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1
Hemrick, Christine. The OSI Network Layer Addressing scheme, its implications, and considerations for implementation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 1985.
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Hemrick, Christine. The OSI Network Layer Addressing scheme, its implications, and considerations for implementation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 1985.
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3
Hemrick, Christine. The OSI Network Layer Addressing scheme, its implications, and considerations for implementation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 1985.
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4
Congress, Library of, and Library of Congress. Network Development and MARC Standards Office., eds. Standard Network Interconnection protocols: Specification of the protocol layers for Open Systems Interconnection. Washington: Library of Congress, 1986.
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5
Lakshman, N. Porting of the lower four OSI layers on to Intel's PCLINK2 ethernet controller card. Bangalore: Dept. of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 1991.
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6
Bianconi, Ginestra. Structural Correlations of Multiplex Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0007.
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Multiplex networks encode relevant information in their correlated structure, including interlayer degree correlation, link overlap, weight–topology correlations in weighted multiplex networks and activity of the nodes. Interlayer degree correlations among a pair of layers indicates for instance whether or not the hub nodes of one layer are also hub nodes in the other. Link overlap indicates that a finite fraction of nodes are connected in more than one layer. Weight–topology correlations of weighted complex networks reveal that the weight of the links is not random, but often correlated with the link overlap. Finally, the nodes of a multiplex network might be connected only in a subset of the network, leading to a heterogeneity node activity. This chapter identifies the main multiplex network measures for characterizing these correlations, and evaluates their significance using statistical and information theory methods and novel multiplex network measures, including multilinks and multidegrees.
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Congress, Library of. Standard Network Interconnection Protocols: Specification of the Protocol Layers for Open Systems Interconnection. Library of Congress, 1987.
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8
Bianconi, Ginestra. Classical Percolation, Generalized Percolation and Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0012.
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This chapter characterizes the robustness of multiplex and multilayer networks using classical percolation, directed percolation and antagonistic percolation. Classical percolation determines whether a finite fraction of nodes of the multilayer networks are connected by any type of connection. Classical percolation can be affected by multiplexity since the degree correlations among different layers can modulate the robustness of the entire multilayer network. Directed percolation describes the propagation of a disease requiring cooperative infection from different layers of the multiplex network. It displays a rich phase diagram including both continuous and discontinuous phase transitions. Antagonist percolation on a duplex network describes the competition between two layers and can give rise to hysteresis loops corresponding to phases that either one layer or the other can percolate Avalanches generated by the generalized Sandpile Model and Watts–Strogatz Model are also discussed, emphasizing their relevance for studying the stability of power grids and financial systems.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Complex Systems as Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 constitutes Part I of the book: ‘Single and Multilayer Networks’. This chapter introduces multilayer networks as an important new development of Network Science that allows a more comprehensive understanding of Complex Systems. It identifies the main motivations driving the research activity in this field of multilayer networks and emphasizes the benefits of taking a multilayer network perpective to characterize network data. The main advantages of a multilayer network approach with respect to the more traditional single layer characterization of complex networks are broadly discussed, focusing on the information gain resulting from the analysis of multilayer networks, the non-reducibility of a multilayer network to a large single network and the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. The Structure of Single Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0002.
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Chapters 2–3 constitute Part II of the book, ‘Single Networks’, and provide a reference point for the rest of the book devoted exclusively to Multilayer Networks, making the book self-contained. This chapter provides the relevant background on the network structure of complex networks formed by just one layer (single networks). Here the basic definitions of network structure are given, the major network universalities are presented and methods to extract relevant information from network structure including centrality measures and community detection methods are discussed. Finally, modelling frameworks are introduced including random graphs, growing network models (including notably the Barabasi–Albert Model) and network ensembles.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. The Dynamics on Single Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0003.
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This chapter provides the relevant background on the network dynamics of complex networks formed by just one layer (single networks). Emergent properties of network dynamics are characterized using the framework of phase transitions. The major results on robustness of complex networks, percolation theory and epidemic spreading are presented, revealing the rich interplay between network structure and function. In this context particular emphasis is given to the implications of the scale-free network topology on these dynamical processes. Diffusion processes and synchronization and controllability are characterized on networks, revealing the relevance of spectral properties and peripheral nodes for determining their dynamical behaviour.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.001.0001.
