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1
Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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2
Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
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3
Chandler, Steve. 100 formas para automotivarse. México, D.F: Diana, 2003.
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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Circuits in the Brain: A Model of Shape Processing in the Primary Visual Cortex. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York, 2009.
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5
H, Haken, and International Workshop on "Neural and Synergetic Computers (1988 : Schloss Elmau, Bavaria), eds. Neural and synergetic computers: Proceedings of the International Symposium at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, June 13-17, 1988. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
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6
Savin, Cristina, Matthieu Gilson, and Friedemann Zenke, eds. Emergent Neural Computation from the Interaction of Different Forms of Plasticity. Frontiers Media SA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-788-0.
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Fox, Kieran C. R. Neural Origins of Self-Generated Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.1.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has begun to narrow down the neural correlates of self-generated forms of thought, with current evidence pointing toward central roles for the default, frontoparietal, and visual networks. Recent work has linked the arising of thoughts more specifically to default network activity, but the limited temporal resolution of fMRI has precluded more detailed conclusions about where in the brain self-created mental content is generated and how this is achieved. This chapter argues that the unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electrophysiology (iEEG) in human epilepsy patients can begin to provide answers to questions about the specific neural origins of self-generated thought. The chapter reviews the extensive body of literature from iEEG studies over the past few decades and shows that many studies involving passive recording or direct electrical stimulation throughout the brain point to the medial temporal lobe as a key site of thought-generation.
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Douglas, Thomas. Neural and Environmental Modulation of Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0012.
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Interventions that modify a person’s motivations through chemically or physically influencing the brain seem morally objectionable, at least when they are performed nonconsensually. This chapter raises a puzzle for attempts to explain their objectionability. It first seeks to show that the objectionability of such interventions must be explained at least in part by reference to the sort of mental interference that they involve. It then argues that it is difficult to furnish an explanation of this sort. The difficulty is that these interventions seem no more objectionable, in terms of the kind of mental interference that they involve, than certain forms of environmental influence that many would regard as morally innocuous. The argument proceeds by comparing a particular neurointervention with a comparable environmental intervention. The author argues, first, that the two dominant explanations for the objectionability of the neurointervention apply equally to the environmental intervention, and second, that the descriptive difference between the environmental intervention and the neurointervention that most plausibly grounds the putative moral difference in fact fails to do so. The author concludes by presenting a trilemma that falls out of the argument.
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Fox, Kieran C. R., and Manesh Girn. Neural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16.
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Humans have been aware for thousands of years that sleep comes in many forms, accompanied by different kinds of mental content. This chapter reviews the first-person report literature on the frequency and type of content experienced in various stages of sleep, showing that different sleep stages are dissociable at the subjective level. It then relates these subjective differences to the growing literature differentiating the various sleep stages at the neurophysiological level, including evidence from electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and functional neuroimaging. The authors suggest that there is emerging evidence for relationships between sleep stage, neurophysiological activity, and subjective experiences. Specifically, they emphasize that functional neuroimaging work suggests a parallel between activation and deactivation of default network and visual network brain areas and the varying frequency and intensity of imagery and dream mentation across sleep stages; additionally, frontoparietal control network activity across sleep stages may parallel levels of cognitive control and meta-awareness.
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Mason, Peggy. Developmental Overview of Central Neuroanatomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0003.
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The central nervous system develops from a proliferating tube of cells and retains a tubular organization in the adult spinal cord and brain, including the forebrain. Failure of the neural tube to close at the front is lethal, whereas failure to close the tube at the back end produces spina bifida, a serious neural tube defect. Swellings in the neural tube develop into the hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon. The diencephalon sends an outpouching out of the cranium to form the retina, providing an accessible window onto the brain. The dorsal telencephalon forms the cerebral cortex, which in humans is enormously expanded by growth in every direction. Running through the embryonic neural tube is an internal lumen that becomes the cerebrospinal fluid–containing ventricular system. The effects of damage to the spinal cord and forebrain are compared with respect to impact on self and potential for improvement.
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Kinsman, Stephen L. Spina Bifida and Related Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0077.
