Relevant bibliographies by topics / Network safety assessments

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Network safety assessments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Network safety assessments"

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Budzyński, Marcin, Jacek Szmagliński, Kazimierz Jamroz, Krystian Birr, Sławomir Grulkowski, and Joanna Wachnicka. "Assessing Tram Infrastructure Safety Using the Example of the City of Gdańsk." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0060.

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Abstract Analysis of Gdańsk tram network statistics shows that incidents are quite frequent (about 650 within five years) and mostly involve collisions and crashes. As well as reducing the tram systems’ efficiency and reliability, incidents have a negative effect on road safety. As Polish cities extend their tram networks, they must also ensure that their existing networks are safe. This is to be achieved by conducting safety assessments. The article presents different assessment methods, at different stages of tram infrastructure lifecycle, providing a basis for a comprehensive diagnosis and recommendations for improvement. The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive safety assessment and analysis of the existing and planned tram network across Gdańsk, using different study methods and tools.
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Mäkelä, Marjukka, Minna Kaila, and Ken Stein. "Mind sharpeners for scientists: The EQUATOR Network." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 27, no. 2 (March 24, 2011): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462311000158.

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Scientific reports should be orderly, clear, and unambiguous. Clarity is even more important for health technology assessments (HTAs), which aim at supplying reliable and up-to-date evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and cost of healthcare interventions. Increasingly assessments also provide information about the effects of technologies on organization of care, as well as relevant legal, social, and ethical considerations.
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Mundy, Linda, Tracy L. Merlin, Adriana Parrella, Wendy J. Babidge, Dianne E. Roberts, and Janet E. Hiller. "The Australia and New Zealand Horizon Scanning Network." Australian Health Review 29, no. 4 (2005): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050395.

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UP UNTIL 1982, new health technologies, procedures or services were introduced into the health system in an uncontrolled, unregulated manner. This had the potential for wide-ranging impact on the public health care system including ballooning costs, a lack of preparedness by training and accreditation organisations, and consequent patient safety concerns. Health technology assessment was introduced into Australia in 1982 when the National Health Technology Assessment Panel was formed. This original panel has undergone numerous name changes and evolved into the Australian Government-funded Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC).1 The primary role of the MSAC is to inform the Federal Minister for Health and Ageing on the safety, effectiveness and costeffectiveness of new medical technologies and procedures using the available evidence.2 Assessments of the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these technologies may occur only after the technology has diffused and is practised widely.3 Early identification of such technologies may avoid the detrimental consequences of their indiscriminate introduction and could result in the adoption of beneficial and cost-effective technologies and the elimination of technologies that are unsafe or for which there is no evidence of cost-effectiveness.4
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Budzyński, Marcin, Kazimierz Jamroz, and Wojciech Kustra. "Road safety inspection as a tool for road safety management – the polish experience." Journal of KONBiN 42, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2017-0017.

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Abstract In Poland, road inspections were implemented in June 2014 on all national roads. Previous traffic surveys mainly looked at the technical condition of roads, signs and markings; other safety issues were overlooked. The main problem of the inspections is that the qualitative assessment is subjective which affects the classification of the sources of hazard on the road. The paper presents an analysis of the variability of the qualitative assessments of road defects when they are assessed by different teams of inspectors. On this basis, guidelines were developed for the classification of risks based on the relationship between sources of road hazard and the personal and economic losses involved in road accidents. These relationships are quantified using mathematical models to simulate the effect of hazard variability on the consequences of selected road accident causes on sections of the road network.
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Heijer, C. (Kees) Den, Dirk T. J. A. Knipping, Nathaniel G. Plant, Jaap S. M. Van Thiel de Vries, Fedor Baart, and Pieter H. A. J. M. Van Gelder. "IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EXTREME STORM EVENTS USING A BAYESIAN NETWORK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.4.

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This paper describes an investigation on the usefulness of Bayesian Networks in the safety assessment of dune coasts. A network has been created that predicts the erosion volume based on hydraulic boundary conditions and a number of cross-shore profile indicators. Field measurement data along a large part of the Dutch coast has been used to train the network. Corresponding storm impact on the dunes was calculated with an empirical dune erosion model named duros+. Comparison between the Bayesian Network predictions and the original duros+ results, here considered as observations, results in a skill up to 0.88, provided that the training data covers the range of predictions. Hence, the predictions from a deterministic model (duros+) can be captured in a probabilistic model (Bayesian Network) such that both the process knowledge and uncertainties can be included in impact and vulnerability assessments.
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Zhu, Baikang, Xu Yang, Jun Wang, Chuanhui Shao, Fei Li, Bingyuan Hong, Debin Song, and Jian Guo. "Third-Party Damage Model of a Natural Gas Pipeline Based on a Bayesian Network." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 6067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166067.

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Natural gas plays an important role in the transition from fossil fuels to new energy sources. With the expansion of pipeline networks, there are also problems with the safety of pipeline network operations in the process of transportation. Among them, third-party damage is a key factor affecting the safety of pipelines. In this paper, the risk factors of third-party damage are analyzed, and an evaluation model of natural gas pipeline damage is established using the GeNIe Modeler. Through Bayesian network reverse reasoning and a maximum cause chain analysis from the four aspects of personnel, environment, management, and equipment, it was found that the top five factors that have significant influence on third-party damage, are safety investment, the completeness of equipment, safety inspection frequency, the management of residents along the pipeline, and safety performance, with the posteriori probability in the model of 97.3%, 95.4%, 95.2%, 95.1%, 95.1%, respectively. Consequently, it is necessary for pipeline operation companies to secure investment on safety, to make sure that the safety equipment (system) works and is in a good condition, to maintain the safety inspection frequency in an organization, to build a management system for residents along the pipeline, and to conduct routine safety performance assessments accordingly.
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Li, Mengchu, and Jingchun Wang. "Intelligent Recognition of Safety Risk in Metro Engineering Construction Based on BP Neural Network." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587027.

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With the rapid development of urban economy, the development of urban rail transit is becoming more and more rapid. As an energy-saving, land-saving, and environment-friendly green travel mode, the subway provides realistic and feasible solutions to the increasingly prominent traffic environment and other urban diseases in our country and brings a booming development in the subway construction industry with efforts to promote and build in many large cities. For a large number of subway constructions, it is particularly important to judge the construction safety status in time during the entire safety management process. Regularly conducting safety risk assessments on subway construction status can accurately predict and judge the types of accidents that occur. In order to solve the current safety risk assessment problems in the process of subway construction in our country, this paper is based on the BP neural network to intelligently identify the safety risks of subway construction, choosing from three aspects: human factors, management factors, and risk factors. We evaluate the construction safety of subway projects under construction through the model, predict the types of accidents that may occur, so that the construction unit can take corresponding preventive and improvement measures, improve the relevant safety technology of subway construction in a targeted manner, and propose corresponding reductions. We provide suggestions and measures for risk probability, to ensure that the construction unit discovers the danger in time and takes safety measures. The rectification measures provided theoretical basis and guidance.
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Hu, Jun, Xuecai Xie, Xueming Shu, Shifei Shen, Xiaoyong Ni, and Lei Zhang. "Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315689.

