Journal articles: 'Neural cultures'

1

Smith-Thomas, L. C., and J. W. Fawcett. "Expression of Schwann cell markers by mammalian neural crest cells in vitro." Development 105, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.105.2.251.

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During embryonic development, neural crest cells differentiate into a wide variety of cell types including Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. In order to establish when neural crest cells first start to express a Schwann cell phenotype immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine rat premigratory neural crest cell cultures for the presence of Schwann cell markers. Cultures were fixed for immunocytochemistry after culture periods ranging from 1 to 24 days. Neural crest cells were identified by their morphology and any neural tube cells remaining in the cultures were identified by their epithelial morphology and immunocytochemically. As early as 1 to 2 days in culture, approximately one third of the neural crest cells stained with m217c, a monoclonal antibody that appears to recognize the same antigen as rat neural antigen-1 (RAN-1). A similar proportion of cells were immunoreactive in cultures stained with 192-IgG, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the rat nerve growth factor receptor. The number of immunoreactive cells increased with time in culture. After 16 days in culture, nests of cells, many of which had a bipolar morphology, were present in the area previously occupied by neural crest cells. The cells in the nests were often associated with neurons and were immunoreactive for m217c, 192-IgG and antibody to S-100 protein and laminin, indicating that the cells were Schwann cells. At all culture periods examined, neural crest cells did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results demonstrate that cultured premigratory neural crest cells express early Schwann cell markers and that some of these cells differentiate into Schwann cells. These observations suggest that some neural crest cells in vivo may be committed to forming Schwann cells and will do so provided that they then proceed to encounter the correct environmental cues during embryonic development.

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SEIL, FREDRICK J. "NEURAL PLASTICITY IN CEREBELLAR CULTURES." Progress in Neurobiology 50, no. 5-6 (December 1996): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00044-5.

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3

Gähwiler, B. H. "Organotypic cultures of neural tissue." Trends in Neurosciences 11, no. 11 (January 1988): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(88)90007-0.

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Ferrández, J. M., and E. Fernández. "Neural computation with cellular cultures." Natural Computing 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-011-9298-1.

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Mitani, S., and H. Okamoto. "Inductive differentiation of two neural lineages reconstituted in a microculture system from Xenopus early gastrula cells." Development 112, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.1.21.

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Neural induction of ectoderm cells has been reconstituted and examined in a microculture system derived from dissociated early gastrula cells of Xenopus laevis. We have used monoclonal antibodies as specific markers to monitor cellular differentiation from three distinct ectoderm lineages in culture (N1 for CNS neurons from neural tube, Me1 for melanophores from neural crest and E3 for skin epidermal cells from epidermal lineages). CNS neurons and melanophores differentiate when deep layer cells of the ventral ectoderm (VE, prospective epidermis region; 150 cells/culture) and an appropriate region of the marginal zone (MZ, prospective mesoderm region; 5–150 cells/culture) are co-cultured, but not in cultures of either cell type on their own; VE cells cultured alone yield epidermal cells as we have previously reported. The extent of inductive neural differentiation in the co-culture system strongly depends on the origin and number of MZ cells initially added to culture wells. The potency to induce CNS neurons is highest for dorsal MZ cells and sharply decreases as more ventrally located cells are used. The same dorsoventral distribution of potency is seen in the ability of MZ cells to inhibit epidermal differentiation. In contrast, the ability of MZ cells to induce melanophores shows the reverse polarity, ventral to dorsal. These data indicate that separate developmental mechanisms are used for the induction of neural tube and neural crest lineages. Co-differentiation of CNS neurons or melanophores with epidermal cells can be obtained in a single well of co-cultures of VE cells (150) and a wide range of numbers of MZ cells (5 to 100). Further, reproducible differentiation of both neural lineages requires intimate association between cells from the two gastrula regions; virtually no differentiation is obtained when cells from the VE and MZ are separated in a culture well. These results indicate that the inducing signals from MZ cells for both neural tube and neural crest lineages affect only nearby ectoderm cells.

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Wang, Wei, Elena Di Nisio, Valerio Licursi, Emanuele Cacci, Giuseppe Lupo, Zaal Kokaia, Sergio Galanti, et al. "Simulated Microgravity Modulates Focal Adhesion Gene Expression in Human Neural Stem Progenitor Cells." Life 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111827.

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We analyzed the morphology and the transcriptomic changes of human neural stem progenitor cells (hNSPCs) grown on laminin in adherent culture conditions and subjected to simulated microgravity for different times in a random positioning machine apparatus. Low-cell-density cultures exposed to simulated microgravity for 24 h showed cell aggregate formation and significant modulation of several genes involved in focal adhesion, cytoskeleton regulation, and cell cycle control. These effects were much more limited in hNSPCs cultured at high density in the same conditions. We also found that some of the genes modulated upon exposure to simulated microgravity showed similar changes in hNSPCs grown without laminin in non-adherent culture conditions under normal gravity. These results suggest that reduced gravity counteracts the interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix, inducing morphological and transcriptional changes that can be observed in low-density cultures.

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Duprat, Anne-Marie, Paulette Kan, Françoise Foulquier, and Michel Weber. "In vitro differentiation of neuronal precursor cells from amphibian late gastrulae: morphological, immunocytochemical studies, biosynthesis, accumulation and uptake of neurotransmitters." Development 86, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.86.1.71.