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The term “spinal dysraphism” encompasses the broadest array of the conditions known as the neural tube defects. The open neural tube defects (spina bifida aperta and cystica) include both disorders of primary and/or secondary neuralation and are best defined as myelomeningocele complex (MMC) due to their protean nervous system manifestations beyond the spinal lesion. Closed spinal dysraphisms (so-called spina bifida occulta) include lipomatous lesions, forms of tethered spinal cord, sinus tracts, and forms of split spinal cord (diastematomyelia). Both genetic and environmental etiologies have been identified. Gene-environment and gene-gene interactions are also important in the pathobiology of these conditions.
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DuPre, Elizabeth, and R. Nathan Spreng. Rumination Is a Sticky Form of Spontaneous Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.5.
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This chapter examines rumination as a unique mode of thought capable of arising in both normative and pathological contexts. Although there has been extensive interest in rumination as a trait-level contributor to psychopathology, research on the neural correlates of ongoing rumination is relatively recent. Viewed through the lens of spontaneous thought, the chapter considers rumination as a spontaneously occurring form of thought that becomes “stuck” in a repetitive, highly constrained context. In considering the implications of this viewpoint, the chapter explores the contexts in which rumination has been identified, as well as its relationship to other forms of spontaneous thought such as mind-wandering.
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Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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14
Gallagher, Shaun. Action and the Problem of Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the concept of free will as it is discussed in philosophy and neuroscience. It reviews reflective and perceptual theories of agency and argues against neuro-centric conclusions about the illusory nature of free will. Experiments conducted by Benjamin Libet suggest that neural activations prior to conscious awareness predict specific actions. This has been taken as evidence that challenges the traditional notion of free will. Libet’s experiments, arguably, are about motor control processes on an elementary timescale and say nothing about freely willed intentional actions embedded in personal and social contexts that involve longer-term, narrative timescales. One implication of this interpretation is that enactivism is not a form of simple behaviorism. Agency is not a thing reducible to elementary neuronal processes; nor is it an idea or a pure consciousness. It rather involves a structure of complex relations.
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Mason, Peggy. Seeing the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0015.
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Modern life is highly dependent on high-acuity vision, and this chapter emphasizes the mechanisms and pathways that support high-acuity or form vision. Because the most common visual impairment is refractive error, the refractive power of the cornea and lens is described at some length. The processes of emmetropization, accommodation, and far viewing are considered. The participation of the outer retina in phototransduction and the visual cycle are detailed, and relevant diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, are introduced. The neural processes that transform different wavelengths of light into color perception and common forms of color blindness are explained. Visual processing within cortex, including processing through the dorsal and visual streams, are presented. The process through which babies learn to interpret the firing in their brains as representing visual objects and the importance of the initial years of life to this process are described.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Form. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0004.
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This chapter turns to the question of how hylomorphists should conceive of the form of concrete particular objects. It argues that hylomorphists should endorse the individual forms hypothesis and reject the universal forms hypothesis on grounds primarily having to do with the cross-world identification of concrete particular objects. Other issues, e.g., the causal roles ascribed to form or the relation between form and essence, perhaps surprisingly, turn out to be neutral between the individual forms hypothesis and the universal forms hypothesis. When the conclusions of this chapter are combined with those of Chapter 4, we arrive at a preferred conception of forms as “robust” particulars, i.e., as non-repeatable, non-sharable entities which, by their very nature, do not simultaneously belong to the matter–form compound (essentially) and to the matter composing it (accidentally).
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Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. Oxford University Press, 1996.
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Domhoff, G. William. The Neurocognitive Theory of Dreaming. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14679.001.0001.