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The specific risk assessment of informal settlements (IS) is important for the management of IS and protection of environmental safety and public health. In this paper, we introduced the different types of IS in China, and conducted the fire risk assessment on 26 burning buildings in these IS, providing a semi-quantitative and scenario fire risk perception of IS in China for the readers. Two methods, the risk index and the Bayesian network, are proposed and adopted for the fire risk assessment in IS. First, a risk index system with a total of 69 factors is used to assess the degree of fire risk of buildings in IS semi-quantitatively, and the result shows that fire equipment and fire safety management on IS are seriously lacking. Then, a Bayesian network of building fire risk with a total of 66 nodes was established to assess the fire risk from ignition to spread as well as the safety evacuation. Overall, the possibility of ignition is high, but due to the role of fire equipment and fire protection design, the possibilities of fire from ignition to spread is gradually reduced. Finally, we also put forward some feasible suggestions for occupants in IS, community organizations and emergency managers to reduce the fire risk from the aspects of fire equipment and fire safety management.
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Chen, Haoran. "A Contrastive Analysis of Classroom-Based Language Assessments." English Language Teaching 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n5p110.

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Classroom-based language assessments mainly include formative assessment and summative assessment, which are the most commonly used evaluation methods. The present study adopts a contrastive method to analyze the two types of assessments. Results of the study show that: 1) the characteristics of formative assessment contain teachers’ adaptation to classes and immediate feedback provided for teachers, while summative assessment, as a high-risk one, needs a high standard control and safety for dependability and effectiveness; 2) formative assessment is suitable for any places with multiple standards for the judgement of learners’ achievements while summative assessment evaluates the educational effect or the whole process of special education at a certain time point, and both assessments can always be conducted on network platforms nowadays; 3) evidence and interpretation are taken into consideration in formative assessment and summative assessment respectively while the two types of assessment complement each other for the related teaching goals; 4) more attention may be paid to both assessment for learning (AfL) and assessment as learning (AaL) in the future development of assessment. The contrastive study is expected to provide a reference for classroom-based language teaching and learning.
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Pakoksung, Kwanchai, Anawat Suppasri, Panon Latcharote, Abdul Muhari, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Global Tsunami Risk Assessment: Collaboration Between Industry and Academia in the Willis Research Network (WRN)." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 7 (December 1, 2018): 1272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1272.

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We present outcomes of our collaborative research between tsunami engineering laboratory, Tohoku University and the Willis Research Network (WRN) on global tsunami risk assessment since 2010. First we assessed tsunami hazards in Indian Ocean and west Pacific from major earthquakes based on historical records. After the 2011 Japan tsunami, various kind of fragility functions were developed for human casualty, buildings, marine vessels, etc based on the actual data. Especially, detailed tsunami hazard assessments were performed in many areas using fine bathymetry and topography data all over Japan including hazards from the worst case tsunamigenic earthquakes provided by central government and local governments in Hokkaido, Japan Sea and Nankai Trough. These results from the detailed hazard and vulnerability assessment were used for detailed tsunami risk in Japan. The Willis’s Japan tsunami model was then first released in December 2014. The model have been updating based on the updated or revised tsunami sources model and fragility functions. Detailed tsunami hazards from potential tsunami events in the Bay of Bengal, South China Sea and some parts of Indonesia were also performed in 2014. In October 2016, our contribution on the historical and future tsunami hazard assessment in global scale based on historical records over the last 400 years was conducted as an activity to increase tsunami awareness as part of World Tsunami Awareness Day. The current activities are to extend the target areas in Japan to Okinawa and assessing disaster risk reduction based on the present and planned tsunami countermeasures. We present the outcomes of the collaborative research done since 2010 by the Tsunami Engineering Laboratory of Tohoku University and the Willis Research Network (WRN) on global tsunami risk assessment. First, we assessed, based on historical records, the tsunami hazards in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific from major earthquakes. Since the 2011 Japan tsunami, various kinds of fragility functions have been developed for human casualties, buildings, marine vessels, etc., based on the actual data. Detailed tsunami hazard assessments have been performed in many areas of Japan using fine bathymetry and topography data from all over Japan, including data on hazards from the worst-case tsunamigenic earthquakes. These data have been provided by the Cabinet Office, Japan. The results from the detailed hazard and vulnerability assessments were used for detailed tsunami risk assessments in Japan. The Willis Japan tsunami model was then released in December 2014. The model has been updated based on the updated or revised tsunami source model and fragility functions. Detailed tsunami hazards from potential tsunami events in the Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, and some parts of Indonesia were also performed in 2014. In October 2016, our contribution to the historical and future tsunami hazard assessment on a global scale based on historical records over the last 400 years was conducted as an activity to increase tsunami awareness as part of World Tsunami Awareness Day. The current activities are to extend the target areas in Japan to Okinawa and to assess the disaster risk reduction based on the present and planned tsunami countermeasures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Network safety assessments"

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BONERA, MICHELA. "Risk-based network-wide road safety assessment. A new methodological approach." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11379/555156.

