Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neuroglia'

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1

Edwards, James Roy. "Modelling Chemical Communication in Neuroglia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2184.

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In vivo many forms of glia utilise both intercellular and extracellular pathways in the form of IP3 permeable gap junctions and cytoplasmic ATP diffusion to produce calcium waves. We introduce a model of ATP and Ca2+ waves in clusters of glial cells in which both pathways are included. Through demonstrations of its capacity to replicate the results of existing theoretical models of individual pathways and to simulate experimental observations of retinal glia the validity of the model is confirmed. Characteristics of the waves resulting from the inclusion of both pathways are identified and described.
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2

Edwards, James Roy. "Modelling Chemical Communication in Neuroglia." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2184.

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Master of Science
In vivo many forms of glia utilise both intercellular and extracellular pathways in the form of IP3 permeable gap junctions and cytoplasmic ATP diffusion to produce calcium waves. We introduce a model of ATP and Ca2+ waves in clusters of glial cells in which both pathways are included. Through demonstrations of its capacity to replicate the results of existing theoretical models of individual pathways and to simulate experimental observations of retinal glia the validity of the model is confirmed. Characteristics of the waves resulting from the inclusion of both pathways are identified and described.
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3

Tomac, Andreas C. "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor : expression patterns, neuronal transport, regulation, effects and receptor dependence /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/search/diss.se.cfm?19980618toma.

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4

Fung, Chun-kit. "In vitro and in vivo studies of skin-derived Schwann cells in nerve regeneration." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43936027.

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5

Гринцова, Наталія Борисівна, Наталия Борисовна Гринцова, and Nataliia Borysivna Hryntsova. "Реакція нейроглії кори мозочка за умов впливу на організм сульфатів міді, цинку та заліза." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42239.

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6

Jennings, Alison Ruth. "Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells : from experimental remyelination to multiple sclerosis." University of Western Australia. School of Surgery and Pathology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0047.

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In experimental models of demyelination such as cat optic nerve injected with antibody to galactocerebroside, stepwise and ultimately full repair occurs, starting with recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OP) from surrounding tissue and culminating in remyelination by young competent oligodendrocytes. Endogenous repair of demyelination can also occur in the adult human central nervous system, as evidenced by remyelinated shadow plaques in MS, but ultimately fails in this disease, leading to areas of chronic demyelination where surviving axons are both dysfunctional in terms of conduction and vulnerable to ongoing damage. In order to meaningfully investigate this failure of remyelination in the human situation, an essential prerequisite is to be able to reliably identify the neuroglial cells, and in particular, oligodendrocyte lineage cells, involved in the repair pathway in situ in post mortem tissue. While some marker antigens have been shown to remain demonstrable despite autolytic change and through differing fixation levels, others are far more sensitive and only reliable in freshly obtained tissue with light fixation. For instance, the surface antigens NG2 and PDGFαR, which have been widely used in experimental studies as a marker for OP both in vivo and in vitro, have been shown to be adversely affected by both fixation and autolysis. To this end, the cat optic nerve demyelination model, in which the reparative oligodendrocyte lineage stages have been antigenically defined, was extended to normal optic nerve including lightly fixed tissue. Here, NG2, PDGFαR and the oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 were able to be demonstrated and then correlated with the existing antigenic phenotypes. Subsequently, normal human optic nerve, optimised for both morphological preservation and antigen retention, was used to develop an in vivo staining profile for all neuroglia including OP, that was then applied to conventionally prepared, normal and MS tissue. It was found that, with careful attention to technical parameters such as post mortem interval and details of fixation, OP and other stages of the remyelinating oligodendrocyte lineage could be identified in such material, resulting in meaningful insight into the repair status of the three MS samples studied.
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7

Yang, Luping. "Molecular mechanisms of TAR-independent regulation by HIV-1 tat in central nervous system-derived glial cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25338.

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8

楊鐸輝 and Tok-fai Vincent Yeung. "Aspects of the biological interactions between natriuretic peptides and cultured glial cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981665.

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9

Leung, Ho-yan, and 梁可昕. "A study of membrane-bound neuregulin in mediating fate commitment of Schwann cell-like cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193482.

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Central nervous system injuries often lead to devastating consequences due to an unfavourable environment created after the injury. Current treatments have yet to address the environment for improved prospects of functional recovery. Transplantation of Schwann cells into the lesion site could in part address the issue, promoting nerve regeneration and enhancing functional recovery. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) promise to be a viable, autologous source for Schwann cell derivation. Fate-committed Schwann cells derived from BMSCs through co-culture with purified dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons suggest that the DRG neurons present juxtacrine cues that direct commitment to the Schwann cell fate. We hypothesize that Neuregulin 1 type III (NRG1(III)) is one such juxtacrine cue to which BMSC-derived Schwann cell-like cells (SCLC) respond in the switch to fate commitment. In this study, NRG1(III) was found to be expressed on freshly isolated DRG neurons and that SCLCs expressed both the ErbB2 and 3 receptors. Western blot analysis for phosphorylated Akt and MAPK provided indicators of downstream signalling of NRG1/ErbB complexes. We then tested if both the soluble and membrane bound forms of NRG1 mediate SCLC differentiation towards fate commitment. In contrast to the membrane-bound form on DRG neurons, soluble NRG1 failed to direct the SCLCs towards the Schwann cell fate. HEK293T cells that stably overexpress NRG1(III) were generated and tested as a neuronal surrogate that presents NRG1(III) on the cell surface. In a 5-day co-culture system with HEK293TNrg1(III) cells, SCLCs were found to develop elongated processes, acquiring either unipolar or bipolar morphology that resembles that of Schwann cells. Screening for marker expression by RT-PCR suggested that at this stage of morphological transition, SCLCs were not yet committed to the Schwann cell fate. The co-culture system will be pursued to find ex vivo conditions that direct differentiation of BMSC-derived SCLCs to fate-committed Schwann cells.
published_or_final_version
Biochemistry
Master
Master of Philosophy
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10

Sitnikov, Sergey. "Activity dependent neuron-glia interactions in health and disease." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708663.

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11

Yeung, Tok-fai Vincent. "Aspects of the biological interactions between natriuretic peptides and cultured glial cells." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18650302.

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12

Walter, Lisa Ann. "Cannabinoid signaling in glia / Lisa Ann Walter." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6271.

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13

Kloss, Christian Ulrich Alexander. "Integrine und Neuroglia eine Familie von Zelladhäsionsmolekülen und die Mikroglia-Aktivierung im zentralen Nervensystem /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962078727.

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14

Johansson, Malin Saga. "On the influence of glia on neurite outgrowth from dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal system /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-181-4/.

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15

Stridh, Malin. "Glial hemichannels : a new route for chemical communication in brain /." Göteborg : Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/9880.

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16

Fung, Chun-kit, and 馮俊傑. "In vitro and in vivo studies of skin-derived Schwann cells in nerve regeneration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43936027.

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17

Tsui, Yat-ping, and 徐軼冰. "Derivation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from adult bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197485.

