Journal articles: 'Neural activity recording'

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Xu, Wei, Jingxin Wang, Simin Cheng, and Xiaomin Xu. "Flexible organic transistors for neural activity recording." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 3 (September 2022): 031308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102401.

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Flexible electronics capable of interacting with biological tissues, and acquiring and processing biological information, are increasingly demanded to capture the dynamic physiological processes, understand the living organisms, and treat human diseases. Neural interfaces with a high spatiotemporal resolution, extreme mechanical compliance, and biocompatibility are essential for precisely recording brain activity and localizing neuronal patterns that generate pathological brain signals. Organic transistors possess unique advantages in detecting low-amplitude signals at the physiologically relevant time scales in biotic environments, given their inherent amplification capabilities for in situ signal processing, designable flexibility, and biocompatibility features. This review summarizes recent progress in neural activity recording and stimulation enabled by flexible and stretchable organic transistors. We introduce underlying mechanisms for multiple transistor building blocks, followed by an explicit discussion on effective design strategies toward flexible and stretchable organic transistor arrays with improved signal transduction capabilities at the transistor/neural interfaces.

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Loi, Daniela, Caterina Carboni, Gianmarco Angius, Gian Nicola Angotzi, Massimo Barbaro, Luigi Raffo, Stanisa Raspopovic, and Xavier Navarro. "Peripheral Neural Activity Recording and Stimulation System." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 5, no. 4 (August 2011): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2011.2123097.

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Aslam, J., P. Merken, R. Huys, M. Akif Erismis, R. Firat Yazicioglu, R. Puers, and C. Van Hoof. "Activity based neural front-end recording system." Electronics Letters 47, no. 21 (2011): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2011.1966.

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Liu, Xin, Chi Ren, Zhisheng Huang, Madison Wilson, Jeong-Hoon Kim, Yichen Lu, Mehrdad Ramezani, Takaki Komiyama, and Duygu Kuzum. "Decoding of cortex-wide brain activity from local recordings of neural potentials." Journal of Neural Engineering 18, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 066009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac33e7.

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Abstract Objective. Electrical recordings of neural activity from brain surface have been widely employed in basic neuroscience research and clinical practice for investigations of neural circuit functions, brain–computer interfaces, and treatments for neurological disorders. Traditionally, these surface potentials have been believed to mainly reflect local neural activity. It is not known how informative the locally recorded surface potentials are for the neural activities across multiple cortical regions. Approach. To investigate that, we perform simultaneous local electrical recording and wide-field calcium imaging in awake head-fixed mice. Using a recurrent neural network model, we try to decode the calcium fluorescence activity of multiple cortical regions from local electrical recordings. Main results. The mean activity of different cortical regions could be decoded from locally recorded surface potentials. Also, each frequency band of surface potentials differentially encodes activities from multiple cortical regions so that including all the frequency bands in the decoding model gives the highest decoding performance. Despite the close spacing between recording channels, surface potentials from different channels provide complementary information about the large-scale cortical activity and the decoding performance continues to improve as more channels are included. Finally, we demonstrate the successful decoding of whole dorsal cortex activity at pixel-level using locally recorded surface potentials. Significance. These results show that the locally recorded surface potentials indeed contain rich information of the large-scale neural activities, which could be further demixed to recover the neural activity across individual cortical regions. In the future, our cross-modality inference approach could be adapted to virtually reconstruct cortex-wide brain activity, greatly expanding the spatial reach of surface electrical recordings without increasing invasiveness. Furthermore, it could be used to facilitate imaging neural activity across the whole cortex in freely moving animals, without requirement of head-fixed microscopy configurations.

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Tan, Kwan Ling, Ming Yuan Cheng, Wei Guo Chen, Rui Qi Lim, Maria Ramona B. Damalerio, Lei Yao, Peng Li, Yuan Dong Gu, and Min Kyu Je. "Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Polyimide-Based Probe with Neural Recording IC for Chronic Neural Recording." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.183.

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Neural probe array is utilized in neural recording, in the aim to understand the neural activity. Silicon is the common substrate used in neural probe array. However, due to the rigid nature, the silicon-based neural probe array causes cell damage during implantation into the brain tissue. This would reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, flexible polymer probe is more suitable as it can help to minimize the tissue damage and thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The lack of stiffness for the flexible probe is solved by coating it with polyethylene glycol (PEG). It stiffens the probe and can be dissolved in water, which allows the polymer probe to regain its flexibility. The proposed integrated probe with reduced distance between probe and ASIC will further help to improve the signal-to-noise ratio during neural recording. The coated flexible probe regained original impedance of 14.1 kΩ at a frequency of 1 kHz. A bench-top neural recording with the flexible probe array in saline solution will also be acquired.

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Hiramoto, Masaki, and Hollis T. Cline. "Tetrode Recording in the Xenopus laevis Visual System Using Multichannel Glass Electrodes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2021, no. 11 (February 3, 2021): pdb.prot107086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot107086.

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The Xenopus tadpole visual system shows an extraordinary extent of developmental and visual experience–dependent plasticity, establishing sophisticated neuronal response properties that guide essential survival behaviors. The external development and access to the developing visual circuit of Xenopus tadpoles make them an excellent experimental system in which to elucidate plastic changes in neuronal properties and their capacity to encode information about the visual scene. The temporal structure of neural activity encodes a significant amount of information, access to which requires recording methods with high temporal resolution. Conversely, elucidating changes in the temporal structure of neural activity requires recording over extended periods. It is challenging to maintain patch-clamp recordings over extended periods and Ca2+ imaging has limited temporal resolution. Extracellular recordings have been used in other systems for extended recording; however, spike amplitudes in the developing Xenopus visual circuit are not large enough to be captured by distant electrodes. Here we describe a juxtacellular tetrode recording method for continuous long-term recordings from neurons in intact tadpoles, which can also be exposed to diverse visual stimulation protocols. Electrode position in the tectum is stabilized by the large contact area in the tissue. Contamination of the signal from neighboring neurons is minimized by the tight contact between the glass capillaries and the dense arrangement of neurons in the tectum. This recording method enables analysis of developmental and visual experience–dependent plastic changes in neuronal response properties at higher temporal resolution and over longer periods than current methods.

