Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neurogenèse humaine'
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Poittevin, Marine. "Implication des processus inflammatoires et de la microangiopathie diabétique dans la sévérité de l'infarctus cérébral et le retard de réparation dans des modèles d'ischémie cérébrale chez la souris." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077082.
Full textCerebral ischemia is the leading cause of acquired disability in adults and the second cause of death m developed countries. Currently, the only effective treatment is thrombolysis with rt-PA administration restricted to less than 5% of patients. The development of new therapies is therefore a crucial issue. The inflammatory process after cerebral ischemia is essential for clearance of injured brain tissue but also contributes to the worsening of brain damage and neurological deficit. In addition, inflammatory cytokines released after cerebral ischemia contribute to promote or block neurogenesis, a process essential for brain repair. The first part of this research has focused on the modulation of the inflammation to keep the beneficial component and decrease the deleterious one by the mean of an immunomodulatory drug, Glatiramer Acétate or Copaxone®. This drug was injected into two munne modeb of cerebral ischemia, which are permanent and transient Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion (pMCAo and tMCAO). Glatiramer Acetate did not diminish the infarct volume nor improve the neurological deficit despite an increase of neurogenesis in pMCAo model and reduced microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines in tMCAO. In parallel a follow-up in vivo study of microglial inflammation in stroke induced by pMCAo was conducted in MRI, particularly mteresting for the non-invasively validation of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. As we obtained limited results in our study models, we decided to include diabetes, a strong risk factor for incidence and severity of cerebral ischemia. Diabetes is know in peripheral organs to induce an inflammatory and vascular response. It results in microangiopathy whose role in ischemic brain injury is poorly understood. The second part of this research has therefore focused on the characterization of this microangiopathy in a type I diabetic mouse model by injection of streptozotocin and the consequences of this microangiopathy in the severity of cerebral infarction. Our work has shown that after cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice, the inflammatory response was more intense and angiogenesis, the vascular repair process, was delayed. This allows targeting new therapeutic strategies following cerebral ischemia in the diabetic field
Scordel, Chloé. "Identification des déterminants viraux et mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’interférence du virus de la maladie de Borna avec la neurogenèse humaine." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114849.
Full textBorna disease virus (BDV) is a persistent neurotropic virus causing neurobehavioral disorders in animals and possibly humans. Using human neural progenitor cells, it had been shown, before my arrival in the laboratory, that BDV induces an alteration in human neurogenesis. Here, we aimed at identifying the viral determinants involved in BDV-induced impairment of neurogenesis and at characterizing the underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that the phosphoprotein (P) and the nucleoprotein (N), but not the X protein, reduce neurogenesis. Focusing on the role of P, we evidenced an impairment of GABAergic neurogenesis. Then, seeking for the molecular mechanisms responsible for P-induced inhibition of neurogenesis, we showed that it induces a decrease in the expression of cellular factors involved in either neuronal specification (ApoE, Noggin) or maturation (SCG10/Stathmin, TH). Thus, in this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a viral protein is capable of inhibiting GABAergic neurogenesis, a process that is dysregulated in some psychiatric diseases. Our results improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of this persistent neurotropic virus and of its possible role in psychiatric disorders
Rainer, Quentin. "Effets comportementaux et neurogéniques des antidépresseurs dans un nouveau modèle d'anxiété/dépression chez la Souris adulte." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672775.
Full textWimmer, Ryszard. "Migration of neural stem cells during human neocortical development." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLS016.
