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Scott, Cynthia. "Renewing the ‘Special Relationship’ and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79." Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 646–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416658698.
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This article questions how the return of cultural property from metropolitan centers of former colonial powers to the successor states of former colonies have been considered positive – if rare – examples of post-colonial redress. Highlighting UNESCO-driven publicity about the transfer of materials from the Netherlands to Indonesia, and tracing nearly 30 years of diplomacy between these countries, demonstrates that the return of cultural property depended on the ability of Dutch officials to vindicate the Netherlands’ historical and contemporary cultural roles in the former East Indies. More than anything, returns were influenced by the determination of Dutch officials to find and maintain a secure cultural role in Indonesia in the future. This article also considers how Dutch policies were initially independent from, but later coincided with, the anti-colonial activism that emerged within the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) around the issue of cultural property return to former colonies. Yet, rather than reveal a mediating role for UNESCO, this article re-positions the return debate within a broader framework of shifting post-colonial cultural relations negotiated bilaterally between the Netherlands – as a former colonial power – and the leaders of the newly independent state of Indonesia.
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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Decolonization." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000092.
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In the past two decades, colonial studies, the postcolonial turn, the new imperial history, as well as world and global history have made serious strides toward revising key elements of German history. Instead of insisting that German modernity was a fundamentally unique, insular affair that incubated authoritarian social tendencies, scholars working in these fields have done much to reinsert Germany into the broader logic of nineteenth-century global history, in which the thalassocratic empires of Europe pursued the project of globalizing their economies, populations, and politics. During this period, settler colonies, including German South West Africa, were established and consolidated by European states at the expense of displaced, helotized, or murdered indigenous populations. Complementing these settler colonies were mercantile entrepôts and plantation colonies, which sprouted up as part of a systematic, global attempt to reorient non-European economies, work patterns, and epistemological frameworks along European lines. Although more modestly than some of its European collaborators and competitors, Germany joined Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States in a largely liberal project of global maritime imperialism.
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van der Eng, Pierre. "Exploring Exploitation: The Netherlands and Colonial Indonesia 1870–1940." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 291–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007138.
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Studies of the economic relations between Great Britain and its colonies, such as Hopkins (1988) and O'Brien (1988), have revitalised controversy about the relevance of economic factors in the history of imperialism. Some have denigrated the relevance of the Hobson-Lenin thesis that capitalists required new overseas investment opportunities to postpone the collapse of capitalism, and the argument that colonies were a paying proposition. This article assesses the economic relations between the Netherlands and its colony Indonesia. It aims to raise the profile of this connexion in the controversy mentioned above, and to explore whether and to what extent the economic relationship may be crucial to explaining «metropolitan» economic development and «peripheral» underdevelopment.
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Shatokhina-Mordvintseva, Galina. "“All Things Considered, the General Standing of the Kingdom is Most Favorable…”: Neutrality of the Netherlands against the Background of German Empire Genesis." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016150-4.
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The Kingdom of the Netherlands, being a small European kingdom with vast colonial possessions, was watching the process of unification of Germany with certain anxiety. With the beginning of the Franco-Prussian (Franco-German) War of 1870—1871 the Netherlands, mostly dominated by pro-German moods, declared its neutrality. And although a mobilization campaign had been carried out in the country, neither its government nor its people had any major concerns that the Netherlands as well as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, that was tied to the House of Orange-Nassau through a personal union, could be drawn into the military conflict. Sustainable increase of income obtained from colonies, directing financial flows mostly to the benefit of external loans, proactive foreign trade — together these factors reduced the possibility of great powers infringing the neutrality of the Netherlands almost to zero. However, having successfully maintained its neutral status, the Netherlands still failed to avoid inner political crises that vividly demonstrated the incapability of the liberal cabinets steering the country at that time.
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van Nederveen Meerkerk, Elise. "Grammar of Difference? The Dutch Colonial State, Labour Policies, and Social Norms on Work and Gender, c.1800–1940." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (December 2016): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000481.
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AbstractThis article investigates developments in labour policies and social norms on gender and work from a colonial perspective. It aims to analyse the extent to which state policies and societal norms influenced gendered labour relations in the Netherlands and its colony, the Netherlands Indies (present-day Indonesia). In order to investigate the influence of the state on gender and household labour relations in the Dutch empire, this paper compares as well as connects social interventions related to work and welfare in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies from the early nineteenth century up until World War II. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, work was seen as a means to morally discipline the poor, both in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies. Parallel initiatives were taken by Johannes van den Bosch, who, in 1815, established “peat colonies” in the Netherlands, aiming to transform the urban poor into industrious agrarian workers, and in 1830 introduced the Cultivation System in the Netherlands Indies, likewise to increase the industriousness of Javanese peasants. While norms were similar, the scope of changing labour relations was much vaster in the colony than in the metropole.During the nineteenth century, ideals and practices of the male breadwinner started to pervade Dutch households, and children’s and women’s labour laws were enacted. Although in practice many Dutch working-class women and children continued to work, their official numbers dropped significantly. In contrast to the metropole, the official number of working (married) women in the colony was very high, and rising over the period. Protection for women and children was introduced very late in the Netherlands Indies and only under intense pressure from the international community. Not only did Dutch politicians consider it “natural” for Indonesian women and children to work, their assumptions regarding inherent differences between Indonesian and Dutch women served to justify the protection of the latter: a fine example of what Ann Stoler and Frederick Cooper have called a “grammar of difference”.
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de Valk, J. P. "Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003430.
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The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.
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Schrauwers, Albert. "Colonies of benevolence: A carceral archipelago of empire in the greater Netherlands." History and Anthropology 31, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2020.1762592.
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Homan, Gerlof D., and Maarten Kuitenbrouwer. "The Netherlands and the Rise of Modern Imperialism: Colonies and Foreign Policy, 1870-1902." American Historical Review 98, no. 1 (February 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166464.
