Journal articles: 'Neuro 2a Cell Line'

1

Petrossian, G., and J. A. Oliver. "Synthesis of angiotensinogen by renin-containing neuroblastomas." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): C185—C189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.2.c185.

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Angiotensinogen in plasma is of hepatic origin, but many organs possess the ability to synthesize this protein because messenger RNA for angiotensinogen is widely distributed in the body. The cell types responsible for the extrahepatic synthesis of angiotensinogen remain to be identified. To examine whether renin-containing cells synthesize angiotensinogen, we have utilized a polyclonal antibody to angiotensinogen and immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled cells of two neuroblastomas known to contain renin. The results indicate that the cell line Neuro 2a synthesizes and releases a protein with a molecular mass of 57 kDa that is specifically recognized by the angiotensinogen antibody, indicating that Neuro 2a synthesizes angiotensinogen. Similarly, the cell line NB41A3 was also found to synthesize a protein specifically recognized by the antibody to angiotensinogen.

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2

Bauer, David F., Larisa Pereboeva, G. Yancey Gillespie, Gretchen A. Cloud, Osama Elzafarany, Catherine Langford, James M. Markert, and Lawrence S. Lamb Jr. "Effect of HSV-IL12 Loaded Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in a Mouse Model of High-Grade Neuroblastoma." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2568125.

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We designed multimodal tumor vaccine that consists of irradiated tumor cells infected with the oncolytic IL-12-expressing HSV-1 virus, M002. This vaccine was tested against the syngeneic neuroblastoma mouse model Neuro 2a injected into the right caudate nucleus of the immunocompetent A/J mice. Mice were vaccinated via intramuscular injection of multimodal vaccine or uninfected irradiated tumor cells at seven and 14 days after tumor establishment. While there was no survival difference between groups vaccinated with cell-based vaccine applied following tumor injection, a premunition prime/boost vaccination strategy produced a significant survival advantage in both groups and sustained immune response to an intracranial rechallenge of the same tumor. The syngeneic but unrelated H6 hepatocellular tumor cell line grew unrestricted in vaccinated mice, indicative of vaccine-mediated specific immunity to Neuro 2a tumors. Longitudinal analyses of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed a primary adaptive T cell response involving both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Spleen cell mononuclear preparations from vaccinated mice were significantly more cytotoxic to Neuro 2a tumor cells than spleen cells from control mice as demonstrated in a four-hourin vitrocytotoxicity assay. These results strongly suggest that an irradiated whole cell tumor vaccine incorporating IL-12-expressing M002 HSV can produce a durable, specific immunization in a murine model of intracranial tumor.

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3

van Zoelen, E. J., W. J. van de Ven, H. J. Franssen, T. M. van Oostwaard, P. T. van der Saag, C. H. Heldin, and S. W. de Laat. "Neuroblastoma cells express c-sis and produce a transforming growth factor antigenically related to the platelet-derived growth factor." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 9 (September 1985): 2289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.9.2289-2297.1985.

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Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells produce transforming growth factors during exponential growth in a defined hormone-free medium, which, on Bio-Gel columns in 1 M HAc, elute at a molecular size of 15 to 20 kilodaltons (kDa). These neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factors have strong mitogenic activity, but they do not compete with epidermal growth factor for receptor binding (E. J. J. van Zoelen, D. R. Twardzik, T. M. J. van Oostwaard, P. T. van der Saag, S. W. de Laat, and G. J. Todaro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:4085-4089, 1984). In this study approximately 80% of the mitogenic activity was immunoprecipitated by antibodies raised against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Immunoblotting indicated a true molecular size of 32 kDa for this PDGF-like growth factor. Analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from Neuro-2A cells demonstrated the expression of the c-sis oncogene in this cell line, whereas in vitro translation of the RNA yielded a 20-kDa protein recognized by anti-PDGF antibodies. Separation by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of two distinct mitogenic activities in neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factor preparations, one of which is antigenically related to PDGF. Both activities had the ability to induce anchorage-independent growth in normal rat kidney cells, both in the presence and in the absence of epidermal growth factor. It is concluded that Neuro-2A cells express c-sis with concomitant production and secretion of a PDGF-like growth factor, which plays a role in the induction of phenotypic transformation on normal rat kidney cells.

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Bamberger, Ana-Maria, Le-Ping Pu, David R. Cool, and Y. Peng Loh. "The Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cell line expresses [Met]-enkephalin and vasopressin mRNA and peptide." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 113, no. 2 (September 1995): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(95)03625-h.

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5

Sakaguchi, Minoru, Kouichi Murayama, Kozue Yabe, Motonobu Satoh, Masao Takeuchi, and Eiko Matsumura. "β-Casomorphin-5 stimulates neurite outgrowth in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro-2a)." Neuroscience Letters 251, no. 2 (July 1998): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00500-x.

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6

Matten, W. T., and P. F. Maness. "V max. activation of pp60c-src tyrosine kinase from neuroblastoma neuro-2A." Biochemical Journal 248, no. 3 (December 15, 1987): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2480691.

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A kinetic analysis of the tyrosine-specific protein kinase of pp60c-src from the C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2A and pp60c-src expressed in fibroblasts was carried out to determine the nature of the increased specific activity of the neuroblastoma enzyme. In immune-complex kinase assays with ATP-Mn2+ and the tyrosine-containing peptide angiotensin I as phosphoacceptor substrate, pp60c-src from the neuroblastoma cell line was characterized by a maximum velocity (Vmax.) that was 7-15-fold greater than the Vmax. of pp60c-src from fibroblasts. The neuroblastoma enzyme exhibited Km values for ATP (16 +/- 3 microM) and angiotensin I (6.8 +/- 2.6 mM) that were similar to Km values for ATP (25 +/- 3 microM) and angiotensin I (6.5 +/- 1.7 mM) of pp60c-src from fibroblasts. pp60v-src expressed in Rous-sarcoma-virus-transformed cells exhibited an ATP Km value (25 +/- 4 microM) and an angiotensin I Km value (6.6 +/- 0.5 mM) that approximated the values determined for pp60c-src in neuroblastoma cells and fibroblasts. These results indicate that the pp60c-src kinase from neuroblastoma cells has a higher turnover number than pp60c-src kinase from fibroblasts, and that the neural form of the enzyme would be expected to exhibit increased catalytic activity at the saturating concentrations of ATP that are found intracellularly.

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7

Wu, Po-Ming, Hsin-Yen Cho, Chi-Wu Chiang, Tzu-Hsien Chuang, Sheng-Nan Wu, and Yi-Fang Tu. "Characterization in Inhibitory Effectiveness of Carbamazepine in Voltage-Gated Na+ and Erg-Mediated K+ Currents in a Mouse Neural Crest-Derived (Neuro-2a) Cell Line." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 7892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147892.