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Neuronal differentiation has been studied in dissociated cell cultures from early neurulae of Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum. Cocultures were prepared from the neural primordium and underlying chordamesoderm. NP and NF cultures were prepared from isolated neural plate and neural folds, respectively. Neuronal precursors in NP and NF cultures had distinctive aggregation properties already evident after 1–2 days in culture. After 10–15 days, mature neurones and synapses were observed by electron microscopy in the three culture types. The expression of neurofilament polypeptides and tetanus-toxin-binding sites was also present in these cultures. A small percentage of neurones contained cytochemically detectable catecholamine. Many neurones took up tritiated dopamine with a high affinity. Quantitative measurement of [3H]acetylcholine synthesis and storage from [3H]choline were negative at the early neurula stage and in 5 to 15-day-old NF cultures, and remained low in 5 to 15-day-old NP cultures. Acetylcholine production in cocultures increased linearly with time and was always much higher than in NP cultures. These results suggest that, at the early neurula stage, some neuronal precursors have acquired the capacity to express a high degree of morphological and biochemical differentiation even in the absence of further chordamesoderm influence. However, the chordamesodermal cells in the cultures increased acetylcholine synthesis.

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LYMAN, W. D., Y. KRESS, F. C. CHIU, C. S. RAINE, M. B. BBORNSTEIN, and A. RUVINSTEIN. "Human Fetal Neural Tissue Organotypic Cultures." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 546, no. 1 Molecular Bas (December 1988): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb21647.x.

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9

Gähwiler, B. H. "Organotypic slice cultures of neural tissue." Neuroscience Research Supplements 16 (January 1991): XIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(91)90634-y.

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Ko, Kristin Robin, Rishima Agarwal, and John Frampton. "High-Throughput 3D Neural Cell Culture Analysis Facilitated by Aqueous Two-Phase Systems." MRS Advances 2, no. 45 (2017): 2435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.336.

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ABSTRACTThe three-dimensional (3D) culture of neural cells in extracellular matrix (ECM) gels holds promise for modeling neurodegenerative diseases and pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutics. However, most current strategies for fabricating 3D neural cell cultures are not well suited to automated production and analysis. Here, we present a facile, replicable, 3D cell culture system that is compatible with standard laboratory equipment and high-throughput workflows. This system uses aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) to confine small volumes (5 and 10 μl) of a commonly used ECM hydrogel (Matrigel) into thin, discrete layers, enabling highly-uniform production of 3D neural cell cultures in a 96-well plate format. These 3D neural cell cultures can be readily analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy and microplate reader. Our preliminary results show that many common polymers used in ATPSs interfere with Matrigel gelation and instead form fibrous precipitates. However, 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and 2.5% dextran 10 kDa (D10) were observed to retain Matrigel integrity and had minimal impact on cell viability. This novel system offers a promising yet accessible platform for high-throughput fabrication of 3D neural tissues using readily available and cost-effective materials.

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Wallace, Christopher S., Michael A. Silverman, Michelle A. Burack, Janis E. Lochner, Richard G. Allen, and Gary Banker. "Imaging Molecular Targeting In Living Neural Cultures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019462.

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Recent technical advances in the ability to attach an endogenously fluorescent protein sequence—i.e., green fluorescent protein or GFP and its derivatives--to any protein of experimental interest promises to mark a new era of progress in the study of protein targeting. Bringing these new tools to bear on neurons of the central nervous system has been challenging, however, because they have a very complex structure and are relatively difficult to transfect because they are post-mitotic.We use two cell culture approaches to characterize protein trafficking within neurons of the central nervous system in vitro. The first is a dissociated culture of hippocampal neurons from embryonic (El8) rats which is especially suited to analysis by conventional light microscopy because these neurons are grown on glass coverslips at low density. Neurons cultured in this way develop a morphology comparable to that seen in vivo and permit the establishment of axons and dendrites to be analyzed by time-lapse microscopy.

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12

Wagner, Natalie, Armin Safaei, Pia A. Vogt, Maurice R. Gammel, H. Burkhard Dick, Sven Schnichels, and Stephanie C. Joachim. "Coculture of ARPE-19 Cells and Porcine Neural Retina as an Ex Vivo Retinal Model." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 50, no. 1 (January 2022): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02611929221082662.

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Neural retinal organ cultures are used to investigate ocular pathomechanisms. However, these cultures lack the essential retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, which are part of the actual in vivo retina. To simulate a more realistic ex vivo model, porcine neural retina explants were cocultured with ARPE-19 cells (ARPE-19 group), which are derived from human RPE. To identify whether the entire cells or just the cell factors are necessary, in a second experimental group, porcine neural retina explants were cultured with medium derived from ARPE-19 cells (medium group). Individually cultured neural retina explants served as controls (control group). After 8 days, all neural retinas were analysed to evaluate retinal thickness, photoreceptors, microglia, complement factors and synapses ( n = 6–8 per group). The neural retina thickness in the ARPE-19 group was significantly better preserved than in the control group ( p = 0.031). Also, the number of L-cones was higher in the ARPE-19 group, as compared to the control group ( p < 0.001). Furthermore, the ARPE-19 group displayed an increased presynaptic glutamate uptake (determined via vGluT1 labelling) and enhanced post-synaptic density (determined via PSD-95 labelling). Combined Iba1 and iNOS detection revealed only minor effects of ARPE-19 cells on microglial activity, with a slight downregulation of total microglia activity apparent in the medium group. Likewise, only minor beneficial effects on photoreceptors and synaptic structure were found in the medium group. This novel system offers the opportunity to investigate interactions between the neural retina and RPE cells, and suggests that the inclusion of a RPE feeder layer has beneficial effects on the ex vivo maintenance of neural retina. By modifying the culture conditions, this coculture model allows a better understanding of photoreceptor death and photoreceptor–RPE cell interactions in retinal diseases.

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13

Ferrández, J. M., V. Lorente, F. de la Paz, and E. Fernández. "Training biological neural cultures: Towards Hebbian learning." Neurocomputing 114 (August 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.09.031.

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14

Soriano, J., M. Rodriguez Martinez, T. Tlusty, and E. Moses. "Development of input connections in neural cultures." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 37 (September 4, 2008): 13758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707492105.