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Koot, Christian J. "Constructing the Empire: English Governors, Imperial Policy, and Inter-imperial Trade in New York City and the Leeward Islands, 1650–1689." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000061.
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AbstrsctThis article uses a comparative perspective to consider the role that English governors played in facilitating inter-imperial trade with the Dutch in New York City and the ports of the English Leeward Islands, including Bridgetown, Barbados, during the seventeenth century. As governors struggled to establish viable colonies these men worked to supply needed trade goods, often allowing their colonists to turn to Dutch colonies and the Netherlands as trading partners, understanding the ways in which these executives negotiated between imperial policies, primarily the Navigation Acts, and the needs of their charges is crucial to understanding how colonies developed. Further, investigating the ways in which governors fostered, regulated, or prevented inter-imperial trade with the Dutch illustrates how governors and colonists implemented and adapted mercantile policy in different colonies, places that depended upon the transfer of culture, goods and entrepreneurial activities across imperial boundaries. Complementing recent scholarship describing the extent of inter-imperial and cross-national trade in the seventeenth-century Atlantic, this article examines the impact English governors had on local merchant communities and their efforts to trade with the Dutch.
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Hoefte, Rosemarijn. "The Difficulty of Getting it Right: Dutch Policy in the Caribbeans." Itinerario 25, no. 2 (July 2001): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300008822.
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Dutch colonialism has traditionally focused on the East Indies, rather than the West Indies. Thus when Queen Wilhelmina, while in exile in London, declared in 1942 that the colonies should become autonomous with the words ‘relying on one's own strength, with the will to support each other,’ she was thinking of the East and not so much about Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Yet as it turned out, all constitutional plans, culminating into the Statuut or Charter of the Kingdom of 1954, even though conceived and drafted with the East in mind, was ultimately only applied to the West. The Netherlands East Indies, occupied by Japan during World War II, opted for independence after the War. The Hague did not accept this step and waged both hot and cold wars to fight against Indonesia's independence. This, for the Netherlands traumatic, experience left its traces in Dutch policy regarding its Caribbean territories.
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Heron, Heronimus. "Tugu Ngejaman: Penanda Kuasa dan Pengingat Waktu di Yogyakarta." Retorik: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora 10, no. 1 (September 16, 2022): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ret.v10i1.4850.
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Tugu Ngejaman or Stadsklok is a monument to commemorate a century of the return of Java to the Dutch colonial rule in 1916. This story begins with the French conquest of the Netherlands in January 1795 which led to the conquest of Java in 1808-1811. But France finally lost the war against Russia in 1814, so the Netherlands negotiated with Britain over its colonies. The British and the Dutch managed to reach an agreement to cede Java to the Dutch, while the British took control of Malacca in 1816. In this paper, I trace the history of the establishment of the Ngejaman monument, the meaning of the Ngejaman monument for the Dutch population in Yogyakarta, and the reasons for maintaining the Ngejaman monument today. I use Walter Benjamin's perspective on aura to explore the relationship between monuments and history and the technological revolution. The data in this paper comes from archival documents and existing scholarly literature, interviews, as well as field observations that elucidate the Ngejaman monument and the activities of the surrounding community. This study finds that the construction of the Ngejaman monument was related to the markers of Dutch colonial power in Yogyakarta and the "revolution of time" in the modern society. However, the Yogyakarta City Government maintains the Ngejaman monument without providing a narrative about the history of the monument's establishment in Malioboro. The government ignores historical literacy in tourism development in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, even when the importance of preserving the Ngejaman monument lies in its being a marker of the introduction of time as a regulator of modern human activity in Yogyakarta and a reminder that liberation has not necessarily meant freedom for all.
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van Rooden, Peter. "Public Orders into Moral Communities: Eighteenth-Century Fast and Thanksgiving Day Sermons in the Dutch Republic and New England." Studies in Church History 40 (2004): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400002898.
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In the eighteenth century, both in the Dutch Republic and in the colonies of New England, collective repentance and social reconciliation with God were institutionalized in great common rituals. In both polities, Fast and Thanksgiving Days were proclaimed by civil authority, and these occasions brought people together into churches to hear ministers interpret their common situation. These rituals were the main way in which the New England colonies and the Dutch Republic expressed their unity as political communities. It was this aspect of these sermons that made them of interest to nineteenth-century American and Dutch historians. In the nineteenth-century Kingdom of the Netherlands, N. C. Kist, the first holder of the newly instituted chair of Church History at Leiden University, finished his career with his two-volume Neêrlands Bededagen en Biddagsbrieven, offering both an interpretation and an antiquarian overview of all the Fast Days proclaimed in the Netherlands. In the United States, William de Loss Love published his exquisite The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England in 1895, similarly offering both an antiquarian list of all Fast and Thanksgiving Days and an analysis. Kist was deeply involved with the nation-building project of the early nineteenth-century Kingdom of the Netherlands. De Loss Love, the first chaplain of the Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, was as inspired by modern nationalism as Kist was. Both scholars interpreted the Fast-day ritual as an indication of the high moral purpose and commitment to the nation of their ancestors.
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Korsten, Jan. "Harro Maat, Science cultivating practice. A history of agricultural science in the Netherlands and its colonies, 1863-1986." Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis/ The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2004): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/tseg.811.
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Supartono, Alexander, and Alexandra Moschovi. "Contesting colonial (hi)stories: (Post)colonial imaginings of Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (September 2020): 343–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000508.
