Journal articles: 'Net zero emissions'

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MacDougall, Iain, Ollie Glade-Wright, Bindi Gove, and Todd Berkinshaw. "Net zero 2020." APPEA Journal 61, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20070.

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Cooper Energy recognises the challenge of climate change, the goals of the Paris Agreement and the role of both energy companies and society in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, given the proportion of emissions generated from energy production and consumption. In 2020, Cooper Energy became Australia’s first carbon neutral domestic gas company. We fully offset our fiscal year 2020 Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect) and controllable Scope 3 (business travel and embedded energy) greenhouse gas emissions. The company was recognised for this achievement with the award of the 2020 South Australian Premier’s Award for Environment. We plan to offset our carbon emissions annually, recognising the long-term benefits to our business, the environment and the communities where we operate. To achieve net zero carbon emissions in 2020, Cooper Energy partnered with Greening Australia’s Biodiverse Carbon and invested in the Morella Biodiversity project, at the eastern end of the Coorong in south-east South Australia. The partnership also covers the early conceptual stages to progress a similar project in Victoria near to our Gippsland and Otway operations. This paper expands on the strategy, challenges, risks, opportunities and co-benefits of taking a forward-looking position in this area, which is aligned with The Cooper Energy Values and the direction of the broader community. This includes the decision to favour investment in appropriate high quality domestic projects near to our operational activities over lower cost international projects or simply purchasing offset credits on a carbon market. The paper explores how our net zero commitment will act as a driver to reduce emissions intensity in our operations and add value for Cooper Energy stakeholders.

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Davis, Steven J., Nathan S. Lewis, Matthew Shaner, Sonia Aggarwal, Doug Arent, Inês L. Azevedo, Sally M. Benson, et al. "Net-zero emissions energy systems." Science 360, no. 6396 (June 28, 2018): eaas9793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9793.

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Some energy services and industrial processes—such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing—are particularly difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO2to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.

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Greig, Chris. "Getting to Net-Zero Emissions." Engineering 6, no. 12 (December 2020): 1341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.005.

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Venter, J. Craig, and Robert M. Friedman. "Zero net emissions from Venter facility." Nature 520, no. 7547 (April 2015): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/520295d.

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Sweeney, Sean. "Corporations Call for “Net Zero” Emissions." New Labor Forum 25, no. 3 (July 29, 2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796016660308.

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Grove, Hugh, and Maclyn Clouse. "Zero net emissions goals: Challenges for boards." Corporate Board role duties and composition 17, no. 2 (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv17i2art5.

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The major research purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges for boards of directors concerning their responsibilities to assess and track their companies’ commitments to zero net emissions goals and performances. A major challenge for boards is to determine whether their companies are sincerely trying to reach zero net emissions or just doing greenwashing, i.e., just making commitments or pledges without any substantial subsequent performance. This literature-search research broadens previous research on companies’ commitments to renewable energy (Grove & Clouse, 2021) to zero net emissions goal commitments and related boards’ monitoring responsibilities, especially to avoid greenwashing. This study also extends previous research on climate change risks and opportunities (Grove, Clouse, & Xu, 2021) to develop and establish board challenges for zero net emissions goals with the following sections: overview of climate risk, current climate lawsuits and board risks, EU climate law, carbon inserts, carbon offsets, carbon credits for agriculture, climate disclosure metrics, global bank greenwashing, and conclusions. The International Organization of Securities Commissions Organization (IOSCO) includes 90% of the public market security regulators in the world and has established a working group that should establish climate disclosure metrics for public companies. Climate disclosure metrics are relevant and needed to help stakeholders, including boards, assess company climate performances, opportunities, and risks.

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Freake, Bevan. "Net Zero Emissions – From Why to How." Impact 2021, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2058802x.2021.1885234.

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Lolli, Nicola, Anne Gunnarshaug Lien, and Øystein Rønneseth. "Cost Optimization of a Zero-Emission Office Building." Buildings 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120222.

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The cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures meant to achieve a zero-emission office building is investigated and compared to business as usual energy efficiency measures. The laboratory for zero emission buildings, the ZEB Lab, located in Trondheim, Norway, is an office building designed and built to compensate its lifecycle emissions with the use of a large array of building-integrated photovoltaic panels, pursuing a zero-emissions ambition level. Three design alternatives are investigated by downgrading the building insulation level to the values recommended by the currently enforced Norwegian building code, the byggteknisk forskrift TEK17. A sensitivity analysis of the variation of the installed area of the photovoltaic panels is performed to evaluate if smaller areas give better cost performances. Net present values are calculated by using three scenarios of future increase of electricity price for a time horizon of 20 years. Results show that business as usual solutions give higher net present values. Optimized areas of the photovoltaic panels further increase the net present values of the business as usual solutions in the highest electricity price scenario. The zero-emission ambition level shows a higher net present value than that of the business as usual solutions for a time horizon of at least 36 years.