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Carbamazepine (CBZ, Tegretol®) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain; however, several unwanted effects of this drug have been noticed. Therefore, the regulatory actions of CBZ on ionic currents in electrically excitable cells need to be reappraised, although its efficacy in suppressing voltage-gated Na+ current (INa) has been disclosed. This study was undertaken to explore the modifications produced by CBZ on ionic currents (e.g., INa and erg-mediated K+ current [IK(erg)]) measured from Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In these cells, we found that this drug differentially suppressed the peak (transient, INa(T)) and sustained (late, INa(L)) components of INa in a concentration-dependent manner with effective IC50 of 56 and 18 μM, respectively. The overall current–voltage relationship of INa(T) with or without the addition of CBZ remained unchanged; however, the strength (i.e., ∆area) in the window component of INa (INa(W)) evoked by the short ascending ramp pulse (Vramp) was overly lessened in the CBZ presence. Tefluthrin (Tef), a synthetic pyrethroid, known to stimulate INa, augmented the strength of the voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys(V)) of persistent INa (INa(P)) in response to the isosceles-triangular Vramp; moreover, further application of CBZ attenuated Tef-mediated accentuation of INa(P)’s Hys(V). With a two-step voltage protocol, the recovery of INa(T) inactivation seen in Neuro-2a cells became progressively slowed by adding CBZ; however, the cumulative inhibition of INa(T) evoked by pulse train stimulation was enhanced during exposure to this drug. Neuro-2a-cell exposure to CBZ (100 μM), the magnitude of erg-mediated K+ current measured throughout the entire voltage-clamp steps applied was mildly inhibited. The docking results regarding the interaction of CBZ and voltage-gate Na+ (NaV) channel predicted the ability of CBZ to bind to some amino-acid residues in NaV due to the existence of a hydrogen bond or hydrophobic contact. It is conceivable from the current investigations that the INa (INa(T), INa(L), INa(W), and INa(P)) residing in Neuro-2a cells are susceptible to being suppressed by CBZ, and that its block on INa(L) is larger than that on INa(T). Collectively, the magnitude and gating of NaV channels produced by the CBZ presence might have an impact on its anticonvulsant and analgesic effects occurring in vivo.

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8

van Zoelen, E. J., W. J. van de Ven, H. J. Franssen, T. M. van Oostwaard, P. T. van der Saag, C. H. Heldin, and S. W. de Laat. "Neuroblastoma cells express c-sis and produce a transforming growth factor antigenically related to the platelet-derived growth factor." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 9 (September 1985): 2289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.9.2289.

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Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells produce transforming growth factors during exponential growth in a defined hormone-free medium, which, on Bio-Gel columns in 1 M HAc, elute at a molecular size of 15 to 20 kilodaltons (kDa). These neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factors have strong mitogenic activity, but they do not compete with epidermal growth factor for receptor binding (E. J. J. van Zoelen, D. R. Twardzik, T. M. J. van Oostwaard, P. T. van der Saag, S. W. de Laat, and G. J. Todaro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:4085-4089, 1984). In this study approximately 80% of the mitogenic activity was immunoprecipitated by antibodies raised against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Immunoblotting indicated a true molecular size of 32 kDa for this PDGF-like growth factor. Analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from Neuro-2A cells demonstrated the expression of the c-sis oncogene in this cell line, whereas in vitro translation of the RNA yielded a 20-kDa protein recognized by anti-PDGF antibodies. Separation by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of two distinct mitogenic activities in neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factor preparations, one of which is antigenically related to PDGF. Both activities had the ability to induce anchorage-independent growth in normal rat kidney cells, both in the presence and in the absence of epidermal growth factor. It is concluded that Neuro-2A cells express c-sis with concomitant production and secretion of a PDGF-like growth factor, which plays a role in the induction of phenotypic transformation on normal rat kidney cells.

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9

Ledreux, Aurélie, Sophie Krys, and Cécile Bernard. "Suitability of the Neuro-2a cell line for the detection of palytoxin and analogues (neurotoxic phycotoxins)." Toxicon 53, no. 2 (February 2009): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.005.

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10

Dickey, Amy, Stephen Schleicher, Kathleen Leahy, Rong Hu, Dennis Hallahan, and Dinesh Kumar Thotala. "GSK-3β inhibition promotes cell death, apoptosis, and in vivo tumor growth delay in neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cell line." Journal of Neuro-Oncology 104, no. 1 (December 16, 2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-010-0491-3.

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11

Nakagawa, A., Masatsune Kainosho, and S. Õmura. "Biosynthesis of lactacystin, a novel microbial metabolite which induces differentiation of Neuro 2a cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line." Pure and Applied Chemistry 66, no. 10-11 (January 1, 1994): 2411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199466102411.

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12

Blum, Faith C., Amanda Przedpelski, William H. Tepp, Eric A. Johnson, and Joseph T. Barbieri. "Entry of a Recombinant, Full-Length, Atoxic Tetanus Neurotoxin into Neuro-2a Cells." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 2 (December 9, 2013): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01539-13.

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ABSTRACTTetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) are clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) responsible for the paralytic diseases tetanus and botulism, respectively. CNTs are AB toxins with an N-terminal zinc-metalloprotease light chain that is linked by a disulfide bond to a C-terminal heavy chain that includes a translocation domain and a receptor-binding domain (HCR). Current models predict that the HCR defines how CNTs enter and traffic in neurons. Recent studies implicate that domains outside the HCR contribute to CNT trafficking in neurons. In the current study, a recombinant, full-length TeNT derivative, TeNT(RY), was engineered to analyze TeNT cell entry. TeNT(RY) was atoxic in a mouse challenge model. Using Neuro-2a cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, TeNT HCR (HCR/T) and TeNT(RY) were found to bind gangliosides with similar affinities and specificities, consistent with the HCR domain containing receptor binding function. Temporal studies showed that HCR/T and TeNT(RY) entered Neuro-2a cells slower than the HCR of BoNT/A (HCR/A), transferrin, and cholera toxin B. Intracellular localization showed that neither HCR/T nor TeNT(RY) localized with HCR/A or synaptic vesicle protein 2, the protein receptor for HCR/A. HCR/T and TeNT(RY) exhibited only partial intracellular colocalization, indicating that regions outside the HCR contribute to the intracellular TeNT trafficking. TeNT may require this complex functional entry organization to target neurons in the central nervous system.

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13

Wijesekera, Nishani, Nicholas Hazell, and Clinton Jones. "Independent Cis-Regulatory Modules within the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0) Promoter Are Transactivated by Krüppel-like Factor 15 and Glucocorticoid Receptor." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061284.

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A corticosteroid antagonist impairs Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) productive infection and explant-induced reactivation from latency, suggesting corticosteroids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediate certain aspects of these complex virus–host interactions. GR-hormone complexes regulate transcription positively and negatively, in part, by binding GR response elements (GREs). Recent studies revealed infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, and ICP27 promoter/cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are cooperatively transactivated by GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), which forms a feed-forward transcription loop. We hypothesized the ICP0 promoter contains independent CRMs that are transactivated by GR, KLF15, and the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX). This hypothesis is based on the finding that the ICP0 promoter contains multiple transcription factor binding sites, and GR and KLF15 cooperatively transactivate the full-length ICP0 promoter. ICP0 promoter sequences spanning −800 to −635 (fragment A) were efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in monkey kidney cells (Vero), whereas GR and DEX significantly enhanced promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). Furthermore, ICP0 fragment B (−458 to −635) was efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in Vero cells, but not Neuro-2A cells. Finally, fragment D (−232 to −24) was transactivated significantly in Vero cells by GR, KLF15, and DEX, whereas KLF15 and DEX were sufficient for transactivation in Neuro-2A cells. Collectively, these studies revealed efficient transactivation of three independent CRMs within the ICP0 promoter by GR, KLF15, and/or DEX. Finally, GC-rich sequences containing specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites were essential for transactivation.