Full textIn gyrencephalic species, and in particular in humans, the strong size increase of the neocortex is largely supported by an expanded neurogenic niche, the outer subventricular zone (oSVZ). This is largely due to the amplification of a neural stem cell population, the basal radial glial cells (bRGs, also known as oRGs). bRG cells colonize the oSVZ through an acto-myosin dependent movement called mitotic somal translocation (MST). The exact molecular mechanism of MST, whether the microtubule cytoskeleton also controls other steps of bRG cell translocation, and the contribution of these movements to bRG cell dissemination into the human developing neocortex are however unknown. Here, using live imaging of gestational week 14-21 human fetal tissue and cerebral organoids, we identify a two-step mode of translocation for bRG cells. On top MST, bRG cells undergo a microtubule-dependent movement during interphase, that we call interphasic somal translocation (IST). IST is slower than MST and controlled by the LINC complex that recruits the dynein molecular motor and its activator LIS1 to the nuclear envelope for transport. Consequently, IST is affected in LIS1 patient derived organoids. We furthermore show that MST occurs during prometaphase and is therefore a mitotic spindle translocation event. MST is controlled by the mitotic cell rounding molecular pathway, that increases the cell cortex stiffness to drive translocation. Both IST and MST are bidirectional with a net basal movement of 0,57 mm per month of human fetal gestation. We show that 85% of this movement is dependent on IST, that is both more polarized and more processive than MST. Finally, we demonstrate that IST and MST are conserved in bRG-related glioblastoma cells and occur through the same molecular pathways. Overall, our work identifies how bRG cells colonize the human fetal cortex, and how these mechanisms can be linked to pathological conditions
Gouazé, Alexandra. "Implication de la plasticité cérébrale hypothalamique dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique chez la souris : effet d'un régime gras." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841824.
Full textHouben, Sarah. "Cinquante nuances de tau :de la neurogenèse à la pathogenèse." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/314226/4/tdm.pdf.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Royo, Julie. "Performances cognitives et neurogenèse au cours du vieillissement chez un primate non-humain." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0001.
Full textNeurogenesis is the ability of the adult brain to build new neurons. This process induces structural and functional changes in the brain that can reduce cognitive decline during aging. This neuroplasticity exists throughout life but it gradually decreases with aging. In this study, we characterized the evolution of cognitive functions and neurogenesis during aging in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) that shares morphological, behavioural and physiological changes with aged humans. We observed that some aged animals presented a specific deficit in learning and memory whereas others had cognitive performances equivalent or better than young animals. It might be due to the neurogenesis process that would preserve cognitive functions during aging. Indeed, in the subventricular zone, the balance between neurons and glial cells would be in favour of neurogenesis in the dorsal part while oligodendrogenesis would be favoured in the horn. Stimulation of neurogenesis could help replace neurons lost due to injury or aging. Among the possible strategies to stimulate neurogenesis, food and physical activity seem pertinent. During this thesis project, we studied, in particular, the impact of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and the combination of caloric restriction and physical activity in adulthood. These interventions induced an improvement of cognitive functions associated with an increase in the number of new neurons. These different approaches constitute a promising strategy without drugs against cognitive decline during aging by participating in brain plasticity
Charbord, Jérémie. "Criblage à haut débit d'inhibiteurs du répresseur de transcription REST dans des progénies neurales issues de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0004.
Full textOur goal was to identify pharmacological inhibitors of REST that would be able to increase the expression of a set of neuronal gene targets of REST (RE1 genes) in human neural stem cells (NSCS) derived from human embryonic stem cells (HESC). These compounds would at first provide a new type of tool to better understand REST action on proliferation and differentiation in normal or pathological NSCS and could have therapeutical properties for diseases in which an over-activation of REST is implicated in or influences cellular pathology such as huntington’s disease or some brain tumors. Identification of REST inhibitors was performed using the powerful technology of high throughput screening (HTS). Success of this method was based on the set up of a robust functional cell assay of REST activity in NSCS. A reporter system of this activity has been constructed using an expression cassette of the renilla luciferase placed under control of a strong constitutive promoter. Several RE1 sites have been inserted upstream of this cassette to make the expression of Luciferase dependent on REST activity. We have isolated x5050 compound, a benzimidazole which leads to upregulation of RE1 genes as shown by transcriptomic studies. x5050 modified neither rest transcription nor rest fixation on a labeled nucleotidic RE1 sequence. On the contrary, x5050 treatment induced the decrease in rest protein level, probably by modulating REST degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system
Bayer, Ronny. "Veränderungen der adulten Neurogenese im Hippocampus von Drogenabhängigen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-163780.