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15

Sharma, Pranav, Pinar Mesci, Cassiano Carromeu, Daniel R. McClatchy, Lucio Schiapparelli, John R. Yates, Alysson R. Muotri, and Hollis T. Cline. "Exosomes regulate neurogenesis and circuit assembly." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 32 (July 18, 2019): 16086–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902513116.

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Exosomes are thought to be released by all cells in the body and to be involved in intercellular communication. We tested whether neural exosomes can regulate the development of neural circuits. We show that exosome treatment increases proliferation in developing neural cultures and in vivo in dentate gyrus of P4 mouse brain. We compared the protein cargo and signaling bioactivity of exosomes released by hiPSC-derived neural cultures lacking MECP2, a model of the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, with exosomes released by isogenic rescue control neural cultures. Quantitative proteomic analysis indicates that control exosomes contain multiple functional signaling networks known to be important for neuronal circuit development. Treating MECP2-knockdown human primary neural cultures with control exosomes rescues deficits in neuronal proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and synchronized firing, whereas exosomes from MECP2-deficient hiPSC neural cultures lack this capability. These data indicate that exosomes carry signaling information required to regulate neural circuit development.

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Stocker, K. M., L. Sherman, S. Rees, and G. Ciment. "Basic FGF and TGF-beta 1 influence commitment to melanogenesis in neural crest-derived cells of avian embryos." Development 111, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.111.2.635.

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In previous studies, we showed that neural crest (NC)-derived cells from embryonic quail dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerve (PN), which do not normally give rise to melanocytes, become committed to melanogenesis following treatment in culture with the phorbol ester drug 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). These and other observations support the notion that melanocytes and Schwann cells are derived from a common bipotent intermediate in the neural crest lineage—the melanocyte/Schwann cell progenitor. In this study, we test the possibility that peptide growth factors found in the embryonic environment might act similarly to TPA to influence the fates of these cells. DRG and PN explants were cultured in medium supplemented with a variety of growth factors, and then the cultures were examined for the presence of pigment cells. We found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), but not various other growth factors, induced pigmentation in about 20% of these cultures. When low concentrations of TPA were included in the culture medium, bFGF augmented the TPA-induced pigmentation, significantly increasing the proportion of pigmented cultures. These effects of bFGF were age-dependent, and could be blocked by addition of a bFGF-neutralizing antibody to the culture medium. In contrast to these stimulatory effects of bFGF, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was found to inhibit the TPA- or bFGF-induced pigmentation of DRG cultures. These data suggest, therefore, that at least some NC-derived cells are responsive to bFGF and TGF-beta 1, and that these growth factors may play an important role in the control of NC cell fate.

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Walls, Anne B., Maria Dimaki, Tanya Korsgaard, Małgorzata M. Swiniarska, Jaime Castillo-León, Helle S. Waagepetersen, and Winnie E. Svendsen. "Diphenylalanine Peptide Nanowires as a Substrate for Neural Cultures." BioNanoScience 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-019-00717-w.

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AbstractPrimary brain cells cultured on flat surfaces, i.e., in a two-dimensional fashion, have a long history of use as an experimental model system in neuroscience research. However, it is questionable to which extent these cultured brain cells resemble their in vivo counterparts. Mainly, it has been claimed that the non-oxidative glucose metabolism reflected by lactate production is unphysiologically high. Furthermore, it is known that culturing in 2D alters the phenotype of cells. Here we present diphenylalanine peptide nanowires (PNWs) as a culturing substrate for primary neocortical neurons from mice. The topology of the PNWs leads to neuronal cultures developing in 2.5D environment and hence improved culturing conditions. We investigate the effect of different concentrations of PNWs and different cell densities of neurons on the culturing conditions. The neocortical neurons were examined through scanning electron microscopy in order to study the effect of PNW concentrations and neuron densities on the structural appearance of the cells. Then employing the optimal combination of neuron density and PNW concentration, the neurons were evaluated functionally and metabolically by comparison with neocortical neurons standard culturing methods in 2D. Specifically, we tested neuronal viability, capacity for vesicular release of neurotransmitter GABA, as well as oxidative and non-oxidative glucose metabolism. It was evident that neurons cultured on PNWs exhibited increased viability combined with an increased capacity for neurotransmitter release and a lower fraction of non-oxidative metabolism than neurons cultured in 2D. Hence, neocortical neurons cultured in 2.5D on PNWs appear to be healthier and less glycolytic than neurons cultured in 2D.

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Ellis, D. K., A. Carr, and D. I. de Pomerai. "pp60c-src expression in transdifferentiating cultures of embryonic chick neural retina cells." Development 101, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.4.847.

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Chick embryo neural retinal cells transdifferentiate extensively into lens cells when cultured in Eagle's MEM containing horse and fetal calf sera (FHMEM). Such cultures express elevated levels of pp60c-src-associated tyrosine kinase activity relative to parallel cultures prevented from transdifferentiating by the addition of supplementary glucose (FHGMEM) or replacement of MEM by medium 199 (F199). Northern blotting and in vitro translation studies suggest that c-src mRNA levels are only slightly higher in late transdifferentiating (FHMEM) cultures as compared to parallel blocked (FHGMEM or F199) cultures. By immunocytochemical staining, we show that pp60c-src protein is largely localized in cell groups undergoing conversion into lens (i.e. expressing delta crystallin) in late FHMEM cultures. Initial studies of pp60c-src in chick lens tissues during development indicate that higher kinase activity is found in the epithelial cells relative to mature lens fibres. Thus pp60c-src may be expressed both during the differentiation of lens cells in vivo and during the transdifferentiation of neural retina cells into lens in vitro.

