Journal articles: 'Network physiology'

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Tyson, John J., Kathy Chen, and Bela Novak. "Network dynamics and cell physiology." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, no. 12 (December 2001): 908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35103078.

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Scarpelli, Emile M. "Physiology of the alveolar surface network." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 135, no. 1 (May 2003): 39–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00352-5.

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Bartsch, Ronny P., Kang K. L. Liu, Amir Bashan, and Plamen Ch Ivanov. "Network Physiology: How Organ Systems Dynamically Interact." PLOS ONE 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): e0142143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142143.

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Ivanov, Plamen Ch, Kang K. L. Liu, and Ronny P. Bartsch. "Focus on the emerging new fields of network physiology and network medicine." New Journal of Physics 18, no. 10 (October 13, 2016): 100201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/100201.

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Ganguly, Jacky, Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Mohammed Almotiri, and Mandar Jog. "Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities." Toxins 13, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040282.

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The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle spindle. Disorders of muscle tone can arise from dysfunction in these pathways and manifest as hypertonia or hypotonia. The loss of supraspinal control mechanisms gives rise to hypertonia, resulting in spasticity or rigidity. On the other hand, dystonia and paratonia also manifest as abnormalities of muscle tone, but arise more due to the network dysfunction between the basal ganglia and the thalamo-cerebello-cortical connections. In this review, we have discussed the normal homeostatic mechanisms maintaining tone and the pathophysiology of spasticity and rigidity with its anatomical correlates. Thereafter, we have also highlighted the phenomenon of network dysfunction, cortical disinhibition, and neuroplastic alterations giving rise to dystonia and paratonia.

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Adams, Natalie E., Laura E. Hughes, Matthew A. Rouse, Holly N. Phillips, Alexander D. Shaw, Alexander G. Murley, Thomas E. Cope, et al. "GABAergic cortical network physiology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration." Brain 144, no. 7 (March 12, 2021): 2135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab097.

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Abstract The clinical syndromes caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration are heterogeneous, including the behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy. Although pathologically distinct, they share many behavioural, cognitive and physiological features, which may in part arise from common deficits of major neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Here, we quantify the GABAergic impairment and its restoration with dynamic causal modelling of a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover pharmaco-magnetoencephalography study. We analysed 17 patients with bvFTD, 15 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, and 20 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. In addition to neuropsychological assessment and structural MRI, participants undertook two magnetoencephalography sessions using a roving auditory oddball paradigm: once on placebo and once on 10 mg of the oral GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine. A subgroup underwent ultrahigh-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of GABA concentration, which was reduced among patients. We identified deficits in frontotemporal processing using conductance-based biophysical models of local and global neuronal networks. The clinical relevance of this physiological deficit is indicated by the correlation between top-down connectivity from frontal to temporal cortex and clinical measures of cognitive and behavioural change. A critical validation of the biophysical modelling approach was evidence from parametric empirical Bayes analysis that GABA levels in patients, measured by spectroscopy, were related to posterior estimates of patients’ GABAergic synaptic connectivity. Further evidence for the role of GABA in frontotemporal lobar degeneration came from confirmation that the effects of tiagabine on local circuits depended not only on participant group, but also on individual baseline GABA levels. Specifically, the phasic inhibition of deep cortico-cortical pyramidal neurons following tiagabine, but not placebo, was a function of GABA concentration. The study provides proof-of-concept for the potential of dynamic causal modelling to elucidate mechanisms of human neurodegenerative disease, and explains the variation in response to candidate therapies among patients. The laminar- and neurotransmitter-specific features of the modelling framework, can be used to study other treatment approaches and disorders. In the context of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, we suggest that neurophysiological restoration in selected patients, by targeting neurotransmitter deficits, could be used to bridge between clinical and preclinical models of disease, and inform the personalized selection of drugs and stratification of patients for future clinical trials.

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Zorec, R., V. Parpura, and A. Verkhratsky. "Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology." Acta Physiologica 222, no. 2 (August 3, 2017): e12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apha.12915.

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Abrous, Djoher Nora, Muriel Koehl, and Michel Le Moal. "Adult Neurogenesis: From Precursors to Network and Physiology." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 523–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00055.2003.

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The discovery that the adult mammalian brain creates new neurons from pools of stemlike cells was a breakthrough in neuroscience. Interestingly, this particular new form of structural brain plasticity seems specific to discrete brain regions, and most investigations concern the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation (HF). Overall, two main lines of research have emerged over the last two decades: the first aims to understand the fundamental biological properties of neural stemlike cells (and their progeny) and the integration of the newly born neurons into preexisting networks, while the second focuses on understanding its relevance in brain functioning, which has been more extensively approached in the DG. Here, we propose an overview of the current knowledge on adult neurogenesis and its functional relevance for the adult brain. We first present an analysis of the methodological issues that have hampered progress in this field and describe the main neurogenic sites with their specificities. We will see that despite considerable progress, the levels of anatomic and functional integration of the newly born neurons within the host circuitry have yet to be elucidated. Then the intracellular mechanisms controlling neuronal fate are presented briefly, along with the extrinsic factors that regulate adult neurogenesis. We will see that a growing list of epigenetic factors that display a specificity of action depending on the neurogenic site under consideration has been identified. Finally, we review the progress accomplished in implicating neurogenesis in hippocampal functioning under physiological conditions and in the development of hippocampal-related pathologies such as epilepsy, mood disorders, and addiction. This constitutes a necessary step in promoting the development of therapeutic strategies.

