Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neurite regeneration'

The capacity of the olfactory neuraxis to undergo neuronal replacement and axon targeting following injury, has led to scrutiny concerning the molecular and physical determinants of this growth capacity. This is because injury to the central nervous system, in contrast, leads to permanent disconnection of neurons with targets. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized glial cell, may contribute to olfactory repair, and have been used to promote recovery from spinal cord injury. However, there mechanisms underlying OEC-induced regeneration are poorly appreciated. To understand these mechanisms, OECs from the lamina propria (LP OECs) or olfactory bulb (OB OECs) were transplanted into a lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus. While both cells demonstrated reparative capacities, LP and OB OECs differentially promoted spinal fibre growth; large-diameter neurofilament-positive, CGRP-positive, and serotonergic fibres sprouted in response to both LP and OB OEC transplantation, whereas substance-P and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons grew more extensively following OB or LP OEC transplantation, respectively. To further understand the growth of spinal cord neurons in response to OECs, a proteomic analysis of OEC secreted factors was performed, identifying secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteines (SPARC) as a mediator of OEC-induced outgrowth in vitro. To test the contributions of SPARC to spinal cord repair after OEC transplantation, cultures of LP OECs from SPARC null and wildtype (WT) mice were transplanted into a crush of the dorsolateral funiculus. Substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase positive axon sprouting was significantly reduced in SPARC null OEC-treated animals, suggesting that individual factors may contribute to OEC-promoted regeneration. To investigate the effect of OECs on corticospinal (CST) neurons, an in vitro assay was developed using postnatal day 8 CST neurons. Coculture of CST neurons with OB OECs produced extensive axon elongation. Application of OB OEC secreted factors increased CST neurite branching, but did not increase axon elongation. In contrast, plating of CST neurons on OB OEC plasma membrane resulted in extensive axon elongation. Furthermore, the OB OEC plasma membrane could overcome CST neurite outgrowth inhibition induced by an outgrowth inhibitor. Together these findings provide insight into OEC mechanisms of neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration.

La lésion de nerfs périphériques peut engendrer des déficits moteurs et/ou sensoriels permanents. En dépit des progrès techniques réalisés au cours de ces 25 dernières années, une récupération complète suite à ces lésions n’est pas encore possible aujourd'hui. L’autogreffe nerveuse, toujours considérée comme le standard clinique, est la seule technique capable d’offrir les meilleurs résultats en termes de récupération fonctionnelle. Cependant, la survenue de complications post-opératoires lors d’autogreffes d’un nerf et la quantité limitée de nerfs disponibles conduisent à mettre au point d’autres stratégies alternatives. Dans ce contexte, la mise au point de biomatériaux pour substituts nerveux devient une nécessité clinique. Malgré les efforts de la recherche, ces prothèses ne permettent toujours pas une régénération du nerf à la hauteur de l’autogreffe. Le biomatériau utilisé doit notamment présenter des propriétés physiques et chimiques proches de celui du nerf natif. La soie, aux propriétés mécaniques uniques, représente une bonne alternative pour mettre au point ce type de prothèses. En effet, la protéine de soie déjà utilisée dans le domaine biomédical est biocompatible. Les modifications chimiques de cette protéine améliore et favorise l’adhérence et la croissance cellulaires par l’incorporation de facteurs de croissance ou d’autres molécules d'intérêt. Ce travail de thèse propose de développer un nouveau type de biomatériau à base de soie fonctionnalisée par deux facteurs de croissance : le Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) et le Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Étant donné l’architecture complexe qui compose la structure nerveuse, une matrice supportant la repousse des tissus de façon orientée semble primordiale. Nous démontrons, dans un premier temps, le pouvoir de ces nanofibres alignées (produites par electrospinning) à orienter la régénération tissulaire de différents organes par culture d’explants. Les nanofibres de soie alignées, biocompatibles sont bio-activées par ajout de NGF spécifique de la régénération nerveuse. Cette matrice créée présente un gradient de concentration en NGF qui permet d’orienter la repousse axonale en stimulant la croissance axonale dans une seule direction. Afin d’optimiser la croissance de deux populations