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Li, W. I., Benjamin G. Brackett, and Jaroslava Halper. "Culture Supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus Stimulates Proliferation of Embryonic Cells." Experimental Biology and Medicine 230, no. 7 (July 2005): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020523000708.

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Our previous report showed that supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LS) cultures possessed chemotactic and angiogenic properties. Specifically, LS stimulated gene expression and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the proliferation of immune cells in vitro, and blood vessel formation. Chemotaxis and proliferation of inflammatory cells in vivo were also stimulated by LS. In the current study, we hypothesized that LS stimulates the growth and development of other rapidly dividing cells, including embryonic cells. The stimulatory effects of LS on a neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro-2a), chicken embryos, and bovine embryos were examined. The addition of LS to Neuro-2a cultures caused a proliferation of cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of LS at 56°C for 30 mins did not affect its stimulatory activity. The administration of LS to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken-embryonated eggs for 1-2 days resulted in extensive thickening of the membrane. The thickening was due to the influx and proliferation of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, the accumulation of loose connective tissue composed primarily of mucopolysaccharides, and/or the formation of blood vessels. Stimulatory effects of LS on bovine embryos were also observed. The treatment with LS significantly promoted the development of zygotes to the four-cell stage and from the four-cell stage to blastocysts. These results have confirmed our hypothesis that LS exerts a stimulatory effect on the cells of embryonic stages including neuroblastoma cells, the CAM of chicken embryos, and bovine embryos from zygotes to blastocysts.

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Thunuguntla, Prasanth, Fouad S. El-mayet, and Clinton Jones. "Bovine herpesvirus 1 can efficiently infect the human (SH-SY5Y) but not the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro-2A)." Virus Research 232 (March 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.011.

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Zhang, Li, Dandan Li, Juan Zhang, Ping Yan, Xueqin Liu, Lei Wang, Ajab Khan, et al. "Excessive apoptosis and ROS induced by ethionine affect neural cell viability and differentiation." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 52, no. 10 (October 2020): 1156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmaa093.

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ABSTRACT The central nervous system (CNS) diseases are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, which imposes heavy burden on the development of society. Ethionine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid having similar chemical structure and activity to that of methionine, with which it competes. Previous studies have confirmed that ethionine affects various cellular functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of proteins, RNA, DNA, and phospholipids, or all of them. The relationship of ethionine with some CNS diseases, including neural tube defects, has been investigated recently. However, the detailed effects of ethionine on the nerve cell bioactivities and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Herein, we systematically investigated the influences of ethionine on the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) and post-mitotic nerve cells. We demonstrated that ethionine inhibited cell viability by disrupting the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, prevented NSCs from differentiating into neurons and astrocytes, and blocked cell progression from G1 to S phase via reducing cyclin D1 function in nerve cells including NSCs, a mouse hippocampal neuron cell line (HT-22), and a mouse brain neuroma cell line (Neuro-2a). We speculated that the inhibitory effect of ethionine on cell viability and differentiation are associated with increased reactive oxygen species production. Our results also supported the concept that ethionine may be an underlying cause of abnormal folate metabolism-induced CNS diseases. Our findings may provide important direction for the application of abnormal folate metabolism-induced CNS diseases in future NSC-based therapies.

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17

Khairan, Khairan, Lalla Aïcha Ba, Torsten Burkholz, Michaela Leroch, Matthias Hahn, Tanya Schwab, Markus Klotz, Karl-Herbert Schaefer, and Claus Jacob. "Electrochemical Potential-Biological Activity Relationships of Cyclic Sulfur-Containing Molecules Against Steinernema feltiae, Botrytis cinerea, and Neuro 2a Cell Line." Current Pharmacology Reports 5, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-019-00179-4.

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Su, Yunfang, Zijuan Zhang, Hao Li, Jinlian Ma, Limin Sun, Simai Shao, Zhenqiang Zhang, and Christian Hölscher. "A GLP-2 Analogue Protects SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a Cells Against Mitochondrial Damage, Autophagy Impairments and Apoptosis in a Parkinson Model." Drug Research 71, no. 01 (October 6, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1266-3263.

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AbstractGlucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a peptide hormone that belongs to the glucagon-derived peptide family. We have previously shown that analogues of the sister hormone Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) showed neuroprotective effects. Here we investigated the effect of a GLP-2 agonist in a cell model of Parkinsonʼs disease (PD) created by treating SH-SY5Y or Neuro-2a cells with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine ion (MPP+). Cell viability and cell cytotoxicity was detected by MTT and LDH assays, respectively. The protein expression levels of mitochondrial, autophagy and apoptotic biomarkers including PGC-1α, Mfn2, IRE1, ATG7, LC3B, Beclin1 and Bcl-2 were detected by western blot. Mitochondrial superoxide was detected by MitoSOX Red. In addition, mitochondrial morphology, autophagosome and apoptotic corpuscles were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). We found that the GLP-1 and the GLP-2 agonists both protect cells against mitochondrial damage, autophagy impairments and apoptosis induced by MPP+both in SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a cells. Cell signaling for mitogenesis was enhanced, and oxidative stress levels much reduced by the drugs. This demonstrates for the first time the neuroprotective effects of a GLP-2 analogue in PD cellular models, in which oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis play crucial roles. The protective effects were comparable to those seen with the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. The results suggest that not only GLP-1, but also GLP-2 has neuroprotective properties and may be useful as a novel treatment of PD.

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Wang, Cheng-Hao, Safwan Safwan, Min-Chi Cheng, Te-Yu Liao, Lin-Chen Cheng, Ting-An Chen, Yueh-Hsiung Kuo, Yung-Feng Lin, and Ching-Kuo Lee. "Protective Evaluation of Compounds Extracted from Root of Rhodiola rosea L. against Methylglyoxal-Induced Toxicity in a Neuronal Cell Line." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122801.

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Rhodiola rosea L. (R. rosea) is one of the most beneficial medicinal plants and it is studied as an adaptogen. This study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of compounds extracted from the root of R. rosea against methylglyoxal (MG)-induced apoptosis in neuro-2A (N2A) cells. The root of R. rosea was extracted with ethanol and partitioned with water, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions to evaluate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and neuroprotective activity. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest values of AChE inhibitory activity (49.2% ± 3%) and cell viability (50.7% ± 4.8%) for neuroprotection. The structure identification of the most potential fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) revealed 15 compounds, consisting of three tannins, five flavonoids, and seven phenolics by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. All compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective activity. Salidroside had the most potential neuroprotective activity. Gallic acid and methyl gallate had potential cytotoxicity in N2A cells. This study showed that R. rosea might have potential neuroprotective activities.