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Jones, Dean P. "Mitochondrial network responses in oxidative physiology and disease." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 108 (July 2017): S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.044.

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Go, Young-Mi, Jolyn Fernandes, Xin Hu, Karan Uppal, and Dean P. Jones. "Mitochondrial network responses in oxidative physiology and disease." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 116 (February 2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.005.

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Bocharov, A. V., G. G. Knyazev, A. N. Savostyanov, A. E. Saprygin, E. A. Proshina, and S. S. Tamozhnikov. "Relationship of Depression, Anxiety, and Rumination Scores with EEG Connectivity of Resting State Networks." Human Physiology 47, no. 2 (March 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119721010023.

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Abstract The aim of the research was to study the effect of depression, anxiety, and rumination scores on the balance of activity of the default mode network and attention networks revealed in the resting state EEG records. Forty-five healthy volunteers (24 men aged from 18 to 25 years) participated in the resting state EEG recording. The participants filled in the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI II), Ruminative Responses Scale, and Eysenck Personality Profiler. The connectivity measures of resting state networks were calculated in EEG data. The networks were detected by the “seed” method. The effects of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and rumination on the connectivity of the networks were analyzed by the regression method. The depressive symptom scores and the rumination scores were correlated with the dominance of the default mode network over attention networks in the right temporal cortex. The depression scores and the anxiety scores were correlated with the dominance of attention networks over the default mode network in the anterior cingulate cortex. It could be suggested that rumination processes are specific for depressive symptoms and are reflected in the dominance of the default mode network in brain structures associated with the processing of emotional introspection. Common to depressive and anxious symptoms is a state of alertness, which is reflected in the dominance of attention networks in brain structures associated with decision-making.

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Aleksandrov, V. G., E. A. Gubarevich, T. N. Kokurina, G. I. Rybakova, and T. S. Tumanova. "Central Autonomic Network." Human Physiology 48, no. 6 (December 2022): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119722600412.

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Weaver, Adam L., and Scott L. Hooper. "Follower Neurons in Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Pyloric Network Regulate Pacemaker Period in Complementary Ways." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00704.2002.

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Distributed neural networks (ones characterized by high levels of interconnectivity among network neurons) are not well understood. Increased insight into these systems can be obtained by perturbing network activity so as to study the functions of specific neurons not only in the network's “baseline” activity but across a range of network activities. We applied this technique to study cycle period control in the rhythmic pyloric network of the lobster, Panulirus interruptus. Pyloric rhythmicity is driven by an endogenous oscillator, the Anterior Burster (AB) neuron. Two network neurons feed back onto the pacemaker, the Lateral Pyloric (LP) neuron by inhibition and the Ventricular Dilator (VD) neuron by electrical coupling. LP and VD neuron effects on pyloric cycle period can be studied across a range of periods by altering period by injecting current into the AB neuron and functionally removing (by hyperpolarization) the LP and VD neurons from the network at each period. Within a range of pacemaker periods, the LP and VD neurons regulate period in complementary ways. LP neuron removal speeds the network and VD neuron removal slows it. Outside this range, network activity is disrupted because the LP neuron cannot follow slow periods, and the VD neuron cannot follow fast periods. These neurons thus also limit, in complementary ways, normal pyloric activity to a certain period range. These data show that follower neurons in pacemaker networks can play central roles in controlling pacemaker period and suggest that in some cases specific functions can be assigned to individual network neurons.

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Dimech, Christina J., John A. E. Anderson, Amber W. Lockrow, R. Nathan Spreng, and Gary R. Turner. "Sex differences in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain function in older adulthood." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01046.2018.

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We investigated sex differences in the association between a measure of physical health, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and brain function using resting-state functional connectivity fMRI. We examined these sex differences in the default, frontoparietal control, and cingulo-opercular networks, assemblies of functionally connected brain regions known to be impacted by both age and fitness level. Healthy older adults ( n = 49; 29 women) were scanned to obtain measures of intrinsic connectivity within and across these 3 networks. We calculated global efficiency (a measure of network integration) and local efficiency (a measure of network specialization) using graph theoretical methods. Across all three networks combined, local efficiency was positively associated with CRF, and this was more robust in male versus female older adults. Furthermore, global efficiency was negatively associated with CRF, but only in males. Our findings suggest that in older adults, associations between brain network integrity and physical health are sex-dependent. These results underscore the importance of considering sex differences when examining associations between fitness and brain function in older adulthood. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and resting state functional connectivity in several brain networks known to be impacted by age and fitness level. We found significant associations between fitness and measures of network integration and network specialization, but in a sex-dependent manner, highlighting the interplay between sex differences, fitness, and aging brain health. Our findings underscore the importance of considering sex differences when examining associations between fitness and brain function in older adulthood.

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Braga, Rodrigo M., Koene R. A. Van Dijk, Jonathan R. Polimeni, Mark C. Eldaief, and Randy L. Buckner. "Parallel distributed networks resolved at high resolution reveal close juxtaposition of distinct regions." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00808.2018.