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A comprehensive neurocognitive theory of dreaming based on the theories, methodologies, and findings of cognitive neuroscience and the psychological sciences. G. William Domhoff's neurocognitive theory of dreaming is the only theory of dreaming that makes full use of the new neuroimaging findings on all forms of spontaneous thought and shows how well they explain the results of rigorous quantitative studies of dream content. Domhoff identifies five separate issues—neural substrates, cognitive processes, the psychological meaning of dream content, evolutionarily adaptive functions, and historically invented cultural uses—and then explores how they are intertwined. He also discusses the degree to which there is symbolism in dreams, the development of dreaming in children, and the relative frequency of emotions in the dreams of children and adults. During dreaming, the neural substrates that support waking sensory input, task-oriented thinking, and movement are relatively deactivated. Domhoff presents the conditions that have to be fulfilled before dreaming can occur spontaneously. He describes the specific cognitive processes supported by the neural substrate of dreaming and then looks at dream reports of research participants. The “why” of dreaming, he says, may be the most counterintuitive outcome of empirical dream research. Though the question is usually framed in terms of adaptation, there is no positive evidence for an adaptive theory of dreaming. Research by anthropologists, historians, and comparative religion scholars, however, suggests that dreaming has psychological and cultural uses, with the most important of these found in religious ceremonies and healing practices. Finally, he offers suggestions for how future dream studies might take advantage of new technologies, including smart phones.
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Zanker, Johannes M. Motion Illusions in Static Patterns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0085.
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Some paintings, and other art forms, create vivid sensations of shimmering and movement, despite the fact that they are nothing more than simple static patterns of paint on a static canvas. This is known as a motion illusion. This chapter explores this type of visual illusion and explains why such motion sensations exist in static images. Understanding such phenomena requires the careful definition of stimulus conditions in terms of space and time, consideration of the visuomotor interaction, and the resulting space-time characteristics of the input to cortical processing networks, through modeling of a quantitative model for the neural networks that generate (in this case, illusory) perception
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Venner, Anne, and Patrick M. Fuller. An overview of sleep–wake circuitry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0005.
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How and when we wake and sleep are under the control of incredibly complex neural circuitry, consisting of neuronal populations (or nodes), neurotransmitters, and pathways that form orchestrated wake- or sleep-promoting networks. When any aspect of this neural circuitry is impaired (e.g. disease) or altered by external factors (e.g. stress), sleep and wake can be disrupted, sometimes quite profoundly. As one example, selective loss of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy. While our understanding of how discrete circuit elements in the brain work together to regulate wake and sleep remains incomplete, the relatively recent development of genetically driven tools and techniques has enabled a far more detailed understanding of the functional and structural basis of this circuitry. In this chapter, we review the current state of our understanding of the brain circuitry regulating sleep and wake, including how disruption of discrete circuit elements underlies a myriad of sleep- and wake-disorders.
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Gordon, Rupa Gupta, Melissa C. Duff, and Neal J. Cohen. Applications of Collaborative Memory: Patterns of Success and Failure in Individuals with Hippocampal Amnesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0023.
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A growing body of work suggests that collaboration can benefit memory. In our work on the neural substrates of collaborative learning, we find that many of these benefits extend even to individuals with profound memory impairment. We review this line of work highlighting the benefits and limits of collaborative learning in memory impaired populations. Understanding the contexts and circumstances of success and failure in collaborative learning in individuals with memory impairment advances scientific knowledge of how distinct forms of memory contribute to specific aspects of collaborative learning. Our discovery that memory-impaired individuals can benefit from collaborative learning under some conditions points to the promise of collaborative learning situations in the rehabilitation of memory and learning impairments.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Neutral Divergence of Quantitative Traits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0012.
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The joint action of genetic drift and mutation results in the divergence of trait means over time. This chapter examines the expected amount of divergence, which forms the basis for a number of tests on whether an observed pattern is either too large relative to drift (suggesting directional selection) or two small (suggesting stabilizing selection). It then applies these results to examine tests for selection over a very diverse range of data sets, ranging from a stratophenetic series of fossils to divergence in gene expression over time. It also examines a number of trait-augmented marked-based tests (such as using the QTLs or GWAS hits for a trait) for departures from neutrality.
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Georgeson, Mark. The Graph-Paper Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0107.
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Most visual illusions involve distorted or altered perception of objects or events or misinterpretation of image information. The discrepancy between what we experience and what is physically present in the world or in the retinal image can be large, surprising, and dramatic. It is much rarer to see things that simply are not there at all. Repetitive stimuli, such as grating patterns or flickering lights, can induce perception of a range of illusory geometric patterns, forms, and movements—during or after exposure to the inducing stimulus. This chapter describes one such illusory phenomenon—the graph-paper effect—a striking illusion of moving, oriented lines and edges; links it to a family of related effects; and offers a general theory for these effects in terms of neural inhibition and disinhibition at the level of the visual cortex.