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Watanabe, T., and M. C. Raff. "Diffusible rod-promoting signals in the developing rat retina." Development 114, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.4.899.

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We previously developed a reaggregate cell culture system in which embryonic rat retinal neuroepithelial cells proliferate and give rise to opsin-expressing rod photoreceptor cells (rods) on the same schedule in vitro as they do in vivo. We showed that the proportion of neuroepithelial cells in the embryonic day 15 (E15) retina that differentiated into opsin+ rods after 5–6 days in such cultures increased by approximately 40-fold when the E15 cells were cultured in the presence of an excess of postnatal day 1 (P1) neural retinal cells. In the present study, we have further analyzed this rod-promoting activity of neonatal neural retinal cells. We show that the activity is mediated by a diffusible signal(s) that seems to act over a relatively short distance. Whereas neonatal (P1-P3) neural retina has rod-promoting activity, E15 and adult neural retina, neonatal thymus, cerebrum and cerebellum do not. Finally, we show that neonatal neural retina promotes rod but not amacrine cell development.

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Buchan, A. M. J., A. D. Doyle, and E. Accili. "Canine jejunal submucosa cultures: characterization and release of neural somatostatin." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-107.

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A primary culture of the canine jejunal submucosa has been established and used to investigate neuronal somatostatin release. Immunocytochemical characterization of the cultures demonstrated the presence of the following peptidergic neurons: neurotensin (30%), somatostatin (27%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (14%), neuropeptide Y (10%), and substance P (5%). No immunoreactive neurons were observed with the available antisera to galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and motilin. The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, as determined by radioimmunoassay of cell extracts, was 358 ± 105 pmol/well. Basal release of somatostatin was 4.4 ± 0.9% total cell content and was significantly inhibited by the addition of substance P at 1 and 100 nM. The addition of the calcium ionophore, A23187, with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated somatostatin release in a concentration-dependent manner. These data indicate that short-term cultures of the jejunal submucosal plexus will be an excellent model for determination of the factors influencing the release of neural somatostatin.Key words: immunocytochemistry, neuronal cultures, neurofilament, substance P.

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Saavedra, Lorena, Kathleen Wallace, Theresa F. Freudenrich, Moritz Mall, William R. Mundy, Jorge Davila, Timothy J. Shafer, Marius Wernig, and Daniel Haag. "Comparison of Acute Effects of Neurotoxic Compounds on Network Activity in Human and Rodent Neural Cultures." Toxicological Sciences 180, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab008.

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Abstract Assessment of neuroactive effects of chemicals in cell-based assays remains challenging as complex functional tissue is required for biologically relevant readouts. Recent in vitro models using rodent primary neural cultures grown on multielectrode arrays allow quantitative measurements of neural network activity suitable for neurotoxicity screening. However, robust systems for testing effects on network function in human neural models are still lacking. The increasing number of differentiation protocols for generating neurons from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds great potential to overcome the unavailability of human primary tissue and expedite cell-based assays. Yet, the variability in neuronal activity, prolonged ontogeny and rather immature stage of most neuronal cells derived by standard differentiation techniques greatly limit their utility for screening neurotoxic effects on human neural networks. Here, we used excitatory and inhibitory neurons, separately generated by direct reprogramming from hiPSCs, together with primary human astrocytes to establish highly functional cultures with defined cell ratios. Such neuron/glia cocultures exhibited pronounced neuronal activity and robust formation of synchronized network activity on multielectrode arrays, albeit with noticeable delay compared with primary rat cortical cultures. We further investigated acute changes of network activity in human neuron/glia cocultures and rat primary cortical cultures in response to compounds with known adverse neuroactive effects, including gamma amino butyric acid receptor antagonists and multiple pesticides. Importantly, we observed largely corresponding concentration-dependent effects on multiple neural network activity metrics using both neural culture types. These results demonstrate the utility of directly converted neuronal cells from hiPSCs for functional neurotoxicity screening of environmental chemicals.

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Kennedy, Peter G. E., and Trine H. Mogensen. "Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Neurons Derived from Neural Stem Cells." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030485.

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Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus that causes varicella (chickenpox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of ganglionic latency in neurons, it reactivates to cause herpes zoster (shingles). An analysis of VZV infection in cultures of neural cells, in particular when these have been obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or neural stem cells consisting of highly purified neuronal cultures, has revealed much data that may be of neurobiological significance. Early studies of VZV infection of mature cultured neural cells were mainly descriptive, but more recent studies in homogeneous neural stem cell cultures have used both neuronal cell markers and advanced molecular technology. Two general findings from such studies have been that (a) VZV infection of neurons is less severe, based on several criteria, than that observed in human fibroblasts, and (b) VZV infection of neurons does not lead to apoptosis in these cells in contrast to apoptosis observed in fibroblastic cells. Insights gained from such studies in human neural stem cells suggest that a less severe initial lytic infection in neurons, which are resistant to apoptosis, is likely to facilitate a pathological pathway to a latent state of the virus in human ganglia.

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Zielińska, Sylwia, and Ewa Kępczyńska. "Neural modeling of plant tissue cultures: a review." BioTechnologia 3 (2013): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/bta.2013.46419.

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Zhang, Y. "3.338 COLLAGEN CELL CARRIER FOR NEURAL CELL CULTURES." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 18 (January 2012): S228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70971-3.

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Miles, Michael F., Jane E. Diaz, and Veronica DeGuzman. "Ethanol-responsive gene expression in neural cell cultures." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1138, no. 4 (April 1992): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4439(92)90003-6.

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Schinelli, S., G. L. Corona, and I. J. Kopin. "Mechanism of MPTP toxicity in neural primary cultures." Pharmacological Research Communications 19, no. 12 (December 1987): 945–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-6989(87)90045-2.