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This article seeks to explore the impact of digital technologies upon the material, conceptual and ideological premises of the colonial archive in the digital era. This analysis is pursued though a discussion of creative work produced during an international, multidisciplinary artist workshop in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, that used digital material from colonial photographic archives in the Netherlands to critically investigate the ways national, transnational and personal (hi)stories in the former colonies in Southeast Asia have been informed and shaped by their colonial past. The analysis focuses on how the artists’ use of digital media contests and reconfigures the use, truth value and power of the colonial archive as an entity and institution. Case studies include: Thai photographer Dow Wasiksiri, who questions the archive's mnemonic function by substituting early twentieth-century handcrafted association techniques with digital manipulation; Malaysian artist Yee I-Lann, who compresses onto the same picture plane different historical moments and colonial narratives; and Indonesian photographer Agan Harahap, who recomposes archival photographs into unlikely juxtapositions disseminated through social media. By repurposing colonial archival material and circulating their work online such a re-imag(in)ing of Southeast Asia not only challenges the notions of originality, authenticity, ownership and control associated with such archives, but also reclaims colonial-era (hi)stories, making them part of a democratic, expanding, postcolonial archive.
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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2005): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002501.
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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.
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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002501.
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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.
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Kroon, Sjaak, and Jeanne Kurvers. "Opvattingen Over Nederlands En Andere Talen Als Instructietaal Op Aruba En In Suriname." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 82 (January 1, 2009): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.82.06kro.
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The Republic of Suriname in South America and the Carribean island of Aruba are both former Dutch colonies. After its independence in 1975 Suriname opted for maintaining Dutch as an official language and a language of education and also in Aruba, which is nowadays an autonomous part of the Kingdom of The Netherlands, Dutch remained the official language and the language of instruction in education. The fact that Suriname and Aruba are both multilingual societies - Suriname has some twenty different languages and in Aruba, apart from Dutch, Papiamento is the main language - over the years gave rise to heated debates about what language or languages should best serve as a medium of instruction in schools. This question was investigated by means of a survey that was administered with 200 respondents in the case of Aruba (educational professionals and lay people living in Aruba) and 315 in the case of Suriname (partly living in Suriname and partly in The Netherlands). The investigation showed that on Aruba lay people, among which parents of school going children, are the main advocates of Dutch as language of instruction in schools whereas educational professionals show a clear preference for including Papiamento as a language of instruction. In Suriname on the other hand, both groups of respondents showed a clear preference for using Dutch as a language of instruction. These outcomes seem to be related to differences in the linguistic landscape in Suriname and Aruba and to the different colonial history of the two countries.
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Borucki, Alex. "Trans-imperial History in the Making of the Slave Trade to Venezuela, 1526-1811." Itinerario 36, no. 2 (August 2012): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000563.
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The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlantic slave trade, both through research on specific sections of this traffic and through the consolidation of datasets into a single online resource: Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter Voyages Database). This collective project has elucidated in great detail the slave trading routes across the Atlantic and the broad African origins of captives, at least from their ports of embarkation. However, this multi-source database tells us little about the slave trading routes within the Americas, as slaves were shipped through various ports of disembarkation, sometimes by crossing imperial borders in the New World. This gap complicates our understanding of the slave trade to Spanish America, which depended on foreign slavers to acquire captives through a rigid system of contracts (asientos and licencias) overseen by the Crown up to 1789. These foreign merchants often shipped captives from their own American territories such as Jamaica, Curaçao, and Brazil. Thus, the slave trade connected the Spanish colonies with interlopers from England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal (within the Spanish domain from 1580 to 1640), and eventually the United States. The importance of the intra-American slave trade is particularly evident in Venezuela: while the Voyages Database shows only 11,500 enslaved Africans arriving in Venezuela directly from Africa, I estimate that 101,000 captives were disembarked there, mostly from other colonies. This article illuminates the volume of this traffic, the slave trading routes, and the origins of slaves arriving in Venezuela by exploring the connections of this Spanish colony with the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French Atlantics. Imperial conflicts and commercial networks shaped the number and sources of slaves arriving in Venezuela. As supplies of captives passed from Portuguese to Dutch, and then to English hands, the colony absorbed captives from different African regions of embarkation.
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Mackillop, Andrew. "Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain, and the Asia Trade, 1695–c. 1750." Itinerario 29, no. 3 (November 2005): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300010457.
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The close, reciprocal relationship between overseas expansion and domestic state formation in early modern Western Europe has long been understood. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Portugal, the Netherlands, and England used the resources arising from their Atlantic colonies and Asia trades to defend themselves against their respective Spanish and French enemies. Creating and sustaining a territorial or trading empire, therefore, enabled polities not only to survive but also to enhance their standing with-i n the hierarchy of European states. The proposition that success overseas facilitated state development at home points however to the opposite logic, that where kingdoms failed as colonial powers they might well suffer from inhibited state formation. Indeed, if the example of England demonstrated how empire augmented a kingdom's power, then the experience of its neigh-bour, Scotland, seemed to reveal one possible outcome for a country unable to access colonial expansion. In 1707 Scotland negotiated away its political sovereignty and entered into an incorporating union with England. The new British framework enabled the Scots to access English markets (both domestic and colonial) previously closed to them. This does not mean that the 1707 union was simply an exchange of Scottish sovereignty for involvement in England's economy. Pressing political concerns, not least the Hanoverian succession played an equal if not more important role in the making of the British union. The question of political causation notwithstanding, the prevailing historiography of 1707 still places Scotland in a dichotomous framework of declining continental markets on the one hand and the lure of more expansive trade with England' domestic and overseas outlets on the other.
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Goss, Andrew. "Harro Maat,Science Cultivating Practice: A History of Agricultural Science in The Netherlands and its Colonies, 1863–1986. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001." Metascience 12, no. 3 (November 2003): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mesc.0000005875.94892.dc.
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Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.
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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.
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Dewulf, Jeroen. "Framing a Deterritorialized, Hybrid Alternative to Nationalist Essentialism in the Postcolonial Era: Tjalie Robinson and the Diasporic Eurasian “Indo” Community." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.16.1-2.1.