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Myelin is essential for neuronal survival and maintenance of normal functions of the nervous system. Demyelinating disorders are debilitating and are often associated with failure of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. Derivation of OPCs, from a safe source that evades ethical issues offers a solution to remyelination therapy. We therefore hypothesized that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) harbour neural progenitor cells at a pre-commitment stage and that in vitro conditions can be exploited to direct differentiation of these cells along the oligodendroglial lineage. For the current study, adult rat BMSCs used were >90% immunopositive for CD90, CD73, STRO-1 (stromal cell markers), 10% for nestin (neural progenitor marker) but negligible for CD45 (haematopoietic cell marker) as measured by flow cytometry. Transfer of the culture from a highly adhesive substratum to a moderately adhesive substratum resulted in increase in proportion of p75-positive cells but CD49b-positive cells remained at 97% and Sox 10-positive cells remained negligible. Transfer of the culture to a non-adherent substratum fostered the generation of neurospheres comprising cells that were positive for the neural stem/progenitor cell (NP) marker, nestin, and for the neural crest markers CD49b, p75 and Sox10. Prior to this stage, the BMSCs were not yet committed to the neural lineage even though transient upregulation of occasional marker may suggest a bias towards the neural crest cell lineage. The BM-NPs were then maintained in adherent culture supplemented with beta-Heregulin (β-Her), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) to direct differentiation along the oligodendroglial lineage. Within two weeks of glial induction, cells expressing the OPC markers - NG2, Olig2, PDGFRa and Sox10, were detectable and these could be expanded in culture for up to 3 months with no observable decline in marker expression. These BM-OPCs matured into myelinating oligodendrocytes after 2 weeks in co-culture with either dorsal root ganglion neurons or cortical neurons. In vivo myelination by BM-OPCs was demonstrated by exploitation of the non-myelinated axons of retinal ganglion cells of adult rats. By 8 weeks post-injection of BM-OPCs into the retina, myelin basic protein-positive processes were also observable along the retinal axons. The results not only suppport our hypothesis, but also provide pointers to the adult bone marrow as a safe and accessible source for the derivation of OPCs towards transplantation therapy in acute demyelinating disorders.
published_or_final_version
Biochemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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18

Peakman, Marie-Claire. "Intracellular responses to histamine and adenosine in rat brain-derived glian cells." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241173.

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19

Peiter, Marcia. "Análise ultra-estrutural do gânglio cerebral do caracol Megalobulimus abbreviatus submetido à anoxia experimental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143516.

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O caracol Megalobulimus abbreviatus é uma espécie terrestre, com preferência por lugares protegidos, úmidos e possui hábitos noturnos. Durante fases de baixa umidade atmosférica, este caracol costuma enterrar-se, mantendo-se retraído em sua concha, cuja abertura permanece fechada por um envoltório mucoso. Com este comportamento o animal evita a perda excessiva de água durante o período de estivação, mas enfrentará o problema da reduzida disponibilidade de oxigênio. Devido à sua alta taxa de consumo de oxigênio, o cérebro é um dos primeiros órgãos afetados na anoxia. Enquanto algumas poucas espécies de vertebrados, e um número maior de invertebrados, podem sobreviver por períodos prolongados sem oxigênio, o mesmo não se verifica nos mamíferos e os eventos degenerativos ocorrem tão rapidamente após cessar o suprimento de oxigênio que dificulta o entendimento de todas as sequências de mudanças e de eventos bioquímicos e fisiológicos que possam estar ocorrendo. Existe considerável interesse na compreensão dos mecanismos que promovem a tolerância dos organismos à falta de oxigênio, uma vez que a hipóxia-isquemia é a principal causa de lesão tecidual cardíaca e cerebral. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados animais divididos em grupos e submetidos a tempos de 3h e 12h de anoxia, seguidos de 2 tempos de reoxigenação: 15h e 14 dias. Após o experimento, os gânglios cerebrais foram obtidos e seccionados em ultramicrótomo, seguido de análise em microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Grupos controles apresentaram núcleos arredondados, com cromatina dispersa, aspecto homogêneo, citoplasma eletrolúcido e organelas com características normais. Grupos com 3h de anoxia apresentaram núcleos edematosos, com condensação de cromatina, com Membrana Nuclear (MN) íntegra. O Retículo Endoplasmático Rugoso (RER) apresentou cisternas claras e poucos ribossomos livres, o Complexo de Golgi (CG) claro e com poucas vesículas, Mitocôndrias (M) pouco visíveis e Membrana Plasmática (MP) vacuolizada. A Célula Glial (CGl) mostrou condensação de cromatina. O grupo de 3h de anoxia com 15h de recuperação apresentou uma diminuição no edema, com ribossomos no interior do RER e vesículas entre as cisternas do CG. As M apresentam-se escuras e conteúdo pouco visualizado. A MP continua vacuolizada e a CGl com mesmo aspecto do grupo 3h. Com 14 dias de recuperação, os neurônios apresentaram uma dispersão da cromatina e MN íntegra. Grande número de ribossomos dispersos pelo citoplasma e no RER. O CG tem suas cisternas dilatadas, e inúmeras vesículas nas suas proximidades. As M permanecem como no grupo 15h de recuperação. Observou-se também interação da CGl com a MP, formando vesículas com conteúdo. O grupo submetido à 12h de anoxia apresentou também núcleo edematoso, com condensação de cromatina e MN íntegra, porém mais demarcada devido ao conteúdo nuclear na periferia do núcleo. Citoplasma com grande número de ribossomos e RER. O CG apresenta poucas cisternas e vesículas próximas à ele. As M pouco observadas e a MP apresenta interação glial como no controle. O grupo com 15h de recuperação mostra o núcleo granuloso, com algumas invaginações na MN. RER com cisternas estreitas e poucos ribossomos, assim como o CG com poucas vesículas. As M são facilmente detectadas e em grande número. CGl semelhante aos demais grupos. Com 14 dias de recuperação, os neurônios já possuem características do controle, com grande quantidade de ribossomos livres e CG dilatados com muitas vesículas. As M aparecem como no grupo 15h recuperado e a MP apresenta-se como no controle.
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20

Kniss, Douglas A. "An in vitro model to study the cytokinetics of astroglial cells : analysis of regulation by glucocorticoid hormones and polypeptide growth factors /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266011223896.