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Jenkins, Jesse D., Erin N. Mayfield, Eric D. Larson, Stephen W. Pacala, and Chris Greig. "Mission net-zero America: The nation-building path to a prosperous, net-zero emissions economy." Joule 5, no. 11 (November 2021): 2755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.10.016.

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Turrell, W. R. "Marine science within a net-zero emission statutory framework." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (September 14, 2019): 1983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz164.

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Abstract Inspired by the growing cries from young climate crisis activists, and noting that net-zero emission legislation is growing in frequency across Europe and globally, this paper briefly discuses some ways in which marine science might respond. Marine science can provide governments support and advice for emission-reducing policies and actions, as well as tackling our own emissions. Supporting government actions will require new and innovative science. While implementing this science, as a community, we can lead by example in bringing about change in the way professionals do business and hence reducing business’s overall carbon footprint. After all, if environmental science cannot change, why should the rest of society?

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Pradhan, Bijay B., Ram M. Shrestha, Anantaa Pandey, and Bundit Limmeechokchai. "Strategies to Achieve Net Zero Emissions in Nepal." Carbon Management 9, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2018.1536168.

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Ramaswami, Anu, Kangkang Tong, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Eleanor Stokes, Shobhakar Dhakal, Mario Finch, et al. "Carbon analytics for net-zero emissions sustainable cities." Nature Sustainability 4, no. 6 (May 13, 2021): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00715-5.

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Wilkinson, Emma. "Reaching net zero carbon emissions in health systems." Lancet 398, no. 10315 (November 2021): 1953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02642-8.

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Nisbet, Euan G., Edward J. Dlugokencky, Rebecca E. Fisher, James L. France, David Lowry, Martin R. Manning, Sylvia E. Michel, and Nicola J. Warwick. "Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide: challenges alongthe path to Net Zero." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2210 (September 27, 2021): 20200457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0457.

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The causes of methane's renewed rise since 2007, accelerated growth from 2014 and record rise in 2020, concurrent with an isotopic shift to values more depleted in 13 C, remain poorly understood. This rise is the dominant departure from greenhouse gas scenarios that limit global heating to less than 2°C. Thus a comprehensive understanding of methane sources and sinks, their trends and inter-annual variations are becoming more urgent. Efforts to quantify both sources and sinks and understand latitudinal and seasonal variations will improve our understanding of the methane cycle and its anthropogenic component. Nationally declared emissions inventories under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and promised contributions to emissions reductions under the UNFCCC Paris Agreement need to be verified independently by top-down observation. Furthermore, indirect effects on natural emissions, such as changes in aquatic ecosystems, also need to be quantified. Nitrous oxide is even more poorly understood. Despite this, options for mitigating methane and nitrous oxide emissions are improving rapidly, both in cutting emissions from gas, oil and coal extraction and use, and also from agricultural and waste sources. Reductions in methane and nitrous oxide emission are arguably among the most attractive immediate options for climate action. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 1)'.

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Loveday, Jane, Gregory M. Morrison, and David A. Martin. "Identifying Knowledge and Process Gaps from a Systematic Literature Review of Net-Zero Definitions." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053057.

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The use of the term ‘net zero’ has rapidly and recently become mainstream but is often not well-defined in the literature. A brief history of the term was researched, followed by a systematic literature review to consider the research question: how have the different net-zero terms been defined in the literature, and do they indicate knowledge or process gaps which identify future research opportunities? Academic research articles were searched for the term ‘net zero’ and filtered for the term ‘definition’, resulting in 65 articles. Definitions were analysed according to scale: single-building, community, urban-system, and country-wide scale. The search did not return any definitions concerning country-wide emissions (from agriculture, forestry, large-scale transportation, or industrial and mining processes), a surprising outcome given the emissions impact of these areas. The main knowledge and process gaps were found to be in four areas: governance, design, measurement and verification, and circular framework. A clear net-zero definition is required at the appropriate scale (single-building or urban-system scale), which includes explicit system boundaries and emission scopes, life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and should incorporate a dynamic approach. The scale most likely to achieve net zero is the urban-system scale due to the potential synergies of its interacting elements and energy flows.

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Zhang, Zhi Jun. "Research on the Design and Construction of Zero-Energy Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.224.

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A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called “energy-plus buildings” and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called “near-zero energy buildings” or “ultra-low energy houses”. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases. The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries, they are gaining importance and popularity.

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Binduhewa, Prabath J. "Sizing Algorithm for a Photovoltaic System along an Urban Railway Network towards Net Zero Emission." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (December 2, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5523448.