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In her study of Transnational South Asians (2008), Susan Koshy highlights the systematic neglect by scholars of the perspectives and activities of such seemingly peripheral actors as diasporic subjects in the macro-narratives of nationalism and globalization. Such neglect was even more pronounced in the case of the “repatriates” from European colonies in Asia and Africa. The epistemological implications of the dislocated, de-territorialized discourse produced by repatriates from former European colonies remain largely overlooked. One of those groups that seem to have slipped between the pages of history is the diasporic Eurasian “Indo” community that has its roots in the former Dutch East Indies. In this article, I focus on Tjalie Robinson, the intellectual leader of this community from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in what Homi Bhabha, in The Location of Culture (1994, 38), called “the conceptualization of an international culture, based not on the exoticism of multiculturalism or the diversity of cultures, but on the inscription and articulation of culture’s hybridity.” Long before Bhabha, Robinson had already published substantially on hybrid, transnational identity. As the son of a Dutch father and a British-Javanese mother, Robinson had made a name in Indonesia with his writings. He left Indonesia in 1954, and soon became the leading voice of the diasporic Indo community in the Netherlands and, later, also in the United States. His engagement resulted in the founding of the Indo magazine Tong Tong and the annual Pasar Malam, the world’s biggest Eurasian festival. With his writings, Robinson played an essential role in the cultural awareness and self-pride of the Indo community through the acceptance of their essentially hybrid and transnational identity.
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Fasseur, C. "A Passage to Indonesia." Itinerario 19, no. 2 (July 1995): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300006793.
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A long story could be told about the educational institutions where young Dutchmen were trained for an administrative and legal career in the Indies. This educational process started with the foundation of the Javanese Institute (Instituut voor dejavaanse taal) in Surakarta in 1832. Ten years later this institute was closed and the training of Dutch civil servants was transferred to the city of Delft in the Netherlands. A Royal Academy for Engineers has been established in that town and was subsequently made subservient to this overseas task too. The study of language at an engineering academy reads strangely but was done for reasons of economy. In the words of the Minister of the Colonies (J.C. Baud) who was responsible for this decision: the arid and unpleasant study of Oriental languages could better be accomplished in a cold climate than in the hot climate of Java which was not at all conducive to hard work and study! In 1864 the instruction of civil servants for Indonesia was transferred to a state institution in Leiden (Rijks-instelling van onderwijs in Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde). But the municipal authorities of Delft were unwilling to lose the young hopefuls for the Indies and their wealthy parents, many of them with a colonial background themselves, who, for the sake of the education of their children, had taken domicile in Delft after their retirement. In the same year 1864 the municipal council of Delft established a local Indies Institute (Indische Instelling) of its own that turned out much more successful than the Leiden state institute which soon disappeared. On the other hand, the training of Indies lawyers and judges became a firm monopoly of Leiden University after the passing of a new law on Dutch universities in 1876.
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MacKenzie, John M. "Reviews : Maarten Kuitenbrouwer, The Netherlands and the Rise of Modern Imperi alism: Colonies and Foreign Policy, 1870-1902 (translated by Hugh Beyer), Oxford, Berg, 1991; vii + 407 pp.; L37.50." European History Quarterly 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149302300318.
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Colley, Linda. "Empires of Writing: Britain, America and Constitutions, 1776–1848." Law and History Review 32, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 237–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248013000801.
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Approximately 50 years ago, R. R. Palmer published his two volume masterworkThe Age of the Democratic Revolution. Designed as a “comparative constitutional history of Western civilization,” it charted the struggles after 1776 over ideas of popular sovereignty and civil and religious freedoms, and the spreading conviction that, instead of being confined to “any established, privileged, closed, or self-recruiting groups of men,” government might be rendered simple, accountable and broadly based. Understandably, Palmer placed great emphasis on the contagion of new-style constitutions. Between 1776 and 1780, eleven onetime American colonies drafted state constitutions. These went on to inform the provisions of the United States Constitution adopted in 1787, which in turn influenced the four Revolutionary French constitutions of the 1790s, and helped to inspire new constitutions in Haiti, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and elsewhere. By 1820, according to one calculation, more than sixty new constitutions had been attempted within Continental Europe alone, and this is probably an underestimate. At least a further eighty constitutions were implemented between 1820 and 1850, many of them in Latin America. The spread of written constitutions proved in time almost unstoppable, and Palmer left his readers in no doubt that this outcome could be traced back to the Revolution of 1789, and still more to the Revolution of 1776. Despite resistance by entrenched elites, and especially from Britain, “the greatest single champion of the European counter-revolution,” a belief was in being by 1800, Palmer argued, that “democracy was a matter of concern to the world as a whole, that it was a thing of the future, [and] that while it was blocked in other countries the United States should be its refuge.”
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Emmer, P. C. "Maarten Kuitenbrouwer, The Netherlands and the Rise of Modern Imperialism: Colonies and Foreign Policy, 1870-1902. New York and Oxford (Berg Publishers) 1991. ISBN 0-85496-681-1. Price £ 37.50." Itinerario 16, no. 1 (March 1992): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300006690.
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Zed, Mestika. "WARISAN PENJAJAHAN BELANDA DI INDONESIA PASCA-KOLONIAL (PERSPEKTIF PERUBAHAN DAN KESINAMBUNGAN)." Diakronika 17, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol17-iss1/18.
