Academic literature on the topic 'NET WORK OUTPUT'
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Journal articles on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Ebrahim, Rahim, Kamyar Mahbobian, and Farshad Tahmasebi Gandomkari. "Effects of Cut-Off Ratio on Performance of an Endoreversible Dual Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2847.
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—This study is aimed at investigating the effects of cut-off ratio on the endoreversible Dual cycle performance with considerations of heat transfer loss and specific heat ratio. By using finite time thermodynamics theory, the relations between the net work output and the compression ratio, between the thermal efficiency and the compression ratio, as well as the optimal relation between net work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, are derived. The results shows that if compression ratio is less than certain value, the net work output first decreases and then starts to increase as the cut-off ratio increases. While if compression ratio exceeds certain value, the increase of cut-off ratio make the net work output bigger. The results also shows that the maximum net work output and the optimal thermal efficiency corresponding to maximum net work output first increase and then start to decline as the cut-off ratio increases. The thermal efficiency and the working range of the cycle decrease when the cut-off ratio increased. The results obtained in this work can help us to understand how the cycle performance is influenced by the variation of the cut-off ratio, and they should be considered in practical cycle analysis.
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Costa, Rui, and Brendan MacDonald. "Comparison of the Net Work Output between Stirling and Ericsson Cycles." Energies 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2018): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11030670.
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Gutiérrez, Marcos. "La eficiencia térmica de las mezclas de combustibles reciclados de aceites lubricantes y comestibles." INNOVA Research Journal 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33890/innova.v4.n1.2019.796.
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The energy demand increases with the social, industrial and technological requirements, independent of the sources to supply it. More than half of the total energy consumption is supplied by fossil fuels, which can be replaced by alternative and more environmentally friendly fuels. The present research evaluates thermal efficiency, net output work and energy availability from recycled vegetable-animal and synthetic-mineral substances, in a pure state and blended with neat diesel. The calculation uses mainly the heat value of each fuel and the air properties along each stroke of the diesel cycle. The purpose of the present research consists in the evaluation of the thermal efficiency of alternative fuels in functions of the whole engine cycle and not only Stoichiometric the heat value and quantity of each fuel. It was found that the neat fuel from recycled edible sources provides more net output work and is able to perform longer combustions, while the advantage of higher thermal efficiencies using recycled lubricating oil relies on its use as an additive in a blend with neat diesel. The use of alternative and ecological neat fuels of blends is conditioned by the efforts to produce them and by the resulting thermal efficiency, net output work and remaining energetic availability.
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Staines, Anthony Spiteri. "Ordinary Petri Net Matrices." ITM Web of Conferences 24 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192402007.
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This work presents some ideas and theory on representing ordinary Petri nets using matrices and builds on previous work in [11],[12]. The three main types of matrices used for Petri net representation are the input, output and incidence matrices. The motivation for this work is that matrices can provide an alternative way to describe Petri nets from the conventional graphical representation. As is indicated several properties can be inferred, observed and derived from the matrices. Some definitions and examples are used.
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Rampun, Andrik, Deborah Jarvis, Paul D. Griffiths, Reyer Zwiggelaar, Bryan W. Scotney, and Paul A. Armitage. "Single-Input Multi-Output U-Net for Automated 2D Foetal Brain Segmentation of MR Images." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100200.
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In this work, we develop the Single-Input Multi-Output U-Net (SIMOU-Net), a hybrid network for foetal brain segmentation inspired by the original U-Net fused with the holistically nested edge detection (HED) network. The SIMOU-Net is similar to the original U-Net but it has a deeper architecture and takes account of the features extracted from each side output. It acts similar to an ensemble neural network, however, instead of averaging the outputs from several independently trained models, which is computationally expensive, our approach combines outputs from a single network to reduce the variance of predications and generalization errors. Experimental results using 200 normal foetal brains consisting of over 11,500 2D images produced Dice and Jaccard coefficients of 94.2 ± 5.9% and 88.7 ± 6.9%, respectively. We further tested the proposed network on 54 abnormal cases (over 3500 images) and achieved Dice and Jaccard coefficients of 91.2 ± 6.8% and 85.7 ± 6.6%, respectively.