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A reliable transportation system is essential for the development of a community. Especially in urban transportation, rail transportation is a faster, more comfortable way to travel for the commuters. These benefits can be valued further when the rail transportation system is with zero emissions. Electric trains can be considered a zero-emission transportation method. However, a rail transportation system operates with net-zero emissions when electricity is generated from zero-emission-based sources. Photovoltaic systems have already been integrated into railway stations and spare land owned by railways to achieve net-zero emissions. Furthermore, medium-voltage DC network and microgrid concepts have been proposed to incorporate more renewable energy sources into railway electrification systems. However, the energy generated from those systems is not enough to realise net-zero emissions, as the power requirements of an urban railway electrification system are high. Accordingly, this article investigates the possibility of implementing a photovoltaic system along the railway tracks to meet the energy demands of an urban railway electrification system so that net-zero emissions can be achieved. Other significant advantages of the proposed photovoltaic system are lower feeder losses due to distributed photovoltaic systems integrated into the railway electrification system, lower conversion losses due to the direct integration of the photovoltaic system into the railway electrification system, and the nonrequirement of additional space to install the photovoltaic system. In this paper, a photovoltaic system capacity sizing algorithm is proposed and presented by considering a railway electrification system, the daily schedule of trains, and historical photovoltaic weather data. This proposed photovoltaic system capacity sizing algorithm was evaluated considering a section of the urban railway network of Sri Lanka and a three-year, 2017-2020, photovoltaic weather data. The results indicated that the potential for photovoltaic generation by installing photovoltaic systems along a railway track is much higher than the requirement, and it is possible to meet the required train scheduling options with proper sizing. Furthermore, in the three-year analysis, it is possible to achieve 90% of the energy required for the railway electrification system with effective train scheduling methods.

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Stern, Nicholas, and Anna Valero. "Innovation, growth and the transition to net-zero emissions." Research Policy 50, no. 9 (November 2021): 104293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104293.

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Manab Idris, Abdi, Nugroho Sasongko, and Yanif Kuntjoro. "Energy Conversion and Conservation Technology in Facing Net Zero-Emission Conditions and Supporting National Defense." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 1 (2022): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.00139.

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Conversion technology is a solution that was born to solve energy problems and human needs. Without energy, all human activities ranging from households and jobs to the industry cannot work as they should, but energy conversion that uses conventional fuels will cause new issues such as climate changes. Therefore, energy conservation is very important for sustainability and energy saving. So, by reducing energy use, the pollution produced will decrease. This paper focuses on the introduction of energy conversion and conservation technology based on a qualitative literature review to deal with net-zero emission conditions. The conversion technology is environmentally friendly and efficient, and is committed to following the international Net Zero Emissions (NZE) agreement, renewable energy conversion technology and new technologies (fuel cells) to meet Indonesia's defense equipment and defense needs. Indonesia's energy use (2019) consists of oil 35%, coal 37.3%, gas 18.5%, hydropower 2.5%, geothermal 1.7%, biofuel 3%, and other renewables at nearly 2%. In 2013 Indonesia's recoverable shale resources obtained a value of 8 Billion Barrels. Because of that the total CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in Indonesia are 581 MtCO2 in 2019. Efforts to fulfil Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) continue to be carried out, so that Indonesia's target is to enter a state of net-zero emission by 2060. Fuel cell technology has the potential to be applied in the Indonesian National Army, because of its relatively small size, light weight, zero-emission, high specific energy and zero-noise.

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Dawson, Chloe, Paul Dargusch, and Genia Hill. "Assessing How Big Insurance Firms Report and Manage Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Allianz." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042476.

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Carbon management is an important topic for investigation to ensure the accountability of firms in meeting Paris Agreement targets. Transparency and rigorous scrutiny are needed to keep industries on track to accomplish a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. To maintain a healthy environment, and promote human and ecosystem health, it will be vital to limit global warming to below 2 °C. Allianz presents a good example of carbon management as they are a leading insurance firm that utilises the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards to report their greenhouse gas emissions. Allianz has promoted important initiatives such as the Net-Zero Climate Alliance and made an array of pledges that promote net-zero business operations by 2050. In 2020, Allianz reported greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 384,178 tCO2, a 31% reduction in their emissions compared to 2019 figures. Procuring carbon credits is the main mechanism that Allianz has used to reduce their reportable emissions, as well as making investments into renewable energies—wind and solar. This study is limited by the information provided by Allianz and the accuracy in which they have reported their greenhouse gas emissions and emissions reductions. In the last reporting year, Allianz produced the greatest carbon emissions in the EU/USA insurance sector, producing 189,061 tCO2e more than their closest competitor. To achieve net-zero emissions, Allianz will need to increase their investment into carbon offsets and transition to 100% renewable energy use, while concurrently reducing their investment into coal and gas mining industries. This research gives an insight into the greenhouse gas emissions being produced by insurance/investment firms while also detailing the emissions reduction methods that are being employed. This study synthesises scientific literature with business reports to present a detailed account of industry carbon emissions, emissions reductions, and overall progress towards meeting net-zero pledges, in line with Paris Agreement targets. The recommendations made in this study are based on the information provided by Allianz and are designed to be within the scope of what would be possible for this firm. The aim of this study was to determine the actions and issues in the process of carbon management with a specific focus on Allianz. Key objectives of this research are: 1. To determine the net-zero pledges made by Allianz; 2. To determine the carbon emissions and emissions reductions made by Allianz compared to other firms in the sector; and 3. To determine how these emissions reductions have been achieved.