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This paper is a preliminary exploration of the Netherlands colonial heritage in contemporary Indonesia (post-colonial). In this case there are three major issues that would like to set out one by one. First, about the degree of influence of colonization of the Netherlands in the Netherlands and Indonesia's relationship in the past. Second, about the impact of political and economic policies of the Netherlands colonial against the structure of the demographics of Indonesia. Third, an afterthought (reflection) about the importance of re-reading the historical experience of Netherlands colonial rule in the past and the legacy left behind, including the corpus of documents about the history of Indonesia and Netherlands’ relationship for research and learning history for the generation in the future. These three fundamental subjects will be viewed in the perspective of change and continuity. Finally, a cover blurb will spin back the important points set out in this paper.
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Woldendorp, Jaap. "Good governance and local autonomy in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Europe and the Caribbean: An uneasy relationship." Tocqueville Review 35, no. 2 (January 2014): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.35.2.11.
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The existence of a specific ministry for overseas territories in the Netherlands — Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties (Interior Affairs and Relations within the Realm or Kingdom) — is the outcome of a few hundred years of (post) colonial history. In the 1970s and 1980s Dutch governments pushed for independence of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname in order to get rid of the colonial stigma. In 1975, Suriname became an independent state. However, subsequently a combination of factors made decolonization of the Netherlands Antilles unfeasible. The first factor was the experience with the negative developments in Suriname after its independence.
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Karabinos, Michael Joseph. "Displaced Archives, Displaced History: Recovering the Seized Archives of Indonesia." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 169, no. 2-3 (2013): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-12340027.
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Abstract This article examines the post-war conflict of colonial retention that the Netherlands engaged in with Indonesia, and the invasion of Yogyakarta on 19 December 1948. While arresting high-ranking members of the Republican government, Dutch troops seized papers that were left behind. These documents were not returned to Indonesia until nearly 50 years later. By studying the archival collection, fluctuations in the relationship between Indonesia and the Netherlands are revealed. The seized archives relate directly to the building of a new nation; their history reflects the history of Indonesia.
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Breman, Jan. "Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History." Itinerario 16, no. 2 (July 1992): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022129.
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The discovery of an official report, so far unpublished, about coolie scandals on the plantations on Sumatra's East Coast around the year 1900, motivated me to produce a full-length book on this theme. My original intention had been merely to write a short introduction to the publication of a shocking historical document. However, I changed my mind when it became obvious that proper understanding of the source required more background information on the social and policy framework within which the plantation system operated. This applied both to conditions on the estates themselves and to the evaluation of those affairs by official and non-official outsiders. The main aim of my study is to contribute to the historiography of industrial labour in Southeast Asia. However, it also analyses die linkage that came about between capitalist industry and colonial policy in a region that formed part of the so-called Outer Provinces of die Netherlands Indies.
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Protschky, Susie. "Nature, landscape and identity in the Netherlands Indies: Literary constructions of being Dutch in the tropics." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 164, no. 1 (2008): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003698.
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Recent trends in Indonesian history suggest a fruitful point at which two major fields of research might begin to converge: one is the growing body of literature on environmental history, the other is the abundant scholarship on social history and identity in colonial contexts. Studies of indigenous and colonial land-use patterns, conservation policies and practices, and Asian attitudes toward landscape and nature are some of the recent scholarly sojourns into Indonesia’s colonial past.
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Weber, Andreas. "Encountering the Netherlands Indies: Caspar G.C. Reinwardt's Field Trip to the East (1816–1822)." Itinerario 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300002709.
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In the years after its foundation in 1814, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands witnessed the emergence of several new sites where natural history—the study of naming, describing and classifying plants, animals and minerals—was carried out. These new sites, such as the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (National Museum for Natural History), founded in 1820, the Rijksherbarium (National Herbarium) and the colonial site Nederlands-Indië (Netherlands Indies) had not existed in that form and in that combination before. The Rijksmuseum and the Rijksherbarium, established in Brussels in 1829, were the first national and fully state-funded natural historical institutions in the Dutch kingdom. In the course of the nineteenth century, both institutions rapidly developed into well-known centres for natural historical research in Europe. Significant parts of their collections derived from the Malay Archipelago, a region the Dutch kingdom regained from the British for strategic reasons in 1814. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Malay Archipelago, which had remained a terra incognita to European naturalists and colonial administrators, witnessed an unprecedented run on its natural wealth—initiated and propelled by both the emerging Dutch colonial state and the natural historical institutions in the Netherlands.
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de Koning, Martijn. "From Turks and Renegades to Citizens and Radicals : The Historical Trajectories of ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ Muslims in the Netherlands." Trajecta. Religion, Culture and Society in the Low Countries 29, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tra2020.1.001.deko.
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Abstract In contemporary debates on religion and multiculturalism in the Netherlands, Islam is hypervisible as a ‘problem' originating from outside Europe ‐ the discussion of which draws a clear distinction between the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ Muslims. Yet, at the same time, almost no reference is made to the Dutch history of Islam and Muslims prior to World War II. Based on a study of the literature on the history of Islam and the Netherlands during the 16th and 17th centuries and covering the colonial rule of Indonesia and the rise of Indonesian communities in the Netherlands during the interwar period, I trace how the distinction between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ Muslims resonates throughout Dutch history. I show how the trope of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ Muslims can be found in different, and sometimes contradictory ways and was determined by the local and global interests of the ruling elites and their desire to maintain peace and order to prevent politically dissenting Islamic ideas and transnational movements from influencing local Muslims.
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Drieënhuizen, Caroline, and Fenneke Sysling. "Java Man and the Politics of Natural History." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 177, no. 2-3 (July 9, 2021): 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10012.
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Abstract Natural history museums have long escaped postcolonial or decolonial scrutiny; their specimens were and are usually presented as part of the natural world, containing only biological or geological information. However, their collections, like those of other museums, are rooted in colonial practices and thinking. In this article, we sketch a political and decolonial biography of ‘Java Man’, the fossilized remains of a Homo erectus specimen, housed in Naturalis, the Natural History Museum, in the Netherlands. We describe the context of Dutch colonialism and the role of indigenous knowledge and activity in the discovery of Java Man. We also follow Java Man to the Netherlands, where it became a contested specimen and part of a discussion about repatriation. This article argues that the fossils of Java Man and their meanings are products of ‘creolized’ knowledge systems produced by Empire and sites of competing national and disciplinary histories and identities.