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Syme, D. A., and R. K. Josephson. "Influence of muscle length on work from trabecular muscle of frog atrium and ventricle." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 2221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.10.2221.
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The work capacity of segments of atrial and ventricular muscle from the frog Rana pipiens was measured as a function of muscle length using the work loop technique. Both the work done during shortening and the work required to re-lengthen the muscle after shortening increased with muscle length. Net work increased with length up to a maximum, beyond which work declined. The optimum sarcomere length for work output was 2.5-2.6 microns for both atrial and ventricular muscle. Isometric force increased with muscle length to lengths well beyond the optimum for work output. Thus, the decline in work at long lengths is not simply a consequence of a reduction in the capacity of heart muscle to generate force. It is proposed that it is the non-linear increase in work required to re-lengthen muscle with increasing muscle length which limits net work output and leads to a maximum in the relationship between net work and muscle length. Extension of the results from muscle strips to intact hearts suggests that the work required to fill the ventricle exceeds that available from atrial muscle at all but rather short ventricular muscle lengths.
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González, Johan, José Matías Garrido, and Héctor Quinteros-Lama. "Analysis of the Maximum Efficiency and the Maximum Net Power as Objective Functions for Organic Rankine Cycles Optimization." Entropy 25, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25060882.
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Maximum efficiency and maximum net power output are some of the most important goals to reach the optimal conditions of organic Rankine cycles. This work compares two objective functions, the maximum efficiency function, β, and the maximum net power output function, ω. The van der Waals and PC-SAFT equations of state are used to calculate the qualitative and quantitative behavior, respectively. The analysis is performed for a set of eight working fluids, considering hydrocarbons and fourth-generation refrigerants. The results show that the two objective functions and the maximum entropy point are excellent references for describing the optimal organic Rankine cycle conditions. These references enable attaining a zone where the optimal operating conditions of an organic Rankine cycle can be found for any working fluid. This zone corresponds to a temperature range determined by the boiler outlet temperature obtained by the maximum efficiency function, maximum net power output function, and maximum entropy point. This zone is named the optimal temperature range of the boiler in this work.
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Josephson, R. K. "Dissecting muscle power output." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 3369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.23.3369.
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The primary determinants of muscle force throughout a shortening-lengthening cycle, and therefore of the net work done during the cycle, are (1) the shortening or lengthening velocity of the muscle and the force-velocity relationship for the muscle, (2) muscle length and the length-tension relationship for the muscle, and (3) the pattern of stimulation and the time course of muscle activation following stimulation. In addition to these primary factors, there are what are termed secondary determinants of force and work output, which arise from interactions between the primary determinants. The secondary determinants are length-dependent changes in the kinetics of muscle activation, and shortening deactivation, the extent of which depends on the work that has been done during the preceding shortening. The primary and secondary determinants of muscle force and work are illustrated with examples drawn from studies of crustacean muscles.
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JOSEPHSON, ROBERT K., and STOKES R. DARRELL. "Strain, Muscle Length and Work Output in a Crab Muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 145, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.145.1.45.
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The relationships between muscle length, fractional change in length (strain) and work output during cyclic contraction were examined in scaphognathite levator muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). The muscle was subjected to sinusoidal strain at 2 Hz and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle. At an average length and stimulus phase which are optimum for net work output, the work from muscle L2B during shortening rises to a peak or a plateau with increasing strain. The failure of shortening work to increase continuously with strain is due, in part, to the greater shortening velocity associated with greater strain, and to the consequent reduction in muscle force during shortening at higher velocity. The work required to re-lengthen a muscle following contraction is a complex function of strain, with an initial peak followed by a work minimum and then a monotonic rise in work with further increase in strain. The early work minimum is a result of shortening inactivation which reduces muscle force and thus the work which must be done to re-lengthen the muscle. Because shortening work rises to a peak or plateau with increasing strain while lengthening work, for the most part, increases with strain, there is a sharp optimum strain (about 8%) for net work output. Muscle relaxation becomes slower with increasing muscle length. As muscle length is increased, fusion of tension from cycle to cycle becomes more pronounced and shortening inactivation becomes a more important determinant of optimum strain.