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Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0008.
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Multilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Diffusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0014.
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This chapter addresses diffusion, random walks and congestion in multilayer networks. Here it is revealed that diffusion on a multilayer network can be significantly speed up with respect to diffusion taking place on its single layers taken in isolation, and that sometimes it is possible also to observe super-diffusion. Diffusion is here characterized on multilayer network structures by studying the spectral properties of the supra-Laplacian and the dependence on the diffusion constant among different layers. Random walks and its variations including the Lévy Walk are shown to reflect the improved navigability of multilayer networks with more layers. These results are here compared with the results of traffic on multilayer networks that, on the contrary, point out that increasing the number of layers could be detrimental and could lead to congestion.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Opinion Dynamics and Game Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0016.
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This chapter is devoted to opinion dynamics and game theory on multilayer networks. Since in social systems multilayer networks are the rule, it is particularly relevant to extend the modelling opinion dynamics to the multilayer network scenario. This chapter focuses in particular on the Voter Model, its variants, the Co-evolving Voter Model and models of competing networks, including election models showing that multiplexity has a major role in determining opinion dynamics. In particular, opinion dynamics on multilayer networks is not reducible to opinion dynamics on single layer networks. Finally, the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks is discussed in the framework of game theory.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Centrality Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0009.
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Defining the centrality of nodes and layers in multilayer networks is of fundamental importance for a variety of applications from sociology to biology and finance. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art centrality measures able to characterize the centrality of nodes, the influences of layers or the centrality of replica nodes in multilayer and multiplex networks. These centrality measures include modifications of the eigenvector centrality, Katz centrality, PageRank centrality and Communicability to the multilayer network scenario. The chapter provides a comprehensive description of the research of the field and discusses the main advantages and limitations of the different definitions, allowing the readers that wish to apply these techniques to choose the most suitable definition for his or her case study.
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Shalley, Christina E., Robert C. Litchfield, and Lucy L. Gilson. 20 Years Later. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0007.
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We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and that other areas such as autonomy and certain organizational impediments have received only sparse attention. We offer researchers both a primer on the more and less studied areas of organizational context for team creativity and suggest some expansion of the work environment framework. Specifically, we suggest the addition of social networks, based on current trends in the organizational creativity literature.
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International Conference on Laser and Fi. Proceedings of Lfnm 2005: 7th International Conference on Laser and Fiber-Optical Networks Modeling: Co-Located with Conference on Precision Osc. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 2005.
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19
Edwards, Jennifer C. Superior Women. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837923.001.0001.
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Superior Women examines female monastic authority at the abbey of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers from its foundation by Saint-Radegund in the sixth century through its sixteenth-century reform. Along with the abbey, Radegund established two strategies for her nuns to defend authority they claimed over their community, dependents, properties, tenants, and vassals. First, she secured a network of supporters, allies with extensive authority, to document the abbey’s privileges and defend Sainte-Croix. Their documents became a rich archive useful for recruiting new allies. Over time this network included the king of France, neighboring bishops, and the pope. Second, she used cultural artifacts, symbols, and ideas spotlighting her life story. Poetry commissioned from Venantius Fortunatus helped her win allies in Byzantium who then helped her secure a relic of the True Cross for the abbey. Later abbesses drew upon these cultural artifacts at times of crisis or at the loss of a traditional supporter in order to rebuild the abbey’s reputation and win new allies. These two strategies proved enormously successful for later abbesses at Sainte-Croix. Radegund’s example provided a powerful model of female authority on which the women of Sainte-Croix were able to draw, with the support of male allies. So long as Sainte-Croix was competently governed by abbesses talented in the deployment of Radegund’s strategies, the abbey remained strong, well supported, mostly autonomous, and in firm control of its dependents, and this situation persisted through the sixteenth century.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Graphs on structured spaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0010.
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This chapter moves beyond viewing nodes as homogeneous dots set on a plane. To introduce more complicated underlying space, multiplex networks (which are defined with layers of interaction on the same underlying node set) and temporal (time-dependent) networks are discussed. It shown that despite the much more complicated underlying space, many of the techniques developed in earlier chapters can be applied. Heterogeneous nodes are introduced as an extension of the stochastic block model for community structure, then extended using methods developed in earlier chapters to more general (continuous) node attributes such as fitness. The chapter closes with a discussion of the intersections and similarities between the many alternative models for capturing topological features that have been presented in the book.