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21

Bressan, Elisângela. "Evidências de que a atividade glial na medula espinhal altera proporcionalmente a inflamação artrítica em ratos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94554.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Florianópolis, 2010
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A ativação de células gliais na medula espinhal resulta em liberação de mediadores pró-inflamatórios que alteram a excitabilidade neuronal e contribuem para a amplificação da dor. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o papel da glia na inflamação periférica em doenças crônicas como a artrite. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da atividade glial na inflamação articular induzida por carragenina/LPS em ratos, bem como o papel da fractalcina e do TNF-? na interação entre neurônios e glia. Utilizou-se o modelo de artrite induzido por LPS (30 ng) intra-articular 72 horas após sensibilização prévia da articulação com carragenina (300 µg). Fluorocitrato, minociclina, anti-fractalcina, fractalcina, anti-TNF-?, TNF-? e talidomida foram injetados pela via intratecal 20 minutos antes do LPS. A nocicepção foi avaliada através da medida da incapacitação articular e o edema pelo aumento do diâmetro articular. Após 6 horas, o fluido sinovial (FS) e a medula espinhal (L4-L5) foram coletados para contagem de leucócitos e determinação da imunoreatividade do GFAP e OX-42, respectivamente. Doses baixas de fluorocitrato (0,3 nmol) e minociclina (6 e 24 nmol), inibiram o aumento do diâmetro articular induzido por carragenina/LPS. O aumento da dose destes fármacos exacerbou o efeito anti-edematogênico e inibiu a incapacitação e o acúmulo de leucócitos no FS. Aminoglutetimida (50 mg/kg) não alterou os efeitos hiponociceptivo e anti-edematogênico do fluorocitrato e da minociclina. A inibição do reflexo da raiz dorsal pela furosemida (3, 10 e 30 µg) não foi aditiva ao efeito causado pelos inibidores gliais. Fluorocitrato e minociclina reduziram a imunoreatividade para GFAP e OX-42 na medula espinhal. Fractalcina (0,3 e 30 ng) e TNF-? (1, 10 e 100 pg) intratecal aumentaram o diâmetro articular, a incapacitação e o acúmulo de leucócitos no FS. Os anticorpos anti-fractalcina (1 µg), anti-TNF-? (0,1; 0,5 e 1 µg) e a talidomida (10 e 100 µg) promoveram efeito contrário. Os efeitos pró-edematogênico e hipernociceptivo da fractalcina foram revertidos pelo fluorocitrato e pelo anti-TNF-?. A fractalcina aumentou a imunoreativadade para GFAP e OX-42 enquanto que a anti-fractalcina, o anti-TNF-? e a talidomida reduziram. Estes achados demonstram que além do seu papel na dor, a glia também contribui para a inflamação periférica induzida por carragenina/LPS, num processo que envolve a liberação de fractalcina e TNF-? na medula espinhal. A inibição do reflexo da raiz dorsal é sugerido como o mecanismo pelo qual os inibidores da ativação glial afetam o edema articular. Fármacos imunomoduladores administrados diretamente na medula podem ser úteis na terapia de doenças artríticas em pacientes que não respondem adequadamente ao tratamento convencional.
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Scheller, Anja [Verfasser]. "Charakterisierung der Neuroglia-Differenzierung nach Neurotrauma und während der Hirnentwicklung mit neuen transgenen Mausmodellen / Anja Scheller." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1023400715/34.

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Ribeiro, Thiago Borsoi 1980. "Xenotransplante de células mesenquimais de tecido adiposo humano em modelo de lesão de raízes ventrais da medula espinal de rato." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311963.

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Orientador: Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A avulsão de raízes motoras, na interface do sistema nervoso central e periférico, já bem descrito na literatura, promove uma significativa perda sináptica com degeneração de cerca de 80% dos motoneurônios afetados. Não existem estratégias eficazes que propiciem uma reversão ou amenização deste quadro, mas alguns estudos já mostram que o passo fundamental é preservar os motoneurônios afetados. Pesquisas em diferentes áreas com células-tronco (CT) adultas estão sendo realizadas nos últimos anos e apresentam resultados promissores para a medicina regenerativa. Investigações recentes têm apontado para diferentes fontes de CT em tecidos adultos tais como de medula óssea, de sangue de cordão umbilical, tecido muscular, tecido nervoso, líquido amniótico entre outras. De modo geral, estas células apresentam como características principais a capacidade de proliferação e a diferenciação para outros tipos celulares. Entretanto, os principais problemas para o uso clínico das CT adultas são: i) pequena quantidade de células multipotentes, ii) o controle da diferenciação, iii) insuficiência no número de células viáveis e iiii) difícil obtenção. Como alternativa às dificuldades anteriormente citadas, o tecido adiposo tem sido foco de intensos estudos, pois este tecido possui rica fonte de células pluripotentes, além de apresentarem características positivas como fácil acesso ao tecido adiposo subcutâneo, obtenção em quantidade abundante e processo de isolamento celular relativamente simples. Apesar deste tecido apresentar organização complexa, é na fração celular do estroma vascular que se encontra uma rica população de células pluripotentes. Dados de literatura demonstram que as células mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo (AT-MSC - Células mesenquimais de tecido adiposo), mediante incubação com meios de cultura variados, diferenciam-se em adipócitos, osteócitos, mioblastos, hepatócitos, células vasculares entre outras. A diferenciação de AT-MSC em células neuronais ainda é alvo de discussões e críticas na literatura, pois não há protocolos estabelecidos que induzam a diferenciação em células neuronais funcionais absolutas. Ainda, recentes estudos atribuem um potencial neuroprotetor e uma capacidade imunomodulatória à produção de fatores neurotróficos e a produção de fatores solúveis pelas AT-MSCs, constituindo talvez o principal mecanismo de ação destas células in vivo. O xenotransplante também é alvo de criticas de diversos trabalhos. Células humanas em modelo animal têm sido usadas constantemente em diversos trabalhos e o uso ou não de imunossupressores é um dos motivos de questionamento dos resultados, uma vez que sistemas imunológicos diferentes podem causar reações imunológicas não pretendidas nos estudos e, consequentemente, os resultados não seriam confiáveis. Entretanto, artigos de revisões x bibliográficas demonstram que diversos estudos envolvendo células-tronco mesenquimais e modelos animais têm resultados promissores e corroboram entre si. Com objetivo de investigar a ação de células-troncos de tecido adiposo de lipoaspirado humano em modelo animal, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a capacidade de sobrevivência das AT-MSCs humanas no modelo de avulsão da raiz ventral de ratos, bem como sua capacidade de neuroproteção dos motoneurônios lesionados e sua competência de imunossupressão no período de 2 semanas pós lesão (período agudo). Análise da dinâmica das sinapses, da reação astroglial e microglial e da reação de linfócitos T tiveram o objetivo de identificar condições que promovessem a sobrevivência e regeneração dos motoneurônios axotomizados assim como a capacidade de atuação das células humanas em ratos. Deste modo, foi observado que o tratamento com as AT-MSC humanas tiveram efeito neuroprotetor, uma vez que houve aumento significativo de sobrevivência neuronal e promoveram a estabilidade sináptica. As células humanas também tiveram ação imunomodulatória, reduzindo a astrogliose reativa e ativação microglial, bem como inibiu a atividade de linfócitos T. Pode-se dizer que no modelo a ação das células-tronco mesenquimais humanas ocorre semelhante ao de transplantes alogênicos em modelos animais
Abstract: It is well described in the literature that avulsion motor at the interface of the central and peripheral nervous system, promotes a significant loss of synaptic degeneration and 80% of motor neurons death. There is no effective strategies that favor a reversal or mitigation of this framework, but some studies have shown that the key step is to preserve motor neurons affected. Researches in different areas with stem cell (CT) adults are being undertaken in recent years and show promising results for regenerative medicine. Recent investigations have pointed to different sources of CT in adult tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, brain, muscle tissue, amniotic fluid, among others. Generally, these cells have as main characteristics capacity for proliferation and differentiation to other cell types. However, the main problems for the clinical use of adult SC are: i) small amount of multipotent cells, ii) differentiation control, iii) low number of viable cells and iiii) difficulty to obtain. As an alternative to the difficulties mentioned above, adipose tissue has been the focus of intense study, because this tissue has a rich source of stem cells, in addition to having positive characteristics such as easy access to subcutaneous adipose tissue, obtained in abundant quantities and isolation process relatively simple. Despite the complex tissue organization, the stromal vascular fraction is rich of pluripotent population cells. Literature data show that stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (AT-MSC-adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells) can differentiate by incubation with various culture media into adipocytes, osteocytes, myoblasts, hepatocytes, vascular cells, among others. The AT-MSC differentiation into neuronal cells is still subject of discussion and criticism in literature, since no established protocol has induced differentiation into function neuronal cells. Still, many studies attribute a potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory capacity for the production's AT-MSC of neurotrophic factors and the soluble factors, constituting perhaps the main mechanism of action of these cells in vivo. Xenotransplantation is the target of criticism of many studies. Human cells constantly used in animal models have been used in several works and the use of immunosuppressants or not is subject to questioning of the results, since different immune systems can cause unwanted immune reactions in studies and, consequently, the results would not be reliable. Literature reviews show that several studies involving mesenchymal stem cells and animal models have shown promising results and corroborate each other. xii To investigate the action of stem cells from human adipose tissue lipoaspirate animal model, this study proposes to analyse the survivability of the human AT-MSC in ventral root avulsion model in rats as well as its ability to neuroprotection in moto neurons and their competence in the period of immunosuppression 2 weeks post injury (acute period). To identify conditions that promote the survival and regeneration of axotomized motoneurons as well as the capacity for action of human cells in mice, synapses dynamic analysis, astroglial and microglial reaction and reaction of T lymphocytes was examined. Thus, it was observed that treatment with AT-MSC had neuroprotective effect, since there was a significant increase in neuronal survival and the AT-MSC human promoted synaptic stability. Human cells also have immunomodulatory action, reducing reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation and inhibited the activity of T lymphocytes. It is possible that the model action of human mesenchymal stem cells is similar to that of allogeneic
Doutorado
Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento
Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica
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24