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Josephson, R. "Power output from a flight muscle of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. II. Characterization of the parameters affecting power output." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 8 (April 1, 1997): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.8.1227.
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1. Length-tension relationships and work output were investigated in the intact, dorso-ventral flight muscle of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. The muscle is an asynchronous muscle. Like other asynchronous flight muscles, it has high resting stiffness and produces relatively low active force in response to tetanic stimulation. 2. The muscle shows shortening deactivation and stretch activation, properties that result in delayed force changes in response to step changes in length, a phase lag between force and length during imposed sinusoidal strain and, under appropriate conditions, positive work output during oscillatory length change. 3. Work loops were used to quantify work output by the muscle during imposed sinusoidal oscillation. The curves relating net work per cycle with muscle length, oscillatory strain and oscillatory frequency were all roughly bell-shaped. The work-length curve was narrow. The optimum strain for net work per cycle was approximately 3 %, which is probably somewhat greater than the strain experienced by the muscle in an intact, flying bumblebee. The optimum frequency for net work output per cycle was 63 Hz (30 °C). The optimum frequency for power output was 73 Hz, which agrees well with the normal wing stroke frequency if allowance is made for the elevated temperature (approximately 40 °C) in the thorax of a flying bumblebee. The optimal strain for work output was not strongly dependent on oscillation frequency. 4. Resilience (that is the work output during shortening/work input during lengthening) for unstimulated muscle and dynamic stiffness (=stress/strain) for both stimulated and unstimulated muscles were determined using the strain (3 %) and oscillation frequency (64 Hz) which maximized work output in stimulated muscles. Unstimulated muscle is a good energy storage device. Its resilience increased with increasing muscle length (and increasing resting force) to reach values of over 90 %. The dynamic stiffness of both stimulated and unstimulated muscles increased with muscle length, but the increase was relatively greater in unstimulated muscle, and at long muscle lengths the stiffness of unstimulated muscle exceeded that of stimulated muscle. Effectively, dynamic stiffness is reduced by stimulation! This is taken as indicating that part of the stiffness in an unstimulated muscle reflects structures, possibly attached cross bridges, whose properties change upon stimulation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Sehnalová, Petra. "Rozvoj personálního řízení firmy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221752.
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Master´s thesis is focusing on the development of personal management of STAS - Pavel Sehnal company. First part of the thesis describes common requirements of personal management. In the second part I analyze present state of the company. The result of the thesis are suggestions, how to improve the personal management.
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Kvasnička, Karel. "Mobilní zdroje elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413211.
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ROUT, SITANSU SATYAPRIYA. "EFFECT OF WORKING FLUID ON THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC)." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19341.
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Working fluids play a crucial part in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) which is able to recover the low grade heat from renewable or waste heat sources. Current work focuses on establishing the
relationship between ORC performance parameters (First law efficiency, Second law efficiency,
Turbine Size Factor (TSF), network output) and the source temperature, Turbine inlet Temperature
Pinch point Temperature Difference and turbine efficiency by employing 4 different working fluid
(RC318, R600a, R32, R134a).
The working fluids are so chosen that two are dry fluids (RC318, R600a) having higher critical
temperature and two are wet fluids (R143a, R32) with comparatively lower critical temperature.
An EES program has been developed to analyse these performance parameters with varied input
conditions.
The cycle efficiency increase monotonically with rising HST, TIT and turbine efficiency. On
contrary TSF decreases with increasing HST, TIT and turbine efficiency.Net Work Output increases
with increasing HST, TIT and Turbine Efficiency but decreases with increasing PPTD.
Books on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Jaworski, Barbara, Josef Rebenda, Reinhard Hochmuth, Stephanie Thomas, Michèle Artigue, Inés Gómez-Chacón, Sarah Khellaf, et al. Inquiry in University Mathematics Teaching and Learning. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9983-2021.
