Academic literature on the topic 'Net zero emissions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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MacDougall, Iain, Ollie Glade-Wright, Bindi Gove, and Todd Berkinshaw. "Net zero 2020." APPEA Journal 61, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20070.
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Cooper Energy recognises the challenge of climate change, the goals of the Paris Agreement and the role of both energy companies and society in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, given the proportion of emissions generated from energy production and consumption. In 2020, Cooper Energy became Australia’s first carbon neutral domestic gas company. We fully offset our fiscal year 2020 Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect) and controllable Scope 3 (business travel and embedded energy) greenhouse gas emissions. The company was recognised for this achievement with the award of the 2020 South Australian Premier’s Award for Environment. We plan to offset our carbon emissions annually, recognising the long-term benefits to our business, the environment and the communities where we operate. To achieve net zero carbon emissions in 2020, Cooper Energy partnered with Greening Australia’s Biodiverse Carbon and invested in the Morella Biodiversity project, at the eastern end of the Coorong in south-east South Australia. The partnership also covers the early conceptual stages to progress a similar project in Victoria near to our Gippsland and Otway operations. This paper expands on the strategy, challenges, risks, opportunities and co-benefits of taking a forward-looking position in this area, which is aligned with The Cooper Energy Values and the direction of the broader community. This includes the decision to favour investment in appropriate high quality domestic projects near to our operational activities over lower cost international projects or simply purchasing offset credits on a carbon market. The paper explores how our net zero commitment will act as a driver to reduce emissions intensity in our operations and add value for Cooper Energy stakeholders.
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Davis, Steven J., Nathan S. Lewis, Matthew Shaner, Sonia Aggarwal, Doug Arent, Inês L. Azevedo, Sally M. Benson, et al. "Net-zero emissions energy systems." Science 360, no. 6396 (June 28, 2018): eaas9793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9793.
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Some energy services and industrial processes—such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing—are particularly difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO2to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.
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Greig, Chris. "Getting to Net-Zero Emissions." Engineering 6, no. 12 (December 2020): 1341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.005.
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Venter, J. Craig, and Robert M. Friedman. "Zero net emissions from Venter facility." Nature 520, no. 7547 (April 2015): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/520295d.
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Sweeney, Sean. "Corporations Call for “Net Zero” Emissions." New Labor Forum 25, no. 3 (July 29, 2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796016660308.
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Grove, Hugh, and Maclyn Clouse. "Zero net emissions goals: Challenges for boards." Corporate Board role duties and composition 17, no. 2 (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv17i2art5.
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The major research purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges for boards of directors concerning their responsibilities to assess and track their companies’ commitments to zero net emissions goals and performances. A major challenge for boards is to determine whether their companies are sincerely trying to reach zero net emissions or just doing greenwashing, i.e., just making commitments or pledges without any substantial subsequent performance. This literature-search research broadens previous research on companies’ commitments to renewable energy (Grove & Clouse, 2021) to zero net emissions goal commitments and related boards’ monitoring responsibilities, especially to avoid greenwashing. This study also extends previous research on climate change risks and opportunities (Grove, Clouse, & Xu, 2021) to develop and establish board challenges for zero net emissions goals with the following sections: overview of climate risk, current climate lawsuits and board risks, EU climate law, carbon inserts, carbon offsets, carbon credits for agriculture, climate disclosure metrics, global bank greenwashing, and conclusions. The International Organization of Securities Commissions Organization (IOSCO) includes 90% of the public market security regulators in the world and has established a working group that should establish climate disclosure metrics for public companies. Climate disclosure metrics are relevant and needed to help stakeholders, including boards, assess company climate performances, opportunities, and risks.
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Freake, Bevan. "Net Zero Emissions – From Why to How." Impact 2021, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2058802x.2021.1885234.
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Lolli, Nicola, Anne Gunnarshaug Lien, and Øystein Rønneseth. "Cost Optimization of a Zero-Emission Office Building." Buildings 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120222.
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The cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures meant to achieve a zero-emission office building is investigated and compared to business as usual energy efficiency measures. The laboratory for zero emission buildings, the ZEB Lab, located in Trondheim, Norway, is an office building designed and built to compensate its lifecycle emissions with the use of a large array of building-integrated photovoltaic panels, pursuing a zero-emissions ambition level. Three design alternatives are investigated by downgrading the building insulation level to the values recommended by the currently enforced Norwegian building code, the byggteknisk forskrift TEK17. A sensitivity analysis of the variation of the installed area of the photovoltaic panels is performed to evaluate if smaller areas give better cost performances. Net present values are calculated by using three scenarios of future increase of electricity price for a time horizon of 20 years. Results show that business as usual solutions give higher net present values. Optimized areas of the photovoltaic panels further increase the net present values of the business as usual solutions in the highest electricity price scenario. The zero-emission ambition level shows a higher net present value than that of the business as usual solutions for a time horizon of at least 36 years.
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Jenkins, Jesse D., Erin N. Mayfield, Eric D. Larson, Stephen W. Pacala, and Chris Greig. "Mission net-zero America: The nation-building path to a prosperous, net-zero emissions economy." Joule 5, no. 11 (November 2021): 2755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.10.016.
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Turrell, W. R. "Marine science within a net-zero emission statutory framework." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (September 14, 2019): 1983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz164.
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Abstract Inspired by the growing cries from young climate crisis activists, and noting that net-zero emission legislation is growing in frequency across Europe and globally, this paper briefly discuses some ways in which marine science might respond. Marine science can provide governments support and advice for emission-reducing policies and actions, as well as tackling our own emissions. Supporting government actions will require new and innovative science. While implementing this science, as a community, we can lead by example in bringing about change in the way professionals do business and hence reducing business’s overall carbon footprint. After all, if environmental science cannot change, why should the rest of society?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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Pfeiffer, Alexander Jan Lukas. "The decarbonization identity and pathways to net-zero." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:87945b50-1fef-4da1-9000-907237dcfd28.