Campos, Leila Maria Guissoni. "Estudo da distribuição da proteína S100b em encéfalo de ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-29012008-145258/.

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A proteína S100b no cérebro é produzida e secretada pela célula da glia astrócito, e exerce de acordo com sua quantidade extracelular, ação trófica ou tóxica sobre os neurônios. Investigamos a distribuição da proteína S100b, no animal em condição basal, realizando o mapeamento em diferentes áreas do encéfalo, com a técnica imuno-histoquímica, explorando a hipótese do aparecimento de S100b em áreas encefálicas preferenciais. A distribuição da proteína foi analisada pela técnica do imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de anticorpo anti-S100 (b subunidade). O mapeamento da proteína S100b ao longo do eixo AP, permitiu observar marcação de elementos gliais distribuídos pelo telencéfalo, diencéfalo, e tronco encefálico, onde a proteína apresentou-se preferencialmente distribuída, na comparação dos animais. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proteína pode estar relacionada ao fato dessa distribuição ser conservada como padrão dentro da espécie.
S100b protein is expressed primarily by astroglia in the brain, and practice functional implication of S100b secretion by astrocytes into the extracellular space is scant but there is substantial evidence that secreted glial S100b exerts trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration. We provide here a detailed description of the distribution of the calcium-binding protein S100b in and glial elements in the encefalo of rats. The distribution of S100-like immunoreactivity was analyzed by antisera: monoclonal, the b subunit (S100b) of this protein. All sera showed glial positive elements, which were more abundant in the brainstem than in the prosencephalon. S100-immunoreactive was detected in glial elements, in different regions of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. This distribution appears very similar to that, as well as to sparse observations on different vertebrates. Therefore, our results suggest that the distribution pattern of this protein in glial elements is highly conserved between the species.
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25

Silajdzic, Edina. "The role of complex gangliosides in glial cell biology." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/297/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
Ph.D. theses submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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26

Guo, Anchen, and 郭安臣. "Therapeutic potentials of oligodendrocyte precursors in the animal model of multiple sclerosis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46455516.

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Crawford, Abbe Harper. "The role of the developmental heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte origin in remyelination of the adult central nervous system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708905.

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28

Tommei, Diva. "Transcriptional characterization of glioma neural stem cells." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608138.

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29

Kinoshita, Paula Fernanda. "Sinalização inflamatória e a modulação da expressão de genes induzida pela ação da ouabaína nas isoformas a1, a2 - Na+, K+- ATPase em células da glia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42136/tde-24052014-103350/.

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Na,K-ATPase é uma proteína de membrana que tem como função manter o equilíbrio osmótico nas células pela hidrólise de ATP. A ouabaína (OUA) se liga a Na,K-ATPase e é capaz de ativar cascatas de sinalização. As subunidades a da Na,K-ATPase possuem 4 isoformas que são distribuídas de forma diferenciada nos tecidos. As células da glia são importantes na resposta contra lesões no cérebro e também controlam a inflamação. Dados na literatura mostram que a OUA tem efeito protetor em alguns tipos de dano. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a função da isoforma a2 na cultura de células da glia em resposta à OUA e ao LPS. Nós investigamos a ação da OUA em diversas concentrações e LPS (1g/mL) na viabilidade celular (LDH) e proliferação celular (MTT). O LPS foi utilizado como modelo de inflamação e uma das perguntas era se o tratamento prévio com OUA, seria capaz de reverter a ativação do fator de transcrição NF-kB que está envolvido com inflamação. O pré-tratamento com OUA diminuiu a ativação do NF-kB induzida pelo LPS. Após, nós silenciamos a isoforma a2 das células da glia com RNAi. Os nossos dados mostram que o pré-tratamento com OUA reverte o efeito na ativação do NF-kB causado pelo LPS. Provavelmente, a isoforma a2 está relacionada com alguma via de sinalização que interage com a via do LPS.
Na,K-ATPase is a conserved membrane protein which maintains the osmotic balance in the cell by the hydrolysis of ATP. Ouabain (OUA) binds to Na,K-ATPase and it can activate signaling pathways. The a subunits of Na,K-ATPase have 4 isoforms which are distributed in a different pattern in the tissues. Glial cells have an important role in the response against injury and they also control inflammation. Some data have reported that OUA can protect against some types of injury. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of a2 isoform in glial cells in response to OUA and LPS stimulus. We investigated the action of OUA and LPS in cell viability (LDH) and cell proliferation (MTT). LPS was used as a model of inflammation and one of our questions was if the treatment with OUA before LPS was capable of reduce the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB which is involved in inflammation. The pre-treatment with OUA decreased the NF-kB activation induced by LPS. We also silenced the a2 isoform in culture glial cells with iRNA. Taken together our data showed that OUA pretreatment reversed the NF-kB activation induced by LPS in primary cultures of glial cells from mice. Probably,the a2 isoform is related with some signaling pathway that interacts with the LPS pathway.
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Shimizu, William Akira Lima. "Efeitos da administração aguda de glicose após atividade física sobre o comportamento relacionado à ansiedade, memória e neuroplasticidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-08052015-115148/.