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The book presents developmental outcomes from an EU Erasmus+ project involving eight partner universities in seven countries in Europe. Its focus is the development of mathematics teaching and learning at university level to enhance the learning of mathematics by university students. Its theoretical focus is inquiry-based teaching and learning. It bases all activity on a three-layer model of inquiry: (1) Inquiry in mathematics and in the learning of mathematics in lecture, tutorial, seminar or workshop, involving students and teachers; (2) Inquiry in mathematics teaching involving teachers exploring and developing their own practices in teaching mathematics; (3) Inquiry as a research process, analysing data from layers (1) and (2) to advance knowledge inthe field. As required by the Erasmus+ programme, it defines Intellectual Outputs (IOs) that will develop in the project. PLATINUM has six IOs: The Inquiry-based developmental model; Inquiry communities in mathematics learning and teaching; Design of mathematics tasks and teaching units; Inquiry-based professional development activity; Modelling as an inquiry process; Evalutation of inquiry activity with students. The project has developed Inquiry Communities, in each of the partner groups, in which mathematicians and educators work together in supportive collegial ways to promote inquiry processes in mathematics learning and teaching. Through involving students in inquiry activities, PLATINUM aims to encourage students` own in-depth engagement with mathematics, so that they develop conceptual understandings which go beyond memorisation and the use of procedures. Indeed the eight partners together have formed an inquiry community, working together to achieve PLATINUM goals within the specific environments of their own institutions and cultures. Together we learn from what we are able to achieve with respect to both common goals and diverse environments, bringing a richness of experience and learning to this important area of education. Inquiry communities enable participants to address the tensions and issues that emerge in developmental processes and to recognise the critical nature of the developmental process. Through engaging in inquiry-based development, partners are enabled and motivated to design activities for their peers, and for newcomers to university teaching of mathematics, to encourage their participation in new forms of teaching, design of teaching, and activities for students. Such professional development design is an important outcome of PLATINUM. One important area of inquiry-based activity is that of “modelling” in mathematics. Partners have worked together across the project to investigate the nature of modelling activities and their use with students. Overall, the project evaluates its activity in these various parts to gain insights to the sucess of inquiry based teaching, learning and development as well as the issues and tensions that are faced in putting into practice its aims and goals.
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Ferreira, Fernanda, and James Nye. The Modularity of Sentence Processing Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0004.
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Today, the modular view of sentence processing is unpopular, but the arguments against modularity are not as strong as this apparent consensus would suggest. Almost all experimental investigations of modularity have focused on properties pertaining to information encapsulation, and most of those studies have evaluated just one specific modular architecture. A review of these studies of sentence comprehension suggests that the evidence against information encapsulation is really evidence against that one architecture only, and a whole range of other possible modular architectures remain untested. Although psycholinguistic work has largely ignored the modularity claims relating to shallow outputs, new findings from studies to test “good enough” language processing suggest that the output of the language processing module can be characterized as shallow or minimal. Perhaps, then, the modularity hypothesis was prematurely rejected. Evidence for shallow outputs provides intriguing new support for the idea that sentence processing is indeed modular.
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Pencavel, John H. Diminishing Returns at Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.001.0001.
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This book concerns working hours - in the past and in the present, in America and in Britain. The focus is on the relationship between working hours and outcome , such as production and health. Proportional increases in working hours are shown to result in smaller proportional increases in production, and the benefits in output of long working hours may not offset the consequences of long hours for the health and quality of life of workers. A distinction is made between nominal hours (those that individuals are observed to be working) and effective hours (those that are effective in producing goods and that are compatible with good health). The meaning of the link between hours and average hourly earnings receives particular attention. Firms are encouraged to experiment with different hours..
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Seidman, Laurence. Would Stimulus without Debt Work in a Plausible Model? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462178.003.0013.
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Laurence Seidman and Kenneth Lewis (2015) studied the impact of stimulus without debt in a plausible macroeconomic model. In this model, stimulus without debt definitely works in a severe recession. The large fiscal stimulus promptly eliminates a large output gap. Because the large fiscal stimulus is financed by a large transfer (not loan) from the Federal Reserve to the Treasury so that the Treasury doesn’t have to borrow to finance it, the large fiscal stimulus doesn’t increase the deficit or debt beyond the increase caused by the recession shock itself. By contrast, without the Fed transfer to the Treasury, the same large fiscal stimulus would cause the deficit and debt to rise significantly more than with the recession shock alone. Moreover, stimulus without debt is not inflationary: the inflation rate never rises above its low target value.
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O'Boyle, Ernest, and Sydney Kroska. Star Performers. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.12.