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Meys, Raoul, Arne Kätelhön, Marvin Bachmann, Benedikt Winter, Christian Zibunas, Sangwon Suh, and André Bardow. "Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission plastics by a circular carbon economy." Science 374, no. 6563 (October 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9853.

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Reducing net emission The great majority of plastics in current use are sourced from fossil fuels, with additional fossil fuels combusted to power their manufacture. Substantial research is focused on finding more sustainable building blocks for next-generation polymers. Meys et al . report a series of life cycle analyses suggesting that even the current varieties of commercial monomers could potentially be manufactured and polymerized with no net greenhouse gas emissions. The cycle relies on combining recycling of plastic waste with chemical reduction of carbon dioxide captured from incineration or derived from biomass. —JSY

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Sanderson, Benjamin. "The role of prior assumptions in carbon budget calculations." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-563-2020.

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Abstract. Cumulative emissions budgets and net-zero emission target dates are often used to frame climate negotiations (Frame et al., 2014; Millar et al., 2016; Van Vuuren et al., 2016; Rogelj et al., 2015b; Matthews et al., 2012). However, their utility for near-term policy decisions is confounded by uncertainties in future negative emissions capacity (Fuss et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2016; Larkin et al., 2018; Anderson and Peters, 2016), in the role of non-CO2 forcers (MacDougall et al., 2015) and in the long-term Earth system response to forcing (Rugenstein et al., 2019; Knutti et al., 2017; Armour, 2017). Such uncertainties may impact the utility of an absolute carbon budget if peak temperatures occur significantly after net-zero emissions are achieved, the likelihood of which is shown here to be conditional on prior assumptions about the long-term dynamics of the Earth system. In the context of these uncertainties, we show that the necessity and scope for negative emissions deployment later in the century can be conditioned on near-term emissions, providing support for a scenario framework which focuses on emissions reductions rather than absolute budgets (Rogelj et al., 2019b).

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DeCanio, Stephen J., and Anders Fremstad. "Economic feasibility of the path to zero net carbon emissions." Energy Policy 39, no. 3 (March 2011): 1144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.038.

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Rogelj, Joeri, Oliver Geden, Annette Cowie, and Andy Reisinger. "Net-zero emissions targets are vague: three ways to fix." Nature 591, no. 7850 (March 16, 2021): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3.

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Greig, Chris, and Sam Uden. "The value of CCUS in transitions to net-zero emissions." Electricity Journal 34, no. 7 (August 2021): 107004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2021.107004.

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Warzywoda, Natalie, Paul Dargusch, and Genia Hill. "How Meaningful Are Modest Carbon Emissions Reductions Targets? The Case of Sumitomo Electrical Group’s Short-Term Targets towards Longer-Term Net Zero." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074287.

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Japan is one of 196 parties who adopted the Paris Agreement and is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to achieve net zero by 2050. Greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to increase global temperatures by +3.8° in 2100 under RCP8.5. In response to the Paris Agreement, Sumitomo Electrical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan, 107-8468) (a Japanese manufacturing company) has committed itself to being net zero by 2050. The aim of this research was to determine the overall GHG reductions of SEI to evaluate whether they have met their sustainability development goals and emissions reductions target. Evaluation of the GHG targets pledged by SEI was performed using secondary data analysis from their most recent company sustainability report. They estimated 1,372,000 tons of CO2-eq emissions in 2019 for the company globally. This accounted for scope 1 and 2 emissions estimates. They implemented a conservative target of a 0% change in emissions between 2017–2019, but recorded a reduction of 13%. Summitomo Electrical Industries Ltd. implemented transport changes, energy savings, and developed ‘ECO’ products to meet their sustainability and carbon management goals. SEI have demonstrated that modest targets can lead to meaningful carbon emissions reductions through potentially low-cost, easily implemented, and accessible options. Addressing the target of net zero, however, will only be addressed in large-scale emissions reductions practices which will be the determining factor for SEI’s ambitions of net zero by 2050. Their conservative approach shows that there is room for more ambitious carbon management within Summitomo Electrical Industries. Moving forward, several carbon emissions management actions can be implemented to further reduce emissions including carbon capture and storage, purchasing offsets, and investment in renewable energies. There are limitations to this desktop study including data reliability. However, this is a useful first step for investigating carbon management performance.

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Geroe, Steven. "Regulatory Support for Biosequestration Projects in Australia: A Useful Model for Transition to Net-Zero Emissions?" Sriwijaya Law Review 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol6.iss1.1510.pp1-23.