Full textWölfle, Martina. "Comparative analyses of the neurogenic capacity of human neuroprogenitor populations derived from neural and mesodermal tissue." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-63715.
Full textXia, Lin. "Analyse de profils d'expression génique dans des modèles murins d'anxiété/dépression." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923149.
Full textAbuawad, Mohammad. "Pathological changes in Alexander disease : a comparative study in human and mice with GFAP mutations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC296.
Full textAlexander disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by heterozygous mutations of GFAP gene coding the major intermediate filament of mature astrocytes. We studied the effect of GFAP mutation in the hippocampus of infantile onset AxD patient and two novel knockin mouse models, one bearing a mutation located in the rod domain (p.R85C), and the other bearing a mutation located in the tail domain (p.T409I) of mouse Gfap. In the AxD patient, we describe for the first time: (i) obvious morphological changes of GFAP+ cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, which have lost most of their radial processes; (ii) microglial reactivity; (iii) and deficit in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We found similar abnormalities in the two knockin mouse lines, more obvious in homozygous mice. A comparison of these mouse models showed that pathological findings predominated in the GFAPT409I mice, whereas GFAP accumulated in larger amounts in the GFAPR85C mice. The comparison of the two mouse models showed that their pathological consequences depend on the location of the mutated residues in GFAP. These findings suggest that in addition to the evident gain of GFAP function, other astrocyte dysfunctions in this disease may be due to a loss of function of GFAP. In addition, we treated the mice mutants with ceftriaxone, which has been reported to have a neuroprotective effect, but we observe no significant effect. Finally, AxD patients have often megalencephaly, therefore we measured the brain water content in AxD mouse models. We found a significant increase in brain water content in the one year old GFAPR85C/R85C mice vs controls. We observed mislocalization of AQP4 in mutant mice astrocytes that can participated to water imbalance in brain
Pigeon, Julien. "The role of NEUROG2 T149 phosphorylation site in the developing human neocortex." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS092.
Full textNeocortical expansion throughout evolution has been responsible for higher-order cognitive abilities and relies on the increased proliferative capacities of cortical progenitors to increase neuronal production. Therefore, in gyrencephalic species such as humans and primates, where the neurogenic period is protracted, the regulation of the balance between progenitor maintenance and differentiation is of key importance for the right neuronal production. The control of this balance in the dorsal telencephalon, which gives rise to the neocortex, is mediated by feedback regulation between Notch signaling and the proneural transcription factor Neurogenin2 (NEUROG2). As the expression of NEUROG2 alone is sufficient to induce neurogenesis in the neocortex, its regulation at the gene level has been extensively studied in mice. However, recent findings highlight that regulation at the protein level through post-translational modifications can profoundly influence protein activity and stability. Indeed, the modulation of the conserved NEUROG2 T149 phosphorylation site in the developing mouse neocortex results in an altered pool of progenitors and number of neurons in the deep and upper layers. Nevertheless, it is not known how such post-translation modification regulates NEUROG2 activity in the development of the human neocortex under endogenous levels and its contribution to the development of the neocortex.We hypothesize that modulation of the activity of the transcription factor NEUROG2 through this T149 phosphorylation site may regulate the pace of the temporal advance of human cortical progenitors down the differentiation landscape.To test this hypothesis in humans, we used 3D cortical organoids derived from CRISPR/Cas9 engineered iPSCs lines to study