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Examination of large-scale distributed networks within the individual reveals details of cortical network organization that are absent in group-averaged studies. One recent discovery is that a distributed transmodal network, often referred to as the “default network,” comprises two closely interdigitated networks, only one of which is coupled to posterior parahippocampal cortex. Not all studies of individuals have identified the same networks, and questions remain about the degree to which the two networks are separate, particularly within regions hypothesized to be interconnected hubs. In this study we replicate the observation of network separation across analytical (seed-based connectivity and parcellation) and data projection (volume and surface) methods in two individuals each scanned 31 times. Additionally, three individuals were examined with high-resolution (7T; 1.35 mm) functional magnetic resonance imaging to gain further insight into the anatomical details. The two networks were identified with separate regions localized to adjacent portions of the cortical ribbon, sometimes inside the same sulcus. Midline regions previously implicated as hubs revealed near complete spatial separation of the two networks, displaying a complex spatial topography in the posterior cingulate and precuneus. The network coupled to parahippocampal cortex also revealed a separate region directly within the hippocampus, at or near the subiculum. These collective results support that the default network is composed of at least two spatially juxtaposed networks. Fine spatial details and juxtapositions of the two networks can be identified within individuals at high resolution, providing insight into the network organization of association cortex and placing further constraints on interpretation of group-averaged neuroimaging data. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent evidence has emerged that canonical large-scale networks such as the “default network” fractionate into parallel distributed networks when defined within individuals. This research uses high-resolution imaging to show that the networks possess juxtapositions sometimes evident inside the same sulcus and within regions that have been previously hypothesized to be network hubs. Distinct circumscribed regions of one network were also resolved in the hippocampal formation, at or near the parahippocampal cortex and subiculum.

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Moorman, J. Randall, Douglas E. Lake, and Plamen Ch Ivanov. "Early Detection of Sepsis—A Role for Network Physiology?" Critical Care Medicine 44, no. 5 (May 2016): e312-e313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001548.

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Meesters, Ybe, Danielle Starreveld, Esmée Verwijk, Harm-Pieter Spaans, and Marijke C. M. Gordijn. "Chronotherapy Network Netherlands (CNN)." Journal of Biological Rhythms 35, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730419896503.

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Braga, Rodrigo M., Lauren M. DiNicola, Hannah C. Becker, and Randy L. Buckner. "Situating the left-lateralized language network in the broader organization of multiple specialized large-scale distributed networks." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 1415–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00753.2019.

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This research shows that a language network can be identified within individuals using functional connectivity. Organizational details reveal that the language network shares a common spatial motif with other association networks, including default and frontoparietal control networks. The language network is activated by language task demands, whereas closely juxtaposed networks are not, suggesting that similarly organized but differentially specialized distributed networks populate association cortex.

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Juraeva, Khushroya. "PRINCIPLES OF USING NETWORK TOOLS IN IMPROVING THE METHODS OF DISTANCE TEACHING “HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY” IN HIGHER EDUCATION." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-10-25.

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The article presents the foundational didactic principles that are the theoretical basis for the organization of distance teaching in the field of "Human Anatomy and Physiology" using network teaching aids. In particular, the scientific principle of the teaching material is described. The application of this principle guarantees a comprehensive knowledge of facts and concepts that are scientifically proven, have a worldview and practical significance. The principle of comprehensibility involves the layout and design (presentation of material), the interaction with the educational content, elements of the network educational-methodical complex, developed taking into account the mental and physical age of students. The principle of systematization ensures goal-oriented regulation of students' knowledge and skills. The principle of visualization of the educational material provides demonstration of the studied objects, processes and events. The principle of variability of educational material allows to individualize the process of distance teaching of the subject "Human Anatomy and Physiology" on the basis of a network of educational and methodical complexes.

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Weaver, Adam L., and Scott L. Hooper. "Relating Network Synaptic Connectivity and Network Activity in the Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Pyloric Network." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00705.2002.

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The lobster pyloric network has a densely interconnected synaptic connectivity pattern, and the role individual synapses play in generating network activity is consequently difficult to discern. We examined this issue by quantifying the effect on pyloric network phasing and spiking activity of removing the Lateral Pyloric (LP) and Ventricular Dilator (VD) neurons, which synapse onto almost all pyloric neurons. A confounding factor in this work is that LP and VD neuron removal alters pyloric cycle period. To determine the effects of LP and VD neuron removal on pyloric activity independent of these period alterations, we altered network period by current injection into a pyloric pacemaker neuron, hyperpolarized the LP or VD neuron to functionally remove each from the network, and plotted various measures of pyloric neuron activity against period with and without the LP or VD neuron. In normal physiological saline, in many (or most) cases removing either neuron had surprisingly little effect on the activity of its postsynaptic partners, which suggests that under these conditions these neurons play a relatively small role in determining pyloric activity. In the cases in which removal did alter postsynaptic activity, the effects were inconsistent across preparations, which suggests that either despite producing very similar neural outputs, pyloric networks from different animals have different cellular and synaptic properties, or some synapses contribute to network activity only under certain modulatory conditions, and the “baseline” level of modulatory influence the network receives from higher centers varies from animal to animal.

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Omelchenko, O. M., M. Y. Makarchuk, M. P. Bondarenko, and O. V. Bondarenko. "Partial deactivation of default-mode brain network during simple motor task execution." Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 68, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz68.02.003.

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We used model based functional MRI independent component analysis approach for the detection and characterization of the described networks functioning during simple motor task execution. Direct connection between the task execution and anticorrelated functional connectivity of sensory-motor and default mode networks was shown. We observed blood oxygenation level dependent signal (BOLD) frequency characteristics of the default mode network (DMN) together with the sensory motor network (SMN). The results demonstrate a reproducible specific configuration of BOLD low-frequency spectrum. Neural network BOLD spectral pro㌳le approach may be used for future analysis of its functioning and dynamics rules of brain regions connectivity. Regions of precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex were shown to deactivate just partially. Sensorimotor and default-mode networks were functionally connected in the anticorrelated manner with the prevailing frequencies of the BOLD signal oscillation f1 = 0.0153 ± 0.0051 Hz and f2 = 0.0204 ± 0.0051 Hz, where f – frequency of BOLD oscillation. At our study we have found out, that only some separate parts of pC and PCC were deactivated during the task execution. This possibly might support the hypothesis that non deactivated regions of precuneus (pC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) remain active to regulate the transitions from the activated state to the deactivated and back while monitoring the external environment and commands. The last may support the hypothesis of the role of posterior cingulate cortex as a “hub” in default mode networks where non deactivated parts remain active for further control of others default mode networks region state switching.