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Success or failure of climate policies in limiting warming to beneath particular thresholds depends on several physical, economic and social uncertainties. Whilst scenario analysis can be informative as to the types of policies that are required to achieve these goals, the complexity of scenario analysis often masks the underlying fundamental choices. This dissertation introduces the concept of the âdecarbonization identity' to simply and systematically describe the mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive range of choices available in future climate policy decisions. The simple identity states that the remaining carbon budget [B] for a given level of warming can be partitioned into four areas: the already committed 'baked-in' emissions from existing capital stock [E]; new commitments arising from investments in additional capital stock yet to be made [N]; less the stranding of existing or future capital stock [S]; and the additional atmospheric space created by negative emissions technologies (NETs) [A]. This dissertation finds that currently operating electricity generators [E] would already emit more CO2 (~300 GtCO2) then is compatible with currently available generation-only carbon budgets [B] for a temperature rise of 1.5-2°C (~240 GtCO2). In addition, the current pipeline of planned fossil fuel power plants would add almost the same amount [N] of emission commitments (~270 GtCO2) to this capital stock again. Finally, these carbon budgets are inherently uncertain and depend on future, yet to be achieved, reductions of short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions. Should those reductions not be achieved today's remaining carbon budgets could be up to 37% smaller. Policymakers have now five choices to achieve the Paris climate goals: (1) protect and enhance carbon budgets by early and decisive action on SLCPs; (2) retrofit existing power generators with carbon capture and storage (3) ensure that no new polluting capital stock is added; (4) strand a considerable amount of global electricity generation capacity; and (5) create additional atmospheric space by scaling up NETs. Over the coming years and decades, the challenge will be to identify the most efficient balance of these options.
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Kilkis, Siir. "A Rational Exergy Management Model to Curb CO2 Emissions in the Exergy-Aware Built Environments of the Future." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-42469.
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This thesis puts forth the means of a strategic approach to address a persistent problem in the energy system and in this way, to transition the built environment to a future state that is more exergy-aware to curb CO2 emissions. Such a vision is made possible by the six-fold contributions of the research work: I) An analytical model is developed, which for the first time, formulates the CO2 emissions that are compounded in the energy system as a function of the systematic failures to match the supply and demand of exergy. This model is namely the Rational Exergy Management Model or REMM. II) REMM is then applied to analyze the pathways in which it is possible to lead the built environment into addressing structural overshoots in its exergy supply to curb CO2 emissions. The cases that embody these pathways are also analyzed over a base case, including cases for sustainable heating and cooling. III) New tools are designed to augment decision-making and exemplify a paradigm shift in the more rational usage of exergy to curb CO2 emissions. These include a scenario-based analysis tool, new options for CO2 wedges, and a multi-fold solution space for CO2 mitigation strategies based on REMM. IV) The concept of a net-zero exergy building (NZEXB) is developed and related to REMM strategies as the building block of an exergy-aware energy system. The target of a NZEXB is further supported by key design principles, which address shortcomings in state-of-the-art net-zero design. V) A premier building that deployed the key design principles to integrate building technology in an innovative, exergy-aware design and received LEED Platinum is analyzed on the basis of the NZEXB target. The results validate that this building boosts net self-sufficiency and curbs compound CO2 emissions, which are then presented in a proposed scheme to benchmark and/or label future NZEXBs. VI) Based on the scalability of the best-practices of the NZEXB ready building, the means to realize a smarter energy system that has exergy-aware relations in each aspect of the value chain to curb CO2 emissions are discussed. This includes a target for such a network at the community level, namely a net-zero exergy community (NZEXC). As a whole, the results of the thesis indicate that the strategic approach as provided by REMM and the NZEXB target of the research work has the potential to steer the speed and direction of societal action to curb CO2 emissions. The thesis concludes with a roadmap that represents a cyclical series of actions that may be scaled-up at various levels of the built environment in a transition to be in better balance with the Planet.QC 20111014
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Gren, Sofia, and Linnea Sörman. "Interpretations of concepts and implementation of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in long-term climate targets : A cross country comparison." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176108.
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Countries' long-term climate targets are described by different concepts who, over time, have become increasingly dependent on negative emissions technologies (NETs) in order for the targets to be reached. This thesis is a cross country comparison, examining similarities and differences in the concepts used by seven countries to express their long-term climate targets, focusing on their plans for implementing NETs. The empirical material was collected from interviews with experts from each country. Concepts in long-term climate targets can have various interpretations and there are uncertainties about what emissions that are covered within the different concepts. NETs are crucial for achieving any type of net-zero target however they are in nascent stages, except for forest management, and there are several factors affecting the possibilities to implement NETs. It is important not to focus too much on NETs to comply with the long-term climate targets, NETs should function as a complement to emissions reduction and target the unavoidable emissions. We recommend that countries clarify what emissions are included within their concept, set out specific targets for NETs and lastly put a great effort into clarifying policy instruments related to NETs.Ländernas långsiktiga klimatmål beskrivs av olika begrepp som är beroende av negativa utsläppstekniker för att målen ska nås. Denna avhandling är en jämförelse mellan sju länder där ländernas likheter och skillnader undersöks genom deras val av begrepp och även deras planer för att implementera tekniker för att nå negativa utsläpp. Det empiriska materialet samlades in från intervjuer med experter från varje land. Begrepp i de långsiktiga klimatmålen kan ha olika tolkningar och det råder osäkerhet om vilka utsläpp som täcks upp inom de olika begreppen. Negativa utsläppstekniker är avgörande för att uppnå alla typer av netto-nollmål men de befinner sig i väldigt tidiga faser av utveckling, förutom skog som redan finns på plats och det finns flera faktorer som påverkar möjligheterna att implementera negativa utsläppstekniker. Det är viktigt att inte fokusera för mycket på negativa utsläppstekniker för att uppfylla de långsiktiga klimatmålen, de bör fungera som ett komplement till utsläppsminskning och rikta in sig på de oundvikliga utsläppen. Vi rekommenderar att länder klargör vilka utsläpp som ingår i begreppen, fastställer specifika mål för negativa utsläppstekniker och slutligen satsar mycket på att klargöra policyinstrument relaterade till negativa utsläppstekniker.
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Backman, Jonathan, Hajk Shakhnasarjan, and Charlie Willberg. "Klimatpåverkan av kontorsbyggnaden Juvelen : En undersökning om koldioxidutsläpp för kontorsbyggnaden Juvelen med LCA som verktyg." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-53466.