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Black, J. "Review: Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750-1800." English Historical Review 120, no. 487 (June 1, 2005): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei302.
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Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth. "Dutch Expansion in the Indonesian Archipelago Around 1900 and the Imperialism Debate." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1994): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340000669x.
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Few works on modern imperialism (1880–1914) include Dutch political and military behaviour in the Indonesian archipelago. Theories concerning colonial expansion in this period have been based almost exclusively on the activities of the big powers, scrambling for new territories in Africa. The small country of the Netherlands, expanding its colonial frontiers within its nominal sphere of interest, did not arouse much interest, the less so as its history and sources are not easily accessible due to an internationally little known language.
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Schrikker, Alicia, and Sander Tetteroo. "De koloniale ruimte herbezien." De Moderne Tijd 4, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 358–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/dmt2020.3-4.011.tett.
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Abstract The Colonial Space Revisited The Cultural and Political Experience of Indonesian Natural Disasters in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century This contribution analyses the colonial space that encompassed The Netherlands and Indonesia through the lens of historical disasters. In the past as much as in the present, Indonesia’s geophysical circumstances made the region vulnerable to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunami’s. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century such disasters confronted its victims, the other inhabitants of the archipelago and Dutch authorities with considerable challenges. Organizing relief and reconstructing the affected places and societies, prompted societal and governmental responses in colonial Indonesia as well as in The Netherlands. This article centres around two case studies: the eruption of Mount Awu on Sangihe Besar in 1856, and the earthquake that struck West Sumatra in 1926. We show that cultural and political interpretations of these disasters varied consid-erably between Dutch and Indonesian actors. By building on new insights from the fields of New Imperial History and Disaster Studies, we understand these divergences as the results of the differences in interests, worldviews and political realities faced by those who engaged with disasters in the Netherlands East Indies. On the one hand, Dutch actors tended to frame disasters as joint experiences that bound together motherland and its colony through charity and aid in a single humanitarian space. Yet their decidedly colonial lens led the Dutch to view disasters mainly through their own interests in the archipelago, thereby obscuring the multi-layered nature of local disaster responses. We therefore foreground local disaster responses to expose the limits of colonial disaster interpretations and thereby emphasise the fragmented nature of the colonial space.
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Boltaevskiy, Andrey A., and Stanislav A. Agureev. "Slavery in Dutch Guiana and the Dutch Colonial Ethos." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i4.294.
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The subject of this article is the economic system that has developed in the Netherlands Guiana, based on forced slave labor. The degree of cruelty of this system over the past centuries has been mythologized by both contemporaries of the events and later researchers. Today in Netherlands, at the highest official level, the era of colonial slavery has been condemned but at the same time it was recognized as a part of national history, which is largely due to the influential Caribbean community. However, the attitude towards this topic in society remains extremely polarized, becoming the subject of manipulation by populist and nationalist forces.
The work is based on a wide range of foreign sources and research; the methodological basis includes the historical, genetic and comparative methods. The scientific novelty of the article is connected with the poor study of the topic in domestic science. A comparative study of the situation of slaves in the Western Hemisphere has shown that toughness was not unique to the Dutch colonial ethos. The high mortality and hardships of slaves in the Netherlands Guiana and the Caribbean are due to the specifics of sugar plantations, and not to a greater degree of racism compared to Iberoamerica. The author draws attention to the gradual progressive evolution of all slavery regimes on the American continent.
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Abbas, Indah. "Islamic Law in the Legal Political System." Al-Mizan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 156–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/am.v13i2.875.
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This article discusses the history of the development of Islamic law in the legal political system in Indonesia. The problem discussed in this article is how the history of the phases of Islamic law in Indonesia and how the formation of Islamic law in the development of the political system in Indonesia. The results showed that: First, the history of the development of Islamic law in Indonesia, namely from the pre-colonial period of the Netherlands, the Dutch colonial period, the period of Japanese occupation, the period of parliamentary democracy, the old and new order periods, and the reform period; Second, the position of Islamic law in the development of national law in Indonesia plays an important role in the orderliness of the Indonesian people, especially Muslims and is used as material in the preparation of national law
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Weiner, Melissa F. "(E)RACING SLAVERY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11, no. 2 (2014): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x14000149.
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AbstractTextbooks are explicitly racial texts that offer important insights into national memories of slavery and colonialism. The Dutch have long engaged in the social forgetting of slavery even as race served as an organizing principal during centuries of colonial domination of the Dutch West Indies and Suriname. While the Dutch have recently begun to address their history of enslavement, they have yet to sufficiently address how the discursive legacies of slavery continue to impact the lives of Afro-Dutch descendants of enslaved2 Africans and White Dutch in The Netherlands today. This paper uses qualitative content and discourse analytic methods to examine the depiction of slavery, The Netherlands’ role in the slave trade and enslavement, and the commemoration of slavery in all Dutch primary school history textbooks published since 1980 to address questions of whether textbooks feature scientific colonialism to perpetuate The Netherlands’ social forgetting of slavery in a nation that denies the existence of race even as racialized socioeconomic inequalities persist. A Eurocentric master narrative of racial Europeanization perpetuates Dutch social forgetting of slavery and scientific colonialism to both essentialize Afro-Dutch and position their nation squarely within Europe’s history of enslavement even while attempting to minimize their role within it. Findings have important implications for both The Netherlands and all nations with histories of enslavement as the discourses and histories presented in textbooks impact generations of students, who shape local and national policy regarding racial minorities, racial identities, and ideologies.