cortical neurogenesis. Before diving into the role of post translational modifications regulating NEUROG2 activity we started by confirming, for the first time in humans that Neurogenin2 is indeed the gateway gene of neuronal differentiation. In differentiated iPSCs NEUROG2 KO clones, we observed reduced proportions of neurons after 70 and 140 days in vitro at both the mid and late stages of cortical organoid development. This phenotype is accompanied by a ventralization of these dorsal forebrain organoids with a downregulation of the genes encoding for the dorsal forebrain identity and an upregulation of the genes encoding for the ventral forebrain identity. Knowing that Neurogenin2 is required for cortical neurogenesis, we next studied how the loss of NEUROG2 phosphorylation site T149 by its replacement with an Alanine (T149A) at endogenous levels alters neuronal production. To this end we combined live imaging of radial glial clones, immunohistochemistry for key cell fate markers, machine-learning based cell type quantification, transcriptional activation and stem cell reprogramming assays, RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation to analyze cortical neurogenesis. We found, on the one hand, the TA/TA mutant does not change the pattern of NEUROG2 expression in both radial glial cells and intermediate progenitors, nor its ability to bind and activate target genes or reprogram human stem cells to neurons. However, the TA/TA mutant radial glia switch their division mode from proliferative to neurogenic and generate more neurons at both the mid and late stages of cortical development in organoids. Mechanistically, we found that this phenotype is accompanied by an upregulation of the genes encoding the organization and the movements of the primary cilium of radial glial cells, which are downregulated in the NEUROG2 KO clones. These results suggest a strong link between the primary cilium, Neurogenin2, and its phosphorylation profile with the regulation of neurogenesis in human cortical organoids
Berg, Jürgen [Verfasser]. "Effekte sphärischer und einzelschichtkultivierter humaner adipogener mesenchymaler Stammzellen im 6-OHDA-Rattenmodell für Morbus Parkinson : Auswirkungen auf das lokale Mikromilieu, neurogene Regionen, Motorik sowie die Gedächtnisfunktion / Jürgen Berg." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082237612/34.
Full textEtievant, Adeline. "Stimulation du cortex préfrontal : Mécanismes neurobiologiques de son effet antidépresseur." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00865594.
Full textAhmad, Ruhel. "Neurogenesis from parthenogenetic human embryonic stem cells." Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75935.
Full textImprinted Gene spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Gehirnentwicklung. Da das neurale Entwicklungspotenzial von hpESCs bisher noch nicht ausführlich untersucht wurde, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit das Differenzierungspotenzial von hpESCs zu verschiedenen neuralen Subtypen zu untersuchen. Außerdem wurden die DNA-Methylierung und Expression imprinted Gene in hpESCs während der neuralen Differenzierung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass von hpESCs abgeleitete neurale Stammzellen (hpNSCs) die NSC-Marker Sox1, Nestin, Pax6 und Musashi1 (MS1) exprimierten, Pluripotenzmarker-Gene (Oct4, Nanog) abschalteten und keine Aktivierung von Markern der Neuralleistenzellen (Snai2, FoxD3) sowie dem mesodermalen Marker Acta1 stattfand. Immunfärbungen zeigten weiterhin, dass aus hpESCs abgeleitete Stammzellen die NSC-Marker Nestin, Sox1, Sox2 und Vimentin auf Proteinebene exprimierten. Durch gerichtete neurale Differenzierung für 28 Tage konnten aus hpESCs neurale Subtypen abgeleitet werden, die eine neurale Zelltyp-spezifische Morphologie aufweisen und positiv für neuronale und gliale Marker wie Tuj1, NeuN, Map2, GFAP, O4, Tau, Synapsin1 und GABA sind. Um aus hpNSCs dopaminerge und Motoneuronen abzuleiten, wurden während der Differenzierung Morphogene und trophische Faktoren zugegeben. Elektrophysiologische Analysen konnten zeigen, dass die in vitro differenzierten Neuronen, die von hpESCs abgeleitet wurden, für Neurone typische Na+/K+ Ströme sowie Aktionspotentiale (30 Hz) vorweisen ausbilden und auf ausgewählte