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Schulkin, Jay. Surviving, Remembering, Adversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 speaks about how, while CRF is intimately involved in organ development, it is also linked to devolution of function and conditions of danger. CRF expression itself reveals developmental changes particularly in the brain. CRF is linked to diverse forms of learning and timing of events. But CRF may either enhance or degrade learning and memory. CRF tends to enhance salience and visibility, therefore learning and memory consolidation may be enhanced. However, excessive CRF expression begins to compromise these essential capabilities and promotes neural atrophy deterioration. The role of information molecules is to promote survival systems across life cycles. On the adaptive side, CRF promotes change and attention to change; on the nonadaptive side, CRF promotes decreased tissue capability and the acceleration of an aging process in end organ systems, as this chapter will discuss.
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Aphasia Syndromes: Introduction and Value in Clinical Practice. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.20.
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Neurologic damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere leads to impairments in comprehension and expression of language in the verbal modality (aphasia) and in the written modality (dyslexia and dysgraphia). Impairment patterns take various forms, differing in the fluency/nonfluency of verbal output and integrity of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval abilities. The divergent classifications of aphasia allow reflection on neural and psychological correlates of specific aspects of language processing in verbal and written modalities. Neurologic damage affecting the right cerebral hemisphere can lead to changes in social and prosodic communication, speaking to the role of the right hemisphere in language processing. Patterns of language breakdown following neurologic injury have implications for assessment and intervention for affected individuals. Whereas perspectives vary on interpretation of the language breakdown across disciplines, this volume’s purpose is to facilitate interactions across disciplines to improve the lives of those with aphasia and related communication disorders.
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Mason, Peggy. Gaze Control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0019.
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In addition to serving perception, gaze acts as a powerful social signal and mode of communication. Gaze is altered in several psychiatric diseases and impaired by a variety of central and peripheral lesions. Eye movements that serve to stabilize gaze include the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and fixation, whereas eye movements that shift gaze include saccades, cancellation of the VOR, and smooth pursuit. The pontine horizontal gaze center and midbrain vertical gaze center connect to extraocular motoneurons and mediate all eye movements. Neural circuits involved in generating the VOR, horizontal saccades and saccade modulation are described in detail. Nystagmus consequent to unilateral labyrinthine damage is explained. Other forms of nystagmus including the optokinetic response are introduced. The role of internuclear interneurons in coordinating horizontal saccades and their failure in internuclear ophthalmalplegia are detailed. Finally, the mechanisms involved in fixation and smooth pursuit are briefly presented.
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Treue, Stefan. Object- and Feature-Based Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.008.
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The allocation of selective visual attention to a particular region of visual space has been attention’s most-studied variant. But attention can also be allocated to features, such as a particular colour or direction of motion. Studies from the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys have revealed a gain modulation across visual space that enhances the response of neurons that show a preference for the attended feature and a reduced responsiveness of those neurons tuned to the opposite feature. Such studies have also provided evidence for object-based attention, where the attentional enhancement of a neural representation affects the complex amalgamation of features that make up an object. All these forms of visual attention together create an integrated saliency map or priority map, that is, an integrated representation of relative stimulus strength and behavioural relevance across visual space that underlies our perception of the environment.
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Arbib, Michael A. When Brains Meet Buildings. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190060954.001.0001.
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Understanding our brains can enrich our understanding of the ways we act and interact in a complex world, and how our experience of the built environment helps shape who we are and yet can be shaped by us in turn. This book presents action-oriented perception, memory, and imagination as keys to unlocking the neuroscience of the experience and design of architecture, and explores what it might mean for buildings to have “brains.” It offers a conversation addressed not only to architects and scientists but also to all who share a fascination with the brains within them and the buildings around them. Analysis of famous buildings and of homely examples introduces concepts like aesthetics, affordances, atmosphere, construction, manual action, scripts, and wayfinding, and the search for their neural substrates. It explores how evolution shaped a language-ready brain that is also architecture-ready. Case studies of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Sydney Opera House introduce an account of how the brains and minds of architects operate, pursuing the idea that memory and imagination are interacting forms of mental construction, but that architectural design must eventually reach a form that can guide the physical construction of buildings. All these concerns set new challenges for collaboration between architects and neuroscientists, and for further research on the brains of humans and animals.