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O estímulo pela atividade física pode mediar a ação do IGF-1 sobre a indução à neuroplasticidade, modular o neurometabolismo e influenciar a memória e a ansiedade. Entretanto, a atividade física também pode induzir à hipoglicemia, condição que pode ser revertida com a administração de rápida fonte de glicose provinda da alimentação. Assim como a atividade física, a dieta exerce forte influência nos processos moleculares, celulares e comportamentais e estudos analisando o efeito exclusivo de dietas ricas em açúcar revelam prejuízos sobre a memória e favorecimento à ansiedade. Portanto, analisar os efeitos moleculares e comportamentais num protocolo que contemple atividade física e dieta não exclusiva de xarope de milho podem corroborar ou discordar das pesquisas que analisam os mecanismos de uma dieta exclusiva. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar os efeitos da administração de xarope de glicose do milho a 15% após atividade física aguda forçada em esteira sobre a memória, a ansiedade, a atividade locomotora, a neuroplasticidade e a morte celular de camundongos machos. Foram formados 4 grupos, sendo sedentário controle (SED), treinado controle (TRE), sedentário administrado (SED15%) e treinado administrado (TRE15%). O regime de treinamento consistiu em atividade física forçada em esteira por 40 min a 0,7km/h por 5 dias. A administração de 15% do xarope de milho se deu sempre após atividade física por período de 1½h. Para avaliação de memória aversiva foi utilizado a esquiva passiva no 4º e 6º dias e para avaliação do comportamento relacionado à ansiedade foi utilizado o labirinto em cruz elevado. Para análise de morte celular foi utilizado kit TUNEL que identifica fragmentação do DNA. Os dados comportamentais foram avaliados estatisticamente através do software Prisma e os demais qualitativamente. Houve influência da administração sobre o menor consumo para o grupo TRE15%, prejuízos à memória aversiva para ambos os grupos, indução ao comportamento relacionado à ansiedade nos animais do grupo SED15%, maior exposição às situações de risco para o grupo TRE15%, incidência considerável e difusa de morte celular na amígdala e importante expressão de IGF-1 nos grupos. A administração de 15% de xarope de glicose do milho posterior à exposição na esteira desencadearam importante expressão de IGF-1, mas não suficiente para proporcionar neuroproteção causando consideráveis e difusos pontos de morte celular na amígdala, prejuízos à memória aversiva, medo induzindo comportamento relacionado à ansiedade para SED15% e significativa maior exposição às situações de risco para TRE15% após protocolo agudo de 5 dias
The stimulation by physical activity can mediate the action of IGF-1 on the induction of neuroplasticity, modulating neural energetic metabolism and influencing memory and anxiety behavior. However, physical activity can also to lead to hypoglycemia, a condition that can be reversed by the administration of glucose. As physical activity, diet has a strong influence on molecular, cellular and behavioral processes and studies analyzing exclusively the effects of high-sugar diets reveal prejudices on memory and favors anxiety. Therefore, analyze the molecular and behavioral effects in a protocol that includes physical activity and non-exclusive diet of corn syrup can corroborate or disagree with the studies that analyze the mechanisms of an exclusive diet. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of 15% of glucose corn-syrup administration after treadmill training on memory, anxiety, neuronal plasticity and cell death in male mice. Sedentary control (SED), Trained control (TRE), Sedentary administrated (SED15%) and Trained administered (TRE15%) were the 4 groups formed randomly. The training regimen consisted on a treadmill training for 40 min at 0.7km/h during 5 days. The administration of the 15% corn syrup were always given after a 1½h period after physical activity. For evaluation of aversive memory the passive avoidance was used in day 4 and day 6 and for assessment of anxiety-related behavior was used the elevated plus maze. For cell death analysis TUNEL kit that identifies DNA fragmentation was used and immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze IGF-1 expression on amygdala. Behavioral data were evaluated statistically using Prisma software and cell death and IFG-1 expression were analyzed qualitatively. Results: There was influence of administration on the lowest feed consumption to TRE15%, losses to aversive memory for both groups, inducing behavior related to anxiety in SED15%, greater exposure to risk situations for TRE15%, considerable incidence and diffuse cell death the amygdala and important expression of IGF-1 in the groups. The administration of 15% glucose corn syrup after treadmill training triggered an important expression of IGF-1, but not enough to provide neuronal protection causing considerable and diffuse points of cell death in the amygdala, losses to aversive memory, fear inducing behavior related to anxiety to SED15% and significantly greater exposure to risk situations for TRE15% after acute protocol 5 days
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31

Tassoni, Alessia. "Retinal glial responses to mesenchymal stem cell transplantation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709042.

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32

Tsui, Yat-ping. "In vitro derivation of myelinatiog Schwann cells for use in chitosan-based nerve guidance channels." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41758006.

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33

Li, Shengxiu. "The role of glial cells in the survival and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20897650.

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34

Costa, Deiziane Viana da Silva. "Papel da via S100β/RAGE/NFκB na patogênese da mucosite intestinal experimental por 5-fluorouracil: regulação de células gliais e de neurônios entéricos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17522.