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Friedman, Allyson K., Yuriy Zhurov, Bjoern Ch Ludwar, and Klaudiusz R. Weiss. "Motor Outputs in a Multitasking Network: Relative Contributions of Inputs and Experience-Dependent Network States." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (December 2009): 3711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00844.2009.

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Network outputs elicited by a specific stimulus may differ radically depending on the momentary network state. One class of networks states—experience-dependent states—is known to operate in numerous networks, yet the fundamental question concerning the relative role that inputs and states play in determining the network outputs remains to be investigated in a behaviorally relevant manner. Because previous work indicated that in the isolated nervous system the motor outputs of the Aplysia feeding network are affected by experience-dependent states, we sought to establish the behavioral relevance of these outputs. We analyzed the phasing of firing of radula opening motoneurons (B44 and B48) relative to other previously characterized motoneurons. We found that the overall pattern of motoneuronal firing corresponds to the phasing of movements during feeding behavior, thus indicating a behavioral relevance of network outputs. Previous studies suggested that network inputs act to trigger a response rather than to shape its characteristics, with the latter function being fulfilled by network states. We show this is an oversimplification. In a rested state, different inputs elicited distinct responses, indicating that inputs not only trigger but also shape the responses. However, depending on the combination of inputs and states, responses were either dramatically altered by the network state or were indistinguishable from those observed in the rested state. We suggest that the relative contributions of inputs and states are dynamically regulated and, rather than being fixed, depend on the specifics of states and inputs.

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Göbel, Werner, and Fritjof Helmchen. "In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neural Network Function." Physiology 22, no. 6 (December 2007): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00032.2007.

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Spatiotemporal activity patterns in local neural networks are fundamental to brain function. Network activity can now be measured in vivo using two-photon imaging of cell populations that are labeled with fluorescent calcium indicators. In this review, we discuss basic aspects of in vivo calcium imaging and highlight recent developments that will help to uncover operating principles of neural circuits.

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Kanosue, K., Y. H. Zhang, M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono. "Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory shivering." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): R275—R282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r275.

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Warming one side of a rat's preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH) suppresses shivering on both sides of the body, and the present study evaluated the extent to which signals mediating this suppression cross the midline within and below the POAH. Hind paw shivering during unilateral POAH thermal stimulation was measured for rats in which the POAH had been midsagittally transected and for rats in which one side of the hypothalamus had been coronally transected just caudal to the POAH. In midsagittally transected rats, unilateral warming on either side of the POAH suppressed shivering equally on both sides of the body. In unilaterally transected rats, POAH warming on the transected side did not affect shivering, but warming the intact side suppressed shivering equally on both sides of the body. When a unilateral transection of only the lateral part of the hypothalamus included the medial forebrain bundle, the effect was the same as that of a unilateral transection of the whole hypothalamus. These results indicate that no information controlling shivering is exchanged between the left and right POAH and that efferent signals from the POAH, descending through the medial forebrain bundle, cross the midline somewhere below the hypothalamus to innervate both sides of the body equally.

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DiNicola, Lauren M., Rodrigo M. Braga, and Randy L. Buckner. "Parallel distributed networks dissociate episodic and social functions within the individual." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1144–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00529.2019.

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Association cortex is organized into large-scale distributed networks. One such network, the default network (DN), is linked to diverse forms of internal mentation, opening debate about whether shared or distinct anatomy supports multiple forms of cognition. Using within-individual analysis procedures that preserve idiosyncratic anatomical details, we probed whether multiple tasks from two domains, episodic projection and theory of mind (ToM), rely on the same or distinct networks. In an initial experiment (6 subjects, each scanned 4 times), we found evidence that episodic projection and ToM tasks activate separate regions distributed throughout the cortex, with adjacent regions in parietal, temporal, prefrontal, and midline zones. These distinctions were predicted by the hypothesis that the DN comprises two parallel, interdigitated networks. One network, linked to parahippocampal cortex (PHC), is preferentially recruited during episodic projection, including both remembering and imagining the future. A second juxtaposed network, which includes the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), is differentially engaged during multiple forms of ToM. In two prospectively acquired independent experiments, we replicated and triplicated the dissociation (each with 6 subjects scanned 4 times). Furthermore, the dissociation was found in all zones when analyzed independently, including robustly in midline regions previously described as hubs. The TPJ-linked network is interwoven with the PHC-linked network across the cortex, making clear why it is difficult to fully resolve the two networks in group-averaged or lower-resolution data. These results refine our understanding of the functional-anatomical organization of association cortex and raise fundamental questions about how specialization might arise in parallel, juxtaposed association networks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two distributed, interdigitated networks exist within the bounds of the canonical default network. Here we used repeated scanning of individuals, across three independent samples, to provide evidence that tasks requiring episodic projection or theory of mind differentially recruit the two networks across multiple cortical zones. The two distributed networks thus appear to preferentially subserve distinct functions.