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Rammah, Mayyasa, Francesca Rochais, and Robert G. Kelly. Incorporation of myocardial progenitors at the arterial pole of the heart. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0007.
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The arterial pole of the heart is a hotspot for life-threatening forms of congenital heart defects (CHDs). It is formed by progressive addition of myocardium from epithelial progenitor cells in the second heart field (SHF). SHF cells contribute successively to the right ventricle and proximal and distal outflow tract myocardial walls which, after neural crest influx and cardiac septation, give rise to myocardium at the base of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. SHF cells are characterized by continued proliferation and differentiation delay controlled by an array of transcriptional regulators and signalling pathways which define the SHF progenitor cell niche in pharyngeal mesoderm. Failure of normal SHF deployment leads to a shortened outflow tract and failure of ventriculo-arterial alignment, resulting in a spectrum of conotruncal CHD. We discuss the origins of the SHF in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm and focus on the mechanisms driving SHF deployment, summarizing current understanding of critical signalling pathways and transcription factors.
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Glannon, Walter. Psychiatric Neuroethics I. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.30.
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Severe psychiatric disorders may be resistant to conventional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. Invasive interventions such as deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and neurosurgical ablation (lesioning) can modulate dysfunctional neural circuits implicated in these disorders. Yet these two forms of psychiatric neurosurgery are still experimental and investigational and thus their safety and efficacy have yet to be established. This chapter is an examination and discussion of the main ethical issues surrounding the experimental use of DBS and lesioning for treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders. I address questions regarding research subjects’ exposure to risk and informed consent to be enrolled in clinical trials testing these techniques for major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These questions include whether or to what extent the therapeutic misconception influences decisions to enroll in these trials. I then explore similar questions about the use of DBS for schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. Finally, I discuss the obligations of researchers conducting these studies to research subjects.
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Zanto, Theodore P., and Adam Gazzaley. Attention and Ageing. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.020.
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This chapter addresses how normal ageing may affect selective attention, sustained attention, divided attention, task-switching, and attentional capture. It is not clear that all aspects of attention are affected by ageing, especially once changes in bottom-up sensory deficits or generalized slowing are taken into account. It also remains to be seen whether deficits in these abilities are evident when task demands are increased. Age-based declines have been reported during many tasks with low cognitive demands on various forms of attention. Fortunately, the older brain retains plasticity and cognitive training and exercise may help reduce negative effects of age on attention. Although no single theory of cognitive ageing may account for the various age-related changes in attention, many aspects have been taken into account, such as generalized slowing, reduced inhibitory processes, the retention of performance abilities via neural compensation, as well as declines in performance with increased task difficulty.
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Turner, Martin R. Motor neuron disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0232.
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Motor neuron disease (MND) is characterized by progressive muscular weakness due to simultaneous degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons (L/UMNs). Involvement of LMNs, arising from the anterior horns of the spinal cord and brainstem, leads to secondary wasting as a result of muscle denervation. Involvement of the UMNs of the motor cortex and corticospinal tract results in spasticity. In ~85% of cases, there is clear clinical involvement of both, and the condition is termed ‘amyotrophic lateral sclerosis’ (ALS; a term often used synonymously with MND). In ~13% of cases, there may be only LMN signs apparent, in which case the condition is termed ‘progressive muscular atrophy’, although such cases have a natural history that is to largely identical to that of ALS. In a very small group of patients (~2%), there are only UMN signs for at least the first 4 years, in which case the condition is termed ‘primary lateral sclerosis’; such cases have a uniformly slower progression. There is clinical, neuropathological, and genetic overlap between MND and some forms of frontotemporal dementia.
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Levitan, Irwin B., and Leonard K. Kaczmarek. The Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199773893.001.0001.