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The Swedish government set a climate goal until the year 2045, to not produce any greenhouse gases until 2045. This study is based on the problems surrounding the climate impact from the construction and real estate sector in Sweden. The construction company Skanska has made a major contribution with the recently new project Juvelen, which today is Sweden's most sustainable building. The demand for constructing buildings with lesser environmental impacts is increasing and constructions as Juvelen may be an important factor to achieve climate goals. Purpose: This study was done to determine the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase of Juvelen, which includes the production phase and transports to the construction site, as well as the operational phase. Method: This study is based on a literature study, case study, and a reference object. During the case study, interviews were conducted with various people who have participated in the production of Juvelen. The carbon dioxide calculations consisted of EPD reports obtained from Strängbetong and VSAB. The carbon dioxide calculations for the operational phase were performed through different scenarios with three different scenarios types of energy. Results: The result for Juvelen's carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase, based on the quantitative data that had obtained from Strängbetong and VSAB, was approximately 3,568 tonnes of CO2e. Renewable High had an emission of 96,472.61 kg CO2e during the 50-year analysis period. Renewable Medium received a sum of 2,519,339.7 kg CO2e and Renewable Low 11,961,913.29 kg CO2e. The 100-year analysis period for the operational phase showed the double value of the 50-year analysis period. Based on the current study and an interview with Ambjörn Gille, it appears that Skanska is making efforts to achieve climate goals by 2045. Conclusions: The conclusion that the work came to was that to achieve the climate goal of net-zero emissions, its necessary that the entire construction and real estate sector needs to adapt, apply new and innovative technology. The differences that emerged from the comparison of the production, operating phase for Juvelen were the choice of material, construction process, and method for construction of Juvelen and the choice of energy scenario.
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Karlsson, Malin. "Koldioxidneutral läkemedelsindustri : BECCS som en möjlighet för att uppnå nettonollutsläpp på en produktionssite." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54927.
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Industries have faced challenges trying to lower carbon emissions and reach climate goals solely with energy efficiency and renewable energy sources but there are still some emissions that will not be mitigated by this. The purpose of this work has been to evaluate bio-energy with carbon capture and storage with co-combustion in a current study as a way to breach the gap and achieve net zero emissions on AstraZenecas production site Snäckviken. A carbon audit based on GHG Protocol has been performed to evaluate the total emissions at the site. Energy calculations were performed based on the possibilities of co-combustion with waste solvent and biofuel to produce process steam. With the flue gas characteristics for the combustion, calculations for a post combustion carbon capture plant using MEA solvent was made. An economic evaluation has been performed based on a reference plant and carbon captured for the current study. The results showed that the carbon capture lowered the emissions for the production site from 1 020 tons CO2 per year to - 2 400 tons CO2 at a cost of 1 360 SEK/tons CO2. The CO2 avoidance cost was high compared to other studies due to lower capacity. However, great savings could be m ade from handling the waste solvent on site instead of paying for the destruction of the waste. Therefore, a carbon capture plant could still be feasible for the current study.
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Saliba, Georges. "Assessment of decarbonization possibilities for offshore oil and gas platforms using the EnergyPLAN model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Offshore oil and gas extraction is a high-energy process that produces CO2 and methane, which are released into the atmosphere, as well as chemicals, which are discharged into the sea. The oil and gas industry accounts directly or indirectly for the 42% of the global emissions. In order to play its role in mitigating climate change, the oil and gas industry must reduce emissions of at least 3.4 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) annually by 2050 to reduce the current emissions by 90%. Four scenarios for a hypothetical offshore gas platform in the North Adriatic Sea were presented, assessed and compared based on technical, economic and enviornmental performance indicators. The EnergyPLAN model with optimisation routines and simulations was used to evaluate and analyze the introduction of decarbonization technologies and renewables to the offshore gas platform in order to monitor and highlight the efficacy and importance of the integration of renewables and decarbonization technologies to the offshore gas platform. The latest developments in global climate change and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions indicate that although the share of renewable energy (RE) in the primary energy supply continues to grow, all countries must increase their efforts to decarbonize the energy sector and achieve a net-zero future. The results indicate the benefits of the decarbonization possibilities and technologies going from one scenario to another, as the total CO2-emissions can be reduced by 67% with the high integration of renewables share, smartly connecting the different sectors and the implementation of different decarbonization technologies and productions with many types of storages. The results also established that the cost structure of each scenario is mainly driven by the low marginal cost of renewable technologies along with their high investment costs.
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Ånestad, Astrid. "Net electricity load profiles of Zero Emission buildings : A Cost Optimization Investment Model for Investigating Zero Balances, Operational Strategies and Grid Restrictions." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27253.
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On the way to meet the internationally sanctioned climate targets, zero emission buildings / zero energy buildings (ZEB) will be an important step. Research is ongoing on what a reasonable definition of ZEB will contain. In Norway, it is decided that the building code should be nearly zero energy buildings from the year 2020. In this master’s thesis, an optimization model for finding cost-optimal investment and operational strategies for ZEB is developed. The building modelled, is a passive school with a hydronic heat distribution system. Possible investments include photovoltaic solar cells (PV), solar collectors, heat pumps, biomass boilers, electric boiler, heat storage and connection to the district heating grid. The model is designed as a dynamic mixed integer programming model, and implemented in Mosel Xpress. The model minimizes the total discounted costs of operations and investments over the lifetime of the building. Different restrictions of zero CO2 emissions, zero primary energy consumption and level of grid burden can be applied. The analysis shows that if a zero CO2 restriction with Norwegian CO2 factors are applied, the least expensive way to reach ZEB is by investing in PV in combination with pellet biomass boiler as base load and district heating to cover peak demand. To reach the zero balance for the school with Norwegian CO2 factors, the highest hourly value for export of electricity per hour exceeds the maximum hourly value of imports by about 120%. If European factors for CO2 is applied, it will be more reasonable to reach ZEB than with Norwegian factors. If asymmetric primary energy factors are used instead of symmetric factors, investment in PV becomes higher, and the peak export values increases. The model is developed as a deterministic model, and does not take into account uncertainties in input data. To compensate for this, various sensitivity analyses are conducted. Future work includes testing the model with load profiles for other types of buildings.