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Dayan, Eran, Nitzan Censor, Ethan R. Buch, Marco Sandrini, and Leonardo G. Cohen. "Noninvasive brain stimulation: from physiology to network dynamics and back." Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (June 25, 2013): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3422.

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Knepper, Mark A. "Systems biology in physiology: the vasopressin signaling network in kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 303, no. 11 (December 1, 2012): C1115—C1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00270.2012.

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Over the past 80 years, physiological research has moved progressively in a reductionist direction, providing mechanistic information on a smaller and smaller scale. This trend has culminated in the present focus on “molecular physiology,” which deals with the function of single molecules responsible for cellular function. There is a need to assemble the information from the molecular level into models that explain physiological function at cellular, tissue, organ, and whole organism levels. Such integration is the major focus of an approach called “systems biology.” The genome sequencing projects provide a basis for a new kind of systems biology called “data-rich” systems biology that is based on large-scale data acquisition methods including protein mass spectrometry, DNA microarrays, and deep sequencing of nucleic acids. These techniques allow investigators to measure thousands of variables simultaneously in response to an external stimulus. My laboratory is applying such an approach to the question: “How does the peptide hormone vasopressin regulate water permeability in the renal collecting duct?” We are using protein mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the phosphoproteome of collecting duct cells. The response to vasopressin, presented in the form of a network model, includes a general downregulation of proline-directed kinases (MAP kinases and cyclin-dependent kinases) and upregulation of basophilic kinases (ACG kinases and calmodulin-dependent kinases). Further progress depends on characterization and localization of candidate protein kinases in these families. The ultimate goal is to use multivariate statistical techniques and differential equations to obtain predictive models describing vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct.

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Buckner, Randy L., and Lauren M. DiNicola. "The brain’s default network: updated anatomy, physiology and evolving insights." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 20, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0212-7.

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Bock, Davi D., Wei-Chung Allen Lee, Aaron M. Kerlin, Mark L. Andermann, Greg Hood, Arthur W. Wetzel, Sergey Yurgenson, Edward R. Soucy, Hyon Suk Kim, and R. Clay Reid. "Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons." Nature 471, no. 7337 (March 2011): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09802.

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Harder, Lisbeth, and Henrik Oster. "The Tissue Clock Network: Driver and Gatekeeper of Circadian Physiology." BioEssays 42, no. 5 (March 2020): 1900158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201900158.

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Wason, Jay, Martin Bouda, Eric F. Lee, Andrew J. McElrone, Ronald J. Phillips, Kenneth A. Shackel, Mark A. Matthews, and Craig Brodersen. "Xylem network connectivity and embolism spread in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab045.

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Abstract Xylem networks are vulnerable to the formation and spread of gas embolisms that reduce water transport. Embolisms spread through interconduit pits, but the three-dimensional (3D) complexity and scale of xylem networks means that the functional implications of intervessel connections are not well understood. Here, xylem networks of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were reconstructed from 3D high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) images. Xylem network performance was then modeled to simulate loss of hydraulic conductivity under increasingly negative xylem sap pressure simulating drought stress conditions. We also considered the sensitivity of xylem network performance to changes in key network parameters. We found that the mean pit area per intervessel connection was constant across 10 networks from three, 1.5-m stem segments, but short (0.5 cm) segments fail to capture complete network connectivity. Simulations showed that network organization imparted additional resistance to embolism spread beyond the air-seeding threshold of pit membranes. Xylem network vulnerability to embolism spread was most sensitive to variation in the number and location of vessels that were initially embolized and pit membrane vulnerability. Our results show that xylem network organization can increase stem resistance to embolism spread by 40% (0.66 MPa) and challenge the notion that a single embolism can spread rapidly throughout an entire xylem network.

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Gao, Jerry, Peng Du, Greg O'Grady, Rosalind Archer, Gianrico Farrugia, Simon J. Gibbons, and Leo K. Cheng. "Numerical metrics for automated quantification of interstitial cell of Cajal network structural properties." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 86 (September 6, 2013): 20130421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0421.

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Depletion of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks is known to occur in several gastrointestinal motility disorders. Although confocal microscopy can effectively image and visualize the spatial distribution of ICC networks, current descriptors of ICC depletion are limited to cell numbers and volume computations. Spatial changes in ICC network structural properties have not been quantified. Given that ICC generate electrical signals, the organization of a network may also affect physiology. In this study, six numerical metrics were formulated to automatically determine complex ICC network structural properties from confocal images: density , thickness , hole size , contact ratio , connectivity and anisotropy . These metrics were validated and applied in proof-of-concept studies to quantitatively determine jejunal ICC network changes in mouse models with decreased ( 5-HT 2 B receptor knockout (KO)) and normal ( Ano1 KO) ICC numbers, and during post-natal network maturation. Results revealed a novel remodelling phenomenon occurring during ICC depletion, namely a spatial rearrangement of ICC and the preferential longitudinal alignment. In the post-natal networks, an apparent pruning of the ICC network was demonstrated. The metrics developed here enabled the first detailed quantitative analyses of structural changes that may occur in ICC networks during depletion and development.

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Nahar, Jebun, Kawasi M. Lett, and David J. Schulz. "Restoration of descending inputs fails to rescue activity following deafferentation of a motor network." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00183.2012.