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Nagayasu, Kazuki. "Viral vectors for manipulation and recording of neural activity." Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society 93 (2020): 2—MS2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jpssuppl.93.0_2-ms2.

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Sher, A., E. J. Chichilnisky, W. Dabrowski, A. A. Grillo, M. Grivich, D. Gunning, P. Hottowy, et al. "Large-scale multielectrode recording and stimulation of neural activity." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 579, no. 2 (September 2007): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.05.309.

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Pégard, Nicolas C., Hsiou-Yuan Liu, Nick Antipa, Maximillian Gerlock, Hillel Adesnik, and Laura Waller. "Compressive light-field microscopy for 3D neural activity recording." Optica 3, no. 5 (May 12, 2016): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.3.000517.

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Liang, Bo, and Xuesong Ye. "Towards high-density recording of brain-wide neural activity." Science China Materials 61, no. 3 (January 8, 2018): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9175-3.

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Voitiuk, Kateryna, Jinghui Geng, Matthew G. Keefe, David F. Parks, Sebastian E. Sanso, Nico Hawthorne, Daniel B. Freeman, et al. "Light-weight electrophysiology hardware and software platform for cloud-based neural recording experiments." Journal of Neural Engineering 18, no. 6 (November 12, 2021): 066004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac310a.

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Abstract Objective. Neural activity represents a functional readout of neurons that is increasingly important to monitor in a wide range of experiments. Extracellular recordings have emerged as a powerful technique for measuring neural activity because these methods do not lead to the destruction or degradation of the cells being measured. Current approaches to electrophysiology have a low throughput of experiments due to manual supervision and expensive equipment. This bottleneck limits broader inferences that can be achieved with numerous long-term recorded samples. Approach. We developed Piphys, an inexpensive open source neurophysiological recording platform that consists of both hardware and software. It is easily accessed and controlled via a standard web interface through Internet of Things (IoT) protocols. Main results. We used a Raspberry Pi as the primary processing device along with an Intan bioamplifier. We designed a hardware expansion circuit board and software to enable voltage sampling and user interaction. This standalone system was validated with primary human neurons, showing reliability in collecting neural activity in near real-time. Significance. The hardware modules and cloud software allow for remote control of neural recording experiments as well as horizontal scalability, enabling long-term observations of development, organization, and neural activity at scale.

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Vėbraitė, Ieva, Moshe David-Pur, David Rand, Eric Daniel Głowacki, and Yael Hanein. "Electrophysiological investigation of intact retina with soft printed organic neural interface." Journal of Neural Engineering 18, no. 6 (November 19, 2021): 066017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac36ab.

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Abstract Objective. Understanding how the retina converts a natural image or an electrically stimulated one into neural firing patterns is the focus of on-going research activities. Ex vivo, the retina can be readily investigated using multi electrode arrays (MEAs). However, MEA recording and stimulation from an intact retina (in the eye) has been so far insufficient. Approach. In the present study, we report new soft carbon electrode arrays suitable for recording and stimulating neural activity in an intact retina. Screen-printing of carbon ink on 20 µm polyurethane (PU) film was used to realize electrode arrays with electrodes as small as 40 µm in diameter. Passivation was achieved with a holey membrane, realized using laser drilling in a thin (50 µm) PU film. Plasma polymerized 3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene was used to coat the electrode array to improve the electrode specific capacitance. Chick retinas, embryonic stage day 13, both explanted and intact inside an enucleated eye, were used. Main results. A novel fabrication process based on printed carbon electrodes was developed and yielded high capacitance electrodes on a soft substrate. Ex vivo electrical recording of retina activity with carbon electrodes is demonstrated. With the addition of organic photo-capacitors, simultaneous photo-electrical stimulation and electrical recording was achieved. Finally, electrical activity recordings from an intact chick retina (inside enucleated eyes) were demonstrated. Both photosensitive retinal ganglion cell responses and spontaneous retina waves were recorded and their features analyzed. Significance. Results of this study demonstrated soft electrode arrays with unique properties, suitable for simultaneous recording and photo-electrical stimulation of the retina at high fidelity. This novel electrode technology opens up new frontiers in the study of neural tissue in vivo.

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Creamer, Matthew S., Kevin S. Chen, Andrew M. Leifer, and Jonathan W. Pillow. "Correcting motion induced fluorescence artifacts in two-channel neural imaging." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 9 (September 28, 2022): e1010421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010421.

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Imaging neural activity in a behaving animal presents unique challenges in part because motion from an animal’s movement creates artifacts in fluorescence intensity time-series that are difficult to distinguish from neural signals of interest. One approach to mitigating these artifacts is to image two channels simultaneously: one that captures an activity-dependent fluorophore, such as GCaMP, and another that captures an activity-independent fluorophore such as RFP. Because the activity-independent channel contains the same motion artifacts as the activity-dependent channel, but no neural signals, the two together can be used to identify and remove the artifacts. However, existing approaches for this correction, such as taking the ratio of the two channels, do not account for channel-independent noise in the measured fluorescence. Here, we present Two-channel Motion Artifact Correction (TMAC), a method which seeks to remove artifacts by specifying a generative model of the two channel fluorescence that incorporates motion artifact, neural activity, and noise. We use Bayesian inference to infer latent neural activity under this model, thus reducing the motion artifact present in the measured fluorescence traces. We further present a novel method for evaluating ground-truth performance of motion correction algorithms by comparing the decodability of behavior from two types of neural recordings; a recording that had both an activity-dependent fluorophore and an activity-independent fluorophore (GCaMP and RFP) and a recording where both fluorophores were activity-independent (GFP and RFP). A successful motion correction method should decode behavior from the first type of recording, but not the second. We use this metric to systematically compare five models for removing motion artifacts from fluorescent time traces. We decode locomotion from a GCaMP expressing animal 20x more accurately on average than from control when using TMAC inferred activity and outperforms all other methods of motion correction tested, the best of which were ~8x more accurate than control.