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Ikehara, Tsuyoshi, Kazuya Chikanishi, and Naomasa Oshiro. "Specification of the Okadaic Acid Equivalent for Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and Dinophysistoxin-2 Based on Protein Phosphatase 2A Inhibition and Cytotoxicity Assays Using Neuro 2A Cell Line." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101140.

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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a globally occurring disease threatening public health and trade. The causative toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are collectively called OAs, and are quantified using the LC-MS/MS method. The hazardous effect of total OAs is expressed as the sum of OA equivalents defined for respective OAs based on mouse lethality, produced by either intraperitoneal (OAip) or oral administration (OAor). OAs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and are cytotoxic, necessitating expansion of the concept of OA equivalents to all relevant bioactivities. In this study, we determined OA equivalents for respective OA members in PP2A inhibition and cytotoxicity assays. To secure result credibility, we used certified OAs, reference materials, and PP2A produced using genetic engineering. The relative ratio of the OA equivalents determined by PP2A inhibition assays for OA, DTX1, and DTX2 were 1.0:1.6:0.3, while the ratio determined using the cytotoxicity assays indicated 1.0:1.5:0.5. OA equivalents showed a similar tendency in the PP2A inhibition and cytotoxicity assays, and matched better with oral toxicity data than intraperitoneal toxicity in mice. The PP2A inhibition assay, which measures the core activity of the OAs, suggested a higher OA equivalent for DTX1 than that currently used.

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Walker, TM, B. Starr, BB Dewhurst, and C. Atterwill. "Potential neurotoxicity of a novel aminoacridine analogue." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 6 (June 1995): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400601.

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1 A class of compounds, 9-aminoacridines, have long been known to be reversible inhibitors of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE - EC 3.1.1.7), the most familiar of which is 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (Tacrine). 2 A novel aminoacridine was synthesised: - 2-tertiary butyl-9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (2tBuTHA). 3 In vitro comparisons of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential and neurotoxicity compared to Tacrine were performed using a chemically differentiated neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro 2A). 2tBuTHA, but not Tacrine, was cytotoxic to the neural cell following 20 h exposure, despite being the least potent AChE inhibitor (IC80 AChE 12.53 μM +/- 1.14 s.e.m., Neutral Red Uptake IC50 9.53 μM +/- 0.98 s.e.m., MTT Reduction IC80 14.6 μM +/- 1.43 s.e.m.). 4 In vivo studies used a novel application of a five arm radial maze to assess neuropharmacological effects on working memory in control and Scopolamine (1 mg kg-1 i.p.) treated mice. There was an impairment of short term cognitive function with 2tBuTHA (15 mg kg -1 i.p.), but not Tacrine (10 mg kg-1 i.p.) which improved the Scopolamine deficit as expected. 5 This combined in vitro and in vivo data infers a neuro toxic property for the novel compound 2tBuTHA, a close structural analogue of Tacrine.

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22

Wong, CK, HY Yeung, NK Mak, GE DiMattia, DK Chan, and GF Wagner. "Effects of dibutyryl cAMP on stanniocalcin and stanniocalcin-related protein mRNA expression in neuroblastoma cells." Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1730199.

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Stanniocalcin is a polypeptide hormone that was first reported in fish as a regulator of mineral metabolism. Its recent identification in mammals has opened a new area of investigation in basic and clinical endocrinology. In the present study, regulation of the stanniocalcin (STC) and stanniocalcin related protein (STCrP) genes were investigated in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A) in relation to neuronal cell differentiation. Neuro-2A is an undifferentiated cell line that contains measurable levels of STCrP mRNA, but undetectable levels of STC mRNA. Treatment of the cells with either dbcAMP (1-4 mM) or 50 microM euxanthone (PW1) resulted in extensive differentiation and neurite outgrowth. However, only neurites of dbcAMP-treated cells developed varicosities, a phenotypic marker of axon formation. Furthermore, following differentiation induced by dbcAMP, there was an upregulation of STC and downregulation of STCrP mRNA levels. In the first 24 and 48 h of treatments, there was a maximum twofold induction and 1.5-fold reduction in STC and STCrP mRNAs respectively. Following 96 h of treatment, an additional 14-fold STC induction and 1.2-fold STCrP reduction were observed. The increase in STC mRNA levels was accompanied by a concomitant increase in axon-specific low molecular form microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2c) mRNA and varicosities on the neurites, suggesting a possible role for STC in axonogenesis. There was no induction of STC mRNA levels when PW1 was added into the culture media, whereas ionomycin (1-10 microM) had no observable effects on cell differentiation or STC/STCrP mRNA. Immunocytochemical staining of dbcAMP-treated cells revealed abundant levels of immunoreactive STC, particularly in the varicosities, with only weak staining in control, untreated cells. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides transfection studies indicated that the expression of STC was a cause of varicosity formation and a consequence of cell differentiation. Our findings lend further support to the notion that STC is involved in the process of neural differentiation.

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Kotova, Anna, Ksenia Timonina, and Georg R. Zoidl. "Endocytosis of Connexin 36 is Mediated by Interaction with Caveolin-1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155401.

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The gap junctional protein connexin 36 (Cx36) has been co-purified with the lipid raft protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1). The relevance of an interaction between the two proteins is unknown. In this study, we explored the significance of Cav-1 interaction in the context of intracellular and membrane transport of Cx36. Coimmunoprecipitation assays and Förster resonance energy transfer analysis (FRET) were used to confirm the interaction between the two proteins in the Neuro 2a cell line. We found that the Cx36 and Cav-1 interaction was dependent on the intracellular calcium levels. By employing different microscopy techniques, we demonstrated that Cav-1 enhances the vesicular transport of Cx36. Pharmacological interventions coupled with cell surface biotinylation assays and FRET analysis revealed that Cav-1 regulates membrane localization of Cx36. Our data indicate that the interaction between Cx36 and Cav-1 plays a role in the internalization of Cx36 by a caveolin-dependent pathway.

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Solich, J., and M. Dziedzicka-Wasylewska. "P.1.09 Effect of desipramine on the transcriptional activity of the dopamine D2 receptor gene promoter in the Neuro-2a cell line." European Neuropsychopharmacology 14 (January 2004): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(04)90010-7.

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Xiao, Jun, Xinyao Meng, Ke Chen, Jing Wang, Luyao Wu, Yingjian Chen, Xiaosi Yu, Jiexiong Feng, and Zhi Li. "Down-Regulation of Double C2 Domain Alpha Promotes the Formation of Hyperplastic Nerve Fibers in Aganglionic Segments of Hirschsprung’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 10204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810204.