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The Fourth Edition of The Neuron provides a comprehensive first course in the cell and molecular biology of nerve cells. It begins with properties of the many newly discovered ion channels that have emerged through mapping of the genome and which shape the way a single neuron generates varied patterns of electrical activity. It also covers the molecular mechanisms that convert electrical activity into the secretion of neurotransmitter hormones at synaptic junctions between neurons. It discusses the biochemical pathways that are linked to the action of neurotransmitters and that can alter the cellular properties of neurons or sensory cells that transduce information from the outside world into the electrical code used by neurons, and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the molecular factors that induce an undifferentiated cell to become a neuron, and then guide it to form appropriate synaptic connections with its partners. Also addressed is the role of ongoing experience and activity in shaping these connections, and the mechanisms thought to underlie the phenomena of learning and memory.
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Bykvist, Krister. Agent-Relative and Agent-Neutral Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.36.
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The distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons, at least in its explicit form, is a fairly recent contribution to normative ethics. That the distinction is both well-defined and significant is often taken for granted in contemporary normative ethics. For example, it is supposed to help us characterize many aspects of common-sense morality, such as personal duties, and deontological restrictions or constraints. The main question of this chapter is whether there is a well-defined distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons that has this high level of significance. Is the distinction really “an extremely important one,” as Nagel said, or perhaps even one of “the greatest contributions of recent ethics,” as Tom Hurka suggests? A variety of accounts of this distinction is discussed and it is argued that none live up to this hype, at least if the distinction is supposed not to beg other important questions in normative ethics.
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Introduction to Pattern Recognition : Statistical, Structural, Neural and Fuzzy Logic Approaches (Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1999.
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Robbins, Trevor. Impulsivity and Drug Addiction: A Neurobiological Perspective. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0078.
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A conceptual analysis of the impulsivity construct in behavioral and neurobiological terms is followed by an analysis of its causal role in certain forms of drug addiction in both human and animal studies. The main focus of this chapter is on a rat model of impulsivity based on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time task and a more detailed characterization of this phenotype in neurobehavioral, neurochemical, and genetic terms. Evidence is surveyed that high impulsivity on this task is associated with the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior and also with a tendency toward compulsive cocaine seeking. Novelty reactivity, by contrast, is associated with the enhanced acquisition of self-administration, but not with the escalation of intravenous self-administration of cocaine or the development of compulsive behavior associated with cocaine seeking. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on different factors, as expressed through distinct presumed endophenotypes. These observations help us further to dissociate various aspects of the impulsivity construct in neural as well as behavioral terms.
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Garvey, Marjorie A. TMS: neurodevelopment and perinatal insults. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0022.
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Neural substrate for changes in neuromotor skills of typically developing children involves the complex and organized maturation of underlying brain structures. This article gives an overview of the changes that occur in motor function, as children get older and those aspects of central nervous development which may form the neural substrates of motor function development. It describes those TMS evoked parameters, related to the motor system, that have been studied in both typically developing children and in those who have suffered perinatal insults to the central nervous system. TMS has its limitations and is especially useful when used in combination with other neurophysiological modalities. The focus for future studies should be on correlating TMS evoked parameters with behavioural measures in typically developing children and explanation of the neural substrates of the motor abnormalities in children with perinatal insults and developmental disabilities.
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Anderson, James A. Brain Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0012.
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What form would a brain theory take? Would it be short and punchy, like Maxwell’s Equations? Or with a clear goal but achieved by a community of mechanisms—local theories—to attain that goal, like the US Tax Code. The best developed recent brain-like model is the “neural network.” In the late 1950s Rosenblatt’s Perceptron and many variants proposed a brain-inspired associative network. Problems with the first generation of neural networks—limited capacity, opaque learning, and inaccuracy—have been largely overcome. In 2016, a program from Google, AlphaGo, based on a neural net using deep learning, defeated the world’s best Go player. The climax of this chapter is a fictional example starring Sherlock Holmes demonstrating that complex associative computation in practice has less in common with accurate pattern recognition and more with abstract high-level conceptual inference.
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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part III Practice and Procedure, 16 The Amicable Resolution of International Mining Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0016.