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Guan, S., J. Wang, X. Gu, Y. Zhao, R. Hou, H. Fan, L. Zou, et al. "Elastocapillary self-assembled neurotassels for stable neural activity recordings." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaav2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav2842.

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Implantable neural probes that are mechanically compliant with brain tissue offer important opportunities for stable neural interfaces in both basic neuroscience and clinical applications. Here, we developed a Neurotassel consisting of an array of flexible and high–aspect ratio microelectrode filaments. A Neurotassel can spontaneously assemble into a thin and implantable fiber through elastocapillary interactions when withdrawn from a molten, tissue-dissolvable polymer. Chronically implanted Neurotassels elicited minimal neuronal cell loss in the brain and enabled stable activity recordings of the same population of neurons in mice learning to perform a task. Moreover, Neurotassels can be readily scaled up to 1024 microelectrode filaments, each with a neurite-scale cross-sectional footprint of 3 × 1.5 μm2, to form implantable fibers with a total diameter of ~100 μm. With their ultrasmall sizes, high flexibility, and scalability, Neurotassels offer a new approach for stable neural activity recording and neuroprosthetics.

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Carcaud, Julie, Marianne Otte, Bernd Grünewald, Albrecht Haase, Jean-Christophe Sandoz, and Martin Beye. "Multisite imaging of neural activity using a genetically encoded calcium sensor in the honey bee." PLOS Biology 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): e3001984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001984.

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Understanding of the neural bases for complex behaviors in Hymenoptera insect species has been limited by a lack of tools that allow measuring neuronal activity simultaneously in different brain regions. Here, we developed the first pan-neuronal genetic driver in a Hymenopteran model organism, the honey bee, and expressed the calcium indicator GCaMP6f under the control of the honey bee synapsin promoter. We show that GCaMP6f is widely expressed in the honey bee brain, allowing to record neural activity from multiple brain regions. To assess the power of this tool, we focused on the olfactory system, recording simultaneous responses from the antennal lobe, and from the more poorly investigated lateral horn (LH) and mushroom body (MB) calyces. Neural responses to 16 distinct odorants demonstrate that odorant quality (chemical structure) and quantity are faithfully encoded in the honey bee antennal lobe. In contrast, odor coding in the LH departs from this simple physico-chemical coding, supporting the role of this structure in coding the biological value of odorants. We further demonstrate robust neural responses to several bee pheromone odorants, key drivers of social behavior, in the LH. Combined, these brain recordings represent the first use of a neurogenetic tool for recording large-scale neural activity in a eusocial insect and will be of utility in assessing the neural underpinnings of olfactory and other sensory modalities and of social behaviors and cognitive abilities.

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Roth, Richard H., and Jun B. Ding. "From Neurons to Cognition: Technologies for Precise Recording of Neural Activity Underlying Behavior." BME Frontiers 2020 (December 25, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/7190517.

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Understanding how brain activity encodes information and controls behavior is a long-standing question in neuroscience. This complex problem requires converging efforts from neuroscience and engineering, including technological solutions to perform high-precision and large-scale recordings of neuronal activity in vivo as well as unbiased methods to reliably measure and quantify behavior. Thanks to advances in genetics, molecular biology, engineering, and neuroscience, in recent decades, a variety of optical imaging and electrophysiological approaches for recording neuronal activity in awake animals have been developed and widely applied in the field. Moreover, sophisticated computer vision and machine learning algorithms have been developed to analyze animal behavior. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of technology for neuronal recordings with a focus on optical and electrophysiological methods in rodents. In addition, we discuss areas that future technological development will need to cover in order to further our understanding of the neural activity underlying behavior.

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Kruse-Andersen, S., J. Kolberg, and E. Jakobsen. "Neural Network for Automatic Analysis of Motility Data." Methods of Information in Medicine 33, no. 01 (1994): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634978.

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Abstract:Continuous recording of intraluminal pressures for extended periods of time is currently regarded as a valuable method for detection of esophageal motor abnormalities. A subsequent automatic analysis of the resulting motility data relies on strict mathematical criteria for recognition of pressure events. Due to great variation in events, this method often fails to detect biologically relevant pressure variations. We have tried to develop a new concept for recognition of pressure events based on a neural network. Pressures were recorded for over 23 hours in 29 normal volunteers by means of a portable data recording system. A number of pressure events and non-events were selected from 9 recordings and used for training the network. The performance of the trained network was then verified on recordings from the remaining 20 volunteers. The accuracy and sensitivity of the two systems were comparable. However, the neural network recognized pressure peaks clearly generated by muscular activity that had escaped detection by the conventional program. In conclusion, we believe that neu-rocomputing has potential advantages for automatic analysis of gastrointestinal motility data.

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Graudejus, Oliver, Barclay Morrison, Cezar Goletiani, Zhe Yu, and Sigurd Wagner. "Encapsulating Elastically Stretchable Neural Interfaces: Yield, Resolution, and Recording/Stimulation of Neural Activity." Advanced Functional Materials 22, no. 3 (December 8, 2011): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102290.