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This paper considers the effectiveness of Australian regulatory measures to support storing atmospheric carbon in plants and organic matter in soils (biosequestration), a central element of the Australian greenhouse gas (GHG) emission policy through the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF). Eligible methodologies under the ERF are broader than those in other jurisdictions. Hence Australian experience may have international application. The functionality of Australian regulation to achieve GHG emissions reduction is considered, focusing on provisions relating to additionality, permanence, monitoring, reporting and verification of emissions bio-sequestration. This analysis is conducted by reviewing key publications by research organisations, academics, government departments, industry organisations, environmental organisations and private sector consultancies. While the integrity of Australian biosequestration offsets is generally well regarded, persistent issues have been identified with regard to the additionality of avoided deforestation methane capture in intensive agriculture and landfill gas projects. The proportion of Australian emissions represented by existing biosequestration offset projects is deficient. These issues must be addressed in order to scale up biosequestration projects as an effective element of Australia's net-zero emissions strategy. It can best be achieved by tightening Safeguard Mechanism baselines to drive demand for carbon credits and funding the Clean Energy Regulator to implement effective, independent MRV. Ongoing regulatory reform will be necessary to address such issues as they arise in the course of the implementation of specific methodologies. Nonetheless, ongoing emissions risks relating to biosequestration and other offset projects can only be adequately addressed by complementary policy to reduce emissions at the source.

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Byrom, Stephanie, Geoffrey D. Bongers, and Andy Boston. "Policy roadmap to net zero: the role of gas in decarbonising the National Energy Market." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20119.

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As the National Energy Market (NEM) changes to a more diverse grid with emissions reduction targets, the way we value technologies must also change (Boston et al. 2017). This change in value is fundamental as the future low emissions grid will require careful planning and implementation to guarantee the lowest total system cost is maintained, particularly as a net zero grid will be drastically larger than the current system. This planning must include system strength. The Australian Energy Market Operator Integrated System Plan states that the current market mechanisms cannot facilitate achieving a low emissions grid (Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) 2020a). Policy and market mechanisms will need to be designed for this changing system. If net zero is to be met, Modelling of Energy and Grid Services by Red Vector and Gamma Energy technology has shown that this future grid needs to contain: approximately 100GW of variable renewable energy; almost 20GW of firm, low emissions generation, such as gas or coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS), bioenergy with CCS and hydroelectric power. If CCS is not available, nuclear power will be required; more than 10GW of storage, including pumped hydro energy storage and other energy storage technologies and over 30GW of firm, dispatchable peaking plant, including coal- and gas-fired power generation. This study sets out the role for gas in a policy road map to net zero for the NEM, harnessing and reforming existing policies, as well as introducing new mechanisms to achieve net zero emissions while retaining a reliable grid at the lowest total system cost.

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Lieuwen, Tim, George Richards, and Justin Weber. "Approaching Zero." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 05 (May 1, 2010): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-may-1.

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This article explores different ways to keep carbon emissions to minimum. The pressure of meeting environmental and energy security concerns while also satisfying growing demand requires the current generation to increase, diversify, and optimize the use of energy sources. The alternative to pre-combustion capture approaches, which generally lead to high hydrogen combustion, is to capture the carbon after combustion. Combusting biomass is another approach to achieve low net carbon emissions. Recently, significant interest has emerged in algae as a biomass supply. Some species of algae grow at phenomenal rates, providing a new option for biomass supply. Continued development of advanced combustion methods, materials, and process controls might be expected to increase the potential to follow the load. However, the relative contributions of load following and energy storage are expected to depend on the specific combination of renewable power and fossil fuel backup. Major programs from the US Department of Energy, the European Union, China, India, and other countries are underway, in addition to internal programs at many of the largest energy and petrochemical companies in the world.

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Piderit, María, Franklin Vivanco, Geoffrey van Moeseke, and Shady Attia. "Net Zero Buildings—A Framework for an Integrated Policy in Chile." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051494.

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The potential of carbon dioxide emissions mitigation in the building sector can be achieved through energy policies, progressive goals, and support systems to attain sustainable constructions that guarantee the reduction of emissions. Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is a concept that allows moving forward to neutralize buildings’ carbon emissions. This has been demonstrated by more industrial countries which have set goals and challenges to progressively approach an energy neutrality balance for buildings. Therefore, the target of this research is to define a framework for a new standard to reach NZEB in Chile. Firstly, an exhaustive review of the energy policies, NZEB definitions, and components of an NZEB system took place. Secondly, focus group discussions with local and international professionals from the building sector were organized to define a vision, opportunities, and potential measures with a focus on policies, to implement and develop local technologies for NZEB buildings in Chile. The study identifies the need to advance public policies to achieve an integrated policy for the implementation of energy neutral concept buildings. Finally, the paper presents a NZEB standard framework, including key performance indicators and suggested performance metrics thresholds.

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Stancliffe, R., and F. Mortimer. "Sustainable initiatives across non-surgical specialties." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 102, no. 5 (July 2020): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2020.149.

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Monjardino, Joana, Luís Dias, Patrícia Fortes, Hugo Tente, Francisco Ferreira, and Júlia Seixas. "Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030324.