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COSTA, D. V. S. C. Papel da via S100β/RAGE/NFκB na patogênese da mucosite intestinal experimental por 5-fluorouracil: regulação de células gliais e de neurônios entéricos. 2016. 155 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmacologia) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) promotes intestinal mucositis and motility alterations. The mucositis affect about 40% of patients receiving 5-FU and there are reports of patients presenting mucositis after the first dose. Under other inflammatory conditions, the S100β protein is involved in the RAGE activation with subsequent NFκB translocation to the nucleus and transcription of TNF-α and iNOS. The enteric glial cells through several mediators, such as S100β, interact with the intestinal epithelial cells and enteric neurons. Therefore, the aim of this study was investigate the effect of 5-FU in the enteric glial cells and neurons, as well as study the role of the via S100β/RAGE/NFκB in the pathogenesis of the experimental intestinal mucositis. Swiss male mice received saline (control, 0.9%, i.p.) or 5-FU (450 mg/Kg, i.p., single dose). After 24h, mice were treated with pentamidine, a S100β inhibitor (P0.8 mg/Kg +5FU; P4 mg/Kg +5FU; or only P4mg/Kg, i.p.) during two days and euthanized on the fouth day of the experimental protocol. The segments of the small intestine and colon were collected to analyze the following parameters: weight loss; histological alterations; expression of enteric glial cells (GFAP e S100β) and neuronal (HuC/D) marker using immunohistochemistry; expression of iNOS and co-localization of GFAP and Iba-1, and HuC/D and RAGE or NFκB NLS using immunofluorescence; protein expression of S100β, NFκB p65, iNOS and RAGE by Western Blotting; genic expression of GFAP, S100β and iNOS using qPCR; The levels of nitrite/nitrate, GSH, MDA, TNF-α and IL6 by ELISA. The 5-FU promoted reduction of intestinal villus, loss of crypts integrity, intense inflammatory cell infiltrate and hypertrophy of the myenteric plexus, as well as increased the GFAP and S100β immunostaining and diminished the HuC/D immunostaining. 5-FU was also able to elevate RAGE and NFκB NLS immunostaining in the enteric neurons and Iba-1 in the intestine, as well as, augmented the protein expression of S100β, RAGE, NFκB p65 and iNOS, and the genic expression of S100β, GFAP and iNOS. Furthermore, it enhanced the MDA, nitrite/nitrate and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α e IL-6) levels in the small intestine and colon. The S100β inhibition was able to revert these changes promoted by 5-FU. We provide evidence that 5-FU promote reactive gliosis, leading reduction of the enteric neurons via S100β/RAGE/NFκB. Together, these results suggest that S100β is a mediator important involved in the pathogenesis of the 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.
O 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) promove mucosite intestinal e alterações da motilidade. A mucosite atinge cerca de 40% dos pacientes em tratamento com 5-FU e há relatos de pacientes que a apresentam na primeira dose administrada. Em outras condições inflamatórias, a proteína S100β está envolvida na ativação de RAGE com consequente translocação de NFκB para o núcleo e transcrição de TNF-α e de iNOS. As células gliais entéricas por meio de S100β, interagem com as células epiteliais intestinais e com os neurônios entéricos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar o efeito do 5-FU nas células gliais e nos neurônios entéricos, bem como estudar o papel da via S100β/RAGE/NFκB na patogênese da mucosite intestinal induzida por esse quimioterápico. Os camundongos Swiss machos receberam salina (0,9%, i.p.) ou 5-FU (450 mg/Kg, i.p. dose única). Após 24h da administração do quimioterápico, administrou-se pentamidina, inibidor de S100β (P0,8 mg/Kg +5FU; P4 mg/Kg +5FU; ou somente P4mg/Kg, i.p.) durante dois dias e os animais foram eutanasiados no quarto dia do protocolo experimental. Os segmentos do intestino delgado e do cólon foram coletados para a análise dos seguintes parâmetros: perda ponderal; alterações histológicas; expressão de marcador de células gliais (GFAP e S100β) e neuronal (HuC/D) por imunohistoquímica; imunofluorescência para iNOS e dupla marcação para GFAP e Iba-1, e para HuC/D e RAGE ou NFκB NLS; expressão proteica de S100β, NFκB p65, iNOS e RAGE por Western Blotting; expressão gênica de GFAP, S100β e iNOS por qPCR; e dosagem dos níveis de nitrito/nitrato, GSH, MDA, TNF-α e IL6. O 5-FU promoveu redução das vilosidades intestinais, perda da integridade das criptas, intenso infiltrado de células inflamatórias e hipertrofia do plexo mioentérico, bem como aumento da área imunomarcada para GFAP e S100β e redução de HuC/D. Esse quimioterápico também foi capaz de elevar a imunomarcação para RAGE e NFκB NLS nos neurônios entéricos e aumentou a imunomarcação para Iba-1, assim como elevou a expressão proteica de S100β, RAGE, NFκB p65 e iNOS, e a expressão gênica de S100β, GFAP e iNOS. Além disso, aumentou os níveis de MDA, de nitrito/nitrato e de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α e IL-6) no intestino delgado e no cólon. Ao passo que a inibição de S100β foi capaz de reverter essas alterações promovidas por 5-FU. Conclui-se que 5-FU promove gliose reativa, resultando em redução dos neurônios entéricos pela ativação da via S100β/RAGE/NFκB. Adicionalmente, S100β demonstrou ser um importante mediador envolvido na patogênese da mucosite intestinal.
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35

Tasdemir-Yilmaz, Ozge E. "Role of Astrocytes in Sculpting Neuronal Circuits in the Drosophila CNS: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/729.

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The nervous system is composed of neurons and glia. Glial cells have been neglected and thought to have only a supportive role in the nervous system, even though ~60% of the mammalian brain is composed of glia. Yet, in recent years, it has been shown that glial cells have several important functions during the development, maintenance and function of the nervous system. Glial cells regulate both pre and post mitotic neuronal survival during normal development and maintenance of the nervous system as well as after injury, are necessary for axon guidance, proper axon fasciculation, and myelination during development, promote synapse formation, regulate ion balance in the extracellular space, are required for normal synaptic function, and have immune functions in the brain. Although glia have crucial roles in nervous system development and function, there are still much unknown about the underlying molecular mechanisms in glial development, function and glial-neuronal communication. Drosophila offers great opportunity to study glial biology, with its simple yet sophisticated and stereotypic nervous system. Glial cells in flies show great complexity similar to the mammalian nervous system, and many cellular and molecular functions are conserved between flies and mammals. In this study, I use Drosophila as a model organism to study the function of one subtype of glia: astrocytes. The role of astrocytes in synapse formation, function and maintenance has been a focus of study. However, their role in engulfment and clearance of neuronal debris during development remains unexplored. I generated a driver line that enables the study of astrocytes in Drosophila.In chapter two of this thesis, I characterize astrocytes during metamorphosis, when extensive neuronal remodeling takes place. I found that astrocytes turn into phagocytes in a cell-autonomous, steroid-dependent manner, by upregulating the phagocytic receptor Draper and forming acidic phagolysosomal structures. I show that astrocytes clear neuronal debris during nervous system remodeling and that this is a novel function for astrocytes during the development of nervous system. I analyzed two different neuronal populations: MB γ neurons that prune their neurites and vCrz+ neurons that undergo apoptosis. I discovered that MB γ axons are engulfed by astrocytes using the Draper and Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 pathways in a partially redundant way. Interestingly, Draper is required for clearance of vCrz+ cell bodies, while Crk/Mbc/dCed-12, but not Draper, are required for clearance of vCrz+ neurites. Surprisingly, I also found that loss of Draper delayed vCrz+ neurite degeneration, suggesting that glia facilitate neurite destruction through engulfment signaling. Taken together, my work identifies a novel function for astrocytes in the clearance of synaptic and neuronal debris during developmental remodeling of the nervous system. Additionally, I show that Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 act as a new glial signaling pathway required for pruning, and surprisingly, that glia use different engulfment pathways to clear neuronal debris generated by cell death versus local pruning.
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36

Tasdemir-Yilmaz, Ozge E. "Role of Astrocytes in Sculpting Neuronal Circuits in the Drosophila CNS: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/729.