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Obaid, Abdulmalik, Mina-Elraheb Hanna, Yu-Wei Wu, Mihaly Kollo, Romeo Racz, Matthew R. Angle, Jan Müller, et al. "Massively parallel microwire arrays integrated with CMOS chips for neural recording." Science Advances 6, no. 12 (March 2020): eaay2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay2789.

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Multi-channel electrical recordings of neural activity in the brain is an increasingly powerful method revealing new aspects of neural communication, computation, and prosthetics. However, while planar silicon-based CMOS devices in conventional electronics scale rapidly, neural interface devices have not kept pace. Here, we present a new strategy to interface silicon-based chips with three-dimensional microwire arrays, providing the link between rapidly-developing electronics and high density neural interfaces. The system consists of a bundle of microwires mated to large-scale microelectrode arrays, such as camera chips. This system has excellent recording performance, demonstrated via single unit and local-field potential recordings in isolated retina and in the motor cortex or striatum of awake moving mice. The modular design enables a variety of microwire types and sizes to be integrated with different types of pixel arrays, connecting the rapid progress of commercial multiplexing, digitisation and data acquisition hardware together with a three-dimensional neural interface.

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Descamps, E., V. Castagnola, S. Charlot, C. Blatché, and C. Bergaud. "Nanostructured flexible implantable microelectrodes for stimulation and recording neural activity." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 55 (October 2012): e346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2012.07.877.

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Akasaki, Takafumi, and Yoshio Hata. "Chronic recording of neural activity of LGN in behaving rat." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1136.

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Collaert, Nadine, Carolina Mora Lopez, Daire J. Cott, Jordi Cools, Dries Braeken, and Michael De Volder. "In vitro recording of neural activity using carbon nanosheet microelectrodes." Carbon 67 (February 2014): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.079.

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Harris, Kenneth D. "Hallucinations and nonsensory correlates of neural activity." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (December 2004): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04310186.

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Behrendt & Young (B&Y) suggest that hallucinations occur as a result of decoupling of neuronal populations from sensory control. I propose that such a decoupling is in fact a constant feature of brain activity, even under nonpathological conditions. This position is justified by evidence from recent neurophysiological recording studies. I suggest that hallucinations arise because of a breakdown in segregation of internally and externally generated activity in a neuronal population.

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Sturgill, Brandon, Rahul Radhakrishna, Teresa Thai, Sourav Patnaik, Jeffrey Capadona, and Joseph Pancrazio. "Characterization of Active Electrode Yield for Intracortical Arrays: Awake versus Anesthesia." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (March 20, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030480.

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Intracortical microelectrode arrays are used for recording neural signals at single-unit resolution and are promising tools for studying brain function and developing neuroprosthetics. Research is being done to increase the chronic performance and reliability of these probes, which tend to decrease or fail within several months of implantation. Although recording paradigms vary, studies focused on assessing the reliability and performance of these devices often perform recordings under anesthesia. However, anesthetics—such as isoflurane—are known to alter neural activity and electrophysiologic function. Therefore, we compared the neural recording performance under anesthesia (2% isoflurane) followed by awake conditions for probes implanted in the motor cortex of both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. While the single-unit spike rate was significantly higher by almost 600% under awake compared to anesthetized conditions, we found no difference in the active electrode yield between the two conditions two weeks after surgery. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio was greater under anesthesia due to the noise levels being nearly 50% greater in awake recordings, even though there was a 14% increase in the peak-to-peak voltage of distinguished single units when awake. We observe that these findings are similar for chronic time points as well. Our observations indicate that either anesthetized or awake recordings are acceptable for studies assessing the chronic reliability and performance of intracortical microelectrode arrays.

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Humphries, Mark D. "Dynamical networks: Finding, measuring, and tracking neural population activity using network science." Network Neuroscience 1, no. 4 (December 2017): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00020.

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Systems neuroscience is in a headlong rush to record from as many neurons at the same time as possible. As the brain computes and codes using neuron populations, it is hoped these data will uncover the fundamentals of neural computation. But with hundreds, thousands, or more simultaneously recorded neurons come the inescapable problems of visualizing, describing, and quantifying their interactions. Here I argue that network science provides a set of scalable, analytical tools that already solve these problems. By treating neurons as nodes and their interactions as links, a single network can visualize and describe an arbitrarily large recording. I show that with this description we can quantify the effects of manipulating a neural circuit, track changes in population dynamics over time, and quantitatively define theoretical concepts of neural populations such as cell assemblies. Using network science as a core part of analyzing population recordings will thus provide both qualitative and quantitative advances to our understanding of neural computation.

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Neto, Joana P., Gonçalo Lopes, João Frazão, Joana Nogueira, Pedro Lacerda, Pedro Baião, Arno Aarts, et al. "Validating silicon polytrodes with paired juxtacellular recordings: method and dataset." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2016.

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Cross-validating new methods for recording neural activity is necessary to accurately interpret and compare the signals they measure. Here we describe a procedure for precisely aligning two probes for in vivo “paired-recordings” such that the spiking activity of a single neuron is monitored with both a dense extracellular silicon polytrode and a juxtacellular micropipette. Our new method allows for efficient, reliable, and automated guidance of both probes to the same neural structure with micrometer resolution. We also describe a new dataset of paired-recordings, which is available online. We propose that our novel targeting system, and ever expanding cross-validation dataset, will be vital to the development of new algorithms for automatically detecting/sorting single-units, characterizing new electrode materials/designs, and resolving nagging questions regarding the origin and nature of extracellular neural signals.

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Nakamura, Shinya, Michael V. Baratta, Matthew B. Pomrenze, Samuel D. Dolzani, and Donald C. Cooper. "High fidelity optogenetic control of individual prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in vivo." F1000Research 1 (July 30, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-7.v1.