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Elbourne, Elizabeth. Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0012.
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Anglicanism had a limited institutional presence in Africa in the long eighteenth century, not least because the British were largely confined to slave forts before the acquisition of the Cape Colony and Sierra Leone at the end of the period. The relationship between Anglicanism and certain regions of Africa was shaped from the outset by slavery and the slave trade. This chapter focuses on the coastal regions of West Africa and to a more limited extent southern Africa, and includes discussion of African–British educational networks, the growing British abolitionist movement, and the foundation of Sierra Leone as an abolitionist and putatively Anglican colony beset by contradictions. Where Anglicanism did spread it was done by Africans, foreshadowing later developments, ironically often through networks created by colonialism and the slave trade.
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Porterfield, Amanda. “The Hearty Hand of Friendship”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199372652.003.0004.
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Innovations in church organization and commercial enterprise developed together in seventeenth-century New England as leaders established congregational systems of governance and merchants exploited loopholes in British regulation to dominate intercolonial trade. A century later, new appeals to consumers of both material and spiritual goods invigorated colonial towns and challenged conservative colonial institutions. Meanwhile, slavery grew to stimulate trade but also to create problems for institutions that relied on corporate spirit and its demand for willing cooperation. Desire for American independence intensified as organizational networks anchored in corporate institutions generated practical procedures for a new government of the people, along with rhetoric condemning British efforts to enslave American colonies.
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Donald, Merlin. The Evolutionary Origins of Human Cultural Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0002.
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The term cultural memory describes a group’s shared experience, skill, and knowledge that is retained and updated through time. Individual memory has its social roots in this system. Although resources are distributed across different minds in the network, they must all obey the standards of thought and behavior imposed by belonging to it. As such, no single person can carry the burden of the system alone and thus has only modest possibilities of changing it. Cultural memory has evolved in relation to embodied, narrative, and institutional modes of representation. Humans became skilled before they became articulate: The prime driver of early evolution of mind and memory was tool master rather than language. This embodied mode of cultural memory still persists (e.g., in ritual, craft, and the arts) but has been transformed with the emergence of narrative mode and later the theoretical or institutional mode, which is dominant today.
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Clarke, Katherine. Walking through History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744771.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the idea that myths are a key element in the creation of landscape, whereby mere space is transformed into resonant place through the matrix of time. In spite of the local nature and uses of many mythical narratives, it is argued here that mobility is central to understanding the power and value of the mythical past. Not only do the travels of itinerant heroes link together mythical venues, but later travels, such as those of characters in Herodotus’ Histories or of authors themselves, illustrated by Pausanias, activate the resonances of the landscape and give it a temporal dimension by triggering mythical narratives associated with the places passed through. These narratives in turn evoke additional journeys which contribute to the creation of a spatial network that binds together the Mediterranean world. Thus, myth offers a medium through which past and present are linked across space.
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Kenney, Padraic. “A Close-Knit Group, Chosen with Care”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199375745.003.0007.
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The political prison cell is a place of community. Prisoners build networks of communication using a variety of techniques ranging from smuggled notes to hand signals to knocking on walls. Political prisoners also organize themselves in prison. They are influenced by the development of prisoners of war camps in the early twentieth century. The Frongoch internment camp in Wales for Irish rebels of 1916 and the Szczypiorno POW camp for Poles who had refused allegiance to the German Empire a year later are key instances of how political incarceration and military hierarchy could reinforce one another. The komuna among Polish communists in the interwar years shows how such organization could further integrate and discipline members of a movement behind bars.
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Hardy, Duncan. Upper Germany in the Reign of Sigismund of Luxemburg, c. 1410–37. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0011.