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Nonostante la rete stradale europea sia tra le più sicure al mondo, le esternalità dovute all’incidentalità stradale risultano ancora troppo elevate, tanto che gli obiettivi di sicurezza stradale fissati per il 2020 non sono stati raggiunti. Il processo di Gestione della Sicurezza delle Infra-strutture Stradali (GSIS) mira a valutare, monitorare e migliorare le prestazioni di sicurezza di una rete stradale, durante il suo intero ciclo di vita. Nello specifico, la valutazione della sicurezza di rete rappresenta il primo passo dell'intero processo, e viene applicata su larga scala per individuarne quei segmenti più critici che richiedono ulteriori indagini. Recentemente, la Commissione Europea ha aggiornato la precedente direttiva GSIS (96/2008/EC) e ne ha ampliato il campo di applicazione oltre la rete Transeuropea (TEN-T), introducendo, secondo un approccio proattivo, un processo di valutazione della sicurezza a livello di rete basato sul rischio oltre alla mappatura di tali rischi. Tuttavia, non è stata fornita alcuna indicazione metodologica riguardo come eseguire tale procedura, di cui è invece prevista la realizzazione da parte degli Stati Membri entro il 2024. La valutazione della sicurezza di rete rappresenta il punto di partenza per lo sviluppo della nuova procedura basata sul rischio. Tuttavia, nonostante i numerosi ed importanti contributi forniti dagli studi precedenti sul tema, sia a livello teorico che pratico, analizzando la letteratura scientifica, rimangono alcune limitazioni. Ad esempio, l’efficacia dei metodi di segmentazione della rete stradale disponibili dipendono fortemente dalla disponibilità di un’informazione accurata riguardo la localizzazione degli incidenti. Non è stata ancora definita una formulazione strutturata e comune per la misura del rischio di incidente stradale (i.e., la combinazione di probabilità di accadi-mento, severità ed esposizione). In merito, solo pochi studi hanno cercato di formalizzare un'ana-lisi basata sul rischio, che tuttavia hanno permesso di spiegare solo in parte il fenomeno. Infine, i metodi di classificazione più utilizzati sono basati su soglie fisse, anziché su una scala di classificazione multilivello. La ricerca vuole proporre un nuovo approccio metodologico per la valutazione della sicurezza stradale a livello di rete, basato su un’analisi del rischio di incidente stradale. In particolare, par-tendo dalla struttura generale della valutazione della sicurezza di rete e applicando la definizione di rischio (i.e., combinazione di accadimento, severità ed esposizione di incidente) viene delineata una procedura operativa e flessibile. Essa integra le diverse fonti informative e restituisce la valutazione dell’intera rete stradale. Tale valutazione è svolta mediante un modello di previsione del rischio di incidente stradale, che stima separatamente tutte le tre componenti del rischio. Il risultato principale è l'identificazione degli elementi più critici della rete, attraverso la restituzione di mappe di rischio basate su una scala di classificazione a cinque livelli. Inoltre, essa è concepita in conformità con le indicazioni dello Standard ISO 39001:2012, al fine di facilitarne l’applicazione e di accedere ad un processo di certificazione. Per valutarne applicabilità ed efficacia, la metodologia proposta è stata testata sulla rete stradale principale della Provincia di Brescia (Regione Lombardia - Italia), che rappresenta un caso di stu-dio emblematico. Inoltre, è stato proposto un confronto con le formulazioni di rischio alternative desunte dagli studi precedenti per capirne le differenze. I risultati hanno evidenziato le potenziali-tà della metodologia proposta, la sua ampia adattabilità e facile interpretabilità. Inoltre, ha con-sentito l'identificazione di segmenti critici della rete che le altre procedure di valutazione non so-no state in grado di rilevare.
Although EU roads are among the safest in the world, the burden of road crashes is still too high, so that the road safety targets set for 2020 were far from being achieved. Road Infrastructure Safety Management (RISM) procedures aim at evaluating, monitoring, and improving the safety performance of the road network, over its whole life cycle. Specifically, Road Network Screening (RNS) is the first step of the procedure, and it is applied to a wide scale to identify those most critical segments that require further investigation. Recently, the European Commission has updated the former RISM Directive (2008/96/EC) and expanded its scope beyond the TEN-T Network, by specifically upgrading the RNS procedure (Art. 5). More precisely, according to a proac-tive approach, a risk-based network-wide safety assessment and a risk mapping have been introduced. However, no technical nor methodological specification has been provided on how to perform such tasks, which are mandated to the Member States by 2024. RNS represents the starting point for developing the new risk-based assessment procedure. However, despite the valuable insights provided by previous research on such topic at the theoretical and practical level, looking thoroughly at the past literature some gaps persist. For instance, available road network segmentation methods strongly depend on the availability of accurate spatial crash locations to work properly. A structured and common formulation of road crash risk (i.e., the combination of crash occurrence, severity, and exposure) was not clearly found. Indeed, just a handful of studies tried to formalise a risk-based analysis, which however was just partially explained. Finally, most used ranking methods rely on a fixed threshold, instead of a multi-level ranking scale. The present research aims at providing practitioners and road safety authorities with a flexible and easy-to-apply scheme that supports their work and responds to the new EU requirements. More precisely, it proposes a new methodological approach for the implementation of a risk-based network-wide road safety assessment. Building on the basic procedure of the RNS and applying the widely shared definition of risk (i.e., the combination of crash occurrence, severity, and exposure), an operational and flexible framework is devised, which integrates different raw data sources (i.e., road infrastructure, operational, environmental and context characteristics) and returns an evaluation of an entire road network. Specifically, the evaluation is performed through a road crash risk prediction model, in which all the risk components are estimated separately: road crash occurrence probability and road crash severity by mean of a binomial logit model, and crash exposure factor (i.e., traffic volumes) by mean of a multiple linear regression model. The identification of the most critical segment of the network is the main expected output, which is obtained by developing risk maps based on a five-levels ranking scale. Moreover, it is devised in compliance with the ISO 39001:2012 Standards, to facilitate the whole process and enables for qualification. To assess its applicability and effectiveness, the proposed methodology is tested over the main road network of the Province of Brescia (Lombardy Region - Italy), which represent an emblematic case study. Furthermore, it is compared to the alternative risk formulations retrieved from previous studies. Results highlighted the potential of the proposed methodology, its wide adaptability and easy interpretability. Furthermore, it allows the identification of critical segments of the net-work that the other assessment procedures are not able to detect.
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Björkman, Peter. "Probabilistic Safety Assessment using Quantitative Analysis Techniques : Application in the Heavy Automotive Industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-163262.

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Safety is considered as one of the most important areas in future research and development within the automotive industry. New functionality, such as driver support and active/passive safety systems are examples where development mainly focuses on safety. At the same time, the trend is towards more complex systems, increased software dependence and an increasing amount of sensors and actuators, resulting in a higher risk associated with software and hardware failures. In the area of functional safety, standards such as ISO 26262 assess safety mainly focusing on qualitative assessment techniques, whereas usage of quantitative techniques is a growing area in academic research. This thesis considers the field functional safety, with the emphasis on how hardware and software failure probabilities can be used to quantitatively assess safety of a system/function. More specifically, this thesis presents a method for quantitative safety assessment using Bayesian networks for probabilistic modeling. Since the safety standard ISO 26262 is becoming common in the automotive industry, the developed method is adjusted to use information gathered when implementing this standard. Continuing the discussion about safety, a method for modeling faults and failures using Markov models is presented. These models connect to the previous developed Bayesian network and complete the quantitative safety assessment. Furthermore, the potential for implementing the discussed models in the Modelica language is investigated, aiming to find out if models such as these could be useful in practice to simplify design work, in order to meet future safety goals.
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Egilmez, Gokhan. "Road Safety Assessment of U.S. States: A Joint Frontier and Neural Network ModelingApproach." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1374854708.

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Song, Weilian. "Image-Based Roadway Assessment Using Convolutional Neural Networks." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/78.

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Road crashes are one of the main causes of death in the United States. To reduce the number of accidents, roadway assessment programs take a proactive approach, collecting data and identifying high-risk roads before crashes occur. However, the cost of data acquisition and manual annotation has restricted the effect of these programs. In this thesis, we propose methods to automate the task of roadway safety assessment using deep learning. Specifically, we trained convolutional neural networks on publicly available roadway images to predict safety-related metrics: the star rating score and free-flow speed. Inference speeds for our methods are mere milliseconds, enabling large-scale roadway study at a fraction of the cost of manual approaches.
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Maturana, Marcos Coelho. "Aplicação de Redes Bayesianas na análise da contribuição do erro humano em acidentes de colisão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-11082010-165909/.