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Perides, George, Linda M. Tanner-Brown, Manuel A. Eskildsen, and Mark S. Klempner. "Borrelia burgdorferi induces matrix metalloproteinases by neural cultures." Journal of Neuroscience Research 58, no. 6 (December 15, 1999): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19991215)58:6<779::aid-jnr5>3.0.co;2-l.

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McCanney, George A., Michael J. Whitehead, Michael A. McGrath, Susan L. Lindsay, and Susan C. Barnett. "Neural cell cultures to study spinal cord injury." Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 25-26 (2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddmod.2018.10.005.

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Atterwill, Christopher K., Wendy J. Davies, and Michael A. Kyriakides. "An Investigation of Aluminium Neurotoxicity using some In Vitro Systems." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 18, no. 1_part_1 (November 1990): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001800119.1.

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It has been shown that acute exposure in vitro to high concentrations of aluminium chloride does not appear to perturb neural function in terms of the electrophysiological properties of lower vertebrate leech neurones. Longer term exposure in vitro, however, both non-specifically inhibits cellular differentiation and also produces neural cytotoxicity in the rat midbrain micromass, mixed cell culture model. Furthermore, previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated a reduction of cholinergic neuronal function in brain organotypic reaggregate cultures following long-term, but not short-term, exposure. More-immature neural cells appear to be most sensitive to the effects of aluminium. Relating these data to the tiered in vitro test system for neurotoxicants previously proposed by Atterwill (13), it is apparent that the neurotoxic effects of aluminium are detectable in a first-stage procedure using the micromass culture model, but not following acute exposure in freshly isolated, ex vivo leech neurones. Functional cholinergic toxicity was also detected in the organotypic reaggregate cultures proposed as a second level screen.

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Liubich, L. D., L. P. Staino, D. M. Egorova, T. D. Skaterna, and E. G. Pedachenko. "Effect of various origins conditioned media on the migration of neural cells in vitro." Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 68, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz68.02.036.

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An important direction in the development of the latest technologies for the restoration of damaged central nervous system is the use of stem/progenitor cells (SPCs), mainly neurogenic SPCs (NSPCs) and mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells (MMSCs). One of the main mechanisms of SPCs action is indirect paracrine effects due to the ability to produce a wide range of biologically active signaling molecules (secretome). The study of regenerative effects of conditioned media (CM) of NSPCs and MMSCs as a source of their secretome seems to be actual and potentially beneficial. The aim of the study is to compare the impact of CM from 24-h cultures of fetal neurogenic cells (NCs (E14), as a source of NSPCs) and adiposederived mononuclear cells (AMCs as a source of MMSCs) on migration capacity of rat neural cells in vitro. AMCs-CM were obtained from 24-h cultures with prevalence of CD105+ cells and ability upon further cultivation to form “spheroids” and potency to differentiate into different cell types. NCs-CM were obtained from 24-h cultures with prevalence of Nestin+ cells and ability upon further cultivation to form “neurospheres” and potency to differentiate into astrocytes (GFAP+) and neurons (β-Tubulin III+). Rat fetal neural cells (E14) were cultured to achieve a confluent monolayer with basic cellular elements of nervous tissue (5-7th day), which was dissected with forming a transection site and DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum (control) or 0.1-0.3 mg/ml (by total protein amount) of NCs-CM or AMCs-CM were added. In control cultures of rat neural cells partial overgrowth of the dissected area of the monolayer was observed due to the migration of cells, formation of a network of processes and intercellular contacts; reaching 13.2% (4th day) – 23.2% (8th day) of its full length. The overgrown area increased after addition of CM: NCsCM – 3 times (0.1-0.2 mg/ml) and 3-4 times (0.3 mg/ml, 4th-8th day), reaching 70.5% of full length of the transection site; AMCs-CM – 1.5 times (0.1-0.2 mg/ml) and 4-7 times (0.3 mg/ml, 4th-8th day), reaching 97.4-100% of full length of the transection site. The addition of NCs CM and AMCs CM resulted in β-catenin translocation into nucleus of cells in rat neural cell cultures, which correlated with the overgrowth of the transection zone. NCs-CM as well as AMCs-CM in dose-dependent manner stimulate migration processes in culture of rat neural cells, obviously, involving β-catenin signaling pathway, contributing to overgrowing of the dissected area (reparation of a mechanical defect). NCs-CM and AMCs-CM are a source of signaling molecules that modulate the microenvironment and activate endogenous repair mechanisms in culture (in vitro model of nerve tissue regeneration).

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Maynard, T. M., Y. Wakamatsu, and J. A. Weston. "Cell interactions within nascent neural crest cell populations transiently promote death of neurogenic precursors." Development 127, no. 21 (November 1, 2000): 4561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.21.4561.

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We have previously shown that cultured trunk neural crest cell populations irreversibly lose neurogenic ability when dispersal is prevented or delayed, while the ability to produce other crest derivatives is retained (Vogel, K. S. and Weston, J. A. (1988) Neuron 1, 569–577). Here, we show that when crest cells are prevented from dispersing, cell death is increased and neurogenesis is decreased in the population, as a result of high cell density. Control experiments to characterize the effects of high cell density on environmental conditions in culture suggest that reduced neurogenesis is the result of cell-cell interactions and not changes (conditioning or depletion) of the culture medium. Additionally, we show that the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, which blocks developmentally regulated cell death, rescues the neurogenic ability of high density cultures, without any apparent effect on normal, low-density cultures. We conclude, therefore, that increased cell interaction at high cell densities results in the selective death of neurogenic precursors in the nascent crest population. Furthermore, we show that neurogenic cells in cultured crest cell populations that have dispersed immediately are not susceptible to contact-mediated death, even if they are subsequently cultured at high cell density. Since most early migrating avian crest cells express Notch1, and a subset expresses Delta1 (Wakamatsu, Y., Maynard, T. M. and Weston, J. A. (2000) Development 127, 2811–2821), we tested the possibility that the effects of cell contact were mediated by components of a Notch signaling pathway. We found that neurogenic precursors are eliminated when crest cells are co-cultured with exogenous Delta1-expressing cells immediately after they segregate from the neural tube, although not after they have previously dispersed. We conclude that early and prolonged cell interactions, mediated at least in part by Notch signaling, can regulate the survival of neurogenic cells within the nascent crest population. We suggest that a transient episode of cell contact-mediated death of neurogenic cells may serve to eliminate fate-restricted neurogenic cells that fail to disperse promptly in vivo.