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Air pollution and climate change are closely interlinked, once both share common emission sources, which mainly arise from fuel combustion and industrial processes. Climate mitigation actions bring co-benefits on air quality and human health. However, specific solutions can provide negative trade-offs for one side. The Portuguese Carbon Neutrality Roadmap was developed to assess conceivable cost-effective pathways to achieve zero net carbon emissions by 2050. Assessing its impacts, on air pollutant emissions, is the main focus of the present work. The bottom-up linear optimization energy system the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model was selected as a modeling tool for the decarbonization scenarios assessment. The estimation of air pollutant emissions was performed exogenously to the TIMES model. Results show that reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is possible, and technologically feasible, in Portugal, by 2050. The crucial and most cost-effective vector for decarbonizing the national economy is the end-use energy consumption electrification, renewable based, across all end-use sectors. Decarbonization efforts were found to have strong co-benefits for reducing air pollutant emissions in Portugal. Transport and power generation are the sectors with the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions, providing likewise the most significant reductions of air pollutant emissions. Despite the overall positive effects, there are antagonistic effects, such as the use of biomass, mainly in industry and residential sectors, which translates into increases in particulate matter emissions. This is relevant for medium term projections, since results show that, by 2030, PM2.5 emissions are unlikely to meet the emission reduction commitments set at the European level, if no additional control measures are considered.

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Kato, Etsushi. "Perspectives on energy supply and demand systems toward net-zero emissions." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 62, no. 2 (2020): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.62.2_70.

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Yao, Joseph G., Mai Bui, and Niall Mac Dowell. "Grid-scale energy storage with net-zero emissions: comparing the options." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 11 (2019): 3147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00689c.

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Levy, Adam. "Committee calls for UK to target net zero emissions by 2050." Physics World 32, no. 6 (June 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/32/6/13.

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Obrist, Michel D., Ramachandran Kannan, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Tom Kober. "Decarbonization pathways of the Swiss cement industry towards net zero emissions." Journal of Cleaner Production 288 (March 2021): 125413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125413.

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Fu-Chun, Margaret Chan Fung. "Accelerating towards net zero emissions: the most important global health intervention." Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 2 (February 2021): e64-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30296-5.

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Iyer, Gokul, Leon Clarke, Jae Edmonds, Allen Fawcett, Jay Fuhrman, Haewon McJeon, and Stephanie Waldhoff. "The role of carbon dioxide removal in net-zero emissions pledges." Energy and Climate Change 2 (December 2021): 100043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2021.100043.

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Gaeta, Maria, Corine Nsangwe Businge, and Alberto Gelmini. "Achieving Net Zero Emissions in Italy by 2050: Challenges and Opportunities." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010046.

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This paper contributes to the climate policy discussion by focusing on the challenges and opportunities of reaching net zero emissions by 2050 in Italy. To support Italian energy planning, we developed energy roadmaps towards national climate neutrality, consistent with the Paris Agreement objectives and the IPCC goal of limiting the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 °C. Starting from the Italian framework, these scenarios identify the correlations among the main pillars for the change of the energy paradigm towards net emissions by 2050. The energy scenarios were developed using TIMES-RSE, a partial equilibrium and technology-rich optimization model of the entire Italian energy system. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis was developed with the sMTISIM, a long-term simulator of power system and electricity markets. The results show that, to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the Italian energy system will have to experience profound transformations on multiple and strongly related dimensions. A predominantly renewable-based energy mix (at least 80–90% by 2050) is essential to decarbonize most of the final energy consumption. However, the strong increase of non-programmable renewable sources requires particular attention to new flexibility resources needed for the power system, such as Power-to-X. The green fuels produced from renewables via Power-to-X will be a vital energy source for those sectors where electrification faces technical and economic barriers. The paper’s findings also confirm that the European “energy efficiency first” principle represents the very first step on the road to climate neutrality.

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Bistline, John E. T. "Roadmaps to net-zero emissions systems: Emerging insights and modeling challenges." Joule 5, no. 10 (October 2021): 2551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.012.

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Rehman, Hassam ur, Jan Diriken, Ala Hasan, Stijn Verbeke, and Francesco Reda. "Energy and Emission Implications of Electric Vehicles Integration with Nearly and Net Zero Energy Buildings." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 6990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216990.

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Buildings and the mobility sectors are the two sectors that currently utilize large amount of fossil-based energy. The aim of the paper is to, critically analyse the integration of electric vehicles (EV) energy load with the building’s energy load. The qualitative and quantitative methods are used to analyse the nearly/net zero energy buildings and the mobility plans of the Europe along with the challenges of the plans. It is proposed to either include or exclude the EV load within the building’s energy load and follow the emissions calculation path, rather than energy calculation path for buildings to identify the benefits. Two real case studies in a central European climate are used to analysis the energy performance of the building with and without EV load integration and the emissions produced due to their interaction. It is shown that by replacing fossil-fuel cars with EVs within the building boundary, overall emissions can be reduced by 11–35% depending on the case study. However, the energy demand increased by 27–95% when the EV load was added with the building load. Hence, the goal to reach the nearly/net zero energy building target becomes more challenging. Therefore, the emission path can present the benefits of EV and building load integration.