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Recentemente, na indústria naval, a normatização por sociedades classificadoras e pela IMO (International Maritime Organization) tem apresentado uma mudança paulatina, migrando dos procedimentos prescritivos para uma estrutura regulatória baseada em risco. Tal perspectiva oferece algumas vantagens para operadores e armadores (empresas que exploram comercialmente as embarcações): 1) maior capacidade de incorporar projetos inovadores, tecnicamente superiores, a custos aceitáveis; 2) maior confiança quanto à segurança; 3) melhor entendimento de eventos de periculosidade, dos riscos enfrentados em novos projetos e de medidas de mitigação. Especificamente no setor petrolífero, a análise, a avaliação e o gerenciamento de risco são vitais, em face da potencial gravidade dos acidentes no que diz respeito à vida humana, ao meio-ambiente e ao patrimônio. Dado que a maior parte dos acidentes nesta área são motivados por fatores humanos, o propósito deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia e técnicas eficientes de análise de confiabilidade humana aplicáveis a esta indústria. Durante as últimas décadas, se desenvolveram várias técnicas para o estudo quantitativo da confiabilidade humana. Na década de oitenta foram desenvolvidas técnicas que modelam o sistema por meio de árvores binárias, não permitindo a representação do contexto em que as ações humanas ocorrem. Desta forma, a representação dos indivíduos, suas inter-relações e a dinâmica do sistema não podem ser bem trabalhadas pela aplicação destas técnicas. Estas questões tornaram latente a necessidade de aprimoramento dos métodos utilizados para a HRA (Human Reliability Analysis). No intuito de extinguir, ou ao menos atenuar, estas limitações alguns autores vêm propondo a modelagem do sistema por meio de Redes Bayesianas. Espera-se que a aplicação desta ferramenta consiga suprimir boa parte das deficiências na modelagem da ação humana com o uso de árvores binárias. Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição da aplicação de Redes Bayesianas na HRA. Além disto, apresenta a aplicação desta técnica no estudo da operação de um navio petroleiro, tendo como foco a quantificação da contribuição do fator humano em cenários de colisão. Por fim, são feitas considerações a respeito dos fatores que podem influenciar no desempenho humano e no risco de colisão.
Recently, in the naval industry, the normalization of classification societies and IMO (International Maritime Organization) has presented a gradual change, going from prescriptive procedures to a regulatory structure based on risk. That perspective offers some advantages to operators and constructors: 1) greater capacity to incorporate innovations in design, technically superiors, at acceptable cost; 2) greater confidence as to security; 3) better understanding of hazardous events, the risks faced by new projects and measures of mitigation. Specifically in the oil sector, the analyze, evaluation, and management of risk are vital, in face of the accidents severity potential in respect to human life, environment and property. Given that the greater part of the accidents on this sector is caused by human factors, the purpose of this dissertation is present a methodology and efficient techniques to HRA (Human Reliability Analysis) that can be applied in this industry. During the last decades many techniques were developed to a quantitative study of the human reliability. In the eighties were developed some techniques based in the modeling by means of binaries trees. These techniques do not consider the representation of the context in which the human actions occur. Thus, the representation of individuals, their inter-relationships and dynamics of the system cannot be better worked by the application of these techniques. These issues became the improvement of the used methods for HRA a latent need. With the aim of extinguish, or attenuate at least, these weaknesses some authors proposed the modeling of the human system by means of Bayesians Network. It is expected that with the application of this tool can be suppressed great part of the deficiencies of the human action modeling by means of binaries trees. This work presents a brief description about the application of Bayesians Network in HRA. Additionally, is presented the application of this technique in the study of an oil tanker operation, focusing in the human factor quantification in scenarios of collision. Besides, are presented some considerations about the factors that can influence the human performance and the collision risk.
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Subramani, Palanisamy Harisubramanyabalaji. "Risk Assessment based Data Augmentation for Robust Image Classification : using Convolutional Neural Network." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-153049.

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Autonomous driving is increasingly popular among people and automotive industries in realizing their presence both in passenger and goods transportation. Safer autonomous navigation might be very challenging if there is a failure in sensing system. Among several sensing systems, image classification plays a major role in understanding the road signs and to regulate the vehicle control based on urban road rules. Hence, a robust classifier algorithm irrespective of camera position, view angles, environmental condition, different vehicle size & type (Car, Bus, Truck, etc.,) of an autonomous platform is of prime importance. In this study, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based classifier algorithm has been implemented to ensure improved robustness for recognizing traffic signs. As training data play a crucial role in supervised learning algorithms, there come an effective dataset requirement which can handle dynamic environmental conditions and other variations caused due to the vehicle motion (will be referred as challenges). Since the collected training data might not contain all the dynamic variations, the model weakness can be identified by exposing it to variations (Blur, Darkness, Shadow, etc.,) faced by the vehicles in real-time as a initial testing sequence. To overcome the weakness caused due to the training data itself, an effective augmentation technique enriching the training data in order to increase the model capacity for withstanding the variations prevalent in urban environment has been proposed. As a major contribution, a framework has been developed to identify model weakness and successively introduce a targeted augmentation methodology for classification improvement. Targeted augmentation is based on estimated weakness caused due to the challenges with difficulty levels, only those necessary for better classification were then augmented further. Predictive Augmentation (PA) and Predictive Multiple Augmentation (PMA) are the two proposed methods to adapt the model based on targeted challenges by delivering with high numerical value of confidence. We validated our framework on two different training datasets (German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) and Heavy Vehicle data collected from bus) and with 5 generated test groups containing varying levels of challenge (simple to extreme). The results show impressive improvement by ≈ 5-20% in overall classification accuracy thereby keeping their high confidence.
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7

Gran, Bjørn Axel. "The use of Bayesian Belief Networks for combining disparate sources of information in the safety assessment of software based systems." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1679.

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The objective of the research has been to investigate the possibility to transfer the requirements of a software safety standard into Bayesian belief networks (BBNs). The BBN methodology has mainly been developed and applied in the AI society, but more recently it has been proposed to apply it to the assessment of programmable systems. The relation to AI application is relevant in the sense that the method reflects the way of an assessor's thinking during the assessment process. Conceptually, software reliability is almost impossible to compute, since many of the aspects of the software which influence the reliability are of qualitative nature and not directly measurable, but have to be estimated e.g. by expert judgement.

The conclusion from the research presented in this thesis is that the use of Bayesian Belief Networks for combining disparate sources of information in the safety assessment of software based systems, combined with questionnaires, offers a systematic way to combine quantitative and qualitative evidences of relevance for the safety assessment of programmable systems, e.g. in a licensing process or in a PSA analysis.

The BBN is constructed in two levels. The higher level is based on the four qualities: quality of the producer, quality of the production, quality of the product, and quality of the analysis. The higher-level BBN is general, and independent of the standard, and is based on the research discussed in chapter 2. The lower-level BBNs reflect the recommendations of RTCA/DO-178B. Each top node of the lower-level BBNs is linked to intermediate nodes representing the 10 lifecycle stages identified in DO-178B. Each of these nodes are again linked to other intermediate nodes, representing the objectives of each lifecycle. The further proposed step is to identify a list of questions to each objective. In the described research these questions are based on the understanding of the text in the main part of DO-178B, and formulated so that the answer could be given by a "yes" or a "no".

For both the higher and lower level networks there is a need for further validation. This is demonstrated through the experimental investigation with the BBNs. However, a hypothesis is that a reallocation of objectives or questions only will give local (or partial) effects, and not changes in the overall assessment. A reason for this could be that there are a few "soft evidences" and dependencies connecting these evidences that are more sensitive than the other. So fare, there has, however, not been possible to find such evidences.

Although the BBNs and results are based upon a real application, this approach has not been applied to a real development or assessment. A first try could be to apply the approach for decision support in the approval of safety critical programmable systems. Another try could be to apply the approach as decision support early in the development of a system, in order to point on where to set in the effort and thus being able to reach specific objectives of the final product.

The establishment of the BBNs and prior probability distributions can be rather time consuming. However, the process of building up the network, e.g. by making questionnaires, and doing the elicitation of the prior distributions related to a standard (RTCA/DO-178B), and not to the actual system, implies that the network and questions are of a general nature, and can be reused in many applications. They can also be gradually improved based on experience. The experiences with modelling the requirements of the avionics standard RTCA/DO-178B as BBNs, point in the direction that this approach can be transferred to the modelling of other software standards built on the same basic framework, and which follow the same principles. This holds even though they may differ in the aspect they put special emphasis on.