cellulaires, nous avons incorporé du CNTF pour produire des nanofibres bifonctionnalisées. Ces nanofibres bifonctionnalisées ont conduit à une longueur des neurites 3 fois plus grande à leurs contacts, stimulant la croissance des cellules gliales. Ainsi, nous avons produit des conduits nerveux à base de soie biofonctionnalisée pour implantation chez le rat. Les analyses physico-chimiques et les propriétés mécaniques démontrent le caractère biomimétique de nos tubes de guidage. Les premières études de la locomotion et l’observation de coupes du nerf sciatique de rat, suite à l’implantation de nos conduits donnent des résultats très prometteurs. L’ensemble de ces travaux démontre l’efficacité de nos guides nerveux à base de soie et les présente comme une alternative prometteuse à l’autogreffe nerveuse pratiquée en clinique
Peripheral nerve injury causes sensory and/or motor functions deficits. Despite technological advances over the past 25 years, a complete recovery from these injuries remains unsatisfactory today. The autograft still considered the "gold standard" in clinical practice. This is the only technique able to offer complete functional recovery. However, the occurrence of postoperative complications in autologous nerve and the limited amount of available nerves lead to develop alternatives strategy.In this context, development of nerve graft substitutes becomes by far a clinical necessity. Despite research efforts, these artificial prostheses design based on biomaterial doesn’t allow nerve regeneration as found in autograft nerve procedures. The biomaterial used must have the physical and chemical properties similar to that of the native nerve. Silk, well known for its unique mechanical properties, proposes a good alternative to develop these prostheses. Indeed, the silk protein is commonly used in the biomedical field and regenerative medicine. This protein biocompatibility may be improved through chemical modifications to promote adhesion and cell growth by the incorporation of growth factors or other molecules of interest. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop a new type of functionalized silk biomaterial based on two growth factors : Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Given the complex architecture that consists of nerve structure, a matrix which is able to support and manage the outgrowth of tissue becomes essential. We demonstrate the power of these aligned nanofibers (produced by electrospinning) to guide and manage tissue regeneration from different organ explants culture. Aligned silk nanofibers, were biocompatible and bio-activated by adding NGF involved for nerve regeneration. This matrix has been created with a concentration gradient of NGF to guide neuritis outgrowth in only one direction. The presence of this gradient demonstrated a better axonal growth in one direction versus the uniform concentration conditions. Nerve cells consist essentially of two cell populations which are neurons and Schwann cells. To optimize the culture and growth of these two populations, in addition to NGF, we incorporated CNTF to produce bifunctionalized nanofibers. These biofunctionalised nanofibers led to a length 3 times larger on contact with neurites. The glial cells growth, alignment and migration were stimulated by CNTF. Thus, we produced bi-functionalized nerve guidance conduits for rat implantation. The physico-chemical analyzes demonstrate the biomimetic of our guide tubes. Early studies of locomotion and observing histological sections of rat sciatic nerve, following the implementation of our conduits gave very promising results.These studies demonstrate the relevance of our nervous guides’ silk-based developed as an effective alternative to nerve autograft performed in the clinic

Apres lésion traumatique de la moelle épinière, une restructuration médullaire complète nécessite non seulement le rétablissement du versant efférent, moteur, mais aussi de celui du versant affèrent, sensitif. Dans une approche de recherche fondamentale susceptible de s'ouvrir sur des perspectives cliniques, nous avons transplante, chez le rat adulte, des ganglions rachidiens cervicaux fœtaux et adultes : 1) dans le nerf péronier ; 2) dans la moelle épinière cervicale. Dans le cas des seules transplantations intramédullaires de ganglions adultes, nous avons réalisé trois variantes : a) ganglion(s) seul(s) ; b) ganglion connectée à un autogreffon de nerf périphérique (gnp) ; c) ganglion relie, au moyen d'un gnp, a un muscle squelettique préalablement dénervé. Chez le rat adulte, nous avons estimé à 7000 le nombre de neurones sensoriels primaires dans les ganglions rachidiens cervicaux 4, 5 et 6. Transplantes dans le système nerveux périphérique, 20% de ces neurones survivent. Dans la moelle épinière, les ganglions sont biens tolérés, mais seuls 5% des neurones sensoriels primaires survivent à la transplantation, leurs caractéristiques