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For many executives and other participants in the mining industry, litigation or arbitration is an avenue of last resort; the resolution of disputes is a priority. This chapter focuses on the informal resolution of international or domestic disputes, often referred to as alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The various forms of ADR differ from international arbitration in that they provide for a non-binding means to assist the parties in attempting to reach an amicable consensual resolution of the dispute. While mediation and conciliation are the most widely used form of non-arbitration ADR, parties also use other forms of ADR such as expert determinations, mini-trials, and neutral evaluations. One of the incentives for parties to amicably resolve an intentional mining dispute is that it gives them the opportunity to restore or improve the original bargain. The final section of the chapter discusses the timing and procedural steps of ADR.
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Uffman, Joshua C. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease). Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0042.
Full textAbstract:
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders which represent the most common form of childhood neurodegenerative disease. Classically the disease was described according to the age of diagnosis resulting in four common phenotypes: (i) infantile or Santavuori-Haltia, (ii) late infantile or Jansky-Bielschowsky, (iii) juvenile or Spielmeyer-Vogt, and (iv) adult or Kufs. With advances in genetic mutational analysis techniques and improved understanding of NCL disease as a whole, disease classification now focuses on which of the known genetic defects is responsible for the disease. Regardless of genetic defect or age of onset, patients typically present with language delay, seizures, blindness, and ataxia. The term “Batten disease” is used to refer to the group as a whole in addition to specifically referring to the juvenile form. Anesthetic implications focus on disease symptoms at presentation, with special attention to maintaining normorthermia and the possibility of bradycardia.
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Mason, Peggy. The Neuron at Rest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Neuronal membrane potential depends on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions afforded by transmembrane proteins. Ions cannot pass through a lipid bilayer but enter or exit neurons through ion channels. When activated by voltage or a ligand, ion channels open to form a pore through which selective ions can pass. The ion channels that support a resting membrane potential are critical to setting a cell’s excitability. From the distribution of an ionic species, the Nernst potential can be used to predict the steady-state potential for that one ion. Neurons are permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions at rest. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation takes into consideration the influence of multiple ionic species and can be used to predict neuronal membrane potential. Finally, how synaptic inputs affect neurons through synaptic currents and changes in membrane resistance is described.
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Blake, Randolph. Binocular Rivalry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0105.
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: Binocular rivalry epitomizes the essence of a perceptual illusion in that it involves a compelling dissociation of retinal stimulation and visual experience: dissimilar monocular stimuli appear and disappear reciprocally and unpredictably over time, even though retinal images of both stimuli remain unchanged. Thus binocular rivalry is instigated when dissimilar visual stimuli are imaged on corresponding areas of the two eyes. These dissimilarities can arise from differences in form (both simple and complex), color, or direction of motion. This beguiling phenomenon—binocular rivalry—affords the psychologist a potent means for probing visual processing outside of awareness and the neurophysiologist a strategy for studying neural dynamics. Related concepts including bistable perception, interocular suppression, and neural dynamics are explored.
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Kuhl, Brice A., and Marvin Chun. Memory and Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.034.
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A primary theme in attention research is that there is too much information in our environment for everything to be processed and, as a consequence, information processing is selective. This chapter reviews various properties of memory from the perspective of selective attention. It argues that the ways in which we form, retrieve, and work with our memories largely represent acts of attention. One obvious advantage of framing mnemonic processes as attentional phenomena is that it underscores the processing limits that are central to memory and the necessity of selection. Another advantage is that this framework can aid our understanding of the neural mechanisms that guide memory and their relation to neural mechanisms of perceptual attention.
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Lancaster, Lex Morgan. Dragging Away. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478023296.