Conceptually, estimation of the dependability of programmable systems is nearly impossible to compute, since many of the characteristics to be considered are of qualitative nature and not directly measurable, but have to be estimated. The most difficult activity in the experiment described was to perform the expert judgment, in particular in the assignment of values to the conditional probability distributions. Even if some of the project members can be considered as experts within their fields, it is highly recommendable to make use of some expert judgment tools or expert judgment expertise. Note also that knowledge within BBN and probabilistic theory is of great advantage in the construction of the networks and the assessment of the probability distributions, and also an advantage in the evaluation of the results from the computations.

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Vyčítal, Václav. "Pravděpodobnostní přístup pro hodnocení zemnících soustav." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414160.

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This dissertation thesis deals with application of probabilistic approach to assessment of earthing system safety in distribution networks, especially for cases with common earthing of high and low voltage side of distribution transformers HV/LV. In these cases, the increased potential during fault might be transferred from high voltage to low voltage network and thus the individuals from public can be exposed to increased risk. Thus, for these cases were in this thesis defined expectable touch scenarios together with the resulting risk imposed on individuals from the public. Based on the results it seems that adoption of probabilistic approach for these cases of earthing systems might be more suitable compared to the conventional deterministic worst case approach. In accordance to the aims of the thesis, a thorough analysis of currently adopted probabilistic approaches was carried out as well and it was pointed out to some new possible simplifications in the adopted probabilistic based methodologies. For example, it seems that appropriate modelling of human body resistance by the full lognormal distribution is not completely necessary and similar results can be obtained when only the resistance for 50 % of population together with c3 and c4 fibrillation curves are used. Much of the work was also devoted to the determination of possible uncertainty of calculated risk of evaluated earthing system, especially due to inappropriate modelling of earthing system. The appropriateness of different earthing system modelling methods together with other parameters on the value of calculated risk was investigated through conducting sensitivity analysis. Based on the analysis results it seems, that due to using more, or less simplified modelling method, a possible underrating in the resulting risk of about 40 % (about half an order/decade) is expectable. On the other hand, the change of parameters related directly to calculation of fibrillation probability seems to exhibit greater change in calculated risk by up to units of orders/decades.
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Maturana, Marcos Coelho. "Consideração da confiabilidade humana na concepção de sistemas complexos: desenvolvimento e aplicação da TECHR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-29062017-082417/.

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A APS (Análise Probabilística de Segurança) de instalações industriais é assunto que evoluiu com a complexidade dos sistemas. A princípio, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas e técnicas com o propósito de analisar plantas já instaladas, possibilitando a identificação de fenômenos e mecanismos de falha desconhecidos até então. Com a evolução dos estudos dos acidentes, foram desenvolvidas técnicas aplicáveis às fases pré-operacionais com o propósito de diminuir os riscos na operação. Observa-se, portanto, um bom número de técnicas ideais para analisar projetos prontos ou em fase de conclusão. O mesmo não é observado para a fase de concepção. Apesar disto, cada vez mais especialistas na área de risco propõem que as considerações de segurança são mais eficazes quando ponderadas ao longo de toda a vida dos sistemas críticos. O estudo das APS realizadas no mundo em várias indústrias ajuda a entender o consenso sobre a contribuição potencial destas análises no desenvolvimento de novos sistemas. Para explorar este potencial, é essencial a elaboração de processos e modelos prospectivos que sejam simples, quantitativos, realistas, capazes de alimentar análises no estágio de projeto e que tragam resultados que possam ser interpretados pelos profissionais envolvidos no processo decisório. Estas considerações são extensíveis à ACH (Análise de Confiabilidade Humana), i.e., poucas são as ferramentas que ponderam aspectos operacionais, em especial o desempenho humano, na fase de projeto. A reconhecida contribuição do fator humano em acidentes envolvendo sistemas complexos - por vezes atribuída à falta de ferramentas adequadas para sua consideração na fase de projeto - evidencia ainda mais esta lacuna. Neste contexto, esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia e de uma técnica para a consideração precoce da confiabilidade humana na concepção de sistemas complexos, sendo que: 1) o desenvolvimento desta metodologia primou pela facilidade de entendimento de suas etapas e resultados, i.e., procurou-se a inteligibilidade para as pessoas envolvidas no projeto, sendo especialistas em ACH ou não, e; 2) a TECHR (Technique for Early Consideration of Human Reliability) foi concebida com o propósito de desenvolver um modelo prospectivo para o desempenho humano que possa ser explorado na fase de concepção de sistemas, e se baseia no aproveitamento da opinião de especialistas em relação a sistemas que operam ou operaram nos últimos anos para obter estimativas das probabilidades dos diversos tipos de erro humano que podem ocorrer durante a execução de uma ação específica. A metodologia proposta e a TECHR resultam em um procedimento simples e capaz de produzir modelos extremamente úteis na fase de projeto, representando uma contribuição original para o estado da arte da concepção de sistemas baseada em dados incertos.
PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) is an industrial plant issue that has evolved with the complexity of systems. Initially, tools and techniques have been developed with the main purpose of analyzing operational plants, enabling the identification of phenomena and fault mechanisms hitherto not highlighted. With the evolution of accidents studies, some techniques applicable to pre-operational phases were developed in order to reduce the risks in operation. Therefore, a number of techniques adequate to analyze ready or near completion designs can be found. The same is not observed for the early design phase. Despite this, more and more experts in the risk assessment field suggest that safety considerations are most effective when assessed over the whole life of critical systems. Probabilistic safety analyses performed worldwide in various industries help us understand the consensus on the potential contribution of these analyses for developing new systems. To exploit this potential, it is essential to develop processes and prospective models that are simple, quantitative, realistic, able to feed analyses at the design stage and to bring results that can be interpreted by the professionals involved in the decision making process. These considerations are extended to HRA (Human Reliability Analysis), i.e., there are few tools that consider operational aspects, especially human performance, during the design phase. The recognized contribution of the human factor in accidents involving complex systems - sometimes attributed to the lack of suitable tools for its consideration in the design phase - further highlights this gap. In this context, this thesis presents a methodology and a technique developed for the early consideration of human reliability in complex systems design, and: 1) the development of this methodology has prioritized the easy understanding of its steps and results, i.e., its intelligibility for people involved in the system design has been sought, with expertise in HRA or not, and; 2) the technique for early consideration of human reliability (TECHR) was designed for developing a prospective human performance model that can be exploited in the system design phase, and is based on the use of expert opinion in relation to systems that operate or have operated in recent years to obtain estimates of the probabilities of the various types of human error that may occur during the performance of a specific action. The proposed methodology and technique result in a simple procedure capable of producing useful models for the design phase, representing an original contribution to the state of the art of systems conception under uncertainty.
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MINNUCCI, LUCIA. "An improved procedure for the seismic fragility analysis of existing bridges and implementation within a comprehensive probabilistic framework for the risk assessment." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/289535.

