in mainstream pupils." Archives of Disease in Childhood 85, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.85.5.371.

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Ambelas, A. "Children, neurological soft signs and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 4 (April 2003): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.4.362.

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Leask, S. J., D. J. Done, and T. J. Crow. "Children, neurological soft signs and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 4 (April 2003): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000228377.

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Bersani, G., S. Gherardelli, L. Ramieri, V. Orlandi, D. Pucci, and P. Pancheri. "Neurological soft signs (NSS) in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 17 (May 2002): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80807-0.

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35

Velakoulis, D., A. Yung, W. Brewer, P. McGorry, and C. Pantelis. "Neurological soft signs in prodromal patients." Schizophrenia Research 29, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88774-9.

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36

Mohr, F., W. Hubmann, R. Haslacher, and R. Cohen. "Neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients." Schizophrenia Research 4, no. 3 (May 1991): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90124-a.

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37

Siregar, Otman, Edwin Yosua Silitonga, Pranajaya Dharma Kadar, Heru Rahmadhany, and Benny Benny. "Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma on the Lumbal in Adult Patient: A Case Report." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. C (January 18, 2022): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8098.

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BACKGROUND: The incidence of Rhabdomyosarcoma in children found at the top of age 5-15 years, with median age about 10 years. In adult, the tumor occurs about 10 % of all cases. PRMS is a very rare subtype of RMS and almost exclusively in male patient older than 45 years. Approximately 40% of RMS occurs in the head and neck region, RMS in the trunk is rare. RMS arising from the paraspinal area only comprises 3.3% of all cases. CASE REPORTS: This case report described a 38 years-old male with lump on his back, since 1 year ago and enlarge slowly until bigger than a tennis ball, with no neurological deficit. Based on MRI with contrast there’s a solid mass on the subcutis on the level L4-5 with size 7,5 x 3 x 7,2 cm. Patient was underwent wide excision and the histopathology examination was referred to Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma. Patient underwent radiotherapy procedure for 1 month in outpatient clinic, with maximum dose radiotherapy 60 Gy, and patient underwent 30 times session of radiotherapy with dose 2 Gy for each session. After 1,5 years of control there’s no sign of recurrences. RESULTS: Based on clinical, radiologic, and histological examination, the diagnosis of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma confirmed by an expert pathology consultant. Immunohistochemical examination was performed, and patient underwent wide excision and definitive radiotherapy. DISCUSSION: Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma on the back is extremely rare and difficult to distinguish histologically. This is a very valuable case, which highlights the need for orthopedic surgeons to re-evaluate clinical and histologic finding carefully when diagnosing patients with soft tissue tumor on the lumbal region.

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Clark, S. C., D. Malaspina, R. H. Dworkin, J. Hirkavy-Friedman, X. F. Arnador, and J. M. Gorman. "Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 35, no. 9 (May 1994): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)91015-4.

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Malviya, Juhi Anil, Sushil Gawande, Abhijeet Faye, Vivek Kirpekar, Sudhir Bhave, and Rahul Tadke. "Neurological soft signs in autism spectrum disorder." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2022.011.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous group of neurodevelopemental syndromes characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted & repetitive behavior. Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor neurological abnormalities that aren’t a part of any fixed/transient neurological disorders. The most common NSS in ASD are motor incoordination, difficulty sequencing motor tasks & sensory disintegration.22 participants of ASD satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed for NSS, using a semi structured performa & Heidelberg manual for neurological soft signs. The data was tabulated and analysed statistically.The mean age of the participants was 11.63 years with 82% males & 18% females. 100% participants had dysdiadochokinesia (82% -adiadochokinesia), errors in the finger-nose test(71% unable to perform), right-left confusion (39% -making gross errors), difficulty in tandem walking(70% -significant balance problems), difficulty in fist-edge-palm (54% unable to complete task) & ozeretski test (78%- unable to perform). 94% had difficulty in pronation-supination (56%-failed to complete exercise).89% of the participants had difficulty in finger –thumb opposition (63%- unable do it).NSS are present in a significant amount of patients of ASD & such patients should be assessed for the full spectrum of NSS.

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Venkatasubramanian, G., V. Latha, B. N. Gangadhar, N. Janakiramaiah, D. K. Subbakrishna, P. N. Jayakumar, and M. S. Keshavan. "Neurological soft signs in never-treated schizophrenia." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108, no. 2 (June 19, 2003): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00113.x.

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Roblin, Julie, Othman Sentissi, Faycal Mouaffak, Marie-Chantal Bourdel, Marie-France Poirier, and Marie-Odile Krebs. "Neurological soft signs in bipolar disorder patients." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 26 (September 2011): e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000405808.81745.4c.

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VITIELLO, BENEDETTO, DAVID STOFF, MARC ATKINS, and ANNE MAHONEY. "Soft Neurological Signs and Impulsivity in Children." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 11, no. 3 (June 1990): 112???115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199006000-00003.

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Schröder, Johannes, and Pablo Toro. "Neurological soft signs predict outcomes in schizophrenia." Nature Reviews Neurology 16, no. 12 (August 27, 2020): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0403-x.

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Mastrangelo, Mario, Sara Di Netta, and Paola Iannetti. "Neurological “soft signs” in children and adolescents." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 03, no. 03 (July 29, 2015): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1557270.

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Assadi, Seyed Mohammad, Maryam Noroozian, Seyed Vahid Shariat, Omid Yahyazadeh, Mahdi Pakravannejad, and Shahrokh Aghayan. "Neurological Soft Signs in Mentally Disordered Offenders." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 19, no. 4 (October 2007): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2007.19.4.420.

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Tremolizzo, L., S. Ferrario, A. Pellegrini, L. Fumagalli, C. Ferrarese, and I. Appollonio. "Neurological soft signs in primary headache patients." Neuroscience Letters 595 (May 2015): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.007.

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Sevincok, L. "Neurological soft signs in schizo-obsessive patients." European Neuropsychopharmacology 12 (October 2002): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(02)80743-x.

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Kaczorowski, Jessica A., Neus Barrantes-Vidal, and Thomas R. Kwapil. "Neurological soft signs in psychometrically identified schizotypy." Schizophrenia Research 115, no. 2-3 (December 2009): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.018.

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Kaczorowski, Jessica A., Neus Barrantes-Vidal, and Thomas R. Kwapil. "NEUROLOGICAL SOFT SIGNS IN PSYCHOMETRICALLY IDENTIFIED SCHIZOTYPY." Schizophrenia Research 117, no. 2-3 (April 2010): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.503.

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Hertzig, Margaret E. "Neurological ‘Soft’ Signs in Low-birthweight children." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 23 (November 12, 2008): 778–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02066.x.

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