Books on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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Yunus, Muhammad. A World of Three Zeros: The New Economics of Zero Poverty, Zero Unemployment, and Zero Net Carbon Emissions. Hachette Audio and Blackstone Audio, 2017.
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author, Weber Karl 1953, ed. A world of three zeros: The new economics of zero poverty, zero unemployment, and zero net carbon emissions. PublicAffairs, 2017.
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Hales, Robert, Moazzem Hossain, and Tapan Sarker. Pathways to a Sustainable Economy: Bridging the Gap between Paris Climate Change Commitments and Net Zero Emissions. Springer, 2018.
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Jaramillo, Marcela, and Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.
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The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial support for countries in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) in their efforts to achieve the climate objectives under the Paris Agreement, seeking to transition to a net zero, resilient and sustainable development pathways that improve quality of life and prosperity in LAC. Through our research and experience supporting countries and piloting solutions we have developed a toolbox for support. This paper describes three NDC Invest products to support Governments to tackle challenges and scale up action towards a climate aligned and sustainable development path: i) the design of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) for net-zero emissions and resilience; ii) design of ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aligned to LTS; and iii) design of investment plans and finance strategies. Our three products are not a fix recipe, but rather a toolbox to provide flexible and relevant solutions tailored to country needs and context, and different stages of design and implementation of their climate targets.
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Jelley, Nick. Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198825401.001.0001.
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Energy is vital for a good standard of living, and affordable and adequate sources of power that do not cause climate change or pollution are crucial. Renewables can meet the world’s energy needs without compromising human health and the environment, and this VSI gives a history of their deployment and the principles of their technologies. Wind and solar farms can now provide the cheapest electricity in many parts of the world. Decarbonizing heat is just as important as clean electricity, and can be achieved using renewably generated electricity to power heat pumps and to produce combustible fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. Several other clean alternatives, notably hydropower, biofuels, nuclear power, and carbon capture, are also becoming important. Lithium-ion batteries are enabling the electrification of transport and providing grid storage. But while market forces are helping the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, there are opposing pressures, such as the United States’ proposed withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement, and vested commercial interests in fossil fuels. Net-zero emissions must be reached by 2050 for a sustainable future, and governments must act quickly to accelerate the transition.
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Senecal, Kelly, and Felix Leach. Racing Toward Zero: The Untold Story of Driving Green. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468601473.
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In Racing Toward Zero, the authors explore the issues inherent in developing sustainable transportation. They review the types of propulsion systems and vehicle options, discuss low-carbon fuels and alternative energy sources, and examine the role of regulation in curbing emissions. All technologies have an impact on the environment, from internal combustion engine vehicles to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and hybrids-there is no silver bullet. The battery electric vehicle may seem the obvious path to a sustainable, carbon-free transportation future, but it's not the only, nor necessarily the best, path forward. The vast majority of vehicles today use the internal combustion engine (ICE), and this is unlikely to change anytime soon. Improving the ICE and its fuels-entering a new ICE age-must be a main route on the road to zero emissions. How do we go green? The future requires a balanced approach to transportation. It's not a matter of choosing between combustion or electrification; it's combustion and electrification. As the authors say, "The future is eclectic." By harnessing the best qualities of both technologies, we will be in the best position to address our transportation future as quickly as possible.
Book chapters on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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Pan, Jiahua. "A Carbon Budget Approach to Net Zero Emissions." In Climate Change Economics, 179–203. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0221-5_11.
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Pan, Jiahua. "Early Peaking for a Fast-Moving Towards Net-Zero Emissions." In Climate Change Economics, 361–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0221-5_22.
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Harrington, Philip, and Virginia Hoy. "The Trajectory to a Net Zero Emissions Built Environment: The Role of Policy and Regulation." In Decarbonising the Built Environment, 193–207. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7940-6_10.
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Matemilola, Saheed, and Hammed Adeniyi Salami. "Net Zero Emission." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_512-1.
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Solano-Rodríguez, Baltazar, Amalia Pizarro-Alonso, Kathleen Vaillancourt, and Cecilia Martin-del-Campo. "Mexico’s Transition to a Net-Zero Emissions Energy System: Near Term Implications of Long Term Stringent Climate Targets." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 315–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74424-7_19.
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Wallis, Tania, Greig Paul, and James Irvine. "Organisational Contexts of Energy Cybersecurity." In Computer Security. ESORICS 2021 International Workshops, 384–402. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95484-0_22.
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AbstractThe energy system is going through huge transformation to integrate distributed renewable generation and to achieve the goals of net-zero carbon emissions. This involves a significant adjustment to how the system is controlled and managed, with increasing digitalisation of technology and growing complexities across interconnected systems. Traditionally electricity networks adjusted their supply of energy in response to changes in demand. The future energy system will require more flexible demand to be able to use or store energy when renewables are generating. This change is exacerbated by additional demand for electricity for heat and transport uses.Utility organisations hold responsibility for securing their networks and assuring the supply of electricity. This paper describes a full investigation of cybersecurity issues and concerns for utilities. This industry review was carried out to create a clear organisational context for the ongoing design of cybersecurity improvements. The assessment of potential impact and consequences of cyber-attack is recommended to direct necessary preparations towards protecting essential functions and processes. Improving resilience across interdependent actors is discussed and resilience measures suggested to guide the contributions of different actors towards whole system resilience.
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Bahn, Olivier, and Alain Haurie. "A Steady-State Game of a Net-Zero Emission Climate Regime." In Games in Management Science, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19107-8_7.
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Krook-Riekkola, Anna, and Erik Sandberg. "Net-Zero CO2-Emission Pathways for Sweden by Cost-Efficient Use of Forestry Residues." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 123–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74424-7_8.
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Rahman, Md Nafeez, Md Rayhan Sharif, Md Hafezur Rahman Chowdhury, Khondakar Sami Ahamad, and Md Asaduzzaman Shoeb. "Sustainability Analysis of Net Zero Emission Smart Renewable Hybrid System Solution in Bangladesh Rural Context." In Transition Towards 100% Renewable Energy, 365–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69844-1_33.