phénotypiques sont modifiées. La présence d'éléments nerveux périphériques permet la survie d'un plus grand nombre de neurones, en particulier ceux de plus grand diamètre. De façon surprenante, la survie des neurones sensoriels primaires fœtaux est inférieure à celle des neurones adultes. Les neurones sensoriels primaires fœtaux et adultes transplantes sont capables de régénérer, et certains de façon bidirectionnelle, dans le système nerveux périphérique. On en conclut que les neurones sensoriels primaires des ganglions rachidiens, tant adultes que fœtaux, peuvent être transplantes dans le système nerveux central et dans le système nerveux périphérique du rat adulte. Dans une perspective thérapeutique de réparation médullaire post-traumatique, il conviendrait de préciser le degré d'intégration anatomique et fonctionnelle des transplants et de rechercher de nouvelles stratégies (facteurs neurotrophiques, thérapie génique, etc. ) permettant d'augmenter le taux de survie des neurones sensoriels transplantes.

L'hypoxie périnatale entraîne une dégénérescence et un délai de maturation des oligodendrocytes et des neurones corticaux du cortex cerebral. Mon projet de thèse a d'abord consisté à étudier la contribution des cellules souche neurales de la zone sous-ventriculaire dorsale (dSVZ) à la tentative de régénération spontanée observée après la lésion. Dans un second temps, j'ai étudié la capacité de ces cellules souches à être manipulée en utilisant une approche pharmacologique.Mes résultats mettent en évidence une réponse spontanée et dynamique de la dSVZ qui produit des neurones et des oligodendrocytes corticaux en réponse à l'hypoxie. L'administration par voie intranasale d'un inhibiteur de Gsk3b, qui active la voie Wnt/b-caténine, petite molécule identifiée à l'aide d'une étude bio-informatique comme « dorsalisante », juste après la période d'hypoxie, potentialise cette réponse spontanée. En effet, mes résultats montrent que certains neurones corticaux issus de la dSVZ survivent avec le traitement alors qu'aucun ne semblent persister après 1 mois suivant l'hypoxie. De plus, le traitement accélère la maturation des oligodendrocytes corticaux et augmentent leur production et intégration à long terme. Enfin, le traitement a un effet à long terme sur les cellules souches de la dSVZ en augmentant la proportion de ces cellules qui sont actives. Pour conclure, la dSVZ participe à la récupération corticale spontanée qui suit l'hypoxie périnatale et cette réponse peut être potentialisée par l'administration d'une petite molécule identifiée par notre analyse bio-informatique, un inhibiteur de GSK3b
Perinatal hypoxia leads to degeneration and delayed maturation of oligodendrocytes and cortical glutamatergic neurons. My PhD project consists in assessing the contribution of neural stem cells (NSCs) of the dorsal subventricular zone (dSVZ, i.e. the largest germinal zone of the postnatal brain) to the spontaneous regenerative attempt observed following such injury as well as its amenability to pharmacological manipulation.The results I have obtained highlight a dynamic and lineage-specific response of NSCs of the dSVZ to hypoxia that results in de novo oligodendrogenesis and cortical neurogenesis. Newborn cortical neurons express appropriate cortical layer markers, supporting their appropriate specification. A pharmacogenomics analysis allowed us to identify small molecules boosting specificly dSVZ NSCs. Pharmacological activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling by intranasal GSK3ß inhibitor administration during the recovery period following hypoxia indeed potentiates dorsal SVZ participation to post-hypoxia repair. Gsk3b inhibitor CHIR99021 seems to promote survival of cortical neurons from the dSVZ produced in response to hypoxia. More interestingly, CHIR99021 promotes oligodendrocyte maturation and long term integration in the cortex as well as a long term increased activity of dSVZ NSCs.Altogether, my results highlighted a dynamic and lineage-specific response of dorsal NSCs cells to hypoxia and identify the early postnatal dorsal SVZ as a malleable source of stem cells for cortical repair following trauma that occur early in life. CHIR99021 (a Gsk3b inhibitor) intranasal administration promotes this cortical cellular repair with a long term activation of dSVZ NSCs which increased their production of oligodendrocytes migrating to the cortex and a short term improvement of their maturation, and might allow the integration of cortical neurons they produce