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Kuitenbrouwer, Maarten. "Capitalism and Imperialism: Britain and the Netherlands." Itinerario 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530002235x.
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In their impressive new study on British imperialism, Cain and Hopkins mention ‘the desultory negotiations sharing out the Dutch and Portuguese empires should they collapse’ between Britain and Germany at the turn of the century. In the corresponding note, however, they substantiate only the well known negotiations on the Portuguese empire and not those mysterious talks on the Dutch empire. It is one of only a few instances where Cain's and Hopkins’ 2,500 well-documented footnotes do not fully explain their 850 pages of thick description and analysis. Their suggestion of an Anglo-German understanding to divide the Dutch East Indies if necessary, however, does strike some raw nerves among Dutch contemporaries. In the official and unofficial minds of Dutch imperialism, there was a strong fear that die Netherlands could lose their large colonial empire to the great powers. In that case the Netherlands would be reduced to the ‘rank of Denmark’, to a ‘farm at the North Sea’. But this imperial fear was connected with the high hopes that the Netherlands could indeed become the ‘first among the nations of the second rank’, a real middle power, because of its vast colonial empire.
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Mak, Geertje, Marit Monteiro, and Elisabeth Wesseling. "Child Separation: (Post)Colonial Policies and Practices in the Netherlands and Belgium." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 135, no. 3-4 (November 12, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10871.
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Sopyan, Muhamad, Andi Ima Kesuma, and Jumadi Sahabuddin. "Etnis Bali di Lombok Barat (1942-2002)." Yupa: Historical Studies Journal 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/yupa.v1i1.95.
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This paper uses a qualitative approach design history that includes Groove heuristics, critique, interpretation and historiography. This paper describes a pattern of ethnic life Sasak Ethnic Balinese. The second encounter was part of the ethnic dynamics of patterns of social life, art and culture of the community of West Lombok, Bali, colonial empire domination Netherlands and Japan as well as the aftermath of independence. West Lombok in the course of its history has its own and unique patterns by showing the existence of the ideal cooperation between different ethnic religion in building a harmonious unity.
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Díaz, Soledad Carmina González. "A Three-Century Journey: The Lost Manuscript of the History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa." Americas 78, no. 3 (July 2021): 467–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2021.44.
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AbstractThe History of the Incas is a chronicle written in Cusco, Peru, at the end of the sixteenth century, by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. It was never published in the colonial period and its only manuscript was lost for three hundred years. At the end of the nineteenth century, the manuscript was found in Göttingen, Prussia. This research note is about a missing manuscript and its unexpected discovery. Moreover, it is about the long and uncharted journey of the History in its multiple lives through Peru, Spain, the Netherlands, and Germany.
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Knight, G. Roger. "A Jaunt in the Highlands of Java: Family Networks and the Scots Diaspora in Colonial Indonesia, c.1820–1942." Scottish Historical Review 99, no. 1 (April 2020): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2020.0435.
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Absent from recent discussion of the Scots diaspora in Asia, the case of colonial Indonesia—the erstwhile Netherlands Indies—is nonetheless an important one that both complicates and expands our understanding of the phenomenon. As will be argued, there were significant differences between the Scots experience there and the situations that they encountered in the British colonial or quasi-colonial possessions on the China coast, the Malay peninsula, Singapore and the Indian subcontinent. These differences related to the avenues of employment open to Scots arrivals in the ‘Indies’ (as the Dutch invariably referred to their sprawling South-East Asian colony) and, more fundamentally, to the colonial social and cultural milieu in which they found themselves there. Though taking full cognisance of the need to address the wider global patterns that gave coherence to the Scots diaspora, the paper also argues that the local and the particular highlight the fluidly and historical context of Scots identity.
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Verheijen, Bart. "Staatsburgerschap en Nederlanderschap in Nederlands-Indië in de negentiende eeuw." Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 134, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 448–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvg2021.3.006.verh.
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Abstract The development of political citizenship in the Dutch East-Indies in the nineteenth century This article aims to analyze the political inequality between Dutch subjects in the Dutch East-Indies and the Netherlands based on developments in nineteenth century national citizenship debates and legislation. It argues that the juridization of the idea of political citizenship by J.R. Thorbecke in the 1840s and 1850s, led to the exclusion of the indigenous colonial population on the basis of descent (ius sanguinis). A close inspection of this principle shows how it was legitimized and implemented for the colonial territories on the basis of a ‘Dutch and European civilization criterion’ under which a series of other criteria – such as religion, skin color, education – could be used for political, cultural and economic exclusion. The ‘colonial differences’ that were gradually enshrined in legislation surrounding political citizenship in the nineteenth century would create a new layer of colonial hierarchy in the Dutch East-Indies.
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Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, and Anastasiya Igorevna Karpova. "History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2201-04.
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The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.
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Zhorov, Dmitriy, and Nadzeya Lyashchynskaya. "Large Chicory aphid (Uroleucon cichorii (Koch, 1855): Sterrnorhyncha: Aphididae) – Invasive Alien Aphid Species in the Fauna of Belarus." Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Scientific Bulletin. Series: Biological Sciences, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2019-387-101-108.