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Watanabe, K., H. Aoyama, N. Tamamaki, T. Sonomura, T. S. Okada, G. Eguchi, and Y. Nojyo. "An embryonic pineal body as a multipotent system in cell differentiation." Development 103, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.1.17.

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The differentiating potency of pineal cells from 8-day quail embryos was studied with cell culture. It was found that the differentiation of striated muscle fibres occurred abundantly in the pineal cells cultured in hypertonic culture conditions. Muscle nature of these fibres was confirmed by utilizing the antiserum against the striated muscle type creatine kinase (MM-CK). When CO2, NAHCO3, NaCl, KCl and MgCl2 were added in hypertonic concentrations, extensive myogenesis occurred in cultured pineal cells. Myogenesis in pineal cultures began as early as 2 days and, after 3 days in the medium with 75 mM additional NaCl, reached 100-fold when compared with that in the isotonic medium. Muscle fibres from pineal cells in culture were similar in morphology to the skeletal muscle fibres of mesodermal origin in situ. Myogenesis of pineal cells under hypertonic conditions was accompanied by the synthesis of a unique 56 × 10(3) Mr protein, which was not found in the intrinsic muscle cells. Clonal cell culture revealed that about 80% of clonable pineal cells were myogenic precursors. Pineal cells of 8-day quail embryos were not only myogenic but oculopotent (melanogenic and lentoidogenic) in cultures. This study examined whether multipotential progenitor cells with both potentials are present in the pineal or not. The results showed that at least 16% of all clonable pineal cells were multipotent precursors. The embryonic pineal is considered to be a typical multipotent system in parallel with the pigmented and neural retina, the neural crest and the teratocarcinoma.

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Baroffio, A., E. Dupin, and N. M. Le Douarin. "Common precursors for neural and mesectodermal derivatives in the cephalic neural crest." Development 112, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.1.301.

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The cephalic neural crest (NC) of vertebrate embryos yields a variety of cell types belonging to the neuronal, glial, melanocytic and mesectodermal lineages. Using clonal cultures of quail migrating cephalic NC cells, we demonstrated that neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system can originate from the same progenitors as cartilage, one of the mesectodermal derivatives of the NC. Moreover, we obtained evidence that the migrating cephalic NC contains a few highly multipotent precursors that are common to neurons, glia, cartilage and pigment cells and which we interprete as representative of a stem cell population. In contrast, other NC cells, although provided with identical culture conditions, give rise to clones composed of only one or some of these cell types. These cells thus appear restricted in their developmental potentialities compared to multipotent cells. It is therefore proposed that, in vivo, the active proliferation of pluripotent NC cells during the migration process generates distinct subpopulations of cells that become progressively committed to different developmental fates.

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Seilheimer, B., E. Persohn, and M. Schachner. "Neural cell adhesion molecule expression is regulated by Schwann cell-neuron interactions in culture." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.5.1909.

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To investigate the cellular and molecular signals underlying regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression, the influence of interactions between dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells on their expression of L1 and N-CAM was quantitated by immunogold electronmicroscopy. The numbers of antibody binding sites on cell surfaces of neurons and glia were compared between pure populations and co-cultures. After 3 d of co-culture, expression of L1 was reduced by 91% on Schwann cells and 36% on neurons, with expression in pure cultures being taken as 100%. N-CAM expression was unchanged on neurons and reduced by 43% on Schwann cells. Within 3 d after removal of neurons from Schwann cell-neuron co-cultures by immunocytolysis, expression of L1 and N-CAM on Schwann cell surfaces increased by 69 and 84%, respectively. Cell surface antigens recognized by an antibody to mouse liver membranes were unchanged in co-cultures. Furthermore, in co-cultures of neurons and sciatic nerve fibroblasts neither of the three antibodies detected any changes in expression of antigens when pure and co-cultures were compared. These observations suggest that adhesion molecules are not only involved in neuron-Schwann cell recognition and neurite outgrowth on Schwann cells (Seilheimer, B., and M. Schachner. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107: 341-351), but that cell interactions, in turn, modulate the extent of adhesion molecule expression.

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Guillory, Georgia, and Marianne Bronner-Fraser. "An in vitro assay for neural crest cell migration through the somites." Development 98, no. 1 (November 1, 1986): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.98.1.85.

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Neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo come into contact with the somites and neural tube during the course of their migration. However, the relationship between the somites and the early migratory routes followed by these cells is not yet completely understood. Here, we use a tissue culture assay to examine if avian neural crest cells migrate through the somites. Cultures of quail somites were prepared from four adjacent regions along the neural axis in the trunk. Each region had four pairs of consecutive somites with region I being most anterior and region IV containing the last four segments. Within each region, the somites were separated from other tissues by enzymatic digestion and plated onto collagen-coated dishes. Immuno-cytochemical techniques were used to confirm that no neural crest cells, recognized by the HNK-1 antibody, were present on the surface of the somites at the time of explantation. After several days in culture, the explanted somites were screened to identify pigment cells. Because neural crest cells give rise to all of the melanocytes in the trunk, the presence of pigment cells indicated that neural crest precursors were contained within the initial explant. After 5–11 days in vitro, the percentage of somite cultures containing pigment cells in regions I through IV, respectively, was 36%, 51%, 31% and 1%. These results suggest that neural crest cells migrate through the somitic mesenchyme and first enter the somites between 5 to 9 segments rostral to the most recently formed somite.