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Stars are elite performers who either exhibit exceedingly high quantities of output or produce output not easily substituted by good or even very good workers. Although star performers have always existed, relatively recent changes in the workforce and economy may be leading to a substantial increase in not only their production but also their frequency. As a result, both academics and practitioners are progressively recognizing the importance of stars to individuals, teams, organizations, and even entire industries. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the theoretical and empirical work surrounding stars, to distill what is known and unknown, and what is fact and what is myth, and to outline the direction of current and future research.
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Piggott, Glyne, and Lisa deMena Travis, eds. Wordhood and word-internal domains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates a view of wordhood where words are analysed as complex heads that contain no phrasal material. Several cases are examined where phonological and semantic information points to the existence of word-internal domains, but these domains are argued not to be indicative of phrases but rather phases that are spelled out separately. The claim is that syntax is a better predictor of cyclic phonological patterns than either Lexical Phonology or Stratal OT. The chapter begins with a syntactic account of an apparent counter-example to the ban on word-internal phrases by positing head adjunction via External Merge. The second section presents a phonological account of mismatches between the structure produced by the phasal spell-out in the syntax and the phonological output. The claim is these structures are created through Phonological Merger, where phonological movement from a higher to a lower phase is triggered by a phonological requirement.
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Venn, Edward, and Philip Stoecker, eds. Thomas Adès Studies. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108761451.
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Thomas Adès is a dominant force in contemporary music, whose work attracts significant attention and acclaim, and has been performed by many renowned ensembles. This volume – the first to present a range of scholarly essays on every aspect of Adès's music – offers authoritative accounts of Adès's major compositions from a variety of analytical, critical, cultural and historical perspectives. The opening chapters focus on Adès's earlier music, offering close readings of key works. Further essays focus on his engagement with forms and instrumental genres. The final chapters turn to Adès's texted music and highlight how themes introduced in earlier chapters cut across Adès's entire output. Richly illustrated with musical examples and supported by further online material, this book provides a multi-faceted portrait of Adès's work that opens up new ways of thinking about, and engaging with, his music.
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Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. Gregory of Nyssa's Doctrinal Works. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668977.001.0001.
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The first monograph on Gregory of Nyssa’s entire corpus of works on the Trinity and the economy of Christ, this book argues that the numerous explicit parallels and links among the works suggest that the corpus is best studied synoptically. Despite differences of theme and intention, Gregory’s Trinitarian works center on the baptismal confession of Matthew 28:19, which Gregory reads as Christ’s own creed, and which, on his reading, presents an account of all divine activity as being accomplished in the Spirit. Gregory argues against both Eunomius and the Pneumatomachians that the Spirit’s act of giving the divine life in baptism should not be deemed inferior to the act of creation; Gregory’s metaphysical and epistemological arguments are subservient to this theme. The book also proposes a developmental reading of Gregory’s works Christ’s saving economy. Rather than assessing Gregory’s Christology by reference to a single systematic model, the book’s second part shows how the governing metaphors and models by which Gregory articulated his position shifted as he responded to various criticisms and addressed the various feasts of the Christian liturgical cycle. An integrated study of the various types of writing in Gregory’s corpus—from public orations proclaimed before imperially sponsored councils to festal homilies to extended treatises—the book offers new insights into the role of a leading bishop in the Theodosian empire and connects important parts of his literary output with the tasks given to him by the councils meeting in Constantinople in the years AD 381–3.
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Bain, Jennifer, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108573832.
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This specially commissioned collection of thirteen essays explores the life and works of Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), monastic founder, leader of a community of nuns, composer, active correspondent, and writer of religious visions, theological treatises, sermons, and scientific and medical texts. Aimed at advanced university students and new Hildegard researchers, the essays provide a broad context for Hildegard's life and monastic setting, and offer comprehensive discussions on each of the main areas of her output. Engagingly written by experts in medieval history, theology, German literature, musicology, and the history of medicine, the essays are grounded in Hildegard's twelfth-century context, and investigate her output within its monastic and liturgical environments, her reputation during and after her life, and the materiality of the transmission of her works, considering aspects of manuscript layout, illumination, and scribal practices at her Rupertsberg monastery.