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Uroleucon cichorii (Insecta: Hemipteroidea: Rhynchota: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) is an invasive alien species in the fauna of Belarus. In 1854 the species has been described by C. L. Koch from Germany. For the first time U. cichorii has been noted in Great Britain in 1876, in Estonia – 1894, in Romania – 1896, in Italy – 1900, in Belgium – 1901, in Crimea – 1903, in Latvia – 1924, in Poland –1930, in Netherlands – 1939, in Finland – 1941, in Ukraine – 1945, in France – 1948, in Sweden – 1949, in Norway – 1953, in Denmark – 1954, in Moldavia – 1955, in Austria – 1956, in Czech – 1958, in Hungary – 1959, in Bulgaria – 1960, in European Russia – 1962–1964, in Bosnia and Herzegovina – 1963, in Serbia – 1963, in Lithuania – 1963–1980, in Macedonia – 1964, in Switzerland – 1967, in Spain – 1971, in Sicily –1973, in Corsica – 1973, in Balearic Islands (Mallorca) – 1982, in Belarus – 1986 and Greece – after 1992. It is obvious that this chronological list describes a history of aphidological research rather than spreading of the invider across the European regions. As considered, the species has Mediterranean origin. Outside of Europe the species is known from Near East as well as Central Asia, Korea and North America. As host plants U. cichorii s.str. uses common chicory (Cichorium intibus L.) and related species of Cichorieae (Asteraceae). The species is known as a pest of common chicory (including leaf chicory) and endive. For the first time U. cichorii has been registered in 1986. At present the species is common for C. intibus growing on roadsides and in other ruderal biotopes. During 1986–2018 U. cichorii has been registered in the all regions of the Republic of Belarus. The map of geographic points of registrations is given. It is obvious that the invider’s expansion in the regions of Belarus is finished. The species is holocyclic and monoecious. Feeding on forage plants contributes to the loss of a significant amount of plastic substances, which leads to their dehydration and slow growth, and, as a result, a slight deformation of the stem. U. cichorii does not initiate the deformation of leaf blades and the premature dying off of the inflorescences, and also does not lead to the formation of galls. Perennial data show the appearance of fundatrices from overwintering eggs in the third decade of April – the first decade of May. Further a series of successive parthenogenetic generations and the growth of colonies occur. The winged females are recorded in July–August. The appearance of winged males and normal females occurs in September – the first decade of October. The eggs are deposited in the end of October. The largest peak in the number of U. cichorii registrations occurs in July–August.
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Zhorov, Dmitriy, and Nadzeya Lyashchynskaya. "Large Chicory aphid (Uroleucon cichorii (Koch, 1855): Sterrnorhyncha: Aphididae) – Invasive Alien Aphid Species in the Fauna of Belarus." Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Scientific Bulletin. Series: Biological Sciences, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2019-387-3-101-108.
Full textAbstract:
Uroleucon cichorii (Insecta: Hemipteroidea: Rhynchota: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) is an invasive alien species in the fauna of Belarus. In 1854 the species has been described by C. L. Koch from Germany. For the first time U. cichorii has been noted in Great Britain in 1876, in Estonia – 1894, in Romania – 1896, in Italy – 1900, in Belgium – 1901, in Crimea – 1903, in Latvia – 1924, in Poland –1930, in Netherlands – 1939, in Finland – 1941, in Ukraine – 1945, in France – 1948, in Sweden – 1949, in Norway – 1953, in Denmark – 1954, in Moldavia – 1955, in Austria – 1956, in Czech – 1958, in Hungary – 1959, in Bulgaria – 1960, in European Russia – 1962–1964, in Bosnia and Herzegovina – 1963, in Serbia – 1963, in Lithuania – 1963–1980, in Macedonia – 1964, in Switzerland – 1967, in Spain – 1971, in Sicily –1973, in Corsica – 1973, in Balearic Islands (Mallorca) – 1982, in Belarus – 1986 and Greece – after 1992. It is obvious that this chronological list describes a history of aphidological research rather than spreading of the invider across the European regions. As considered, the species has Mediterranean origin. Outside of Europe the species is known from Near East as well as Central Asia, Korea and North America. As host plants U. cichorii s.str. uses common chicory (Cichorium intibus L.) and related species of Cichorieae (Asteraceae). The species is known as a pest of common chicory (including leaf chicory) and endive. For the first time U. cichorii has been registered in 1986. At present the species is common for C. intibus growing on roadsides and in other ruderal biotopes. During 1986–2018 U. cichorii has been registered in the all regions of the Republic of Belarus. The map of geographic points of registrations is given. It is obvious that the invider’s expansion in the regions of Belarus is finished. The species is holocyclic and monoecious. Feeding on forage plants contributes to the loss of a significant amount of plastic substances, which leads to their dehydration and slow growth, and, as a result, a slight deformation of the stem. U. cichorii does not initiate the deformation of leaf blades and the premature dying off of the inflorescences, and also does not lead to the formation of galls. Perennial data show the appearance of fundatrices from overwintering eggs in the third decade of April – the first decade of May. Further a series of successive parthenogenetic generations and the growth of colonies occur. The winged females are recorded in July–August. The appearance of winged males and normal females occurs in September – the first decade of October. The eggs are deposited in the end of October. The largest peak in the number of U. cichorii registrations occurs in July–August.
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Stutje, Klaas. "The Diamond from Banjarmasin: A Story in Facets." Rijksmuseum Bulletin 70, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52476/trb.13473.
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This article tells the socio-political life story of the Banjarmasin diamond that is on display in the Rijksmuseum’s nineteenth-century colonial room. How the diamond came into the possession of the Dutch in 1859 was not entirely clear, although both in the Netherlands and in Indonesia it is cited as a typical example of ‘war booty’ and ‘looted art’. It is therefore used in debates about contemporary identity formation, like the Dutch approach to their violent colonial past and Indonesian post-colonial nation building. But the stone has more to tell: stories about war and violent subjugation, about resistance and the co-optation of the local rulers, about trade and monopolization and about colonial pretension. On the basis of a provenance report written as part of the Pilot Project Provenance Research on Objects of the Colonial Era, this article aims to shed more light on various moments in the diamond’s life story, from mining to exhibition. This also makes it clear that the present-day debate about its painful history and its possible restitution to Indonesia will be not the conclusion but a brand-new chapter in the diamond’s long socio-political history.