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Motor networks such as the pyloric network of the stomatogastric ganglion often require descending neuromodulatory inputs to initiate, regulate, and modulate their activity and their synaptic connectivity to manifest physiologically appropriate output. Prolonged removal of these descending inputs often results in a compensatory response that alters the inputs themselves, their targets, or both. Using the pyloric network of the crab, Cancer borealis, we investigated whether isolation of motor networks would result in alterations that change the responses of these networks to restored modulatory input. We used a reversible block with isotonic sucrose to transiently alter descending inputs into the pyloric network of the crab stomatogastric ganglion. Using this method, we found that blocking neuromodulatory inputs caused a reduced ability for subsequently restored modulatory projections to appropriately generate network output. Our results suggest that this could be due to changes in activity of descending projection neurons as well as changes in sensitivity to neuromodulators of the target neurons that develop over the time course of the blockade. These findings suggest that although homeostatic plasticity may play a critical role in recovery of functional output in a deafferented motor network, the results of these compensatory changes may alter the network such that restored inputs no longer function appropriately.

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Dibb, Katharine M., William E. Louch, and Andrew W. Trafford. "Cardiac Transverse Tubules in Physiology and Heart Failure." Annual Review of Physiology 84, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040148.

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In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the plasma membrane includes the surface sarcolemma but also a network of membrane invaginations called transverse (t-) tubules. These structures carry the action potential deep into the cell interior, allowing efficient triggering of Ca2+ release and initiation of contraction. Once thought to serve as rather static enablers of excitation-contraction coupling, recent work has provided a newfound appreciation of the plasticity of the t-tubule network's structure and function. Indeed, t-tubules are now understood to support dynamic regulation of the heartbeat across a range of timescales, during all stages of life, in both health and disease. This review article aims to summarize these concepts, with consideration given to emerging t-tubule regulators and their targeting in future therapies.

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Fischer, Yacov. "The hippocampal intrinsic network oscillator." Journal of Physiology 554, no. 1 (December 10, 2003): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055558.

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Hansen-Smith, Fay M. "Capillary Network Patterning During Angiogenesis." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 27, no. 10 (October 22, 2000): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03341.x.

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Wang, Yu, Jack Winters, and Shankar Subramaniam. "Functional classification of skeletal muscle networks. I. Normal physiology." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 12 (December 15, 2012): 1884–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01514.2011.

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Extensive measurements of the parts list of human skeletal muscle through transcriptomics and other phenotypic assays offer the opportunity to reconstruct detailed functional models. Through integration of vast amounts of data present in databases and extant knowledge of muscle function combined with robust analyses that include a clustering approach, we present both a protein parts list and network models for skeletal muscle function. The model comprises the four key functional family networks that coexist within a functional space; namely, excitation-activation family (forward pathways that transmit a motoneuronal command signal into the spatial volume of the cell and then use Ca2+fluxes to bind Ca2+to troponin C sites on F-actin filaments, plus transmembrane pumps that maintain transmission capacity); mechanical transmission family (a sophisticated three-dimensional mechanical apparatus that bidirectionally couples the millions of actin-myosin nanomotors with external axial tensile forces at insertion sites); metabolic and bioenergetics family (pathways that supply energy for the skeletal muscle function under widely varying demands and provide for other cellular processes); and signaling-production family (which represents various sensing, signal transduction, and nuclear infrastructure that controls the turn over and structural integrity and regulates the maintenance, regeneration, and remodeling of the muscle). Within each family, we identify subfamilies that function as a unit through analysis of large-scale transcription profiles of muscle and other tissues. This comprehensive network model provides a framework for exploring functional mechanisms of the skeletal muscle in normal and pathophysiology, as well as for quantitative modeling.

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Chambers, Jordan D., Joel C. Bornstein, Henrik Sjövall, and Evan A. Thomas. "Recurrent networks of submucous neurons controlling intestinal secretion: a modeling study." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 288, no. 5 (May 2005): G887—G896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00491.2004.

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Secretomotor neurons, immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are important in controlling chloride secretion in the small intestine. These neurons form functional synapses with other submucosal VIP neurons and transmit via slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Thus they form a recurrent network with positive feedback. Intrinsic sensory neurons within the submucosa are also likely to form recurrent networks with positive feedback, provide substantial output to VIP neurons, and receive input from VIP neurons. If positive feedback within recurrent networks is sufficiently large, then neurons in the network respond to even small stimuli by firing at their maximum possible rate, even after the stimulus is removed. However, it is not clear whether such a mechanism operates within the recurrent networks of submucous neurons. We investigated this question by performing computer simulations of realistic models of VIP and intrinsic sensory neuron networks. In the expected range of electrophysiological properties, we found that activity in the VIP neuron network decayed slowly after cessation of a stimulus, indicating that positive feedback is not strong enough to support the uncontrolled firing state. The addition of intrinsic sensory neurons produced a low stable firing rate consistent with the common finding that basal secretory activity is, in part, neurogenic. Changing electrophysiological properties enables these recurrent networks to support the uncontrolled firing state, which may have implications with hypersecretion in the presence of enterotoxins such as cholera-toxin.

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Kanosue, K., M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono. "Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory vasomotor control." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): R283—R288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r283.

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Warming one side of a rat's preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH) causes skin vasodilation on both sides of the body, and the present study evaluated the extent to which signals mediating this vasodilation cross the midline within and below the POAH. Hind paw vasomotion during unilateral POAH thermal or electrical stimulation was measured for rats in which the POAH had been midsagittally transected and for rats in which one side of the hypothalamus had been coronally transected just below the POAH. In midsagittally transected rats, unilateral POAH thermal or electrical stimulation produced bilateral paw vasodilation, but the ipsilateral dilation occurred at a hypothalamic temperature lower than that at which contralateral dilation occurred. In the unilaterally transected rats, unilateral POAH warming produced bilateral vasodilation and, regardless of which side of the POAH was warmed, the threshold stimulus temperature was always lower for vasodilation on the intact side. Unilateral transection of a part of the hypothalamus that included the medial forebrain bundle had the same effect as did unilateral transection of the whole hypothalamus. Information controlling thermoregulatory vasomotion thus crosses the midline both within and below the POAH. Although efferent signals descending through the medial forebrain bundle innervate skin blood vessels on both sides of the body, this innervation is stronger on the ipsilateral side.