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Eller, Jonathan R. The Wheel of Fortune. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036293.003.0041.
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This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's continued relationship with his mentors, offering advice to them while affecting the tone and diction of his apprentice years. In early 1952 William F. Nolan published The Ray Bradbury Review, a booklet documenting Bradbury's creative output as projected through the end of the year. The next year Nolan privately printed a supplemental Bradbury Index and also offered a detailed account of Bradbury's major works-in-progress as well as his media work. This chapter first considers Bradbury's mentorship of emerging and young writers such as Nolan, Charles Beaumont, and George Clayton Johnson during the early 1950s, interacting with them and giving them encouragement. It then discusses Bradbury's conscious efforts to repay the blessings he had received from his old friends and mentors a decade earlier, including Edmond Hamilton, Leigh Brackett, Hank Kuttner, and C. L. Moore.
Book chapters on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Büchter, Marvin, and Sebastian Wolf. "Plug and Work with OPC UA at the Field Level: Integration of Low-Level Devices." In Technologien für die intelligente Automation, 63–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64283-2_5.
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AbstractThe integration of Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture into the field level holds potential to reduce manual configuration efforts by consistent information modelling and a uniform communication protocol. This paper discusses initiatives that are active in this context and reflects the status of the current specification work. The review focuses on the achievability of Quality of Service requirements, the adaption of established automation system concepts and the introduction of new concepts for automation systems at the field level. Using a remote input/output application as an example, we investigate the impact of new concepts for low-level system engineering. It is shown that besides a possible reduction of configuration steps, a loose coupling between the automation application, the used network infrastructure and the used devices can be achieved.
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Saturno, Jacopo. "Strategie di formazione delle parole in varietà iniziali di polacco L2." In Le lingue slave tra struttura e uso, 279–303. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-328-5.16.
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This paper describes word formation as observed in the earliest stages of L2 Polish. 31 L1 Italian beginning learners took part in a 14-hour Polish course, which was recorded, transcribed and morphologically tagged in order to correlate learner output with the relevant input features. After 4:30 hours, the learners could produce new words using the derivational suffix -k-, which in the input can be found in the majority of feminine nouns. This finding suggests that after minimal exposure, learners can identify the morphological structure of a class of nouns and reproduce it in their output.
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Cazaubon, Valentine, Audrey Abi Akle, and Xavier Fischer. "A Parametric Study of Additive Manufacturing Process: TA6V Laser Wire Metal Deposition." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 15–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_4.
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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing has proven to be an economically and industrially attractive process in building or repairing parts. However, the major issue of this new process is to guarantee a mechanical behavior identical to the subtractive manufacturing methodologies. The work, presented in this paper, is centered on the Laser Wire Metal Deposition (LMD-w) method with the metallic alloy TA6V. Its working principle is to fuse a coaxial wire on a substrate with a laser as a heat source. To better understand the interaction between the input parameters (Laser Power, Wire Feed Speed and Tool Speed) and the clad geometry output variables (Height, Width and Contact Angle) and the substrate displacement, we have realized an experimentation. We printed 9 clads according Taguchi’s experimental design. Pearson correlation coefficient and Fisher test performed on the experimental measures showed as main result: Tool Speed is the parameter with the most significant influence on the output variables.
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Hanney, Roy. "Making Projects Real in a Higher Education Context." In Applied Pedagogies for Higher Education, 163–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46951-1_8.
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Abstract Challenging educators to rethink projects and see them as a practice rather than as a model of management the authors explore the possibilities for using live projects to enhance real world learning in higher education. Drawing on the work of the ‘critical projects movement’ the chapter outlines a theoretical underpinning for reconceptualising projects as a practice and proposes a new pedagogic model that of ‘agile learning’. Framing the use of live projects is a mode of real world learning that generates encounters with industry professionals and provides real-value outputs for clients. The chapter explores the challenges that face educators who wish to foreground ‘social learning’ and engagement with communities of practice as a means of easing the transition for students from education to the world of work.
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Gu, Sijia, Yue Lu, Yuwei Kong, Jiale Huang, and Weishun Xu. "Diversifying Emotional Experience by Layered Interfaces in Affective Interactive Installations." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 221–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_21.