To reveal molecular determinates that underlie the intrinsic molecular pathways within neurons that support regeneration after injury, a DNA microarray study was performed on axotomized neuronal clusters that were maintained in culture and free from glial and astrocytes contamination. The microarray data indicated that post-injury regenerative sprouting requires two distinct pathways; a cell survival response to protect against pernicious secondary processes and a regenerative response driven by modulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. From the transcriptomic data, cell cycle associated aurora B kinase (Aurkb), which was significantly up-regulated but never investigated in the context of neurons, was identified for further work. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that Aurkb is expressed extensively and cell-specifically in neurons of certain brain structures such as the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Its elevated expression in the embryonic brain cortex as compared to that of an adult implies that it may be involved in the process of brain maturation. Interestingly, the changing localization of Aurkb within developing cultured neurons and particularly its localisation outside of the nucleus at various stages of neuronal maturation further suggests that it may have direct roles neurite outgrowth. Indeed, impairing Aurkb activity in cultured neurons via different experimental approaches resulted in several key neuronal deficits. Generally, neurons with inactive Aurkb were found to have either shorter or no elaborated axons. They also possessed abnormally swollen cell bodies. Enlargement of the cell body, independent of nucleus size, was related to a substantial increase in microtubule mass within the area between the nucleus and axon hillock region. Furthermore, their expanded cell bodies are bordered by several aberrant, thin, frayed and highly disorganised neuritic processes. Next, yeast 2 hybrid identified INCENP as a binding partner of Aurkb in neurons. Subsequent phosphoproteomics studies coupled with functional analysis of protein associations have further revealed that inhibition of neuronal Aurkb affected a cluster of proteins and kinases that are major players of neuronal cytoskeleton regulation and organisation. In conclusion, this is the first comprehensive study of Aurkb in the brain and neurons. Specifically, the phosphoproteomic, pharmacological and molecular knockin and knockout studies provided considerable evidence that Aurkb has key roles in neurite cytoskeleton modulation. Taken together, the work in this thesis has clearly identified a novel and alternate cell cycle independent function of Aurkb in post-mitotic neurons.

NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [...]. Abstract is included in .pdf document. In this research, fibrin has been enzymatically modified using the transglutaminase, factor XIIIa, to incorporate bioactive domains from extracellular matrix and cell surface proteins. Fibrin was chosen as a base matrix as it is sensitive to cell-derived and cell-regulated protease activity. In order to improve the bioactive character of the fibrin, bi-domain peptides were designed where one domain contained a bioactive sequence and the other contained a factor XIIIa substrate sequence. These factor XIIIa substrates were derived from fibrinogen, [...]-plasmin inhibitor and a nonbiological substrate. Each of these peptides were then covalently incorporated into the fibrin during coagulation through the action of the enzyme, factor XIIIa, with the sequence from [...]-plasmin inhibitor incorporating at levels up to 8.2 mol peptide/mol fibrinogen. Initially, these enzymatically modified fibrin gels were utilized in an academic study to probe the mechanisms involved in RGD-mediated three-dimensional cell migration. Two separate RGD sequences, one linear and one cyclic, were individually incorporated into fibrin matrices and the effect on neurite migration was measured, and it was shown that both RGD peptides have an adhesive-like, biphasic effect on cell migration. The density of peptide corresponding to maximal neurite outgrowth was lower for the cyclic than the linear peptide. However, since the cyclic RGD is a stronger binding sequence, it is likely that these two peptide densities represent a similar adhesive quality. Development of enzymatically-modified fibrin matrices was also specifically directed towards enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration. Peptides were individually incorporated in a concentration series and it was shown that these peptides, including RGD, HAV, IKVAV, YIGSR or RNIAEIIKDI, could improve neurite outgrowth by approximately 20%. A series of formulations were then tested, whereby multiple bioactive peptides were co-cross-linked into fibrin gels. One formulation, which contains the four laminin-derived sequences, RGD, IKVAV, YIGSR and RNIAEIIKDI, incorporated in equimolar densities of 1.7 mol/mol proved to enhance neurite outgrowth by 75% over unmodified fibrin. This formulation was then tested as a filler material for growth guides in peripheral nerve repair. Through these experiments, it was demonstrated that enzymatically modified fibrin is both nontoxic and capable of enhancing nerve regeneration.