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Dekin, M. S., and G. G. Haddad. "Membrane and cellular properties in oscillating networks: implications for respiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.809.

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Because of a number of major advances in the past one to two decades, there is little doubt that the inherent cellular and membrane properties of neurons in an oscillating network play an important role in shaping the output of that network. There are a number of such examples in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. In this review, we present some of the newer methods that have been used in the identification of membrane properties and detail some cellular studies performed in both vertebrate (locomotion and sleep/waking rhythms) and invertebrate network systems (escape swimming in Tritonia diomedia and pyloric rhythm in Panulirus interruptus). Studies examining the cellular or membrane properties of respiratory neurons have been scarce until recently. The importance of these properties in dictating respiratory rhythm generation and output in the mature and immature animal is not yet known; however, we put this issue in perspective by building a parallel between mammalian respiration and other vertebrate networks that have been better investigated and characterized.

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Bazzani, Susanna. "Article Commentary: Promise and Reality in the Expanding Field of Network Interaction Analysis: Metabolic Networks." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 8 (January 2014): BBI.S12466. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s12466.

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In the last few decades, metabolic networks revealed their capabilities as powerful tools to analyze the cellular metabolism. Many research fields (eg, metabolic engineering, diagnostic medicine, pharmacology, biochemistry, biology and physiology) improved the understanding of the cell combining experimental assays and metabolic network-based computations. This process led to the rise of the “systems biology” approach, where the theory meets experiments and where two complementary perspectives cooperate in the study of biological phenomena. Here, the reconstruction of metabolic networks is presented, along with established and new algorithms to improve the description of cellular metabolism. Then, advantages and limitations of modeling algorithms and network reconstruction are discussed.

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Zamir, M., and S. Phipps. "Morphometric analysis of the distributing vessels of the kidney." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-386.

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Branching angles and branch diameters of the distributing vessels in the renal networks of rats were measured and the results are compared with data reported previously from the coronary network of the same species. Comparison is also made with what is known to be optimum on theoretical grounds to determine to what extent the branching characteristics of the renal network are governed by considerations of optimality, and to what extent they are affected by other considerations, relating particularly to the role that the network plays in the blood processing function of the kidney.

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Guo, Xiaojing, Jialei Yang, Baoyun Liang, Tingting Shen, Yan Yan, Siyun Huang, Jinying Zhou, Jiao Huang, Lian Gu, and Li Su. "Identification of Novel LncRNA Biomarkers and Construction of LncRNA-Related Networks in Han Chinese Patients with Ischemic Stroke." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 50, no. 6 (2018): 2157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495058.

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Background/Aims: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential biomarkers of tumors, cardiac disease, and cerebral disease because of their interaction with coding RNAs. This work focused on ischemic stroke (IS) and aimed to identify novel lncRNA biomarkers and construct lncRNA-related networks in IS. Methods: Differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified using Arraystar Human LncRNA Microarray v4.0, and validated with qRT-PCR. A lncRNA–mRNA co-expression network and a lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network were constructed. Functional and pathway analyses were then performed. Results: In total, 560 up-regulated and 690 down-regulated differentially expressed lncRNAs were found (P < 0.05, false discovery rate < 0.05, absolute fold change ≥ 2). qRT-PCR results confirmed that lncRNA-ENST00000568297, lncRNA-ENST00000568243, and lncRNA-NR_046084 exhibited significant differential expression between IS and controls (all P < 0.05). Areas under the curves (AUCs) for these lncRNAs were 0.733, 0.743, and 0.690, respectively, and the combined AUC was 0.843. A coding–noncoding co-expression (CNC) network was constructed based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A specific lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network of ENST00000568297, ENST00000568243, and NR_046084 was also constructed. Functional annotation of the up- and down-regulated mRNAs was performed. Pathway analysis enriched IS-related pathways with mRNAs in the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network. Conclusion: LncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human peripheral blood were altered after IS. ENST00000568297, ENST00000568243, and NR_046084 were identified as novel potential diagnostic biomarkers of IS. Analysis of the CNC network and lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network suggested that lncRNAs may participate in IS pathophysiology by regulating pivotal miRNAs, mRNAs, or IS-related pathways.

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Saraga, Fernanda, Leo Ng, and Frances K. Skinner. "Distal Gap Junctions and Active Dendrites Can Tune Network Dynamics." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00662.2005.