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The second case study shows how associative political culture shaped Upper Germany during the reign of King/Emperor Sigismund (r. 1410/11–37). What marked out these decades from earlier and later cycles of alliance-making, feuding, and mediation was the unusually prominent role played by the monarch himself, who was present in the southern Empire for most of the 1410s and 1430s. Sigismund judiciously cultivated relationships with key princely allies and tried to encourage leagues of towns and knightly societies to coalesce into peace-keeping coalitions that he could direct. The monarch proved the value of harnessing associative dynamics to his agenda in a war against his rival Duke Friedrich IV of Austria-Tyrol, who was overwhelmed and dispossessed by a network of Upper Rhenish and Swabian alliances which then turned against each other. Imperial efforts against the Hussites in the 1420s also depended upon associative coalitions, including a grand alliance of the prince-electors.
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Radu, Roxana. Negotiating Internet Governance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833079.001.0001.
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What is at stake for how the Internet continues to evolve is the preservation of its integrity as a single network. In practice, its governance is neither centralized nor unitary; it is piecemeal and fragmented, with authoritative decision-making coming from different sources simultaneously: governments, businesses, international organizations, technical and academic experts, and civil society. Historically, the conditions for their interaction were rarely defined beyond basic technical coordination, due at first to the academic freedom granted to the researchers developing the network and, later on, to the sheer impossibility of controlling mushrooming Internet initiatives. Today, the search for global norms and rules for the Internet continues, be it for cybersecurity or artificial intelligence, amid processes fostering the supremacy of national approaches or the vitality of a pluralist environment with various stakeholders represented. This book provides an incisive analysis of the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, unpacking the complexity of more than 300 governance arrangements, influential debates, and political negotiations over four decades. Highly accessible, this book breaks new ground through a wide empirical exploration and a new conceptual approach to governance enactment in global issue domains. A tripartite framework is employed for revealing power dynamics, relying on: (a) an extensive database of mechanisms of governance for the Internet at the global and regional level; (b) an in-depth analysis of the evolution of actors and priorities over time; and (c) a key set of dominant practices observed in the Internet governance communities. It explains continuity and change in Internet-related negotiations, opening up new directions for thinking and acting in this field.
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Wilson, Keeley. A Rising Star. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777199.003.0004.
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Nokia scaled up remarkably quickly in the 1990s, faster than any producer of a complicated product ever had before. However, by 1995 Nokia had lost control of its supply chain, going through what it refers to as a “logistics crisis.” This chapter reviews and analyzes the factors that allowed extremely fast growth, and also discusses how Nokia was able to recover from the logistics crisis by bringing greater discipline to how Nokia Mobile Phones was run and greater sophistication to supply chain management. Nokia also created a New Venture organization with a mission to search for a “third leg,” beyond the successful Mobile Phones and Networks businesses. The chapter analyzes how these developments enabled the continuation of extraordinarily rapid growth through the late 1990s, but also sowed the seeds of later difficulties.
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Oates, Rosamund. ‘Countenancer of Ministers’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804802.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how Matthew secured the broad-based conformity of most Puritans in the northern province, redirecting their energies against the much more urgent enemy—Catholics. Only Separatists, some of whom would leave for life in America, were alienated. This chapter shows that Matthew was flexible about what constituted conformity and did his best to protect Puritan nonconformists. It also explores attempts to identify a ‘moderate’ position in Stuart ecclesiastical politics and Matthew’s alternative vision of episcopacy. This chapter also illustrates how Matthew’s support encouraged Puritan communities to flourish, while his government of the Church persuaded many nonconforming Protestants to come back to the Church of England. The chapter concludes by exploring how the godly networks that developed during this period under Matthew’s protection would later be the basis of sustained and organized opposition to the established Church
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Como, David R. Secret Printing and the Crisis of 1640. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0003.
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This chapter outlines of the history of a secret press that appeared in London in 1640–1. Growing out of earlier radical propaganda networks, and created to provide an outlet for the dispersal of pro-Covenanter Scottish propaganda in England, the press distributed incendiary politico-religious tracts, which challenged Caroline policy at multiple levels. The chapter analyzes the ideas presented in these works, including contract theory, resistance theory, pleas for the demolition of the existing Church of England, extreme separatist propaganda, tolerationist arguments, and challenges to clerical monopolies. It traces personnel involved in the enterprise (including the future Leveller, Richard Overton) and assesses the impact of the propaganda dispersed by the press. The secret press provides a crucial vehicle for understanding the changing dynamics of print in the 1640s, the emergence of novel arguments against press censorship, and the later spread and development of radical political and religious ideas.