Spinal cord injury induces anatomical plasticity throughout the nervous system, including distant locations in the brain. Several types of injury-induced plasticity have been identified, such as neurite sprouting, axon regeneration and synaptic remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in anatomical plasticity after injury are unclear, as is the extent to which injury-induced plasticity in the brain is conserved across vertebrate lineages. Here, I used lampreys to identify the molecular mechanisms in mediating anatomical plasticity, because lampreys undergo anatomical plasticity and functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection. Due to their robust roles in neurite outgrowth during neuronal development, I examined synapsin and synaptotagmin for their potential involvement in anatomical plasticity after injury. I found increased synapsin I mRNA throughout the lamprey brain as well as increased protein levels of synapsin I, phospho-synapsin (Ser 9) and synaptotagmin in the lamprey hindbrain after injury, suggestive of anatomical plasticity. Anatomical plasticity was confirmed at the ultrastructural level, where I found increased neurite density in the lamprey hindbrain after injury. Other molecular mechanisms that promote anatomical plasticity have been previously identified, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP). However, the cellular mechanisms and the molecular targets of cAMP in mediating anatomical plasticity are unclear. My investigation of cAMP revealed that cAMP enhanced the number of regenerated axons beyond the lesion site in lampreys after injury. For the first time in a spinal cord injury model, I found cAMP prevented the death of axotomized neurons that normally have a high tendency to die after injury. In addition, cAMP promoted more regenerating axons to re-grow in straighter paths rather than turning rostrally towards the brain stem. At the molecular level, I found cAMP increased synaptotagmin protein level at the regenerating axon tips, suggestive of enhanced axon elongation. Taken together, my results show that neurite sprouting in the brain and the cAMP-enhanced axon regeneration are conserved responses in vertebrates after spinal cord injury. In addition, my results suggest that at least some developmental pathways are activated during injury-induced and cAMP-enhanced anatomical plasticity. Further understanding of these pathways will provide insights for improving recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Aging human brains are prone to neurodegenerative disorders, the most common being the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, there is no cure for AD, and patients progressively lose neurons leading to reduction in the brain mass. Humans cannot circumvent and counteract this disease. For instance, chronic inflammation that manifests through mild to late stages of the pathology cannot be resolved. The synaptic degeneration that underlies cognitive decline cannot be reversed. As a general outcome, neurons deteriorate and new neurons cannot replace the lost ones. This is in part due to reduced proliferative and neurogenic ability of neural stem cells (NSCs), which normally produce neurons, albeit rather a limited lineage. Recently, in AD patients, neurogenic outcome was shown to reduce dramatically (Moreno-Jimenez et al., 2019; Tobin et al., 2019). This lack of neurogenic input from NSCs in human brains is emerging as a new aspect through which we might find a chance to counteract AD. One prominent question is to find ways to re-activate our NSCs in pathology conditions. Zebrafish is known to have a remarkable regenerative ability enabling it to regenerate its brain as well. Zebrafish brain possesses several neurogenic regions that harbor NSCs to allow continuous neurogenesis throughout adulthood and during regeneration. Radial glial cells in the zebrafish brain act as NSCs that respond to neuronal damage by enhancing brain plasticity and initiating neuroregeneration. Special molecular mechanisms are involved in activating NSCs to form new neurons and initiate the regenerative response. In my PhD project, I aimed to identify such regenerationassociated molecular mechanisms in AD-like neurodegenerative conditions. To