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Manidaki, Maria, and Heleni Pantelidou. "UK PAS 2080 carbon management standard updated in response to net-zero challenge." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 175, no. 2 (May 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.2022.175.2.54.

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PAS 2080, the world’s first specification for managing infrastructure emissions, is being updated in 2022 to respond to the net-zero-emissions challenge and cover buildings too. Maria Manidaki and Heleni Pantelidou of the joint Mott MacDonald and Arup technical author team report.

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Chaplin, George, Mahdieh Dibaj, and Mohammad Akrami. "Decarbonising Universities: Case Study of the University of Exeter’s Green Strategy Plans Based on Analysing Its Energy Demand in 2012–2020." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074085.

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This study investigates the carbon footprint of the University of Exeter by analysing its energy consumption between 2012 and 2020 to assess its current standing in the process of achieving carbon neutrality. The study then explores the possible methods of reaching this target in line with the University of Exeter’s Environment & Climate Emergency Policy Statement. The leading part of the statement is as follows: “All Campus activities/operations shall have a carbon net zero impact and or result in environmental gain by 2030 and aims to be carbon net zero by 2050 (accounting for all associated activities and Scope 3 footprint)”. Using methods of energy consumption reduction, a new carbon footprint for Scope 1 and 2 emissions was calculated for the year 2030, which included phasing out oil and gas and swapping out inefficient systems, such as old heating or lighting. This reduced the emissions from 17.24 ktCO2e to 3.34 ktCO2e also greatly helped by the reduction in electricity grid conversion factors. The remaining emissions would be reduced further to net zero by on site solar and offsite wind investment.

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Parker, Stewart F., and David Lennon. "Net Zero and Catalysis: How Neutrons Can Help." Physchem 1, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physchem1010007.

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Net Zero has the aim of achieving equality between the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced and the amount removed from the atmosphere. There is widespread acceptance that for Net Zero to be achievable, chemistry, and hence catalysis, must play a major role. Most current studies of catalysts and catalysis employ a combination of physical methods, imaging techniques and spectroscopy to provide insight into the catalyst structure and function. One of the methods used is neutron scattering and this is the focus of this Perspective. Here, we show how neutron methods are being used to study reactions and processes that are directly relevant to achieving Net Zero, such as methane reforming, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, ammonia and methanol production and utilization, bio-mass upgrading, fuel cells and CO2 capture and exploitation. We conclude by describing some other areas that offer opportunities.

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Singh, Ranjita, Philip Walsh, and Christina Mazza. "Sustainable Housing: Understanding the Barriers to Adopting Net Zero Energy Homes in Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226236.

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Buildings in Canada account for a significant amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net zero energy building technology has been identified as part of the solution. This study presents a conceptual model identifying barriers to the adoption of net zero energy housing and tests it by administering a survey to 271 participants in a net zero energy housing demonstration project in Toronto, Canada. Using multivariate correlation and multi-linear regression analyses this study finds that of all the innovation adoption variables it was the construction and design quality that was the most significant contributor to the adoption of a net zero energy home by a potential home owner. This study found that the (a) extra cost compared to a conventional home, b) lack of knowledge about the technology associated with a net zero energy home or (c) not knowing someone who owned a net zero energy home were not significant barriers to accepting net zero energy homes. Our results suggest that policy-makers should promote the diffusion of net zero energy home technology by encouraging housing developers to include net zero energy homes in their collection of model homes, with an emphasis on quality design and construction. Furthermore, engaging in trust building initiatives such as education and knowledge about the technology, its related energy cost savings, and the environmental benefits would contribute to a greater acceptance of net zero energy homes.

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McKenzie, James. "Smaller is better." Physics World 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/35/02/23.

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Tresise, Megan E., Mark S. Reed, and Pippa J. Chapman. "Effects of hedgerow enhancement as a net zero strategy on farmland biodiversity: a rapid review." Emerald Open Research 3 (September 24, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14307.1.

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In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the UK government has set a target of achieving net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. Agricultural GHG emissions in 2017 were 45.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e; 10% of UK total GHG emissions). Farmland hedgerows are a carbon sink, storing carbon in the vegetation and soils beneath them, and thus increasing hedgerow length by 40% has been proposed in the UK to help meet net zero targets. However, the full impact of this expansion on farm biodiversity is yet to be evaluated in a net zero context. This paper critically synthesises the literature on the biodiversity implications of hedgerow planting and management on arable farms in the UK as a rapid review with policy recommendations. Eight peer-reviewed articles were reviewed, with the overall scientific evidence suggesting a positive influence of hedgerow management on farmland biodiversity, particularly coppicing and hedgelaying, although other boundary features, e.g. field margins and green lanes, may be additive to net zero hedgerow policy as they often supported higher abundances and richness of species. Only one paper found hedgerow age effects on biodiversity, with no significant effects found. Key policy implications are that further research is required, particularly on the effect of hedgerow age on biodiversity, as well as mammalian and avian responses to hedgerow planting and management, in order to fully evaluate hedgerow expansion impacts on biodiversity.