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Becchio, Cristina, Martina Bertoncini, Adele Boggio, Marta Bottero, Stefano Paolo Corgnati, and Federico Dell’Anna. "The Impact of Users’ Lifestyle in Zero-Energy and Emission Buildings: An Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis." In New Metropolitan Perspectives, 123–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92099-3_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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Varney, James, and Richard Dyson. "Net Zero Facilities - Green Power Generation Offshore." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205471-ms.
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Abstract The largest contributor to operational emissions from upstream oil and gas operations is power generation from gas turbines (contributing 13.2M tonnes of CO2 and 67.5% of offshore emissions in 2018). To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from its operations. Given that production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, they must be future-proofed for ongoing operation; in this timeframe, industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with green power in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly. To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design, and construct facilities powered by green sources. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. This is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to a green powered facility, identifying the associated opportunities and challenges. A Decision Quality framework was used to identify methods for achieving green powered facilities including: Power import from green sources (onshore and offshore) Green Power Purchase Agreements Renewable microgrids Integration with hydrogen networks Facility demanning to reduce power demand Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring. Design concepts were created to test solutions to removing gas turbines from offshore facilities. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, green-powered design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the potential limits to offshore electrification and identified solutions to the typical barriers found in these types of project. This paper demonstrates that a 75% reduction in emissions is achievable with current technology, in a grid with a high renewables component. The opportunities and challenges of net-zero power generation are presented, and a hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact. This will allow operators to make decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for power generation emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering available local infrastructure. With grid-connected systems, as the grid decarbonises, so too will the offshore operations. The approach presented can be applied across many industries; long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting green power generation early in system design.
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Kilkis, Siir. "A New Metric for Net-Zero Carbon Buildings." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36263.
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In this study a new carbon equivalency metric was developed in order to quantify the compound carbon emissions that buildings are responsible in the built environment. This metric first analyses the rationale about the management of exergy balance among supply and demand involved in satisfying building power and energy loads. Then using the degree of the rationale found, direct carbon emissions from the building and avoidable secondary carbon emissions that the building is responsible due to exergy mismatches are calculated. Based on this metric a net-zero carbon building definition was introduced and its advantages for quantifying the actual impact of buildings on global sustainability were discussed in comparison to net-zero energy building and carbon neutral building concepts. A case study for an example net-zero energy building is presented, which reveals that the new carbon equivalency metric can indicate whether the building is actually environmentally neutral or not. Results show that the example building has negative impact on environment and global sustainability in terms of carbon emissions even though it is rated a net-zero building. This paper also discusses that although another new net-zero exergy building definition may reduce the shortcomings of the net-zero building definition, only the net-zero carbon building metric may accurately rate the environmental impact of buildings. Beyond carbon emissions from buildings, the same metric can be used for any variety of greenhouse emissions and sectors.
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Coupland, Sam Peter. "The Journey to Net Zero: Driving Down Emissions from Bp's North Sea Operations." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205469-ms.
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Abstract bp's strategy sets out a decadeof delivery towards becoming a net zero company by 2050 (or sooner) with targets set for emissions from operations to fall by between 30-35% by 2030. In pursuit of this, a North Sea carbonplan has been developed to identify, track, and deliver sustainable emission reductions (SERs) activities. Proactive engagement has been essential in delivery of this plan, helping to empower colleagues to prioritize emissions reduction opportunities. To date, the plan has identified more than 80 SERs across bp's North Seaportfolio and cumulatively reduced carbonemissions by more than 400,000 tonnes from offshore operations. It is on track to reduce almost 70,000tonnes of carbon from operations in 2021 alone. Whilst it is recognised that this represents only part of bp's annual scope 1 emissions in the North Sea; this is a lasting operational improvement. The plan has also significantly reduced sources of unknown flare gas. It also contributed to a 45% reduction in flare activity in 2020 vs 2019as well as achieving zero routine flaringon two of bp's major west of Shetland installations from October 2020 The plan has more deeply embedded emissions tracking in operations on and offshore and helped further improve working practices on flaring and energy efficiency in general.
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Dyson, Richard, James Varney, Vaseem Khan, and Chris Dartnell. "Net Zero Facilities – A Tenet for Survival or a Pipedream." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31098-ms.
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Abstract To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to its operations. According to the IEA, 15% of global energy-related GHG emissions arise from the process of hydrocarbon extraction and distribution. Production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, by which time industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with carbon neutrality in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly. To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design and construct facilities with carbon neutrality in mind. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. In fact, this is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions, and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to the carbon neutral upstream facility. A methodology to achieve net-zero emissions for an offshore compression platform is proposed. The project team used a Decision Quality framework to identify methods for achieving carbon neutrality, including: Power import and electrification Renewable micro-grids Integration with hydrogen networks Reduction of fugitive emissions Flare system removal Facility demanning and access method Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring. Design concepts were created to test carbon neutral facilities feasibility. Expertise gained from demanning projects, along with specialist Electrical & Instrumentation experience were used, to perform a techno-economic assessment. Class 5 CAPEX and OPEX estimates were prepared and compared against a Reference Case "traditional" facility design. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, carbon neutral design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the facilities lifecycle cost, identifying breakeven carbon pricing required to ensure cost-competitiveness. This paper demonstrates what is achievable with current technology, and opportunities for further technology development. Breakeven carbon pricing for carbon neutral facilities is presented within a range of economic scenarios. A hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact per dollar spent. This will allow operators to make informed decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering local infrastructure and carbon pricing. The approach presented can be applied across many industries. Long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting carbon neutrality early in system design.
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Sabater, Pere, Andreu Moia Pol, Angel Igelmo Ganzo, Jaume Ochogavia Colom, Albena Mihovska, and Ramjee Prasad. "Net zero emissions in radio base stations operating at different conditions." In 2014 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems (VITAE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vitae.2014.6934494.
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Chan, Yen Pinng, Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij Muhammad Yasin, and Ir Suhana Muhamad. "Towards Realizing Net Zero Carbon Emissions for Sustainability of Existing and Aging Offshore Facilities." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22559-ms.