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Hardy, Duncan. Lordship and Administration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0005.
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The Holy Roman Empire, and especially Upper Germany, was notoriously politically fragmented in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. A common way to interpret this fragmentation has been to view late medieval lordships, particularly those ruled by princes, as incipient ‘territories’, or even ‘territorial states’. However, this over-simplifies and reifies structures of lordship and administration in this period, which consisted of shifting agglomerations of assets, revenues, and jurisdictions that were dispersed among and governed by interconnected networks of political actors. Seigneurial properties and rights had become separable, commoditized, and highly mobile by the later middle ages, and these included not only fiefs (Lehen) but also loan-based pledges (Pfandschaften) and offices, all of which could be sold, transferred, or even ruled or exercised by multiple parties at once, whether these were princes, nobles, or urban elites. This fostered intensive interaction between formally autonomous political actors, generating frictions and disputes.
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McCarthy, Erin A. Doubtful Readers. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836476.001.0001.
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Doubtful Readers: Print, Poetry, and the Reading Public in Early Modern England focuses on early modern publishers’ efforts to identify and accommodate new readers of verse that had previously been restricted to particular social networks in manuscript. Focusing on the period between the maturing of the market for printed English literature in the 1590s and the emergence of the professional poet following the Restoration, this study shows that poetry was shaped by—and itself shaped—strong print publication traditions. By reading printed editions of poems by William Shakespeare, Aemilia Lanyer, John Donne, and others, this book shows how publishers negotiated genre, gender, social access, reputation, literary knowledge, and the value of English literature itself. It uses literary, historical, bibliographical, and quantitative evidence to show how publishers’ strategies changed over time. Ultimately, Doubtful Readers argues that although—or perhaps because—publishers’ interpretive and editorial efforts are often elided in studies of early modern poetry, their interventions have had an enduring impact on our canons, texts, and literary histories.
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Lower, Michael. The Diversion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744320.003.0004.
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In July 1269, King Louis IX of France was planning a campaign in Egypt or the Holy Land. One year later, his fleet landed on Sardinia, and in a war council held on July 13 Louis declared Tunis the target of the crusade. What happened between July 1269 and July 1270 to send the expedition in this unexpected direction is shrouded in secrecy. By expanding the narrative to incorporate Mediterranean‐wide networks of interaction, this chapter identifies several key turning points: the visit of the Dominican linguist Ramon Martí to Tunis in 1269; the attendance of Tunisian envoys at the baptismal ceremony of a French Jew at Saint‐Denis in October; the arrival of a Mongol embassy in Paris toward the end of the year; and the dispatch of an Angevin envoy to Tunis the following April, a month after Louis had lifted the oriflamme at Saint Denis to launch the campaign.
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Klinger, William, and Denis Kuljis. Tito's Secret Empire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572429.001.0001.
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This groundbreaking biography of Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia presents many startling new revelations, among them his role as an international revolutionary leader and his relationship with Winston Churchill. It highlights his early years as a Comintern operative, the context for his later politics as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The authors argue that in the 1940s, between the dissolution of the Comintern and the rise of NAM, Tito's influence and ambition were far wider than has been understood, extending to Italy, France, Greece and Spain via the international communist networks established during the Spanish Civil War. The book discloses for the first time the connection between Tito's expulsion from the Cominform and the Rome assassination attempt on the Italian Communist Party leader, Palmiro Togliatti — the man who had plotted to overthrow Tito. The book offers a pivotal contribution to our understanding of Tito as a figure of real, rather than imagined, global significance. The book will reward those who are interested in the history of international Communism, the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement, or in Tito the man — one of the most significant leaders of the twentieth century.
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Richter, Klaus. Fragmentation in East Central Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843559.001.0001.