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In Dragging Away Lex Morgan Lancaster traces the formal and material innovations of contemporary queer and feminist artists, showing how they use abstraction as a queering tactic for social and political ends. Through a process Lancaster theorizes as a drag—dragging past aesthetics into the present and reworking them while pulling their work away from direct representation—these artists reimagine midcentury forms of abstraction and expose the violence of the tendency to reduce abstract form to a bodily sign or biographical symbolism. Lancaster outlines how the geometric enamel objects, grid paintings, vibrant color, and expansive installations of artists ranging from Ulrike Müller, Nancy Brooks Brody, and Lorna Simpson to Linda Besemer, Sheila Pepe, and Shinique Smith offer direct challenges to representational and categorical legibility. In so doing, Lancaster demonstrates that abstraction is not apolitical, neutral, or universal; it is a form of social praxis that actively contributes to queer, feminist, critical race, trans, and crip politics.
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Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.
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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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Barrett, Catherine E., and Larry J. Young. Molecular Neurobiology of Social Bonding. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.001.
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Many psychiatric illnesses, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and depression, are characterized by impaired social cognition and a compromised ability to form social relationships. Although drugs are currently available to treat other symptoms of these disorders, none specifically target the social deficits. In order to develop pharmacotherapies to enhance social functioning, particularly for ASD where social impairment is a core symptom, we must first understand the basic neurobiology underlying complex social behaviors. The socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) has been a remarkably useful animal model for exploring the neural systems regulating complex social behaviors, including social bonding. Prairie voles form enduring social bonds between mated partners, or pair bonds, and display a biparental familial structure that is arguably very similar to that of humans. Here we discuss the neural systems underlying social bonding in prairie voles, including the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin, opioids, dopaminergic reward and reinforcement, and stress-related circuitry, as well as the susceptibility of social functioning to early life experiences. We highlight some of the remarkable parallels that have been discovered in humans, and discuss how research in prairie voles has already led to novel therapies to enhance social functioning in ASD.
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Domhoff, G. William. Dreaming Is an Intensified Form of Mind-Wandering, Based in an Augmented Portion of the Default Network. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.7.
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This chapter argues that dreaming is an intensified form of mind-wandering that makes use of embodied simulation. It further hypothesizes that the neural network that enables dreaming is very likely an augmented portion of the default network. This network is activated whenever there is (1) a mature and intact neural substrate that can support the cognitive process of dreaming; (2) an adequate level of cortical activation; (3) an occlusion of external stimuli; (4) a cognitively mature imagination system (a necessity indicated by the virtual lack of dreaming in preschoolers and its relative paucity until ages 8–9); and (5) the loss of conscious self-control, which may be neurologically mediated in the final step in a complex process by the decoupling of the dorsal attentional network from the anterior portions of the default network. If this testable theory proves to be correct, then dreaming may be the quintessential cognitive simulation.
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Montgomery, Erwin B. Principles of Electrophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0003.
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In many ways, post-operative DBS programming is “prescribing electricity” in much the same sense as “prescribing medications.” The principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that guide the rational use of medications find parallels in DBS. Many drugs have their effect by binding to ligand-gated channels, particularly channels that control the flow of electrical charges, in the form of ions across the cell membrane of the neuron in the soma. The binding of drugs to receptors can open the receptor to approximate the normal opening by endogenous neurotransmitters, or to block the channel from opening when endogenous neurotransmitters are released. In the case of DBS, the electrical charges manipulated in the nervous system similarly affect neuronal membrane channels; however, these initially and primarily are voltage gated ionic conductance channels, which are described in detail in this chapter.
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Legéndy, Charles. Circuits in the Brain: A Model of Shape Processing in the Primary Visual Cortex. Springer New York, 2010.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B9 (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Folate is a coenzyme in multiple biochemical pathways involving one-carbon metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis, homocysteine metabolism, and methylation of DNA. The most overt consequence of folate deficiency is megaloblastic anaemia caused by the inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood cell production. Folate deficiency may also influence the ability to maintain DNA methylation patterns in replicating cells, resulting in lasting phenotypic changes. Embryogenesis and fetal growth require higher levels of folate, which must be supplied maternally during pregnancy. A link between low maternal folate levels and the occurrence of neural tube defects has long been recognized. Other effects in pregnancy include increased risks of pre-eclampsia and placental vascular disorders. The general recommendation is for supplementation prior to conception and throughout pregnancy with 400 #amp;#x03BC;g of folic acid in tablet form, in addition to dietary sources, which can reduce the risk of neural tube defects.