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Abstract Amidst global push towards sustainable energy, efforts to drive down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions towards net zero across all upstream assets and new developments are expected to intensify. This task has proven to be far more challenging for existing, aging offshore facilities both technically and commercially. This paper will share various fit-for-purpose options identified through rigorous front-end loading (FEL) processes which can be implemented on existing, aging facilities to accelerate and realize sustainable GHG emission reduction efforts across all business value chain. Essence of decarbonization is in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions. Apart from carbon tax inclusion in decision making, proactive directives in zero continuous hydrocarbon venting and flaring in upstream facilities while maximizing renewable energy applications has already set the momentum. Beyond that, lies the task of developing sustainable carbon abatement strategies for existing, aging facilities. Up to eight (8) concepts were explored through feasibility study at FEL assessing the extent of brownfield modification, emissions reduction, and associated costs. Concepts range from cost-efficient vent to flare conversions to CAPEX-intensive gas injection and sequestration solutions. Options with monetization potential such as floating compressed natural gas (FCNG), liquid or condensate recovery system (CRS) and gas liquefaction are within consideration as well. Value improvement beyond facilities design life is influenced by the sustainability of solutions introduced. There are 25 tons of CO2e in every part of methane (CH4) released in vent gas, which is a common design for offshore facilities aged more than 30 years. Efforts in emissions reduction is therefore deemed most suitably carried out in both a short- and long-term manner, which is replicable regardless of a facility's age. Short term, fit-for-purpose solution of converting existing vent stacks into flare stacks with cyclone separator-caisson system is projected to be able to significantly reduce GHG emissions up to 70% in the span of 3 years. Leading towards net zero, mid and long-term efforts through gas injection and sequestration including monetization strategies will be more sustainable as they demonstrate potential of up to 95% GHG emissions reduction within field life. Particularly for monetization opportunities such as pipeline export, CNG, CRS and gas liquefaction, area development strategy is recommended to establish economy of scale. Ability to synergize carbon abatement with capital projects innovatively to achieve positive economic returns while transitioning into a global environment of sustainability is crucial. Decarbonization efforts especially for existing, aging upstream facilities requires firstly, a strong managerial aspiration in the sustainability agenda; Secondly, expertise of operations to balance life cycle costs against carbon abatement investments. Strategies outlined in this paper share insights on how decarbonization efforts can be streamlined for effective execution towards net zero carbon emissions target.
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Chan, Yen Pinng, Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij Bin Muhammad Yasin, and Ir Suhana Binti Muhamad. "Towards Realising Net Zero Carbon Emissions for Sustainability of Existing and Aging Offshore Facilities." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31408-ms.
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Abstract Amidst global push towards sustainable energy, efforts to drive down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions towards net zero across all upstream assets and new developments are expected to intensify. This task has proven to be far more challenging for existing, aging offshore facilities both technically and commercially. This paper will share various fit-for-purpose options identified through rigorous front-end loading (FEL) processes which can be implemented on existing, aging facilities to accelerate and realize sustainable GHG emission reduction efforts across all business value chain. Now an indispensable part of social and environmental responsibility, essence of decarbonization is in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions. Apart from carbon tax inclusion in decision making, proactive directives in zero continuous hydrocarbon venting and flaring in upstream facilities while maximizing renewable energy applications has already set the momentum. Beyond that, lies the task of developing sustainable carbon abatement strategies for existing, aging facilities. Up to eight (8) concepts were explored through feasibility study assessing the extent of brownfield modification, emissions reduction, and associated costs. Concepts range from cost-efficient vent to flare conversions to CAPEX-intensive gas injection and sequestration solutions. Options with monetization potential such as floating compressed natural gas (FCNG), condensate recovery system (CRS) and gas liquefaction are within consideration as well. Value improvement beyond facilities design life is influenced by the sustainability of solutions introduced. There are 25 tons of CO2e in every part of methane (CH4) released in vent gas, which is a common design for offshore facilities aged more than 30 years. Efforts in emissions reduction is therefore deemed most suitably carried out in both a short- and long-term manner, which is replicable regardless of a facility's age. Short term, fit-for-purpose solution of converting existing vent stacks into flare stacks with cyclone separator-caisson system is projected to be able to significantly reduce GHG emissions up to 70% in the span of 3 years. Leading towards net zero, mid and long-term efforts through gas injection and sequestration including monetization strategies will be more sustainable as they demonstrate potential of up to 95% GHG emissions reduction within field life. For monetization opportunities such as pipeline export, FCNG, CRS and gas liquefaction, area development strategy is recommended to establish economy of scale. Ability to synergize carbon abatement with capital projects innovatively to achieve positive economic returns while transitioning into a global environment of sustainability is crucial. Decarbonization efforts especially for existing, aging upstream facilities requires firstly, a strong managerial aspiration in the sustainability agenda; Secondly, expertise of operations to balance life cycle costs against carbon abatement investments. Strategies outlined in this paper share insights on how decarbonization efforts can be streamlined for effective execution towards net zero carbon emissions target.
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Kaloti, Sujay, Faria Kamal, Abdullah Al Mamun, and Badrul Chowdhury. "Is Achieving Net-Zero Carbon Emissions Possible for Electric Utilities with Current Technology?" In 2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps52732.2021.9654471.
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Martinez-Frias, Joel, Salvador M. Aceves, J. Ray Smith, and Harry Brandt. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Zero-Atmospheric Emissions Power Plant." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33199.