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Gap junctions allow direct electrical communication between CNS neurons. From theoretical and modeling studies, it is well known that although gap junctions can act to synchronize network output, they can also give rise to many other dynamic patterns including antiphase and other phase-locked states. The particular network pattern that arises depends on cellular, intrinsic properties that affect firing frequencies as well as the strength and location of the gap junctions. Interneurons or GABAergic neurons in hippocampus are diverse in their cellular characteristics and have been shown to have active dendrites. Furthermore, parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons, also known as basket cells, can contact one another via gap junctions on their distal dendrites. Using two-cell network models, we explore how distal electrical connections affect network output. We build multi-compartment models of hippocampal basket cells using NEURON and endow them with varying amounts of active dendrites. Two-cell networks of these model cells as well as reduced versions are explored. The relationship between intrinsic frequency and the level of active dendrites allows us to define three regions based on what sort of network dynamics occur with distal gap junction coupling. Weak coupling theory is used to predict the delineation of these regions as well as examination of phase response curves and distal dendritic polarization levels. We find that a nonmonotonic dependence of network dynamic characteristics (phase lags) on gap junction conductance occurs. This suggests that distal electrical coupling and active dendrite levels can control how sensitive network dynamics are to gap junction modulation. With the extended geometry, gap junctions located at more distal locations must have larger conductances for pure synchrony to occur. Furthermore, based on simulations with heterogeneous networks, it may be that one requires active dendrites if phase-locking is to occur in networks formed with distal gap junctions.

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Valderhaug, Vibeke D., Kristine Heiney, Ola Huse Ramstad, Geir Bråthen, Wei-Li Kuan, Stefano Nichele, Axel Sandvig, and Ioanna Sandvig. "Early functional changes associated with alpha-synuclein proteinopathy in engineered human neural networks." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 320, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): C1141—C1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00413.2020.

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A patterned spread of proteinopathy represents a common characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), misfolded forms of α-synuclein proteins accumulate in hallmark pathological inclusions termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Such protein aggregates seem to affect selectively vulnerable neuronal populations in the substantia nigra and to propagate within interconnected neuronal networks. Research findings suggest that these proteinopathic inclusions are present at very early time points in disease development, even before clear behavioral symptoms of dysfunction arise. In this study, we investigate the early pathophysiology developing after induced formation of such PD-related α-synuclein inclusions in a physiologically relevant in vitro setup using engineered human neural networks. We monitor the neural network activity using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) for a period of 3 wk following proteinopathy induction to identify associated changes in network function, with a special emphasis on the measure of network criticality. Self-organized criticality represents the critical point between resilience against perturbation and adaptational flexibility, which appears to be a functional trait in self-organizing neural networks, both in vitro and in vivo. We show that although developing pathology at early onset is not clearly manifest in standard measurements of network function, it may be discerned by investigating differences in network criticality states.

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Turnbull, John P. "Neural Network PC Tools." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 9, no. 1 (January 1992): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199201000-00027.

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Halling, Thorsten, Ragnar Björk, Heiner Fangerau, and Nils Hansson. "Leopoldina: Ein Netzwerk für künftige Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin?" Sudhoffs Archiv 102, no. 2 (2018): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/sudhoff-2018-0007.

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Kaimovitz, Benjamin, Yoram Lanir, and Ghassan S. Kassab. "A full 3-D reconstruction of the entire porcine coronary vasculature." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, no. 4 (October 2010): H1064—H1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00151.2010.

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We have previously reconstructed the entire coronary arterial tree of the porcine heart down to the first segment of capillaries. Here, we extend the vascular model through the capillary bed and the entire coronary venous system. The reconstruction was based on comprehensive morphometric data previously measured in the porcine heart. The reconstruction was formulated as a large-scale optimization process, subject to both global constraints relating to the location of the larger veins and to local constraints of measured morphological features. The venous network was partitioned into epicardial, transmural, and perfusion functional subnetworks. The epicardial portion was generated by a simulated annealing search for the optimal coverage of the area perfused by the arterial epicardial vessels. The epicardial subnetwork and coronary arterial capillary network served as boundary conditions for the reconstruction of the in-between transmural and perfusion networks, which were generated to optimize vascular homogeneity. Five sets of full coronary trees, which spanned the entire network down to the capillary level, were reconstructed. The total number of reconstructed venous segments was 17,148,946 ± 1,049,498 ( n = 5), which spanned the coronary sinus ( order −12) to the first segment of the venous capillary ( order 0v). Combined with the reconstructed arterial network, the number of vessel segments for the entire coronary network added up to 27,307,376 ± 1,155,359 ( n = 5). The reconstructed full coronary vascular network agreed with the gross anatomy of coronary networks in terms of structure, location of major vessels, and measured morphometric statistics of native coronary networks. This is the first full model of the entire coronary vasculature, which can serve as a foundation for realistic large-scale coronary flow analysis.

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Lempiäinen, Joanna K., and Benjamin A. Garcia. "Characterizing crosstalk in epigenetic signaling to understand disease physiology." Biochemical Journal 480, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20220550.

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Epigenetics, the inheritance of genomic information independent of DNA sequence, controls the interpretation of extracellular and intracellular signals in cell homeostasis, proliferation and differentiation. On the chromatin level, signal transduction leads to changes in epigenetic marks, such as histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility to regulate gene expression. Crosstalk between different epigenetic mechanisms, such as that between histone PTMs and DNA methylation, leads to an intricate network of chromatin-binding proteins where pre-existing epigenetic marks promote or inhibit the writing of new marks. The recent technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) -based proteomic methods and in genome-wide DNA sequencing approaches have broadened our understanding of epigenetic networks greatly. However, further development and wider application of these methods is vital in developing treatments for disorders and pathologies that are driven by epigenetic dysregulation.

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Jiang, Yuji, Joseph T. Costello, Thomas B. Williams, Nawamin Panyapiean, Amar S. Bhogal, Michael J. Tipton, Jo Corbett, and Ali R. Mani. "A network physiology approach to oxygen saturation variability during normobaric hypoxia." Experimental Physiology 106, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep088755.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Network physiology'

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