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The nervous system is composed of neurons and glia. Glial cells have been neglected and thought to have only a supportive role in the nervous system, even though ~60% of the mammalian brain is composed of glia. Yet, in recent years, it has been shown that glial cells have several important functions during the development, maintenance and function of the nervous system. Glial cells regulate both pre and post mitotic neuronal survival during normal development and maintenance of the nervous system as well as after injury, are necessary for axon guidance, proper axon fasciculation, and myelination during development, promote synapse formation, regulate ion balance in the extracellular space, are required for normal synaptic function, and have immune functions in the brain. Although glia have crucial roles in nervous system development and function, there are still much unknown about the underlying molecular mechanisms in glial development, function and glial-neuronal communication. Drosophila offers great opportunity to study glial biology, with its simple yet sophisticated and stereotypic nervous system. Glial cells in flies show great complexity similar to the mammalian nervous system, and many cellular and molecular functions are conserved between flies and mammals. In this study, I use Drosophila as a model organism to study the function of one subtype of glia: astrocytes. The role of astrocytes in synapse formation, function and maintenance has been a focus of study. However, their role in engulfment and clearance of neuronal debris during development remains unexplored. I generated a driver line that enables the study of astrocytes in Drosophila.In chapter two of this thesis, I characterize astrocytes during metamorphosis, when extensive neuronal remodeling takes place. I found that astrocytes turn into phagocytes in a cell-autonomous, steroid-dependent manner, by upregulating the phagocytic receptor Draper and forming acidic phagolysosomal structures. I show that astrocytes clear neuronal debris during nervous system remodeling and that this is a novel function for astrocytes during the development of nervous system. I analyzed two different neuronal populations: MB γ neurons that prune their neurites and vCrz+ neurons that undergo apoptosis. I discovered that MB γ axons are engulfed by astrocytes using the Draper and Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 pathways in a partially redundant way. Interestingly, Draper is required for clearance of vCrz+ cell bodies, while Crk/Mbc/dCed-12, but not Draper, are required for clearance of vCrz+ neurites. Surprisingly, I also found that loss of Draper delayed vCrz+ neurite degeneration, suggesting that glia facilitate neurite destruction through engulfment signaling. Taken together, my work identifies a novel function for astrocytes in the clearance of synaptic and neuronal debris during developmental remodeling of the nervous system. Additionally, I show that Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 act as a new glial signaling pathway required for pruning, and surprisingly, that glia use different engulfment pathways to clear neuronal debris generated by cell death versus local pruning.
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37

Chui, Ka-meng, and 徐家明. "The role of glial cells on neuronal survival in the CNS environment after hypoxia and ischemia." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31227314.

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38

Shea, Ka-hon Graham, and 佘嘉翰. "ErbB receptor modulation by the Notch pathway as a means to fate commitment in bone marrow-derived Schwann cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46083042.

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39

Mouzannar, Raymond. "Higher order chromatin degradation induced by hydrogen peroxide in glial cells." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=2098.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 84 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-84).
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40

Vallstedt, Anna. "The role of NKX proteins in neuronal and glial specification /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-132-6/.

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41

Costa, Ana Paula. "Alterações neurogliais em ratos expostos ao ácido ocadáico como modelo de demência." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/36023.

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A demência é caracterizada como um declínio progressivo nas funções cognitivas e perda grave de memória. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a forma mais comum de demência. Dentre as características neuropatológicas, a doença caracteriza-se por perdas seletivas neuronais e sinápticas, presença de placas neuríticas extracelulares contendo o peptídeo β- amilóide (Aβ) e emaranhados neurofibrilares (NFTs) compostos de formas hiperfosforiladas da proteína tau. Diversos modelos animais têm sido desenvolvidos para investigar a etiologia da DA, embora ainda não estabelecida, muitos fatores de riscos e alterações patológicas tem sido utilizados para a elaboração de modelos in vivo e in vitro da DA. O ácido ocadáico (AO), um potente inibidor de fosfatase 1 e 2A, ocasiona a deposição de Aβ, perda neuronal e sináptica, e subsequente déficit de memória, características semelhantes às ocorridas na DA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma possível disfunção cognitiva e alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos astrocitários de ratos submetidos ao ácido ocadáico, intrahipocampal, como modelo de demência. Ratos Wistar machos (90 dias) foram submetidos à infusão intrahipocampal e bilateral de AO (100 ng), e 12 dias após a cirurgia, avaliada a memória pelo teste de memória espacial no labirinto aquático de Morris, e realizados testes bioquímicos. Usando este modelo animal de infusão do AO, nós observamos um déficit cognitivo espacial e alterações neurogliais, particularmente, em marcadores de astrogliose, como a proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) e S100B. Houve alterações no metabolismo do glutamato, pela diminuição significativa do transportador de aminoácido excitatório 2 (EAAT2/GLT-1) e atividade da glutamina sintetase; bem como, é característico na DA, um aumento no estresse oxidativo, observado pelo aumento das proteínas carboniladas e diminuição no conteúdo de glutationa (glutationa reduzida) no modelo de infusão do AO. Foram observadas também, alterações na via das MAPKs, onde a infusão do AO aumentou a fosforilação da p38MAPK, não alterando outras MAPKs, como a JNK 1/2 e ERK 1/2. Em conclusão, a injeção bilateral de AO foi capaz de induzir um déficit cognitivo espacial e estresse oxidativo no modelo de demência proposto, e pela primeira vez ao nosso conhecimento, alterações astrogliais em modelo de demência induzido pelo AO. Por fim, as alterações astrogliais observadas neste modelo de demência contribuem para a compreensão da fisiopatologia da DA e de outras doenças acompanhadas de déficit cognitivo, bem como contribuem para a identificação de alvos terapêuticos para a DA.
Dementia is characterized as a progressive decline in cognitive functions and severe memory loss. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The defining neuropathological characteristics of AD are the presence of extracellular accumulation of aggregated β-amyloid in senile plaques in the brain, and also by intraneuronal aggregates of neurofibrillary (NFT) consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, wich leads to progressive brain dysfunction. Although the cause of AD remains elusive, many possible risk factors and pathological alterations have been used in the elaboration of in vivo and in vitro models of this disease, including intrahippocampal infusion of okadaic acid (OA). Okadaic acid (OA), a potent inhibitor phosphatase 1 and 2A, leads to the deposition of β-amyloid, subsequent neuronal degeneration, synaptic loss and memory impairments, all of which resemble AD-like pathology. In this study, our aim was evaluate spatial cognitive deficit and neuroglial alterations in rats submitted to the OA-induced dementia model. Male Wistar rats (90 days old) were submitted to bilateral intrahippocampal OA-injection (100 ng), and 12 days after the surgery the rats were submitted to training and test in the Morris water maze, and biochemistry tests were performed. Using this model, we evaluated spatial cognitive deficit and neuroglial alterations, particulary astroglial protein markers such as glial fribillar acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B. There have been changes in the metabolism of glutamate, the significant decrease in the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2/GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase activity, as is characteristic of AD, increased oxidative stress, observed by increased protein carbonyl and decreased glutathione in rats submitted to injection of OA. Were also observed, alterations in the MAPKs pathway, where the infusion of OA increased the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, without altering other MAPKs, such as JNK 1/2 and ERK 1/2. In conclusion, bilateral injection of OA induces spacial cognitive deficit, and causes oxidative stress in this model and demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, neuroglial alteriations. Findings contribute to understanding diseases accompanied by cognitive deficit and the OA model of dementia.
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42

Wang, Mingxi. "Production and characterization of recombinant mouse proGDNF." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36942376.

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43

Kullberg, Susanna. "On age related changes in axons and glia of the central nervous system /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-271-x/.

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44

李勝修 and Shengxiu Li. "The role of glial cells in the survival and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31238932.

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45

Tsui, Yat-ping, and 徐軼冰. "In vitro derivation of myelinatiog Schwann cells for use in chitosan-based nerve guidance channels." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41758006.

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46

Souza, Débora Guerini de. "Caracterização morfofuncional de cultura de astrócitos adultos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142578.