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Precise spatial and temporal manipulation of neural activity in specific genetically defined cell populations is now possible with the advent of optogenetics. The emerging field of optogenetics consists of a set of naturally-occurring and engineered light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g. channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g. halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity. Here we demonstrate the technique and the feasibility of using novel adeno-associated viral (AAV) tools to activate (AAV-CaMKllα-ChR2-eYFP) or silence (AAV-CaMKllα-eNpHR3.0-eYFP) neural activity of rat prefrontal cortical prelimbic (PL) pyramidal neurons in vivo. In vivo single unit extracellular recording of ChR2-transduced pyramidal neurons showed that delivery of brief (10 ms) blue (473 nm) light-pulse trains up to 20 Hz via a custom fiber optic-coupled recording electrode (optrode) induced spiking with high fidelity at 20 Hz for the duration of recording (up to two hours in some cases). To silence spontaneously active neurons, we transduced them with the NpHR construct and administered continuous green (532 nm) light to completely inhibit action potential activity for up to 10 seconds with 100% fidelity in most cases. These versatile photosensitive tools, combined with optrode recording methods, provide experimental control over activity of genetically defined neurons and can be used to investigate the functional relationship between neural activity and complex cognitive behavior.

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Huan, Yu, Jeffrey P. Gill, Johanna B. Fritzinger, Paras R. Patel, Julianna M. Richie, Elena Della Valle, James D. Weiland, Cynthia A. Chestek, and Hillel J. Chiel. "Carbon fiber electrodes for intracellular recording and stimulation." Journal of Neural Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 066033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac3dd7.

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Abstract Objective. To understand neural circuit dynamics, it is critical to manipulate and record many individual neurons. Traditional recording methods, such as glass microelectrodes, can only control a small number of neurons. More recently, devices with high electrode density have been developed, but few of them can be used for intracellular recording or stimulation in intact nervous systems. Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) are 8 µm-diameter electrodes that can be assembled into dense arrays (pitches ⩾ 80 µm). They have good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and provide stable extracellular recordings both acutely and chronically in neural tissue in vivo (e.g. rat motor cortex). The small fiber size suggests that arrays could be used for intracellular stimulation. Approach. We tested CFEs for intracellular stimulation using the large identified and electrically compact neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron cell bodies in Aplysia range from 30 µm to over 250 µm. We compared the efficacy of CFEs to glass microelectrodes by impaling the same neuron’s cell body with both electrodes and connecting them to a DC coupled amplifier. Main results. We observed that intracellular waveforms were essentially identical, but the amplitude and SNR in the CFE were lower than in the glass microelectrode. CFE arrays could record from 3 to 8 neurons simultaneously for many hours, and many of these recordings were intracellular, as shown by simultaneous glass microelectrode recordings. CFEs coated with platinum-iridium could stimulate and had stable impedances over many hours. CFEs not within neurons could record local extracellular activity. Despite the lower SNR, the CFEs could record synaptic potentials. CFEs were less sensitive to mechanical perturbations than glass microelectrodes. Significance. The ability to do stable multi-channel recording while stimulating and recording intracellularly make CFEs a powerful new technology for studying neural circuit dynamics.

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Netser, Shai, Arkadeb Dutta, and Yoram Gutfreund. "Ongoing activity in the optic tectum is correlated on a trial-by-trial basis with the pupil dilation response." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 5 (March 1, 2014): 918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00527.2013.

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The selection of the appropriate stimulus to induce an orienting response is a basic task thought to be partly achieved by tectal circuitry. Here we addressed the relationship between neural activity in the optic tectum (OT) and orienting behavioral responses. We recorded multiunit activity in the intermediate/deep layers of the OT of the barn owl simultaneously with pupil dilation responses (PDR, a well-known orienting response common to birds and mammals). A trial-by-trial analysis of the responses revealed that the PDR generally did not correlate with the evoked neural responses but significantly correlated with the rate of ongoing neural activity measured shortly before the stimulus. Following this finding, we characterized ongoing activity in the OT and showed that in the intermediate/deep layers it tended to fluctuate spontaneously. It is characterized by short periods of high ongoing activity during which the probability of a PDR to an auditory stimulus inside the receptive field is increased. These high-ongoing activity periods were correlated with increase in the power of gamma band local field potential oscillations. Through dual recordings, we showed that the correlation coefficients of ongoing activity decreased as a function of distance between recording sites in the tectal map. Significant correlations were also found between recording sites in the OT and the forebrain entopallium. Our results suggest that an increase of ongoing activity in the OT reflects an internal state during which coupling between sensory stimulation and behavioral responses increases.

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Fiáth, Richárd, Katharina T. Hofer, Vivien Csikós, Domonkos Horváth, Tibor Nánási, Kinga Tóth, Frederick Pothof, et al. "Long-term recording performance and biocompatibility of chronically implanted cylindrically-shaped, polymer-based neural interfaces." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0154.

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Abstract Stereo-electroencephalography depth electrodes, regularly implanted into drug-resistant patients with focal epilepsy to localize the epileptic focus, have a low channel count (6–12 macro- or microelectrodes), limited spatial resolution (0.5–1 cm) and large contact area of the recording sites (~mm2). Thus, they are not suited for high-density local field potential and multiunit recordings. In this paper, we evaluated the long-term electrophysiological recording performance and histocompatibility of a neural interface consisting of 32 microelectrodes providing a physical shape similar to clinical devices. The cylindrically-shaped depth probes made of polyimide (PI) were chronically implanted for 13 weeks into the brain of rats, while cortical or thalamic activity (local field potentials, single-unit and multi-unit activity) was recorded regularly to monitor the temporal change of several features of the electrophysiological performance. To examine the tissue reaction around the probe, neuron-selective and astroglia-selective immunostaining methods were applied. Stable single-unit and multi-unit activity were recorded for several weeks with the implanted depth probes and a weak or moderate tissue reaction was found around the probe track. Our data on biocompatibility presented here and in vivo experiments in non-human primates provide a strong indication that this type of neural probe can be applied in stereo-electroencephalography recordings of up to 2 weeks in humans targeting the localization of epileptic foci providing an increased spatial resolution and the ability to monitor local field potentials and neuronal spiking activity.