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Bourne, Nicola, Richard H. Clothier, Marco D'Arienzo, and Paul Harrison. "The Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Human Keratinocyte Primary Cultures and Neural Cell Cultures." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 6 (December 2008): 667–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600610.

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Feng, Shiqing, Juan Xiao, Fabin Han, Lin Chen, Wenyong Gao, Gengsheng Mao, and Hongyun Huang. "Neurorestorative clinical application standards for the culture and quality control of neural progenitor/precursor cells (version 2017)." Journal of Neurorestoratology 1, no. 1 (2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jn.s147917.

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In order to promote the clinical use of neural progenitor or precursor cells for treating neurological diseases and damage, we need to standardize culture procedures for these cells. The Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology put forward these standards for training operators, standardized use and management of materials and equipment, standardized isolation and culture for neural progenitor/precursor cells, and the standardized management in preservation, transport, and related safe operation procedures of the neural progenitors. These cultures and quality control standards also include the Good Manufacturing Practice environment, routine maintenance as well as the monitoring and reporting of the clinical-grade neural progenitor cells. The aim of these standards is to improve the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the possible side effects from lake of quality control.

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Bilodeau, Matthew L., Theresa Boulineau, Ronald L. Hullinger, and Ourania M. Andrisani. "Cyclic AMP Signaling Functions as a Bimodal Switch in Sympathoadrenal Cell Development in Cultured Primary Neural Crest Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 3004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.9.3004-3014.2000.

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ABSTRACT Cells of the vertebrate neural crest (crest cells) are an invaluable model system to address cell fate specification. Crest cells are amenable to tissue culture, and they differentiate to a variety of neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. Earlier studies have determined that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2, -4, and -7) and agents that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) stimulate the development of the sympathoadrenal (SA, adrenergic) lineage in neural crest cultures. To investigate whether interactive mechanisms between signaling pathways influence crest cell differentiation, we characterized the combinatorial effects of BMP-2 and cAMP-elevating agents on the development of quail trunk neural crest cells in primary culture. We report that the cAMP signaling pathway modulates both positive and negative signals influencing the development of SA cells. Specifically, we show that moderate activation of cAMP signaling promotes, in synergy with BMP-2, SA cell development and the expression of the SA lineage-determining gene Phox2a. By contrast, robust activation of cAMP signaling opposes, even in the presence of BMP-2, SA cell development and the expression of the SA lineage-determining ASH-1 and Phox2 genes. We conclude that cAMP signaling acts as a bimodal regulator of SA cell development in neural crest cultures.

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Ang, S. L., and J. Rossant. "Anterior mesendoderm induces mouse Engrailed genes in explant cultures." Development 118, no. 1 (May 1, 1993): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.1.139.

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We have developed germ layer explant culture assays to study the role of mesoderm in anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning of the mouse neural plate. Using isolated explants of ectodermal tissue alone, we have demonstrated that the expression of Engrailed-1 (En-1) and En-2 genes in ectoderm is independent of mesoderm by the mid- to late streak stage, at least 12 hours before their onset of expression in the neural tube in vivo at the early somite stage. In recombination explants, anterior mesendoderm from headfold stage embryos induces the expression of En-1 and En-2 in pre- to early streak ectoderm and in posterior ectoderm from headfold stage embryos. In contrast, posterior mesendoderm from embryos of the same stage does not induce En genes in pre- to early streak ectoderm but is able to induce expression of a general neural marker, neurofilament 160 × 10(3) M(r). These results provide the first direct evidence for a role of mesendoderm in induction and regionalization of neural tissue in mouse.

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Clément, Jean-Pierre, Laila Al-Alwan, Stephen D. Glasgow, Avya Stolow, Yi Ding, Thaiany Quevedo Melo, Anouar Khayachi, et al. "Dendritic Polyglycerol Amine: An Enhanced Substrate to Support Long-Term Neural Cell Culture." ASN Neuro 14 (January 2022): 175909142110732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914211073276.

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Long-term stable cell culture is a critical tool to better understand cell function. Most adherent cell culture models require a polymer substrate coating of poly-lysine or poly-ornithine for the cells to adhere and survive. However, polypeptide-based substrates are degraded by proteolysis and it remains a challenge to maintain healthy cell cultures for extended periods of time. Here, we report the development of an enhanced cell culture substrate based on a coating of dendritic polyglycerol amine (dPGA), a non-protein macromolecular biomimetic of poly-lysine, to promote the adhesion and survival of neurons in cell culture. We show that this new polymer coating provides enhanced survival, differentiation and long-term stability for cultures of primary neurons or neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Atomic force microscopy analysis provides evidence that greater nanoscale roughness contributes to the enhanced capacity of dPGA-coated surfaces to support cells in culture. We conclude that dPGA is a cytocompatible, functionally superior, easy to use, low cost and highly stable alternative to poly-cationic polymer cell culture substrate coatings such as poly-lysine and poly-ornithine. Summary statement Here, we describe a novel dendritic polyglycerol amine-based substrate coating, demonstrating superior performance compared to current polymer coatings for long-term culture of primary neurons and neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.

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Mikuni, Takayasu, Naofumi Uesaka, and Masanobu Kano. "Effective modification of neural activity in CNS organotypic cultures." Neuroscience Research 68 (January 2010): e135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2171.