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La sicurezza dei sistemi infrastrutturali è di fondamentale importanza per la società. Malfunzionamenti, danni o crolli possono avere notevoli impatti socioeconomici e ripercussioni sulla sicurezza pubblica. Secondo l’approccio classico, l'analisi della vulnerabilità dei ponti viene condotta attraverso l'adozione di curve di fragilità, che esprimono la probabilità di superamento di un certo livello di prestazione condizionata ad un determinato livello di intensità della fonte di pericolo. Tuttavia, è pratica comune utilizzare le curve di fragilità per fornire solo una panoramica globale della vulnerabilità del ponte, con scarsa attenzione all'estensione del danno o all'evoluzione dei diversi meccanismi che possono verificarsi all'interno della struttura. Infatti, vale la pena notare che i ponti possono mostrare diversi meccanismi di danno; in base a quali e quanti componenti strutturali sono coinvolti, essi contribuiscono in modo diverso alla fragilità complessiva del sistema e potenzialmente portano a diversi scenari post-disastro. Considerando quindi che ad oggi non è ancora disponibile un framework probabilistico completo e robusto per la valutazione del rischio, la presente Tesi fornisce alcuni contributi originali per un arricchimento dello stato dell’arte nel campo della sicurezza dei sistemi infrastrutturali. I principali obiettivi perseguiti nella Tesi sono i seguenti: sviluppo di un approccio innovativo per la descrizione e quantificazione probabilistica del danno sismico atteso sui ponti esistenti; analisi degli effetti dell’interazione terreno-struttura attraverso la proposta di formulazioni semplificate per la stima del comportamento di fondazioni su pali (comuni per le strutture da ponte) e di facile implementazione per un’ analisi affidabile della fragilità e del rischio; proposta di un framework omnicomprensivo per la valutazione del rischio e la quantificazione delle conseguenze di eventi sismici in termini economici, tenendo conto di aspetti quali l’interazione terreno-struttura, il degrado e gli interventi manutentivi; analisi degli effetti delle incertezze che interessano il sistema pali-terreno per la caratterizzazione probabilistica delle funzioni di impedenza e dei fattori di risposta cinematica di fondazioni profonde in sottosuoli omogenei. Il sistema trasportistico italiano è stato scelto per le applicazioni della presente Tesi, in quanto emblematico per l'elevata vulnerabilità e le importanti criticità presentate dalle reti stradali esistenti. Si considerano due diverse tipologie di ponti: catena cinematica in calcestruzzo armato e sezione composta acciaio-calcestruzzo. Tali tipologie risultano rappresentative della maggior parte dei ponti e viadotti presenti sul territorio italiano, ed esempi si possono trovare anche nel panorama internazionale. La scelta di casi studio significativi consente di mostrare le potenzialità delle metodologie proposte e la rilevanza del problema di interazione terreno-struttura nella valutazione della vulnerabilità, nonché di caratterizzare la vulnerabilità delle infrastrutture italiane con un livello di dettaglio più elevato, includendo fenomeni di degrado e interazione, il tutto all’interno di un approccio probabilistico. Inoltre, la scelta delle configurazioni strutturali risulta adatta per la caratterizzazione di uno scenario regionale, come quello marchigiano. I risultati dello studio di fragilità vengono quindi applicati a livello di rete stradale per la quantificazione dell'impatto degli scenari post-terremoto in termini economici. Sebbene presentate per il problema sismico e nel contesto italiano, le metodologie proposte sono abbastanza flessibili da essere facilmente applicate ad ulteriori scenari infrastrutturali (ed altre tipologie di ponti) e a diverse fonti di pericolo (frane, alluvioni, ecc.).
The safety of infrastructural systems is of paramount importance since high socio-economic impacts on the society would be expected in case of disruptions or people life could be seriously endangered in case of severe damages or collapses. The analysis of the vulnerability of bridges is classically carried out through the adoption of fragility curves, which express the probability of exceedance of a certain performance level conditional to a certain level of hazard intensity. However, it is common practice to use fragility curves to only provide a global overview of the bridge vulnerability, with scarce attention to the damage extension or the evolution of different failure mechanisms that may potentially verify within the structure. Indeed, it is worth noting that bridges may show different damage mechanisms, occurring in one or multiple structural components, that differently contribute to the overall fragility of the system and potentially lead to different post-disaster scenarios. In light of this drawback and considering also that an optimal, comprehensive and robust probabilistic framework for the risk assessment is not yet available, the present Thesis aims to provide some insights and original contributions for a state-of-the-art enrichment in the field of the safety of infrastructural systems. Advancements are indeed made on the following main subjects: fragility curves, with an innovative approach for a proper estimation of the bridge vulnerability, based on both a quantitative and qualitative assessment of failure mechanisms that may occur during a seismic event; analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) effects through simple formulas estimating the behaviour of pile foundations (a common choice in case of bridge structures) and easy to be implemented for a reliable fragility and risk analysis; proposal of a holistic framework for the risk assessment and the quantification of consequences of a hazardous event in monetary terms, taking into account aspects such as SSI, degradation and maintenance; analysis of the effects of uncertainties affecting the combined pile-soil system for the probabilistic characterization of impedance functions and kinematic response factors of deep foundations in homogeneous soils. The Italian transport system is chosen as scenario for the applications of the present Thesis, since it is particularly emblematic due to the high vulnerability and the important critical issues presented by the existing road networks. Two different bridge typologies are considered: Reinforced Concrete Link Slab bridges and Steel-Concrete Composite bridges. Being very widespread, such typologies result representative of most of the bridges and viaducts present over the Italian territory, and examples can also be found in the international panorama. The choice of significative case studies allows to prove the potentialities of the proposed fragility estimation methodology and the relevance of the SSI problem in the bridge vulnerability assessment as well as to characterise the vulnerability of the Italian infrastructures with a higher level of detail, including degradation and SSI phenomena. Moreover, the choice of structural configurations is suitable for the characterization of a regional scenario, such as the one of Marche region. Then, fragility results are applied at road network level for the quantification of the impact of post-earthquake scenarios in economic terms throughout the proposed probabilistic framework. Finally, as part of the framework, a novel probabilistic characterization of the response of deep foundations in homogeneous soil is provided to evaluate effects of uncertainties in the embedded system. Although presented for the seismic problem and within the Italian context, the proposed methodologies are flexible enough to be easily extended to further applications involving other road network scenarios (and bridge typologies) and different natural hazards.
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Books on the topic "Network safety assessments"

1

A Practical Guide to Security Assessments. London: Taylor and Francis, 2004.

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Transport, European Commission Directorate-General, ed. ACRUDA: Assessment and certification rules for digital architectures. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.

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1963-, LaTourrette Tom, and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, eds. Protecting emergency responders, volume 2: Community views of safety and health risks and personal protection needs. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2003.

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Recombinant DNA safety considerations: Safety considerations for industrial, agricultural, and environmental applications of organisms derived by recombinant DNA techniques. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1986.

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Donna, Farley, Rand Corporation, and United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., eds. Assessment of the AHRQ patient safety initiative: Moving from research to practice evaluation report II (2003-2004). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2007.

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Donna, Farley, ed. Assessment of the AHRQ patient safety initiative: Focus on implementation and dissemination evaluation report III (2004-2005). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2007.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. and OECD Futures Project on Risk Management Policies., eds. Sweden: The safety of older people. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006.

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Understanding Aviation Safety Data: Using the Internet and Other Sources to Analyze Air Travel Risk. SAE International, 2000.

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A Practical Guide to Security Assessments. AUERBACH, 2004.

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Unnikrishnan, G. Oil and Gas Processing Equipment: Risk Assessment with Bayesian Networks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Network safety assessments"

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Hinrichs, Torge, and Bettina Buth. "Potential Use of Safety Analysis for Risk Assessments in Smart City Sensor Network Applications." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 117–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26250-1_9.

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Muller, Alexandre, Marie-Christine Suhner, and Benoît Iung. "Bayesian Network-based Proactive Maintenance." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 2066–71. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_332.