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Kim, Chaebin, Joonsoo Jeong, and Sung June Kim. "Recent Progress on Non-Conventional Microfabricated Probes for the Chronic Recording of Cortical Neural Activity." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 2, 2019): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051069.

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Microfabrication technology for cortical interfaces has advanced rapidly over the past few decades for electrophysiological studies and neuroprosthetic devices offering the precise recording and stimulation of neural activity in the cortex. While various cortical microelectrode arrays have been extensively and successfully demonstrated in animal and clinical studies, there remains room for further improvement of the probe structure, materials, and fabrication technology, particularly for high-fidelity recording in chronic implantation. A variety of non-conventional probes featuring unique characteristics in their designs, materials and fabrication methods have been proposed to address the limitations of the conventional standard shank-type (“Utah-” or “Michigan-” type) devices. Such non-conventional probes include multi-sided arrays to avoid shielding and increase recording volumes, mesh- or thread-like arrays for minimized glial scarring and immune response, tube-type or cylindrical probes for three-dimensional (3D) recording and multi-modality, folded arrays for high conformability and 3D recording, self-softening or self-deployable probes for minimized tissue damage and extensions of the recording sites beyond gliosis, nanostructured probes to reduce the immune response, and cone-shaped electrodes for promoting tissue ingrowth and long-term recording stability. Herein, the recent progress with reference to the many different types of non-conventional arrays is reviewed while highlighting the challenges to be addressed and the microfabrication techniques necessary to implement such features.

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Williams, Brice, Anderson Speed, and Bilal Haider. "A novel device for real-time measurement and manipulation of licking behavior in head-fixed mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00500.2018.

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The mouse has become an influential model system for investigating the mammalian nervous system. Technologies in mice enable recording and manipulation of neural circuits during tasks where they respond to sensory stimuli by licking for liquid rewards. Precise monitoring of licking during these tasks provides an accessible metric of sensory-motor processing, particularly when combined with simultaneous neural recordings. There are several challenges in designing and implementing lick detectors during head-fixed neurophysiological experiments in mice. First, mice are small, and licking behaviors are easily perturbed or biased by large sensors. Second, neural recordings during licking are highly sensitive to electrical contact artifacts. Third, submillisecond lick detection latencies are required to generate control signals that manipulate neural activity at appropriate time scales. Here we designed, characterized, and implemented a contactless dual-port device that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior. We first determined the optimal characteristics of our detector through design iteration and then quantified device performance under ideal conditions. We then tested performance during head-fixed mouse behavior with simultaneous neural recordings in vivo. We finally demonstrate our device’s ability to detect directional licks and generate appropriate control signals in real time to rapidly suppress licking behavior via closed-loop inhibition of neural activity. Our dual-port detector is cost effective and easily replicable, and it should enable a wide variety of applications probing the neural circuit basis of sensory perception, motor action, and learning in normal and transgenic mouse models. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice readily learn tasks in which they respond to sensory cues by licking for liquid rewards; tasks that involve multiple licking responses allow study of neural circuits underlying decision making and sensory-motor integration. Here we design, characterize, and implement a novel dual-port lick detector that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior, enabling simultaneous neural recording and closed-loop manipulation of licking.

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Wang, Haochuan, Qian Ma, Keming Chen, Hanqing Zhang, Yinyan Yang, Nenggan Zheng, and Hui Hong. "An Ultra-Low-Noise, Low Power and Miniaturized Dual-Channel Wireless Neural Recording Microsystem." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080613.

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As the basic tools for neuroscience research, invasive neural recording devices can obtain high-resolution neuronal activity signals through electrodes connected to the subject’s brain. Existing wireless neural recording devices are large in size or need external large-scale equipment for wireless power supply, which limits their application. Here, we developed an ultra-low-noise, low power and miniaturized dual-channel wireless neural recording microsystem. With the full-differential front-end structure of the dual operational amplifiers (op-amps), the noise level and power consumption are notably reduced. The hierarchical microassembly technology, which integrates wafer-level packaged op-amps and the miniaturized Bluetooth module, dramatically reduces the size of the wireless neural recording microsystem. The microsystem shows a less than 100 nV/Hz ultra-low noise level, about 10 mW low power consumption, and 9 × 7 × 5 mm3 small size. The neural recording ability was then demonstrated in saline and a chronic rat model. Because of its miniaturization, it can be applied to freely behaving small animals, such as rats. Its features of ultra-low noise and high bandwidth are conducive to low-amplitude neural signal recording, which may help advance neuroscientific discovery.

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Liu, Shijia, and Sung Han. "Simultaneous recording of breathing and neural activity in awake behaving mice." STAR Protocols 3, no. 2 (June 2022): 101412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101412.

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Jun, James J., Nicholas A. Steinmetz, Joshua H. Siegle, Daniel J. Denman, Marius Bauza, Brian Barbarits, Albert K. Lee, et al. "Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity." Nature 551, no. 7679 (November 9, 2017): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24636.

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Lu, Rong-Wen, Qiu-Xiang Zhang, and Xin-Cheng Yao. "Circular polarization intrinsic optical signal recording of stimulus-evoked neural activity." Optics Letters 36, no. 10 (May 11, 2011): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.001866.