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Wouwer, A. Vande, C. Renotte, M. Remy, and Ph Bogaerts. "Hybrid Physical - Neural Network Modeling of Animal Cell Cultures." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 22 (November 2001): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32960-9.

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Chen, Peiyao, Bingle Chen, Thomas F. Münte, Chunming Lu, Li Liu, and Taomei Guo. "Neural correlates of processing emotions in words across cultures." Journal of Neurolinguistics 51 (August 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.01.004.

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Tieu, David Dang. "R114: Neurite-Associated Non-Neural Cells in Cochlear Cultures." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, no. 2_suppl (August 2007): P190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.06.450.

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Cullen, D. Kacy, Jelena Vukasinovic, Ari Glezer, and Michelle C. LaPlaca. "Microfluidic engineered high cell density three-dimensional neural cultures." Journal of Neural Engineering 4, no. 2 (April 4, 2007): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/4/2/015.

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Lewicka, Michalina, Ola Hermanson, and Anna U. Rising. "Recombinant spider silk matrices for neural stem cell cultures." Biomaterials 33, no. 31 (November 2012): 7712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.021.

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Sorbel, Jeffrey D., Diane M. Brooks, and Diana I. Lurie. "SHP-1 expression in avian mixed neural/glial cultures." Journal of Neuroscience Research 68, no. 6 (May 28, 2002): 703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10262.

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Alvarez, Ignacio S., Marı́a Araujo, and M. Angela Nieto. "Neural Induction in Whole Chick Embryo Cultures by FGF." Developmental Biology 199, no. 1 (July 1998): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.8903.

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Opdecamp, K., A. Nakayama, M. T. Nguyen, C. A. Hodgkinson, W. J. Pavan, and H. Arnheiter. "Melanocyte development in vivo and in neural crest cell cultures: crucial dependence on the Mitf basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper transcription factor." Development 124, no. 12 (June 15, 1997): 2377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.12.2377.

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The more than 20 different Mitf mutations in the mouse are all associated with deficiencies in neural crest-derived melanocytes that range from minor functional disturbances with some alleles to complete absence of mature melanocytes with others. In the trunk region of wild-type embryos, Mitf-expressing cells that coexpressed the melanoblast marker Dct and the tyrosine kinase receptor Kit were found in the dorsolateral neural crest migration pathway. In contrast, in embryos homozygous for an Mitf allele encoding a non-functional Mitf protein, Mitf-expressing cells were extremely rare, no Dct expression was ever found, and the number of Kit-expressing cells was much reduced. Wild-type neural crest cell cultures rapidly gave rise to cells that expressed Mitf and coexpressed Kit and Dct. With time in culture, Kit expression was increased, and pigmented, dendritic cells developed. Addition of the Kit ligand Mgf or endothelin 3 or a combination of these factors all rapidly increased the number of Dct-positive cells. Cultures from Mitf mutant embryos initially displayed Mitf-positive cells similar in numbers and Kit-expression as did wild-type cultures. However, Kit expression did not increase with time in culture and the mutant cells never responded to Mgf or endothelin 3, did not express Dct, and never showed pigment. In fact, even Mitf expression was rapidly lost. The results suggest that Mitf first plays a role in promoting the transition of precursor cells to melanoblasts and subsequently, by influencing Kit expression, melanoblast survival.

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Gozdz, Agata, Bartosz Wojtaś, Patrycja Szpak, Paulina Szadkowska, Tomasz Czernicki, Andrzej Marchel, Katarzyna Wójtowicz, et al. "Preservation of the Hypoxic Transcriptome in Glioblastoma Patient-Derived Cell Lines Maintained at Lowered Oxygen Tension." Cancers 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 4852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194852.

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Despite numerous efforts aiming to characterise glioblastoma pathology (GBM) and discover new therapeutic strategies, GBM remains one of the most challenging tumours to treat. Here we propose the optimisation of in vitro culturing of GBM patient-derived cells, namely the establishment of GBM-derived cultures and their maintenance at oxygen tension mimicking oxygenation conditions occurring within the tumour. To globally analyse cell states, we performed the transcriptome analysis of GBM patient-derived cells kept as spheroids in serum-free conditions at the reduced oxygen tension (5% O2), cells cultured at atmospheric oxygen (20% O2), and parental tumour. Immune cells present in the tumour were depleted, resulting in the decreased expression of the immune system and inflammation-related genes. The expression of genes promoting cell proliferation and DNA repair was higher in GBM cell cultures when compared to the relevant tumour sample. However, lowering oxygen tension to 5% did not affect the proliferation rate and expression of cell cycle and DNA repair genes in GBM cell cultures. Culturing GBM cells at 5% oxygen was sufficient to increase the expression of specific stemness markers, particularly the PROM1 gene, without affecting neural cell differentiation markers. GBM spheroids cultured at 5% oxygen expressed higher levels of hypoxia-inducible genes, including those encoding glycolytic enzymes and pro-angiogenic factors. The genes up-regulated in cells cultured at 5% oxygen had higher expression in parental GBMs compared to that observed in 20% cell cultures, suggesting the preservation of the hypoxic component of GBM transcriptome at 5% oxygen and its loss in standard culture conditions. Evaluation of expression of those genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset comprising samples of normal brain tissue, lower-grade gliomas and GBMs indicated the expression pattern of the indicated genes was specific for GBM. Moreover, GBM cells cultured at 5% oxygen were more resistant to temozolomide, the chemotherapeutic used in GBM therapy. The presented comparison of GBM cultures maintained at high and low oxygen tension together with analysis of tumour transcriptome indicates that lowering oxygen tension during cell culture may more allegedly reproduce tumour cell behaviour within GBM than standard culture conditions (e.g., atmospheric oxygen tension). Low oxygen culture conditions should be considered as a more appropriate model for further studies on glioblastoma pathology and therapy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neural cultures'

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