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This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of a natural gas zero-atmospheric emissions power plant with a net electrical output of 400 MW. In this power plant, methane is combusted with oxygen in a gas generator to produce the working fluid for the turbines. The combustion produces a gas mixture composed of steam and carbon dioxide. These gases drive multiple turbines to produce electricity. The turbine discharge gases pass to a condenser where water is captured as liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide is pumped from the system. The carbon dioxide can be economically conditioned for enhanced recovery of oil, or coal-bed methane, or for sequestration in a subterranean formation. The analysis considers a complete power plant layout, including an air separation unit, compressors and intercoolers for oxygen and methane compression, a gas generator, three steam turbines, a reheater, a preheater, a condenser, and a carbon dioxide pumping system to pump the carbon dioxide to the pressure required for sequestration. The computer code is a powerful tool for estimating the efficiency of the plant, given different configurations and technologies. The efficiency of the power plant has been calculated over a wide range of conditions as a function of the two important power plant parameters of turbine inlet temperature and turbine isentropic efficiency. This simulation is based on a 400 MW electric power generating plant that uses turbines that are currently under development by a U.S. turbine manufacturer. The high-pressure turbine would operate at a temperature of 1089 K (1500 °F) with uncooled blades, the intermediate-pressure turbine would operate at 1478 K (2200 °F) with cooled blades and the low-pressure turbine would operate at 998 K (1336 °F). The corresponding turbine isentropic efficiencies for these three turbines were taken as 90, 91 and 93 percent. With these operating conditions, the zero-atmospheric emissions electric power plant has a net thermal efficiency of 46.5%. This net thermal efficiency is based on the lower heating value of methane, and includes the energy necessary for air separation and for carbon dioxide separation and sequestration.
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Ramírez, Adriana Citlali, and Will Bradbury. "The role of CCS in the path to net-zero emissions – The European case." In First International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2021-3594770.1.
Full textReports on the topic "Net zero emissions"
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Sen, Aditi, and Nafkote Dabi. Tightening the Net: Net zero climate targets – implications for land and food equity. Oxfam, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7796.
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Many governments and companies are adopting net zero climate targets as they recognize the urgency of the climate crisis. Without clear definition, however, these targets risk being reliant on using vast swathes of land in low-income countries to capture carbon emissions, allowing the biggest emitters to avoid making significant cuts in their own emissions. ‘Net zero’ could end up being a dangerous distraction that could delay the rapid reductions in emissions that high-emitting countries and companies need to make if we are to avoid catastrophic climate breakdown. It could also lead to an explosion in demand for land which, if not subject to careful safeguards, might risk increasing hunger and fuelling land inequality. Net zero should be a pathway to real and transformative climate action and not greenwash. Carbon emissions need to be reduced now, and land-based climate solutions must centre ‘food-first’ approaches that help achieve both zero emissions and zero hunger.
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Bulkeley, Harriet, and Bregje van Veelen. Financing net zero: how can investment meet the climate challenge? Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/yuxz6822.
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Achieving net zero carbon emissions requires the engagement of the finance system to address climate considerations in more strategic ways. In December 2019, the Society hosted a discussion forum, Financing net zero: how can investment meet the climate challenge, where geographers met with experts from the finance and investment sectors to explore these challenges in more depth. Our briefing report summarises the action needed by government, the financial sector, business and the third sector to meet the scale and pace of change needed.
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Dixon, Brent, Son Kim, Bo Feng, Taek Kim, Scott Richards, and Jin Bae. Estimated HALEU Requirements for Advanced Reactors to Support a Net-Zero Emissions Economy by 2050. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1838156.
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Achakulwisut, Ploy, and Peter Erickson. Trends in fossil fuel extraction. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.001.
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At present, most global GHG emissions – over 75% – are from fossil fuels. By necessity, reaching net zero emissions therefore requires dramatic reductions in fossil fuel demand and supply. Though fossil fuels have not been explicitly addressed by the UN Framework on Climate Change, a conversation has emerged about possible “supply-side” agreements on fossil fuels and climate change. For example, a number of countries, including Denmark, France, and New Zealand, have started taking measures to phase out their oil and gas production. In the United States, President Joe Biden has put a pause on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters, while Vice President Kamala Harris has previously proposed a “first-ever global negotiation of the cooperative managed decline of fossil fuel production”. This paper aims to contribute to this emerging discussion. The authors present a simple analysis on where fossil fuel extraction has happened historically, and where it will continue to occur and expand if current economic trends continue without new policy interventions. By employing some simple scenario analysis, the authors also demonstrate how the phase-out of fossil fuel production is likely to be inequitable among countries, if not actively and internationally managed.
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Fazekas, Andreas, and Scarleth Nuñez Castillo. NDC Invest Annual Overview 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003430.
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NDC INVEST is an IDB Group platform offering financial solutions and technical support to help build national goals and transform them into attainable plans that generate prosperous, resilient, and carbon neutral economies. Throughout the years closely supporting LAC countries, NDC INVEST has gained valuable experience and knowledge in designing and implementing concrete actions that lead to long-term climate resilience and net-zero emissions by 2050. In 2020, NDC INVEST confirmed its key role in successfully translating national climate commitments into physical and beneficial economic plans and transformational development projects. 331 initiatives have been supported in IDB Group regional member states through the IDB sovereign window, IDB Invest and IDB Lab. This publication highlights the successful work of NDC Invest in i.) developing relevant knowledge and building national capacities for long-term strategies (LTS), ii.) supporting countries in creating ambitious climate goals and NDCs, and iii.) implementing LTS and NDCs through financial strategies and investment plans.
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Furman, Burford, Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Shannon McDonald, Ron Swenson, Jack Fogelquist, Yu Chiao, Alex Pape, and Mario Cruz. Solar-Powered Automated Transportation: Feasibility and Visualization. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1948.
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A solar-powered automated transportation network (ATN) connecting the North and South campuses of San José State University with three passenger stations was designed, visualized, and analyzed in terms of its energy usage, carbon offset, and cost. The study’s methodology included the use of tools and software such as ArcGIS, SketchUp, Infraworks, Sketchup, Rhinoceros, and Autodesk 3DS Max. ATN vehicle energy usage was estimated using data from the university’s Park & Ride shuttle bus operation and by modeling with SUMOPy, the advanced simulation suite for the micro-traffic simulator SUMO. The energy study showed that an extensive solar photovoltaic (PV) canopy over the guideway and stations is sufficient for the network to run 24/7 in better-than-zero net-metered conditions—even if ridership were to increase 15% above that predicted from SJSU Park & Ride shuttle data. The resulting energy system has a PV-rated output of 6.2 MW, a battery system capacity of 9.8 MWh, and an estimated cost of $11.4 million USD. The solar ATN also produces 98% lower CO2 and PM2.5 emissions compared to the Park & Ride shuttle bus. A team of experts including urban planners, architects, and engineers designed and visualized the conceptual prototype, including a comprehensive video explaining the need for solar ATN and what a typical rider would experience while utilizing the system. This research demonstrates both benefits and challenges for solar-powered ATN, as well as its functionality within the urban built environment to serve diverse San José neighborhoods.