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Moldovan, Carmen, V. Ilian, Ghe Constantin, Rodica Iosub, M. Modreanu, Ioana Dinoiu, B. Firtat, and C. Voitincu. "Micromachining of a silicon multichannel microprobe for neural electrical activity recording." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 99, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00901-3.

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Pickard, R. S., P. Wall, M. Ubeid, G. Ensell, and K. H. Leong. "Recording neural activity in the honeybee brain with micromachined silicon sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 1, no. 1-6 (January 1990): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(90)80249-y.

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Inagaki, Shigenori, and Takeharu Nagai. "Current progress in genetically encoded voltage indicators for neural activity recording." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 33 (August 2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.023.

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Guo, Yichuan, Zhiqiang Fang, Mingde Du, Long Yang, Leihou Shao, Xiaorui Zhang, Li Li, et al. "Flexible and biocompatible nanopaper-based electrode arrays for neural activity recording." Nano Research 11, no. 10 (February 9, 2018): 5604–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2005-0.

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Libbrecht, Sarah, Luis Hoffman, Marleen Welkenhuysen, Chris Van den Haute, Veerle Baekelandt, Dries Braeken, and Sebastian Haesler. "Proximal and distal modulation of neural activity by spatially confined optogenetic activation with an integrated high-density optoelectrode." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00888.2017.

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Optogenetic manipulations are widely used for investigating the contribution of genetically identified cell types to behavior. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings are less common, although they are critical for characterizing the specific impact of optogenetic manipulations on neural circuits in vivo. This is at least in part because combining photostimulation with large-scale electrophysiological recordings remains technically challenging, which also poses a limitation for performing extracellular identification experiments. Currently available interfaces that guide light of the appropriate wavelength into the brain combined with an electrophysiological modality suffer from various drawbacks such as a bulky size, low spatial resolution, heat dissipation, or photovoltaic artifacts. To address these challenges, we have designed and fabricated an integrated ultrathin neural interface with 12 optical outputs and 24 electrodes. We used the device to measure the effect of localized stimulation in the anterior olfactory cortex, a paleocortical structure involved in olfactory processing. Our experiments in adult mice demonstrate that because of its small dimensions, our novel tool causes far less tissue damage than commercially available devices. Moreover, optical stimulation and recording can be performed simultaneously, with no measurable electrical artifact during optical stimulation. Importantly, optical stimulation can be confined to small volumes with approximately single-cortical layer thickness. Finally, we find that even highly localized optical stimulation causes inhibition at more distant sites. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we establish a novel tool for simultaneous extracellular recording and optogenetic photostimulation. Because the device is built using established microchip technology, it can be fabricated with high reproducibility and reliability. We further show that even very localized stimulation affects neural firing far beyond the stimulation site. This demonstrates the difficulty in predicting circuit-level effects of optogenetic manipulations and highlights the importance of closely monitoring neural activity in optogenetic experiments.

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Wei, Weichen, and Xuejiao Wang. "Graphene-Based Electrode Materials for Neural Activity Detection." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 6170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206170.

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The neural electrode technique is a powerful tool for monitoring and regulating neural activity, which has a wide range of applications in basic neuroscience and the treatment of neurological diseases. Constructing a high-performance electrode–nerve interface is required for the long-term stable detection of neural signals by electrodes. However, conventional neural electrodes are mainly fabricated from rigid materials that do not match the mechanical properties of soft neural tissues, thus limiting the high-quality recording of neuroelectric signals. Meanwhile, graphene-based nanomaterials can form stable electrode–nerve interfaces due to their high conductivity, excellent flexibility, and biocompatibility. In this literature review, we describe various graphene-based electrodes and their potential application in neural activity detection. We also discuss the biological safety of graphene neural electrodes, related challenges, and their prospects.

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Zhang, Chaoxing, Teresa H. Wen, Khaleel A. Razak, Jiajia Lin, Edgar Villafana, Hector Jimenez, and Huinan Liu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Biodegradable Metal Based Microelectrodes for In Vivo Neural Recording." MRS Advances 4, no. 46-47 (2019): 2471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.302.

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ABSTRACT:Neural electrodes have been widely used to monitor neural signals and/or deliver electrical stimulation in the brain. Currently, biodegradable and biocompatible materials have been actively investigated to create temporary electrodes that could degrade after serving their functions for neural recording and stimulation from days to months. The new class of biodegradable electrodes eliminate the necessity of secondary surgery for electrode removal. In this study, we created biodegradable, biocompatible, and implantable magnesium (Mg)-based microelectrodes for in vivo neural recording for the first time. Specifically, conductive poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) was first deposited onto Mg microwire substrates by electrochemical deposition, and a biodegradable insulating polymer was subsequently sprayed onto the surface of electrodes. The tip of electrodes was designed to be conductive for neural recording and stimulation, while the rest of electrodes was insulated with a polymer that is biocompatible with neural tissue. The impedance of Mg-based microelectrodes and their performance during neural recording in the auditory cortex of a mouse were studied. The results first demonstrated the capability of Mg-based microelectrodes for in vivo recording of multi-unit stimulus-evoked activity in the brain.

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Roth, Bradley J. "Can MRI Be Used as a Sensor to Record Neural Activity?" Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031337.

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Magnetic resonance provides exquisite anatomical images and functional MRI monitors physiological activity by recording blood oxygenation. This review attempts to answer the following question: Can MRI be used as a sensor to directly record neural behavior? It considers MRI sensing of electrical activity in the heart and in peripheral nerves before turning to the central topic: recording of brain activity. The primary hypothesis is that bioelectric current produced by a nerve or muscle creates a magnetic field that influences the magnetic resonance signal, although other mechanisms for detection are also considered. Recent studies have provided evidence that using MRI to sense neural activity is possible under ideal conditions. Whether it can be used routinely to provide functional information about brain processes in people remains an open question. The review concludes with a survey of artificial intelligence techniques that have been applied to functional MRI and may be appropriate for MRI sensing of neural activity.