investigate the molecular programs that mediate regenerative response in neurodegenerative conditions, we first generated an amyloid-mediated neurodegeneration model in adult zebrafish to mimic certain pathophysiological aspects of AD. We used synthetic Amyloid-β-42 (Aβ42) peptides and injected into the zebrafish brain using cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) method. These peptides were tagged with robust cell-penetrating peptide, which were previously shown to efficiently deliver cargo molecules into the zebrafish brain. This approach led to an acute model of neurodegeneration in which Aβ42 deposition was prominent in neurons in adult zebrafish brain, and also exhibited phenotypes reminiscent of human AD5 pathophysiology: apoptosis, inflammation, synaptic degeneration, and cognitive deficits. In contrast to the mammals, zebrafish brain induced the NSC proliferation and enhanced the neurogenesis to initiate a regenerative response. To identify the mechanisms behind this response, we performed whole-RNA transcriptome analyses, which revealed that several genes associated with immune-related signaling pathways were significantly enriched. We further found that Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is activated primarily in neurons and microglia in response to Aβ42, and is sufficient to increase NSC proliferation and neurogenesis. IL-4 binds to its cognate receptor IL4R that is expressed in NSCs, and activates the downstream signaling cascade via STAT6 phosphorylation. These results indicate that Aβ42-induced neurodegeneration in adult zebrafish brain leads to regenerative response mediated by direct activation of NSCs through a neuro-immune cross talk mediated by IL-4 signaling via STAT6 phosphorylation. In an approach to further elucidate how IL-4 signaling would mediate the NSCs response, we performed another whole-RNA transcriptome analyses after IL-4 treatment in homeostatic brains. We found that, apart from direct activation of NSC proliferation, IL-4 also has an indirect effect on NSCs through factors secreted by neurons. Single-cell transcriptomics further revealed the heterogeneity of the NSCs pool in the zebrafish brain, which responds directly or indirectly to Aβ42-induced IL-4. We found that IL-4 induces NSC proliferation and subsequent neurogenesis by suppressing the tryptophan metabolism and reducing the production of the neurotransmitter Serotonin. NSC proliferation was suppressed by Serotonin via downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Serotonin-responsive periventricular neurons. BDNF itself enhanced NSC plasticity and neurogenesis via NGFRA/NFkB signaling in zebrafish. This regulatory network is not active in rodents. With these results, we identified a novel IL-4-dependent molecular mechanism of NSC proliferation that is mediated by Serotonin-BDNF-NGFRA regulatory axis. Our results elucidated a novel crosstalk through neuron-glia interaction that regulates regenerative neurogenesis in adult zebrafish AD model. Additionally, we identified two functionally distinct populations of NSCs, which mediate NSCs plasticity through distinct gene expression profiles and versatile signaling mechanisms. Collectively, we propose that zebrafish serves as an excellent model to investigate regeneration-associated mechanisms that enables the inherent capacity of enhanced regenerative neurogenesis upon neurodegeneration. We found that specific signaling6 mechanisms are active in specific subtypes of NSC populations in adult zebrafish brain. Since these mechanisms are normally inactive in NSCs of mammalian brains, particularly in rodents after AD-like conditions, we speculate that activating such candidate mechanisms in distinct NSCs population in mammalian brains could induce NSCs plasticity response. Indeed, our studies also suggested that some of these candidates could be harnessed to force human NSCs to become proliferative and neurogenic. Therefore, my PhD work opened up a new avenue of research that utilizes zebrafish for understanding what it takes for a vertebrate NSC to remain neurogenic even after AD pathology. Overall, I believe that this research route will be instrumental in designing nature-inspired therapeutic strategies for AD in regenerative medicine.