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Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a common developmental anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract in children. The most significant characteristics of aganglionic segments in HSCR are hyperplastic extrinsic nerve fibers and the absence of endogenous ganglion plexus. Double C2 domain alpha (DOC2A) is mainly located in the nucleus and is involved in Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. The loss function of DOC2A influences postsynaptic protein synthesis, dendrite morphology, postsynaptic receptor density and synaptic plasticity. It is still unknown why hyperplastic extrinsic nerve fibers grow into aganglionic segments in HSCR. We detected the expression of DOC2A in HSCR aganglionic segment colons and established three DOC2A-knockdown models in the Neuro-2a cell line, neural spheres and zebrafish separately. First, we detected the protein and mRNA expression of DOC2A and found that DOC2A was negatively correlated with AChE+ grades. Second, in the Neuro-2a cell lines, we found that the amount of neurite outgrowth and mean area per cell were significantly increased, which suggested that the inhibition of DOC2A promotes nerve fiber formation and the neuron’s polarity. In the neural spheres, we found that the DOC2A knockdown was manifested by a more obvious connection of nerve fibers in neural spheres. Then, we knocked down Doc2a in zebrafish and found that the down-regulation of Doc2a accelerates the formation of hyperplastic nerve fibers in aganglionic segments in zebrafish. Finally, we detected the expression of MUNC13-2 (UNC13B), which was obviously up-regulated in Grade3/4 (lower DOC2A expression) compared with Grade1/2 (higher DOC2A expression) in the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer. The expression of UNC13B was up-regulated with the knocking down of DOC2A, and there were protein interactions between DOC2A and UNC13B. The down-regulation of DOC2A may be an important factor leading to hyperplastic nerve fibers in aganglionic segments of HSCR. UNC13B seems to be a downstream molecule to DOC2A, which may participate in the spasm of aganglionic segments of HSCR patient colons.

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Uribe, Laura A., Sandra Leonardo, Thorbjørn Terndrup Nielsen, Casper Steinmann, Mònica Campàs, and Alex Fragoso. "Supramolecular Complexes of Plant Neurotoxin Veratridine with Cyclodextrins and Their Antidote-like Effect on Neuro-2a Cell Viability." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030598.

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Veratridine (VTD) is a plant neurotoxin that acts by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) of cell membranes. Symptoms of VTD intoxication include intense nausea, hypotension, arrhythmia, and loss of consciousness. The treatment for the intoxication is mainly focused on treating the symptoms, meaning there is no specific antidote against VTD. In this pursuit, we were interested in studying the molecular interactions of VTD with cyclodextrins (CDs). CDs are supramolecular macrocycles with the ability to form host–guest inclusion complexes (ICs) inside their hydrophobic cavity. Since VTD is a lipid-soluble alkaloid, we hypothesized that it could form stable inclusion complexes with different types of CDs, resulting in changes to its physicochemical properties. In this investigation, we studied the interaction of VTD with β-CD, γ-CD and sulfobutyl ether β-CD (SBCD) by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Docking and molecular dynamics studies confirmed the most stable configuration for the inclusion complexes. Finally, with an interest in understanding the effects of the VTD/CD molecular interactions, we performed cell-based assays (CBAs) on Neuro-2a cells. Our findings reveal that the use of different amounts of CDs has an antidote-like concentration-dependent effect on the cells, significantly increasing cell viability and thus opening opportunities for novel research on applications of CDs and VTD.

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Andreu, Sabina, Inés Ripa, Beatriz Praena, José Antonio López-Guerrero, and Raquel Bello-Morales. "The Valproic Acid Derivative Valpromide Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Swine Epithelial and Mouse Neuroblastoma Cell Lines." Viruses 13, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122522.

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of swine can produce Aujeszky’s disease, which causes neurological, respiratory, and reproductive symptoms, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry. Although humans are not the natural hosts of PRV, cases of human encephalitis and endophthalmitis caused by PRV infection have been reported between animals and workers. Currently, a lack of specific treatments and the emergence of new PRV strains against which existing vaccines do not protect makes the search for effective antiviral drugs essential. As an alternative to traditional nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), we studied the antiviral effect of valpromide (VPD), a compound derived from valproic acid, against PRV infection in the PK15 swine cell line and the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a. First, the cytotoxicity of ACV and VPD in cells was compared, demonstrating that neither compound was cytotoxic at a specific concentration range after 24 h exposure. Furthermore, the lack of direct virucidal effect of VPD outside of an infected cell environment was demonstrated. Finally, VPD was shown to have an antiviral effect on the viral production of two strains of pseudorabies virus (wild type NIA-3 and recombinant PRV-XGF) at the concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mM, suggesting that VPD could be a suitable alternative to nucleoside analogues as an antiherpetic drug against Aujeszky’s disease.

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Sedelnikova, Mariya Borisovna, Ekaterina G. Komarova, Yurii P. Sharkeev, Valentina V. Chebodaeva, Tatiana V. Tolkacheva, Anastasia M. Kondranova, Alexander M. Zakharenko, and Olga V. Bakina. "Effect of the Porosity, Roughness, Wettability, and Charge of Micro-Arc Coatings on the Efficiency of Doxorubicin Delivery and Suppression of Cancer Cells." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070664.

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Porous calcium phosphate coatings were formed by the micro-arc oxidation method on the surface of titanium for the loading and controlled release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin. The coatings’ morphology and microstructure were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The phase composition was determined with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. Studies of the hydrophilic properties of the coatings and their zeta potential were carried out. Data on the kinetics of doxorubicin adsorption-desorption were obtained. In addition, the effect of calcium phosphate coatings impregnated with doxorubicin on the viability of the Neuro-2a cell line was revealed. The coating formed at low voltages of 200–250 V contained a greater number of branched communicating pores, and therefore they were able to adsorb a greater amount of doxorubicin. The surface charge also contributes to the process of the adsorption-desorption of doxorubicin, but this effect is not fully understood and further studies are required to identify it.

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Madhusudana, Shampur Narayan, Subha Sundaramoorthy, and Padinjaremattatthil Thankappan Ullas. "Utility of human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 for rapid isolation of fixed and street rabies viruses: comparison with Neuro-2a and BHK-21 cell lines." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 2010): e1067-e1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.07.004.

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Castro, David, Ronald Manger, Oscar Vilariño, and Ana Gago-Martínez. "Evaluation of Matrix Issues in the Applicability of the Neuro-2a Cell Based Assay on the Detection of CTX in Fish Samples." Toxins 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050308.

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Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of neurotoxins responsible for the syndrome ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish. The presence of these toxins has been detected around the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian coasts. Recent reports indicate the emergence of CFP in other geographic areas, in particular in European coasts, of the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). A neuroblastoma cell line of murine origin (N2a) has been applied to assay different groups of neurotoxins, acting on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of excitable cells, N2a-MTT. The great potential of N2a-MTT as a sensitive tool for the CTXs screening is clearly recognized, notably because it allows the detection of these toxins at levels below recommended as security levels. However, the complexity of the matrix is a critical point on the application of N2a-MTT, which needs to be evaluated. The aim of this work is to provide recommendations for an implemented N2a-MTT method for CTXs determination in fish that avoids matrix effects, particularly those related to high lipid content.

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Vishnoi, Tanushree, and Ashok Kumar. "Comparative Study of Various Delivery Methods for the Supply of Alpha-Ketoglutarate to the Neural Cells for Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/294679.