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Olsson, Olle. Industrial decarbonization done right: identifying success factors for well-functioning permitting processes. Stockholm Environment Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.034.
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1 Introduction 1.1 The urgency of industrial decarbonization The last few years have seen several of the world’s largest carbon dioxide-emitting countries and leading heavy industry companies committing to mid-century net-zero targets (Buckley 2021; Denyer and Kashiwagi 2020; McCurry 2020; Myers 2020). Consequently, the discussion on economy-wide transition to net-zero is accelerating, with focus shifting from “if” to “when” and “how”, even for heavy industry sectors like steel, cement and chemicals. This makes it increasingly urgent to analyse not just whether it is technologically feasible to decarbonize heavy industry, but also investigate issues more directly related to practical implementation. This includes site-specific planning, infrastructure availability, and consultation with local authorities and other stakeholders. Many of the latter considerations are formalized as part of the permitting processes that are an essential vehicle to ensure that industrial interests are balanced against interests of society at large. However, doing this balancing act can turn out to be very complicated and associated with uncertainties as to their outcome, as well as being demanding in resources and time. At the same time, to ensure broad buy-in and support from society, the investments needed must be implemented in a way that takes a broad spectrum of sustainability concerns into account, not just climate change mitigation. A key question is if and how permitting processes can run more smoothly and efficiently while still ensuring inclusive consultations, fair procedures and adherence to legal certainty. This policy brief discusses this question from the starting point of Swedish conditions, but many of the points raised will be relevant for a broader international discussion on taking industrial decarbonization to implementation. 1.2 Industrial transition and permitting processes in Sweden Decarbonization of the industrial sector in Sweden essentially entails a relatively small number of investment projects in the cement, steel, petrochemical and refinery sectors, where the vast majority of carbon emissions are concentrated (Karltorp et al. 2019; Nykvist et al. 2020). However, while few in number, the size of these investments means that their implementation will by necessity become relevant to many other parts of society. In connection with the increasing focus on how to implement industrial decarbonization in Sweden, discussions about permitting processes have been brought higher up on the agenda. While there has been an active discussion on permitting processes in Sweden for quite some time, it has primarily been focused on aspects related to mining and wind power (Larsen et al. 2017; Raitio et al. 2020). The last few years have, however, focused increasingly on industrial projects, in particular related to a proposed – though eventually cancelled – expansion of an oil refinery in the southwestern part of the country (Blad 2020). In terms of political discussions, both the governmental initiative Fossil-free Sweden (2020) and the Swedish Climate Policy Council (2020) emphasize that permitting processes need to become faster in order for Sweden’s industrial transition to be implemented in line with the time plan set by the 2017 Swedish Climate Act. Business representatives and organizations are also voicing concerns about the slow speed of permitting (Balanskommissionen 2019; Jacke 2018). At the same time, criticism has been raised that much of the environmental damage done in Sweden comes from activities conducted within limits set by environmental permits, which could be a flaw in the system (Malmaeus and Lindblom 2019). Finally, recent public inquiries have also discussed permitting processes.
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Watkins, Graham, Hervé Breton, and Guy Edwards. Achieving Sustainable Recovery: Criteria for Evaluating the Sustainability and Effectiveness of Covid-19 Recovery Investments in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003413.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has precipitated unprecedented health, social and economic crises across the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. All countries in the region moved quickly to implement rescue policies to safeguard lives and livelihoods. The rescue phase continues along with the challenge of orchestrating the post-COVID-19 economic recovery: designing packages of investments and initiatives to stimulate employment, liquidity, reignite sustainable and inclusive economic growth and transition towards net-zero emission and climate-resilience economies to confront the worsening climate and ecological crisis. These policies must be sustainable in the short and long term and bring institutional, social, economic/financial, and environmental co-benefits. This working paper proposes criteria for evaluating the sustainability of recovery investments and initiatives, to serve as a checklist for stakeholders to use to ensure a recovery that builds an inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for all.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Stampini, Marco, Pablo Ibarrarán, Carolina Rivas, and Marcos Robles. Adaptive, but not by design: cash transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003795.
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The socioeconomic crisis associated with the pandemic put cash transfer programs back at the top of the policy agenda. It showed that the Latin American and Caribbean regions income support systems were both fundamental and insufficient. In this paper, we present novel estimates of the coverage and beneficiary distribution of all non-contributory cash transfers both before and during the COVID-19 crisis. The former is useful to show the degree of preparedness of the region. The latter analyzes the magnitude of the policy response. While the literature presents estimates of coverage and leakage of conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions, our results are novel because they are the first to analyze coverage and leakage implemented in response to the COVID-19 crisis. In addition, we are the first to expand the focus to all non-contributory cash transfer programs, including those that are quasi-universal and/or unconditional. This is the most appropriate focus when the goal is to assess the ability to provide protection to larger population groups (including the vulnerable) and against transitory poverty caused by systemic shocks (such as pandemic or extreme weather events, which may become more and more frequent due to climate change). Using data from the Inter-American Development Bank “Harmonized Household Surveys from Latin America and the Caribbean”, which now provide a more comprehensive coverage of Caribbean countries, we show that before the pandemic non-contributory cash transfers covered 26% of the population of 17 countries with available data. Average coverage of the extreme poor, moderate poor and vulnerable population was 56%, 43% and 28% respectively. During the crisis, LAC governments implemented 111 new cash transfer interventions, increasing coverage to 34% of the population in 12 countries with available data. Average coverage increased among the moderate poor (50%) and vulnerable population (37%), while it remained unvaried amongst the extreme poor. Moving forward, the countries of the region are called to reform their social protection systems to make them more flexible, efficient, and sustainable, and including strategies that provide protection against shocks. In this way, resilient and responsive social protection systems can contribute to the fight against climate change and support a just transition towards net-zero emission societies. These efforts must also include measures to close the historical coverage gap amongst the poorest.