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Paul, Pangkaj Chandra, John Loane, Fergal McCaffery, and Gilbert Regan. "A Serverless Architecture for Wireless Body Area Network Applications." In Model-Based Safety and Assessment, 239–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32872-6_16.

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Rzepka, Bettina, Michael Wacker, and Bernd Bertsche. "Design of a Reliability Information System by a Semantic Network." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 3491–96. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_558.

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Basagiannis, Stylianos, and Panagiotis Katsaros. "Formal Verification of Network Interlocking Control by Distributed Signal Boxes." In Model-Based Safety and Assessment, 204–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32872-6_14.

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Gran, Bjørn Axel, and Atte Helminen. "A Bayesian Belief Network for Reliability Assessment." In Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 35–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45416-0_4.

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Fedele, Lorenzo, and Massimo Tronci. "Neural Networks for Aeronautical Components Maintenance and Management." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 1283–88. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_207.

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Lee, Chang-Ju, and Kun-Jai Lee. "Application of Bayesian Network Considering the Special Dependency to Stochastic Events." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 2866–71. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_459.

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Celso, Angelo, Diego D’Urso, Natalia Trapani, and Sebastiano Spampinato. "Early Detection of Gas Dispersion Accident through a Neural Network Based Expert System." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 3697–702. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_591.

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Tang, Xiangyan, Meizhu Chen, Jieren Cheng, Jinying Xu, and Hui Li. "A Security Situation Assessment Method Based on Neural Network." In Cyberspace Safety and Security, 579–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37352-8_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Network safety assessments"

1

de Boon, Johan, Marco A. Roosen, Dick G. Schaafsma, and Max A. N. Hendriks. "Nonlinear finite element analysis for structural assessment of existing bridges: network manager experiences." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0933.

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<p>The Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat) is assessing its bridges as a part of the major renovation and replacement task of bridge-structures in the Netherlands. For assessments it appears that calculations show that an increasing number of existing bridges no longer comply with current assessment standards or are becoming restricted in their functionality. Complete renovation is costly, results in disruption of traffic, and is not sustainable. The Eurocode permits to demonstrate sufficient safety using a nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA). NLFEA offers a possibility to demonstrate additional structural safety of the existing bridge-structures.</p><p>The challenge is to gain confidence that the approach gives reliable results for the structural safety of the considered bridge. Moreover, experience learns that NLFEA demands many choices to be made by Rijkswaterstaat as a client and will not always lead to unambiguous results. These choices concern modelling aspects, applied safety format, load positions, and the required sensitivity analyses. Another question is what conclusions, based on the obtained results of this analysis, can be drawn for similar structures.</p><p>This paper shows how Rijkswaterstaat has dealt with these challenges with case 'Peddemors' and what lessons are learned, all from the viewpoint of a client.</p>
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de Boon, Johan, Marco A. Roosen, Dick G. Schaafsma, and Max A. N. Hendriks. "Nonlinear finite element analysis for structural assessment of existing bridges: network manager experiences." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0933.

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<p>The Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat) is assessing its bridges as a part of the major renovation and replacement task of bridge-structures in the Netherlands. For assessments it appears that calculations show that an increasing number of existing bridges no longer comply with current assessment standards or are becoming restricted in their functionality. Complete renovation is costly, results in disruption of traffic, and is not sustainable. The Eurocode permits to demonstrate sufficient safety using a nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA). NLFEA offers a possibility to demonstrate additional structural safety of the existing bridge-structures.</p><p>The challenge is to gain confidence that the approach gives reliable results for the structural safety of the considered bridge. Moreover, experience learns that NLFEA demands many choices to be made by Rijkswaterstaat as a client and will not always lead to unambiguous results. These choices concern modelling aspects, applied safety format, load positions, and the required sensitivity analyses. Another question is what conclusions, based on the obtained results of this analysis, can be drawn for similar structures.</p><p>This paper shows how Rijkswaterstaat has dealt with these challenges with case 'Peddemors' and what lessons are learned, all from the viewpoint of a client.</p>
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Ramanayake, Shirantha, and Niranga Amarasingha. "Investigating a method for rating Sri Lankan roads through identifying the factors affecting road safety." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/wdmg5266.

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Road safety assessment is imminent to reduce road accidents in Sri Lanka. The existing road safety assessments in other countries are inapplicable to Sri Lankan Road conditions as there are significant differences between the road conditions of Sri Lanka and other countries. This study aims to identify the governing roadside elements which are influential to the cause of accidents and can be used for road star rating. The study was conducted in three districts of Sri Lanka: Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Kurunegala. The data for road characteristics were obtained through the Google Earth Web engine whereas accident data were collected from Sri Lanka Police. The variables such as road condition, road length, road width, delineation, shoulder condition, footpath, vehicle parking length, road divide status, roadside objects length, number of lanes, number of intersections, number of pedestrian crossings, and number of bus bays were analyzed to develop a Negative Binomial regression model considering the number of accidents as the dependent variable. The results reveal that six variables: number of lanes, road condition, number of intersections, road divide status, road section length and width of lane are significant towards the occurrence of accidents. Moreover, the results demonstrate the relationship between the road characteristics and the accident number which is crucial in road designing in order to reduce road accidents. The findings affirm the possibility in developing a road safety rating mechanism for Sri Lankan streets to standardize the road network with the international standards while enhancing the road conditions with reflecting to the required safety levels. KEYWORDS: Road safety, Road star rating, Sri Lankan roads, Negative binomial regression
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Sousa, F., J. Matos, and A. Camões. "Assessment and Forecast of the Culvert’s Performance Within a Road Infrastructure Management System. Literature Review." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.1157.

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<p>During the 21st century, within road infrastructure management there is a strong enforcement on preserving assets and prevent roadway collapses. As a result, public agencies have to implement periodic inspections and asset condition assessments. As pavements and bridges also culverts management play a special role in roadway safety, because they prevent roadbed erosion. The scope of this investigation is the assessment and forecast of culverts performance regarding rating condition and network reliability forecast. In addition, it intends to analyze hazards influence in the culvert serviceability, modelling the hazards actions on the infrastructure.</p><p>In this paper, is performed the literature review of studies done during the past decade comparing advantages and limitations. Five main subjects are identified in the development of a culvert management system, since the inventory and inspection framework, to forecasting models and risk assessment. Moreover, it will determine the correlation between subjects and will find gaps for improvement.</p>
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Grove, Brenden, Jacob McGregor, Rory DeHart, Ron Dusterhoft, Neil Stegent, and Avrami Grader. "Frac Charge Performance at Downhole Conditions: Assessments and Implications." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204204-ms.