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Delivery of growth factors or bioactive molecules plays an important role in tissue engineering, as the duration to which these are supplied can modulate the cell fate. Thus, the delivery method plays an important role, and the same is presented in this work wherein the exogenous supply of alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) gave better results for fast proliferating cells as compared to delivery by microspheres or microspheres incorporated scaffolds which can be used while culturing slow growing cells. All these studies were performed in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) setups in which chitosan-gelatin-polypyrrole has been used as 3-D scaffolds. Chitosan and gelatin microspheres alone as well as incorporated in the cryogels were characterized. MTT assay done using neuro-2a cell line showed approximately 42% and 70% increment in cellular proliferation when gelatin and chitosan microspheres were added in a 3-D setup, respectively, as compared to the control. Biochemical analysis of ammonia showed 6-fold reductions in ammonia level in a 3-D setup compared to the control. We also studied the synthesis of a neurotransmitter-like glutamate and found that its concentration increased up to 0.25 mg/ml when the microspheres were added exogenously in a 3-D system.

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Moliner, Cristina, Guillermo Cásedas, Lillian Barros, Tiane C. Finimundy, Carlota Gómez-Rincón, and Víctor López. "Neuroprotective Profile of Edible Flowers of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Two Different Models: Caenorhabditis elegans and Neuro-2a Cells." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071244.

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The flowers of Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae), commonly known as borage, are widely used as a culinary ingredient. The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefits of fresh borage flower extract related to antioxidant, neuroprotective and anti-aging properties. The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol as a solvent, and fatty acids were detected by GC-FID. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through the DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Regarding the fatty acid (FA) composition, the extract showed high amounts of polyunsaturated FA. The Neuro-2a cell line was used to determine the cytoprotective capacity of the extract subjected to oxidative stress (H2O2). Moreover, the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was used to assess antioxidant activity, delayed ageing as well as cytoprotection and reduced β-amyloid toxicity. Cells treated with the extract and H2O2 showed a better response to oxidative stress than the control group, particularly in terms of mitochondrial activity (MTT assay), redox state (ROS formation) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase). B. officinalis flower extract showed promising antioxidant activity in the selected models, without causing toxicity. Hence, the results obtained support the antioxidant properties of borage flowers in different bioassays using living organisms.

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Graeser, Ralph, Julian Gannon, Randy Y. C. Poon, Thierry Dubois, Alastair Aitken, and Tim Hunt. "Regulation of the CDK-related protein kinase PCTAIRE-1 and its possible role in neurite outgrowth in Neuro-2A cells." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 17 (September 1, 2002): 3479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.17.3479.

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PCTAIRE-1 is a CDK-related protein kinase found in terminally differentiated cells in brain and testis, and in many immortalised and transformed cell lines. Bacterially expressed PCTAIRE is completely inactive as a protein kinase, but is a very good substrate for protein kinase A (PKA),which phosphorylates a total of four sites in the N-terminus of PCTAIRE-1. Phosphorylation of one of these sites, Ser119, generates a 14-3-3 binding site, which is functional in vitro as well as in vivo. Mutation of another PKA site, Ser153, to an alanine residue generated an activated kinase in transfected mammalian cells. This activity was comparable to that of CDK5 activated by a bacterially expressed, truncated version of p35nck,p21. Gel filtration analysis of a brain extract suggested that monomeric PCTAIRE-1 was the active species, implying that PCTAIRE-1 may not be a true CDK, in that it does not require a partner (cyclin-like) subunit for kinase activity. Finally, we found that various forms of PCTAIRE-1 transfected into neuroblastoma cell lines could either promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth,suggesting a potential role for the PCTAIRE-1 gene product in the control of neurite outgrowth.

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Desprès, Philippe, Marie-Pascale Frenkiel, Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi, Claudia Duarte Dos Santos, and Vincent Deubel. "Apoptosis in the Mouse Central Nervous System in Response to Infection with Mouse-Neurovirulent Dengue Viruses." Journal of Virology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.1.823-829.1998.

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ABSTRACT Apoptosis has been suggested as a mechanism by which dengue (DEN) virus infection may cause neuronal cell death (P. Desprès, M. Flamand, P.-E. Ceccaldi, and V. Deubel, J. Virol. 70:4090–4096, 1996). In this study, we investigated whether apoptotic cell death occurred in the central nervous system (CNS) of neonatal mice inoculated intracerebrally with DEN virus. We showed that serial passage of a wild-type human isolate of DEN virus in mouse brains selected highly neurovirulent variants which replicated more efficiently in the CNS. Infection of newborn mice with these neurovirulent variants produced fatal encephalitis within 10 days after inoculation. Virus-induced cell death and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation were observed in mouse brain tissue by day 9. Infected mouse brain tissue was assayed for apoptosis by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and for virus replication by immunostaining of viral antigens and in situ hybridization. Apoptotic cell death and DEN virus replication were restricted to the neurons of the cortical and hippocampal regions. Thus, DEN virus-induced apoptosis in the CNS was a direct result of virus infection. In the murine neuronal cell line Neuro 2a, neuroadapted DEN virus variants showed infection patterns similar to those of the parental strain. However, DEN virus-induced apoptosis in these cells was more pronounced after infection with the neurovirulent variants than after infection with the parental strain.

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Chen, Yunyun, Dongming Xing, Wei Wang, Yi Ding, and Lijun Du. "Development of an ion-pair HPLC method for investigation of energy charge changes in cerebral ischemia of mice and hypoxia of Neuro-2a cell line." Biomedical Chromatography 21, no. 6 (2007): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.798.

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Pérez, María Julia, Tomas Roberto Carden, Paula Ayelen dos Santos Claro, Susana Silberstein, Pablo Martin Páez, Veronica Teresita Cheli, Jorge Correale, and Juana M. Pasquini. "Transferrin Enhances Neuronal Differentiation." ASN Neuro 15 (January 2023): 175909142311707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914231170703.