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Snellings, André, Oren Sagher, David J. Anderson, and J. Wayne Aldridge. "Identification of the subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation surgery with a novel wavelet-derived measure of neural background activity." Journal of Neurosurgery 111, no. 4 (October 2009): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.11.jns08392.

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Object The authors developed a wavelet-based measure for quantitative assessment of neural background activity during intraoperative neurophysiological recordings so that the boundaries of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can be more easily localized for electrode implantation. Methods Neural electrophysiological data were recorded in 14 patients (20 tracks and 275 individual recording sites) with dopamine-sensitive idiopathic Parkinson disease during the target localization portion of deep brain stimulator implantation surgery. During intraoperative recording, the STN was identified based on audio and visual monitoring of neural firing patterns, kinesthetic tests, and comparisons between neural behavior and the known characteristics of the target nucleus. The quantitative wavelet-based measure was applied offline using commercially available software to measure the magnitude of the neural background activity, and the results of this analysis were compared with the intraoperative conclusions. Wavelet-derived estimates were also compared with power spectral density measurements. Results The wavelet-derived background levels were significantly higher in regions encompassed by the clinically estimated boundaries of the STN than in the surrounding regions (STN, 225 ± 61 μV; ventral to the STN, 112 ± 32 μV; and dorsal to the STN, 136 ± 66 μV). In every track, the absolute maximum magnitude was found within the clinically identified STN. The wavelet-derived background levels provided a more consistent index with less variability than measurements with power spectral density. Conclusions Wavelet-derived background activity can be calculated quickly, does not require spike sorting, and can be used to identify the STN reliably with very little subjective interpretation required. This method may facilitate the rapid intraoperative identification of STN borders.

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Vidruk, E. H., and R. Sorkness. "Circumsinus branch: a convenient source of baro- and chemoreceptor activity in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1384.

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We found a branch of the carotid sinus nerve in 44 of 48 dogs. We propose that this branch be referred to as the “circumsinus” branch of the carotid sinus nerve. Both chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity were detected in this branch during electrophysiological recording efforts utilizing classic nerve recording techniques. Its convenient location permits whole nerve or single unit recording without having to transect, dissect, or even expose the carotid sinus nerve. Carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity can be monitored with most of the carotid bifurcation's neural pathways intact.

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Pancrazio and Cogan. "Editorial for the Special Issue on Neural Electrodes: Design and Applications." Micromachines 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070466.

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Mukherjee, Didhiti, Alex J. Yonk, Greta Sokoloff, and Mark S. Blumberg. "Wakefulness suppresses retinal wave-related neural activity in visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 1190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00264.2017.

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By recording in visual cortex in unanesthetized infant rats, we show that neural activity attributable to retinal waves is specifically suppressed when pups spontaneously awaken or are experimentally aroused. These findings suggest that the relatively abundant sleep of early development plays a permissive functional role for the visual system. It follows, then, that biological or environmental factors that disrupt sleep may interfere with the development of these neural networks.

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Saxena, Rajat, Warsha Barde, and Sachin S. Deshmukh. "Inexpensive, scalable camera system for tracking rats in large spaces." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00215.2018.

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Most studies of neural correlates of spatial navigation are restricted to small arenas (≤1 m2) because of the limits imposed by the recording cables. New wireless recording systems have a larger recording range. However, these neuronal recording systems lack the ability to track animals in large area, constraining the size of the arena. We developed and benchmarked an open-source, scalable multicamera tracking system based on low-cost hardware. This “Picamera system” was used in combination with a wireless recording system for characterizing neural correlates of space in environments of sizes up to 16.5 m2. The Picamera system showed substantially better temporal accuracy than a popular commercial system. An explicit comparison of one camera from the Picamera system with a camera from the commercial system showed improved accuracy in estimating spatial firing characteristics and head direction tuning of neurons. This improved temporal accuracy is crucial for accurately aligning videos from multiple cameras in large spaces and characterizing spatially modulated cells in a large environment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies of neural correlates of space are limited to biologically unrealistically small spaces by neural recording and position tracking hardware. We developed a camera system capable of tracking animals in large spaces at a high temporal accuracy. Together with the new wireless recording systems, this system facilitates the study of neural correlates of space at biologically relevant scale. This increased temporal accuracy of tracking also improves the estimates of spatiotemporal correlates of neural activity.

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Dehnen, Gert, Marcel S. Kehl, Alana Darcher, Tamara T. Müller, Jakob H. Macke, Valeri Borger, Rainer Surges, and Florian Mormann. "Duplicate Detection of Spike Events: A Relevant Problem in Human Single-Unit Recordings." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060761.

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Single-unit recordings in the brain of behaving human subjects provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of neural mechanisms of cognition. These recordings are exclusively performed in medical centers during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The presence of medical instruments along with other aspects of the hospital environment limit the control of electrical noise compared to animal laboratory environments. Here, we highlight the problem of an increased occurrence of simultaneous spike events on different recording channels in human single-unit recordings. Most of these simultaneous events were detected in clusters previously labeled as artifacts and showed similar waveforms. These events may result from common external noise sources or from different micro-electrodes recording activity from the same neuron. To address the problem of duplicate recorded events, we introduce an open-source algorithm to identify these artificial spike events based on their synchronicity and waveform similarity. Applying our method to a comprehensive dataset of human single-unit recordings, we demonstrate that our algorithm can substantially increase the data quality of these recordings. Given our findings, we argue that future studies of single-unit activity recorded under noisy conditions should employ algorithms of this kind to improve data quality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neural activity recording'

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