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Abstract Hydraulically fractured completions dominate industry perforating activity, particularly in North American land basins. This has led to the development of fracture-optimized perforating systems in recent years. Aside from overarching safety, reliability, and efficiency priorities, the main technical performance attribute of these systems is consistent hole size in the casing, driven by limited entry fracture design considerations. While the industry continues to seek further improvements in hole size consistency, attention is also being directed to the perforations more holistically, from a perspective of maximizing the effectiveness of subsequent hydraulic fracturing and ultimately production operations. To this end, this paper presents two related activities addressing the development, qualification, and optimization of perf-for-frac systems. The first is a surface testing protocol used to characterize perforating system performance, in particular casing hole size and consistency. The second is a laboratory program, recently conducted to investigate perforating stressed Eagle Ford shale samples at downhole conditions. This program explored the influences of charge size, formation lamination direction, pore fluid, and dynamic underbalance on perforation characteristics. Casing hole size was also assessed. For the first activity (surface testing), we find that using cement-backed casing can be an important feature to ensure more downhole-realistic results. For the second activity (laboratory program), perforation casing hole sizes for the charges tested were in line with expectations based on existing surface test data, exhibiting negligible pressure dependency. Corresponding penetration depths into the stressed shale samples generally ranged from 3.5-in to 5-in, which is much shallower than might be expected based on surface concrete performance. Dynamic underbalance was found to exhibit some slight effect on the tunnel fill characteristics, while pore system fluid was found to have minimal influence on the results. An interesting feature of the perforated samples was the complex fracture network at the perforation tips, which appeared "propped" to some extent with charge liner debris. Some of these fractures were formation beds which had delaminated during the shot, a phenomenon observed for perforations both parallel and perpendicular to the laminations. The implications of these results to the downhole environment continues to be assessed. Of particular interest is the impact these phenomena might have on fracture initiation, formation breakdown, and treatment stages which accompany subsequent hydraulic fracturing pumping operations.
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Smith, Michael C. "Code Based Failure Avoidance Assessments of the NESC-1 Large Scale Pressurised Thermal Shock Experiment." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1183.

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The NESC-1 large scale pressurised thermal shock experiment was designed partly as a test of the performance of structural analysis methodologies. One of the activities performed by the NESC network was a “codes and standards” round robin, which applied national failure avoidance codes to the defects in the NESC-1 cylinder. Six procedures were applied: ASME Section XI, R6 and BS PD6493:1991 (UK), KTA (Germany), SKIFS 1994:1 (Sweden), and RCCM/RSEM (France). The results were uniformly pessimistic. All the assessments predicted acceptable defect sizes in the range 1–10mm, nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than the large defects in the NESC-1 cylinder which produced only very limited crack growth during the test. The reasons for this excessive pessimism were reviewed using the R6 assessment as a representative example. Three major areas of pessimism were identified: the defect model used to represent real defects in the test cylinder, the methods used to estimate crack driving force in the presence of thermal shock stresses that cause plastic flow, and the transition fracture toughness model used. Excess pessimism in predictions of crack driving force can be minimised by use of an appropriate defect model (through-clad for surface defects, sub-clad for buried defects), and by taking account of the effects of plasticity on secondary stresses in estimates of crack driving force. Fracture toughness curves based upon the traditional ASME approach with safety factors are very pessimistic for the NESC-1 material. A statistical lower bound based upon the Master Curve provides a much better description of the material behaviour.
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Bearfield, G. "Taking Safe Decisions and the CSM on Risk Evaluation and Assessment." In Railway Safety Assurance: Management and Method in a Safe Network. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2014.0034.

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Blanquart, Jean-Paul, Philippe Baufreton, Jean-Louis Boulanger, Jean-Louis Camus, Cyrille Comar, Herve Delseny, Jean Gassino, Emmanuel Ledinot, Philippe Quere, and Bertrand Ricque. "Software Safety Assessment and Probabilities." In 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshop (DSN-W). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsn-w.2016.19.

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Liwång, Hans, and Jonas W. Ringsberg. "Ship Security Analysis: The Effect of Ship Speed and Effective Lookout." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10166.

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The threat of piracy to commercial shipping is a concern for the protection and safeguarding of human lives, property and environment. Therefore, ships under piracy threat should follow security measures suggested by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somali. It is, therefore, important to choose the proper security measures for the right situation. This study presents a simulation model that can be used for probabilistic risk assessments regarding the operation of commercial ships. This investigation specifically studies the pirate approach phase and quantifies the effect of ship speed and effective lookout. The purpose of introducing probabilistic risk assessment into the analysis of pirate attacks is to meet safety goals more effectively through a well-balanced combination of proactive and reactive measures whilst keeping focus on the intended over all purpose of the particular ship. The study presents collected and documented knowledge regarding pirate capability, intention and likelihood to perform attacks. The knowledge is collected from experts with experience from the situation off the Horn of Africa. The collected information is input to an influence analysis that identifies the network of influences that govern the skiff approach. The simulation model describes piracy characteristics and decision making on the threatened ship, the characteristics and countermeasures of the ship under attack, as well as weather. Based on a comparison with available statistics the overall conclusion of the work is that the threat analysis and the simulation model can quantify and explain how the studied risk control options affect the probability of a successful approach. The result therefore exemplifies how a quantified ship security analysis can support the recommendations in industry guidelines and also enable recommendations that to a greater extent can facilitate an educated decision by the ship operators.
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Luxhøj, James T., and Trefor P. Williams. "A Bayesian Belief Network for Aircraft Tire Condition Assessment." In Advances In Aviation Safety Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981213.

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Reports on the topic "Network safety assessments"

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Klobucar, Michael, and Jon Fricker. Feasibility Study for Bicycle Safety: Data Assessment and Network Evaluation. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313372.

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Yang, Kai, Jun Zeng, Wenjing Dai, Meifeng Chen, and Fan Yang. A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis for Comparative Safety Assessment of Favipiravir Interventions in Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0099.

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Li, Qu, Xue-Ping Ma, Alimujiang Simayi, Xiao-Li Wang, and Gui-Ping Xu. Comparative efficacy of various pharmacologic treatments of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0010.

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Review question / Objective: Lorazepam and other benzodiazepines (BZDs) are considered the first choice for treatment of Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). But they have significant addiction potential and can cause fatal respiratory depression if used in large doses. The aim of our study is to conduct a network meta-analysis to provide some data support for the clinical treatment of AWS. The patients were persons with alcohol withdrawal. The intervention being studied must be a comparison of the efficacy of the two pharmacologic treatments. The study should not be included if two pharmacologic treatments belonging to the same category were compared. All studies must include one of the following outcomes: Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment, revised (CIWA-Ar) score, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and the incidence of delirium or seizures. Condition being studied: Side effects and safety of eleven types of agents currently used to treat alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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Knibb, Rebecca, Lily Hawkins, and Dan Rigby. Food Sensitive Study: Wave Two Survey. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nyx192.

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Food hypersensitivities (FH) include food allergy, food intolerance and coeliac disease. Food allergy and coeliac disease involve an immune mediated reaction to certain foods; food intolerance is caused by a non-immune mediated reaction (such as an enzymatic or pharmacological effect). Each of these FHs result in unpleasant symptoms if the food is eaten in sufficient quantity, with food allergic reactions sometimes resulting in life-threatening symptoms. Management of FH by an individual or members of their family therefore involves constant vigilance and risk assessment to determine if a food is safe to eat. Research over the last twenty years has demonstrated that this burden, along with the unpredictable nature of FH reactions, has an impact on quality of life (QoL). QoL encompasses our emotions, physical health, the environment we live in, our social networks and day-to-day activities. FH has been shown to have an impact on many of these areas, however there are still research gaps. In particular, many studies focus on children, adolescents or parents rather than the adult population and little is known about those with food intolerances. In order to make a comprehensive characterisation and evaluation of the burden caused by living with FH, the day-to-day management of FH and associated inconveniences, the FSA has commissioned this project, led by Aston University. The project is called the FoodSensitive study and this report relates to findings for workstream one, a survey to assess the impact of FH on QoL. This survey was carried out in two waves, one year apart. This report covers the second wave and a comparison of wave one and two for those participants who completed both waves.
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