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Although transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein best known for its role in iron delivery, iron-independent functions have also been reported. Here, we assessed apoTf (aTf) treatment effects on Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line which, once differentiated, shares many properties with neurons, including process outgrowth, expression of selective neuronal markers, and electrical activity. We first examined the binding of Tf to its receptor (TfR) in our model and verified that, like neurons, N2a cells can internalize Tf from the culture medium. Next, studies on neuronal developmental parameters showed that Tf increases N2a survival through a decrease in apoptosis. Additionally, Tf accelerated the morphological development of N2a cells by promoting neurite outgrowth. These pro-differentiating effects were also observed in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons treated with aTf, as neurons matured at a higher rate than controls and showed a decrease in the expression of early neuronal markers. Further experiments in iron-enriched and iron-deficient media showed that Tf preserved its pro-differentiation properties in N2a cells, with results hinting at a modulatory role for iron. Moreover, N2a-microglia co-cultures revealed an increase in IL-10 upon aTf treatment, which may be thought to favor N2a differentiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Tf reduces cell death and favors the neuronal differentiation process, thus making Tf a promising candidate to be used in regenerative strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Wang, Xiufen, Yaqi Bian, Clarence Tsun Ting Wong, Jia-Hong Lu, and Simon Ming-Yuen Lee. "TRPV1 Modulator Ameliorates Alzheimer-Like Amyloid-β Neuropathology via Akt/Gsk3β-Mediated Nrf2 Activation in the Neuro-2a/APP Cell Model." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1544244.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no effective therapeutic strategy. PcActx peptide from the transcriptome of zoantharian Palythoa caribaeorum has recently been identified and verified as a novel antagonist of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). In the present study, we further investigated the neuroprotective potential of PcActx peptide and its underlying mechanism of action, in an N2a/APP cell model of AD. Both Western blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that PcActx peptide markedly inhibited the production of amyloid-related proteins and the expression of BACE1, PSEN1, and PSEN2. Moreover, PcActx peptide notably attenuated the capsaicin-stimulated calcium response and prevented the phosphorylation of CaMKII and CaMKIV (calcium-mediated proteins) in N2a/APP cells. Further investigation indicated that PcActx peptide significantly suppressed ROS generation through Nrf2 activation, followed by enhanced NQO1 and HO-1 levels. In addition, PcActx peptide remarkably improved Akt phosphorylation at Ser 473 (active) and Gsk3β phosphorylation at Ser 9 (inactive), while pharmacological inhibition of the Akt/Gsk3β pathway significantly attenuated PcActx-induced Nrf2 activation and amyloid downregulation. In conclusion, PcActx peptide functions as a TRPV1 modulator of intercellular calcium homeostasis, prevents AD-like amyloid neuropathology via Akt/Gsk3β-mediated Nrf2 activation, and shows promise as an alternative therapeutic agent for AD.

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Ran, Yuanyuan, Lin Ye, Zitong Ding, Fuhai Gao, Shuiqing Yang, Boyan Fang, Zongjian Liu, and Jianing Xi. "Melatonin Protects Against Ischemic Brain Injury by Modulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway via Suppression of PTEN Activity." ASN Neuro 13 (January 2021): 175909142110228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914211022888.

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Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Melatonin can attenuate ischemic brain damage with improved functional outcomes. However, the cellular mechanisms of melatonin-driven neuroprotection against post-stroke neuronal death remain unknown. Here, distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) was performed in C57BL/6j mice to develop an ischemic stroke in vivo model. Melatonin was injected intraperitoneally immediately after ischemia, and 24 and 48 hours later. Melatonin treatment, with 5 to 20 mg/kg, elicited a dose-dependent decrease in infarct volume and concomitant increase in sensorimotor function. At the molecular level, phosphorylation of PTEN and Akt were increased, whereas PTEN activity was decreased in melatonin treated animals 72 hours after dMCAO. At the cellular level, oxygenglucose deprivation (OGD) challenge of neuronal cell line Neuro-2a (N2a) and primary neurons supported melatonin’s direct protection against neuronal cell death. Melatonin treatment reduced LDH release and neuronal apoptosis at various time points, markedly increased Akt phosphorylation in neuronal membrane, but significantly suppressed it in the cytoplasm of post-OGD neurons. Mechanistically, melatonin-induced Akt phosphorylation and neuronal survival was blocked by Wortmannin, a potent PIP3 inhibitor, exposing increased PI3K/Akt activation as a central player in melatonin-driven neuroprotection. Finally, PTEN knock-down through siRNA significantly inhibited PI3K/Akt activation and cell survival following melatonin treatment, suggesting that melatonin protection against ischemic brain damage, is at least partially, dependent on modulation of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling axis.

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Wu, Jiang, Shixiong Yang, Jin Shi, and Yibing Shi. "miR-184 Inhibits Inflammation Through Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) Signaling Pathway in Neonatal Purulent Meningitis." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2020.2294.

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Neonatal purulent meningitis (NPM) leads to higher mortality and neurological sequelae rates. miR184 involves in inflammation and tumor, but the role of miR-184 in NPM remains unclear. NPM patients and non-intracranial infected neonates were collected and miR-184 expression in cerebrospinal fluid was assessed by real-time PCR. The Neuro-2a cell line was cultured and divided into control group, inflammation group (treated with LPS), and miR-184 inhibitor group, which was transfected with miR-184 inhibitor on the basis of inflammation followed by analysis of miR-184 and TLR4 expression by Real time PCR, Caspase 3 activity, cell proliferation by MTT assay, secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 by ELISA, NLRP3 expression by real time PCR and western blot, and Caspase-1 p20 and NF- B level by western blot. miR-184 expression level was significantly increased in cerebrospinal fluid of NPM group (P < 0 05) and also elevated in inflammation group along with significantly inhibited cell proliferation was inhibited, increased Caspase 3 activity, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion, and decreased TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20 and NFκ- B expression (P < 0 05). miR-184 inhibitor significantly down-regulated miR-184 expression in the inflammation group, promoted cell proliferation, decreased Caspase 3 activity, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion, and increased TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase1 p20 and NF- κB expression (P < 0 05). miR-184 expression is increased in neonatal purulent meningitis and it can inhibit inflammation by targeting TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway, leading to amelioration of the progression of neonatal purulent meningitis.

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Tudó, Àngels, Maria Rambla-Alegre, Cintia Flores, Núria Sagristà, Paloma Aguayo, Laia Reverté, Mònica Campàs, et al. "Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS." Marine Drugs 20, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20040236.

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Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.

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Pailla, Sravanthi Reddy, Sunitha Sampathi, Vijayabhaskarreddy Junnuthula, Sravya Maddukuri, Sujatha Dodoala, and Sathish Dyawanapelly. "Brain-Targeted Intranasal Delivery of Zotepine Microemulsion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050978.

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The purpose of our study was to improve the solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy of zotepine (ZTP) by brain-targeted intranasal delivery of microemulsion (ME) and its physicochemical properties, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were evaluated. The optimized ME formulations contain 10% w/w of oil (Capmul MCM C8, monoglycerides, and diglycerides of caprylic acid), 50% w/w of Smix (Labrasol and Transcutol HP, and 40% w/w of water resulting in a globule size of 124.6 ±3.52 nm with low polydispersity index (PDI) (0.212 ± 0.013) and 2.8-fold higher permeation coefficient through porcine nasal mucosa compared to pure drug. In vitro cell line studies on RPMI 2650, Beas-2B, and Neuro-2A revealed ZTP-ME as safe. ZTP-ME administered intranasally showed higher AUC0-t24 (18.63 ± 1.33 h x µg/g) in the brain by approximately 4.3-fold than oral ME (4.30 ± 0.92 h × µg/g) and 7.7-fold than intravenous drug solutions (2.40 ± 0.36 h × µg/g). In vivo anti-schizophrenic activity was conducted using catalepsy test scores, the formulation showed better efficacy via the intranasal route; furthermore, there was no inflammation or hemorrhage in the nasal cavity. The results concluded that the ZTP microemulsion as a safe and effective strategy could greatly enhance brain distribution by intranasal administration.