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O uso de culturas de células do Sistema Nervoso Central é extensivamente aplicado na compreensão dos mecanismos celulares, moleculares e bioquímicos do cérebro, sendo que a maioria dos protocolos utilizados faz uso de animais neonatos para a obtenção das células. Neste estudo, propomos e caracterizamos um protocolo de obtenção de cultura de astrócitos corticais de ratos Wistar adultos, de 90 dias de idade. Para a elaboração da cultura, os cérebros foram cuidadosamente dissecados e o córtex foi dissociado mecanicamente e enzimaticamente com tripsina e papaína. As células foram cultivadas com DMEM/F12 (10% SFB) nas duas primeiras semanas e DMEM/F12 (20% SFB) nas últimas semanas. Ao final deste período, as células apresentavam morfologia poligonal caracteristicamente astrocitária, extensiva marcação para a Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida (GFAP) e para a Glutamina Sintetase (GS), ambas importantes marcadores gliais. Também foi avaliada a captação de glutamato, a atividade da GS e o conteúdo de glutationa (GSH). Ainda, verificamos a expressão de outras proteínas características de astrócitos, como vimentina, S100B e ALDH1L1, além dos transportadores glutamatérgicos GLAST e GLT-1. Sob exposição ao H2O2 e Zn2+, podemos verificar que os astrócitos são suscetíveis ao estresse oxidativo, o qual pode causar alterações morfológicas e funcionais. Também, verificamos que estas células são suscetíveis a estímulos inflamatórios. Assim, concluímos que o protocolo proposto é efetivo para gerar uma cultura funcional e caracteristicamente astrocitária, utilizando-se ratos adultos, os quais já têm conexões celulares estabelecidas, ao contrário dos neonatos, que estão ainda no processo de formação das células e conexões. Isto pode representar um importante modelo de estudo para doenças neurodegenerativas, neurotoxicidade e neuroproteção, visto que astrócitos adultos cultivados in vitro apresentam características mais similares ao cérebro adulto in vivo, e podem ser usados para se obter respostas mais fidedignas aos estímulos aos quais serão submetidos.
The use of cell cultures of central nervous system is extensively applied to understand the cellular, molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the brain, and most part of the protocols makes use of newborns to obtain cells. In this study we have characterized a protocol to obtain astrocyte cultures of adult Wistar rats, 90 days old. For the preparation of culture, brains were carefully dissected and the cortex was dissociated mechanically and enzymatically with trypsin and papain. The cells were cultured with DMEM/F12 (10% FBS) in the first two weeks and DMEM/F12 (20% FBS) until it reaches confluence. Thereafter, the cells presented typical polygonal morphology of astrocytes, extensive marking for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Glutamine Synthetase (GS), both important glial markers. We also evaluated glutamate uptake, GS activity and intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH). We observed the expression of other characteristic proteins of astrocytes, such as vimentin, S100B, ALDH1L1 and, in addition, the main glutamate transporters in the brain, GLT-1 and GLAST. Upon exposure to H2O2 and Zn2+, we found that astrocytes are susceptible to oxidative stress, which may cause morphological and functional changes. Also, we found that these cells are susceptible to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, we conclude that the proposed protocol is effective to generate a functional and characteristic astrocytic culture, using adult rats, which already have established neural connections compared to newborns. This may represent an important study model for neurodegenerative diseases, neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, as adult astrocytes cultured in vitro have similar characteristics to the adult brain in vivo, and can be used to obtain more reliable responses to stimuli to which they will be exposed.
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47

Lee, Mary Elizabeth. "Axon growth and neuron-glia interactions in the olfactory system /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5684.

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48

Ghaffari, Mithra. ""Glial Islands" promote survival and regeneration of neurites from chick embryo retinal neurons." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1458.

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49

Cunha, Núbia Broetto. "Avaliação de parâmetros neurogliais em modelo de demência induzido por infusão intracerebroventricular de ácido ocadáico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150191.

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Emaranhados neurofibrilares intraneuronais, juntamente com as placas beta-amilóide e astrogliose são importantes marcadores neuropatológicos da doença de Alzheimer (DA). Apesar dos mecanismos envolvidos na DA do tipo esporádica ainda não estarem bem esclarecidos, a hiperfosforilação da proteína tau é sugerida como grande fator para o desenvolvimento dos emaranhados neurofibrilares, que podem gerar disfunção neuronal e morte. A toxina ácido ocadáico (AO) é considerada um efetivo inibidor das fosfatases 1 e 2A, as quais podem gerar a hiperfosforilação da tau. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo, avaliar alterações neurogliais em hipocampo e líquido cerebroespinhal (LCE) de ratos expostos ao AO intracerebroventricular após 3 e 12 semanas da infusão. E ainda, verificar alterações neurogliais de fatias hipocampais expostas de forma aguda ao AO (in vitro). Como resultados encontramos no modelo in vivo, declínio cognitivo, hiperfosforilação da tau (Ser 396) e alteração astroglial hipocampal principalmente devido a redução da captação de glicose e aumento da expressão da GFAP e ainda, redução da S100B no LCE, a qual pode atuar na sinalização neurônio-astrócito, em condições fisiológicas ou patológicas, como na DA. Ao observar as alterações neurogliais 12 semanas após a infusão, verificamos que o modelo é parcialmente reversível, uma vez que a fosforilação da proteína tau não mostrou alteração, mas foi observado declínio cognitivo em um dos comportamentos realizados e hipometabolismo da glicose. E ainda, in vitro, o AO foi capaz de hiperfosforilar a proteína tau (Ser 396), mas não alterou parâmetros astrogliais. Portanto, o modelo animal se mostra adequado para avaliação de alterações neuroquímicas. Mas nossos resultados também apontam para uma reversibilidade parcial do modelo a longo prazo, indicando a necessidade de cautela na avaliação de estratégias terapêuticas com este modelo. E ainda, nossos dados reforçam a importância de investigar alterações do metabolismo cerebral da glicose em indivíduos com déficit cognitivo.
Intraneuronal aggregates of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), together with beta-amyloid plaques and astrogliosis, are important markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The underlying mechanism of sporadic AD remains poorly understood, but abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is suggested to have a role in NFTs genesis, which leads to neuronal dysfunction and death. The okadaic acid (OKA) toxin is a protein phosphatase 1 e 2A inhibitor and can lead to tau protein hyperphosphorylation. We have investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) OKA on neuroglial alterations 3 and 12 weeks after OKA infusion. We have also researched the effects on neuroglial parameters on hippocampal slices treated with OKA in vivo. Our results have shown cognitive impairment, hippocampal astrogliosis, based on GFAP increment, decreased glucose uptake and increase on tau phosphorylation (at Ser396) in hipocamppus and decrease in S100B protein on cerebrospinal fluid 3 weeks after ICV OKA-infusion. Moreover, 12 weeks after ICV OKA infusion we also observed a cognitive impairment and decreased on glucose uptake. In vitro, exposure of hippocampal slices to OKA altered tau phosphorylation at Ser396 without any associated change in astroglial function. In conclusion, the OKA-animal model proved to be a suitable model for neurochemical parameters assessment. Our results also indicate a partial reversibility of long-term animal model, suggesting that therapeutics strategies evaluations must be caution on this model; and reinforce how important is to investigate on brain glucose metabolism alterations on cognitive impairment.
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50

Xiu, Jin. "Distribution and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in glia cells and neurons with focus on the neuroprotective mechanisms of cholesterol-lowering drugs in Alzheimer's disease /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-758-8/.

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