pharmakologische Natrium- (Tetrodotoxin) und Kalium- (Tetraethylammonium) Kanal-Blocker reagierten. Desweiteren war der Großteil der CpGs von differentiell methylierten Regionen (DMRs) KvDMR1 in hpESCs und hpNSCs methyliert, während DMR1 (H19/Igf2 Locus) eine partiell oder komplett abwesende CpG-Methylierung zeigte, was dem parthenogenetischen Ursprung entspricht. Während der Differenzierung wurde die elternabhängige (parent-of-origin) spezifische Genexpression in hpESCs und hpNSCs aufrechterhalten, wie mit Genexpressionsanalysen imprinted Gene gezeigt werden konnte. In der Summe zeigen die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse, dass hpESCs, die kein paternales Genom besitzen, keine Beeinträchtigung im neuralen Differenzierungspotential zeigten und zu Gliazellen und Neurone differenziert werden konnten. Elektrophysiologische Analysen zeigten ferner, dass von hpESCs abgeleitete Neurone funktionell sind. Zudem wird die Expression maternal-spezifischer Gene und die Imprinting-spezifische DNA-Methylierung während der Differenzierung größtenteils aufrechterhalten. In der Summe stellen hpESCs ein einzigartiges Modell dar, um den Einfluss des Imprintings auf die Neurogenese zu untersuchen
Harder, Friedrich. "Untersuchungen zum in vivo Differenzierungspotenzial muriner und humaner hämatopoetischer sowie muriner neuraler Stammzellen." Doctoral thesis, 2002. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4214.
Full textSummary During mammalian ontogeny an organism develops from a totipotent zygot that is composed of more than 200 distinct cell types. The development and the maintanance of the organism is dependent on somatic stem cells. Transient stem cell types exist during early embryonic development, but homoestasis of the adult is maintained by resident somatic stem cells. The restriction in committent to the exclusive generation of cells of their own stem cell system was considered as a hallmark of adult stem cells. The objective of the present thesis was to investigate whether somatic stem cells are truly restricted to the generation of cells belonging to their own stem cell system only. To this end three somatic stem cell types, murine hematopoietic, human hematopoietic and murine neural stem cells were injected into murine blastocysts. The blastocysts provides the injected stem cells with a microenvironment permissive for the generation of all cell types of the adult organism. It could be shown using this method that progeny of murine and human hematopoietic and murine neural stem cells preferentially engrafted the hematopoietic tissues of the developing embryo. Furthermore, injection of human hematopoietic and murine neural stem cells gave rise to hematopoietic progenitors cells in fetal hematopoietic tissues, and generated cells with an erythroid gene expression pattern. Comparison of adult chimeric animals revealed that progeny of hematopoietic stem cells had engrafted hematopoietic and neural tissues to a similar extent, whereas progeny of neural stem cells was preferentially detected in neural tissues. This result indicates, that somatic stem cells can generate heterologous cells if exposed to the early embryonic environment. Furthermore, it demonstrates the distinct and different developmental potentials of hematopoietic and neural stem cells and and distinguishes them from the pluripotent differentiation potential of ES-cells
Bayer, Ronny. "Veränderungen der adulten Neurogenese im Hippocampus von Drogenabhängigen: Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen mit ausgewählten Neurogenesemarkern." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13236.
Full textFreundlieb, Nils [Verfasser]. "Die dopaminerge Beeinflussung der adulten Neurogenese : In-vivo-Untersuchungen im MPTP-Modell bei nicht-humanen Primaten / vorgelegt von Nils Freundlieb." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989711536/34.
Full textSchreglmann, Sebastian Robert [Verfasser]. "Der Einfluss humanen Wildtyp-α-Synucleins [Wildtyp-Alpha-Synucleins] auf die Adulte Neurogenese am Beispiel der transgenen {mThy1-α-Synuclein-Maus [mThy1-Alpha-Synuclein-Maus] / vorgelegt von Sebastian Robert Schreglmann." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009773313/34.
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