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The First World War led to a radical reshaping of Europe’s political borders like hardly any previous event. Nowhere was this transformation more profound than in East Central Europe, where the collapse of imperial rule led to the emergence of a series of new states. New borders intersected centuries-old networks of commercial, cultural, and social exchange. The new states had to face the challenges posed by territorial fragmentation and at the same time establish durable state structures within an international order that viewed them at best as weak and at worst as provisional entities that would sooner or later be reintegrated into their larger neighbours’ territory. Fragmentation in East Central Europe challenges the traditional view that the emergence of these states was the product of a radical rupture that naturally led from defunct empires to nation states. Using the example of Poland and the Baltic States, it retraces the roots of the interwar states of East Central Europe, of their policies, economic developments, and of their conflicts back to deep in the First World War. At the same time, it shows that these states learned to harness the dynamics caused by territorial fragmentation, thus forever changing our understanding of what modern states can do.
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Vergados, Athanassios. Hesiod's Verbal Craft. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.001.0001.
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This study aims to define Hesiod’s place in early Greek intellectual history by exploring a network of issues related to language, knowledge, and authority in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days. Part I demonstrates how much we can learn about the poet’s craft and his relation to the poetic tradition if we read his etymologies carefully. At the same time, Parts I and II together discuss aspects of the ‘correctness of language’: this correctness does not amount to a naïvely assumed one-to-one correspondence between signifier and signified. Correct names and correct language are ‘true’ because they reveal something particular about the concept or entity named as numerous examples have shown. More importantly, however, correct language is imitative of reality, in that language becomes more opaque, ambiguous, and indeterminate as we delve deeper into the exploration of the condicio humana and the ambiguities and contradictions that characterize it in the Works and Days. Part III addresses three moments of Hesiodic reception. Chapter 10 compares the results of Parts I and II (Hesiod’s implicit theory of language and cognition) with the more explicit statements found in early mythographers and genealogists and shows that these later prose authors use discursive techniques similar to Hesiod’s. Chapter 11 demonstrates the importance of Hesiod’s poetry for Plato’s etymological project in the Cratylus. Finally, chapter 12 discusses the ways in which some ancient philologists treat Hesiod as one of their own, an expert reader of poetry who, however, misunderstood the Poet and spun out some of his narratives which he supported through the use of etymology.
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De Lucca, Valeria. The Politics of Princely Entertainment. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631130.001.0001.
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The Politics of Princely Entertainment explores transformations in the politics of entertainment of the Italian aristocratic classes during the second half of the seventeenth century, a time when profound social and cultural shifts influenced the production and consumption of music. The emergence of commercial theaters in the 1630s in Venice and the great appeal that opera began to have for a large and international audience required the aristocracy to take on a new role within the complex network of agents responsible for the production not only of opera but of music in general. The increasing competition between commercial opera theaters, ruling courts, aristocratic families, and religious institutions, and the consequent professionalization of roles that previously had relied solely on patronage meant that singers, poets, and composers acquired unprecedented negotiating power. These questions are explored following the journeys and ventures of two of the most prominent patrons in seventeenth-century Italy, Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna and his wife Maria Mancini. During the thirty years under examination here, 1659–1689, the Colonna were the most influential and active agents in Roman musical life: they sponsored an unprecedented number of operas, serenatas, oratorios, public ceremonies, and carnival parades while supporting the careers of the most prominent composers, librettists, musicians, and singers of the time. Following the Prince and his wife through their travels to Venice, Spain (as Viceroys of the Kingdom of Aragon), and later Naples, this book traces the journeys not only of scores and librettos, but also of the singers, composers, and librettists whose art reached these faraway corners of Europe, serving diverse social and political purposes.
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Roberts, Patrick. Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In popular discourse, tropical forests are synonymous with 'nature' and 'wilderness'; battlegrounds between apparently pristine floral, faunal, and human communities, and the unrelenting industrial and urban powers of the modern world. It is rarely publicly understood that the extent of human adaptation to, and alteration of, tropical forest environments extends across archaeological, historical, and anthropological timescales. This book is the first attempt to bring together evidence for the nature of human interactions with tropical forests on a global scale, from the emergence of hominins in the tropical forests of Africa to modern conservation issues. Following a review of the natural history and variability of tropical forest ecosystems, this book takes a tour of human, and human ancestor, occupation and use of tropical forest environments through time. Far from being pristine, primordial ecosystems, this book illustrates how our species has inhabited and modified tropical forests from the earliest stages of its evolution. While agricultural strategies and vast urban networks emerged in tropical forests long prior to the arrival of European colonial powers and later industrialization, this should not be taken as justification for the massive deforestation and biodiversity threats imposed on tropical forest ecosystems in the 21st century. Rather, such a long-term perspective highlights the ongoing challenges of sustainability faced by forager, agricultural, and urban societies in these environments, setting the stage for more integrated approaches to conservation and policy-making, and the protection of millennia of ecological and cultural heritage bound up in these habitats.