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Giama, Effrosyni, Elli Kyriaki, Panagiota Antoniadou, Maria Symeonidou, and Agis M. Papadopoulos. "Energy and Environmental Evaluation of Retrofitting Facades for Zero Energy Buildings: The Case of an Office Building in Greece." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012108.

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Abstract Energy and environmental targets are expressed clearly by the EU policies setting ambitious goals for 2030 and 2050 considering energy intensive sectors such as buildings. Pursuing high energy performance with the least environmental impact of a building, along with ensuring the well-being of the occupants, is the ultimate goal of an institutional framework that addresses energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. Part of this effort is the improvement of the building envelope’s thermal performance, along with the respective one of HVAC systems, as those determine thee energy performance of buildings in their use phase. Main scope of the paper is to evaluate and analyse different scenarios considering the retrofitting of facades as part of the refurbishment towards Zero and Positive Energy Buildings, but also in connection with the strive for Net Zero Energy, Net Zero Cost Energy and Net Zero Emissions goals. The paper also discusses energy and environmental evaluation of refurbishing an office building in Greece, examining the performance of different envelope construction typologies and alternative insulation scenarios. These scenarios include state of the art insulation techniques, but also innovative design elements such as the use of different final coating materials for ventilated façades like the use of phase-changing materials (PCMs). The results of the assessment undertaken are used to rate the construction solutions by means of energy and environmental parameters proving the environmental impact of concrete and insulation materials in construction phase but also the reduced primary energy consumption and thus the CO2 emissions in the life cycle of the building. Considering the environmental evaluation, the carbon footprint analysis was used according to Greenhouse Gas Protocol focusing mainly on CO2 emissions, which is the main emission target of EU policies. The impact assessment followed demonstrated that the most significant impact categories are global warming, acidification and eutrophication.

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Shindell, D. T., and G. Faluvegi. "The net climate impact of coal-fired power plant emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2009): 21257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-21257-2009.

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Abstract. Coal-fired power plants influence climate via both the emissions of long-lived carbon dioxide (CO2) and short-lived ozone and aerosol precursors. For steadily increasing emissions without substantial pollution controls, we find that the net global mean climate forcing ranges from near zero to a substantial negative value, depending on the magnitude of aerosol indirect effects, due to aerosol masking of the effects of CO2. Imposition of pollution controls on sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides leads to a rapid realization of the full positive forcing from CO2, however. The long-term forcing from stable (constant) emissions is positive regardless of pollution controls, with larger values in the case of pollutant controls. The results imply that historical emissions from coal-fired power plants until ~1970, including roughly 1/3 of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, likely contributed little net global mean climate forcing during that period. Those emissions likely led to weak cooling at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however. Subsequent imposition of pollution controls and the switch to low-sulfur coal in some areas kept global SO2 emissions roughly level from 1970 to 2000. Hence during that period, RF due to emissions during those decades and CO2 emitted previously was strongly positive and likely contributed to rapid global and regional warming. Most recently, construction of coal-fired power plants in China and India has been increasing rapidly with minimal application of pollution controls. Continuation of high-growth rates for another 30 years would lead to near zero to negative global mean climate forcing in the absence of expanded pollution controls, but severely degraded air quality. However, following the Western pattern of high coal usage followed by imposition of pollution controls could lead to accelerated global warming in the future.

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Komninos, Nicos. "Net Zero Energy Districts: Connected Intelligence for Carbon-Neutral Cities." Land 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020210.

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Net-Zero Energy Districts (NZEDs) are city districts in which the annual amount of CO2 emissions released is balanced by emissions removed from the atmosphere. NZEDs constitute a major component in a new generation of “smart-green cities”, which deploy both smart city technologies and renewable energy technologies. NZEDs promote environmental sustainability, contribute to cleaner environments and reduce global warming and the threats from climate change. This paper describes a model to assess the feasibility of the transition of city districts to self-sufficient NZEDs, based on locally produced renewable energy suitable for cities. It also aims to identify threshold conditions that allow for a city district to become a self-sufficient NZED using smart city systems, renewable energy, and nature-based solutions. The significance of transition to self-sufficient NZEDs is extremely important as it considerably decentralises and multiplies the efforts for carbon-neutral cities. The methodology we follow combines the literature review, model design, model feed with data, and many simulations to assess the outcome of the model in various climate, social, technology, and district settings. In the conclusion, we assess whether the transition to NZEDs with solar panel energy locally produced is feasible, we identify thresholds in terms of climate, population density, and solar conversion efficiency, and assess the compatibility of NZEDs with compact city planning principles.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Net zero emissions'

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