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Jo, Danbi, Gwangho Yoon, Yeonghwan Lim, Youngkook Kim, and Juhyun Song. "Profiling and Cellular Analyses of Obesity-Related circRNAs in Neurons and Glia under Obesity-like In Vitro Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 25, 2023): 6235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076235.

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Recent evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, is associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Various circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found in brain tissues and recent studies have suggested that circRNAs are related to neuropathological mechanisms in the brain. However, there is a lack of interest in the involvement of circRNAs in metabolic imbalance-related neuropathological problems until now. Herein we profiled and analyzed diverse circRNAs in mouse brain cell lines (Neuro-2A neurons, BV-2 microglia, and C8-D1a astrocytes) exposed to obesity-related in vitro conditions (high glucose, high insulin, and high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol). We observed that various circRNAs were differentially expressed according to cell types with many of these circRNAs conserved in humans. After suppressing the expression of these circRNAs using siRNAs, we observed that these circRNAs regulate genes related to inflammatory responses, formation of synaptic vesicles, synaptic density, and fatty acid oxidation in neurons; scavenger receptors in microglia; and fatty acid signaling, inflammatory signaling cyto that may play important roles in metabolic disorders associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

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Ruiz-Arias, Álvaro, Jose M. Paredes, Chiara Di Biase, Juan M. Cuerva, María D. Giron, Rafael Salto, Juan A. González-Vera, and Angel Orte. "Seeding and Growth of β-Amyloid Aggregates upon Interaction with Neuronal Cell Membranes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 5035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145035.

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In recent years, the prevalence of amyloid neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has significantly increased in developed countries due to increased life expectancy. This amyloid disease is characterized by the presence of accumulations and deposits of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in neuronal tissue, leading to the formation of oligomers, fibers, and plaques. First, oligomeric intermediates that arise during the aggregation process are currently thought to be primarily responsible for cytotoxicity in cells. This work aims to provide further insights into the mechanisms of cytotoxicity by studying the interaction of Aβ aggregates with Neuro-2a (N2a) neuronal cells and the effects caused by this interaction. For this purpose, we have exploited the advantages of advanced, multidimensional fluorescence microscopy techniques to determine whether different types of Aβ are involved in higher rates of cellular toxicity, and we measured the cellular stress caused by such aggregates by using a fluorogenic intracellular biothiol sensor. Stress provoked by the peptide is evident by N2a cells generating high levels of biothiols as a defense mechanism. In our study, we demonstrate that Aβ aggregates act as seeds for aggregate growth upon interacting with the cellular membrane, which results in cell permeability and damage and induces lysis. In parallel, these damaged cells undergo a significant increase in intracellular biothiol levels.

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Wada, Hitoshi, Shigeo Ohno, Kyoko Kubo, Choji Taya, Syuichi Tsuji, Shin Yonehara, and Koichi Suzuki. "Cell type-specific expression of the genes for the protein kinase C family: Down regulation of mRNAs for PKCα and nPKCε upon in vitro differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro 2a." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 165, no. 1 (November 1989): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91102-9.

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Caillaud, A., T. Yasumoto, and J. Diogène. "Detection and quantification of maitotoxin-like compounds using a neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell based assay. Application to the screening of maitotoxin-like compounds in Gambierdiscus spp." Toxicon 56, no. 1 (August 2010): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.012.

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Tudó, Àngels, Greta Gaiani, Maria Rey Varela, Takeshi Tsumuraya, Karl B. Andree, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor, Mònica Campàs, and Jorge Diogène. "Further Advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus." Toxins 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110692.

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Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5–2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1) followed by G. australes (1.7–452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.

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Habbab, Wesal, Imad Aoudé, Freshteh Palangi, Sara Abdulla, and Tariq Ahmed. "The Anti-Tumor Agent Sodium Selenate Decreases Methylated PP2A, Increases GSK3βY216 Phosphorylation, Including Tau Disease Epitopes and Reduces Neuronal Excitability in SHSY-5Y Neurons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040844.

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Selenium application as sodium selenate was repeatedly shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties by increasing levels of the serine/ threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in cancer cells. PP2A has a prominent role in cell development, homeostasis, and in neurons regulates excitability. PP2A, GSK3β and Tau reside together in a complex, which facilitates their interaction and (dys)-function as has been reported for several neurological disorders. In this study we recorded maximum increase in total PP2A at 3 µM sodium selenate in a neuron cell line. In conjunction with these data, whole-cell electrophysiological studies revealed that this concentration had maximum effect on membrane potentials, conductance and currents. Somewhat surprisingly, the catalytically active form, methylated PP2A (mePP2A) was significantly decreased. In close correlation to these data, the phosphorylation state of two substrate proteins, sensitive to PP2A activity, GSK3β and Tau were found to be increased. In summary, our data reveal that sodium selenate enhances PP2A levels, but reduces catalytic activity of PP2A in a dose dependent manner, which fails to reduce Tau and GSK3β phosphorylation under physiological conditions, indicating an alternative route in the rescue of cell pathology in neurological disorders.

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Rossignoli, Araceli E., Angels Tudó, Isabel Bravo, Patricio A. Díaz, Jorge Diogène, and Pilar Riobó. "Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands." Toxins 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020134.

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In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.

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Caillaud, A., H. Eixarch, P. de la Iglesia, M. Rodriguez, L. Dominguez, K. B. Andree, and J. Diogène. "Towards the standardisation of the neuroblastoma (neuro-2a) cell-based assay for ciguatoxin-like toxicity detection in fish: application to fish caught in the Canary Islands." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 29, no. 6 (March 7, 2012): 1000–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.660707.

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Ishuk, Sergey A., Elena G. Bogomolova, Olga A. Dobrovolskaya, Alyona O. Akhmetshina, Daria S. Krasnoshchek, Anna A. Lukovenko, Ekaterina A. Fedorova, et al. "Production of recombinant IGF1 and its action on neuroblastoma cells in vitro." Medical academic journal 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj18434-41.

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This study aimed to develop a method for producing human recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) based on a prokaryotic expression system and to characterize the highly purified protein. To achieve the study’s goal, the following methods were conducted: we performed automated chemical synthesis of DNA, constructed the expression plasmid, obtained Escherichia coli cell-producers of human recombinant IGF-1, cultivated the obtained producer cells with the induction of recombinant protein synthesis by isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside and lactose, and purified human recombinant IGF-1 with affinity and cation exchange chromatography. The recombinant protein IGF-1 forms inclusion bodies during synthesis in Escherichia coli BL21 cells that contain plasmid pET28-IGF-1. Purified recombinant protein was obtained with a purity of 98% using affinity and cation exchange chromatography methods. The protein yield was 6 mg of human recombinant IGF-1 from 1 g of raw biomass. The resulting protein has the ability to protect Neuro 2a neuroblastoma cells from death caused by the deprivation of serum in the culture medium and can stimulate the differentiation of cells into neurons. Thus, a highly purified human recombinant IGF-1 was obtained. This protein has biological activity and is suitable for preclinical studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neuro 2a Cell Line'

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