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Lake, Peter, and Michael Questier. All Hail to the Archpriest. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840343.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume revisits the debates and disputes known collectively in the literature on late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England as the ‘Archpriest Controversy’. We argue that this was an extraordinary instance of the conduct of contemporary public politics and that, in its apparent strangeness, it is in fact a guide to the ways in which contemporaries negotiated the unstable later Reformation settlement in England. The published texts which form the core of the arguments involved in this debate survive, as do several caches of manuscript material generated by the dispute. Together they tell us a good deal about the aspirations of the writers and the networks that they inhabited. They also allow us to retell the progress of the dispute both as a narrative and as an instance of contemporary public argument about topics such as the increasingly imminent royal succession, late Elizabethan puritanism, and the function of episcopacy. Our contention is that, if one takes this material seriously, it is very hard to sustain standard accounts of the accession of James VI in England as part of an almost seamless continuity of royal government, contextualized by a virtually untroubled and consensus-based Protestant account of the relationship between Church and State. Nor is it possible to maintain that by the end of Elizabeth’s reign the fraction of the national Church, separatist and otherwise, which regarded itself or was regarded by others as Catholic had been driven into irrelevance.
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Ledger-Lomas, Michael. Unitarians and Presbyterians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Methodism was originally a loosely connected network of religious clubs, each devoted to promoting holy living among its members. It was part of the Evangelical Revival, a movement of religious ideas which swept across the North Atlantic world in the eighteenth century. This chapter charts the growth and development, character and nature, and consolidation and decline of British Methodism in the nineteenth century from five distinct perspectives. First, Methodism grew rapidly in the early nineteenth century but struggled to channel that enthusiasm in an effective way. As a result, it was beset by repeated secessions, and the emergence of rival Methodist groups, each with their own distinctive characteristics, of which Wesleyan Methodism was the largest and most influential. Second, while Methodism grew rapidly in England, it struggled to find a successful footing in the Celtic fringes of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Here, local preoccupations, sectarian tensions, and linguistic differences required a degree of flexibility which the Methodist leadership was often not prepared to concede. Third, the composition of the Methodist membership is considered. While it is acknowledged that most Methodists came from working-class backgrounds, it is also suggested that Methodists became more middle class as the century progressed. People were attracted to Methodism because of its potential to transform lives and support people in the process. It encouraged the laity to take leadership roles, including women. It provided a whole network of support services which, taken together, created a self-sufficient religious culture. Fourth, Methodism had a distinctive position within the British polity. In the early nineteenth century the Wesleyan leadership was deeply conservative, and even aligned itself with the Tory interest. Wesleyan members and almost all of Free Methodism were reformist in their politics and aligned themselves with the Whig, later Liberal interest. This early conservatism was the result of Methodism’s origins within the Church of England. As the nineteenth century progressed, this relationship came under strain. By the end of the century, Methodists had distanced themselves from Anglicans and were becoming vocal supporters of Dissenting campaigns for political equality. Fifth, in the late nineteenth century, Methodism’s spectacular growth of earlier decades had slowed and decline began to set in. From the 1880s, Methodism sought to tackle this challenge in a number of ways. It sought to broaden its evangelical message, and one of its core theological precepts, that of holiness. It embarked on an ambitious programme of social reform. And it attempted to modernize its denominational practices. In an attempt to strengthen its presence in the face of growing apathy, several branches of Methodism reunited, forming, in 1932, the Methodist Church in Britain. However, this institutional reorganization could not stop the steady decline of British members into the twentieth century. Instead, Methodism expanded globally, into previously non-Christian areas. It is now a denomination with a significant world presence. British Methodism, however, continues to struggle, increasingly of interest only as a heritage site for the origins of a much wider and increasingly diverse movement.