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AbstractThis paper aims to improve users’ experience in affective interactive installations through the diversification of interfaces. With logically organized hierarchical experience, diverse interfaces with emotion data as inputs enhance users’ emotional interaction to be more natural and immersive. By using facial affect detection technology, an installation with diverse input interfaces was tested with an organic formal setting. Mechanical flowers and support structure based on the organic form were deployed as its physical output for a multitude of sensorial dimensions. With actions of the mechanical flowers, such as blooming, closing, rotating, glowing and blinking, a layered experiential sequence was created and the atmosphere of the installation was evaluated to be more engaging. In this way, the layered complexity of information was transferred to users’ immersive emotional experience. We believe that the practices in this work can contribute to deeper emotional engagement with users and add new layers of emotional interactivity.
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Imms, Wesley, and Marian Mahat. "Where to Now? Fourteen Characteristics of Teachers’ Transition into Innovative Learning Environments." In Teacher Transition into Innovative Learning Environments, 317–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7497-9_25.
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AbstractThis chapter places the preceding papers into a wider context. As part of the Innovative Learning Environment and Teacher Change (ILETC) project, seven Transitions symposia were held in five cities across Australasia, Europe and North America during 2017, 2018 and 2019. Each aimed at investigating how teachers adapt to innovative learning environments. The resulting accumulation of approximately 150 papers by graduate researchers and research groups, of which this book’s chapters are a sample, constituted a reasonable representation of international thinking on this topic. When added to three years of ILETC case studies, surveys, systematic literature reviews and teacher workshops, the project team was able to identify consistent patterns in teachers’ spatial transition actions. This chapter places the material of this book within that larger picture, specifically in terms of one project output—the development of a Spatial Transition Pathway. The Pathway emerged from these data and can be seen as an output of the material sampled in previous chapters. Certainly, the considerable work teachers had been doing to re-conceptualise their pedagogies for new spaces (done both intentionally, and at times, without realising) deserved to be mapped as a resource for others undertaking this journey. This chapter makes the case that while each teacher or school’s journey from traditional to ‘innovative’ spaces is unique, there exists some common issues that most seem to face at some time, in some way. It provides a description of fourteen ‘grand themes’ that appear commonly through the data and describes how these can be organised in a way that provides temporal and theme-based strategies and tools, developed by fellow educators to assist in this transition. This final chapter leads the reader to consider ‘where to now’? It celebrates the fact that teachers have enormous capacity to work out how to utilise innovative learning environments well and provides a framework for evidence-based actions into the future.
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Salamone, Sergio, Alessandro Faramondi, and Stefania Della Queva. "A composite indicator to measure regional investment policies on R&D and innovation." In Proceedings e report, 193–96. Florence: Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.34.
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The aim of this work is to illustrate the application of a tool to monitor regional smart specialization strategies, a place-based european approach characterised by the identification of strategic areas for intervention on r&s and innovation as a driving factor for development and territorial competitiveness. Therefore a new classification of enterprises has been defined, that represents all the dimensions of smart specialization, such as innovation, r&s, human capital, business relations, environmental sustainability, ability to drive the territorial development. This work introduces the results of a composite indicator on the microdata of the italian business census 2019, integrated with Istat business registers, identifying a score for each individual enterprises, rather than on aggregates (e.g. territorial). The idea is to have a synthetic value on microdata in order to calculate indicators on aggregates, for example on economic activities of enterprises, defined with respect to new policy needs. The results provide indications of potentials and strategic development trajectories of regional economies. The methodology adopted offer different opportunities for analysis: it’s possible to evaluate the areas of smart specialization chosen by each Italian region for the coesion funds' 2021-2027 planning, which dimensions are stronger or weaker on each area, in order to give indications on investments and intervention priorities. It's possible to get an objective analysis of the region or country current situation in terms of research, innovation, industrial structures, skills and human capital. The output of this work is presented through different dashboards of outcome indicators for the Italian smart specialization areas at the regional or national level.
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Bao, Jialu, Nitesh Trivedi, Drashti Pathak, Justin Hsu, and Subhajit Roy. "Data-Driven Invariant Learning for Probabilistic Programs." In Computer Aided Verification, 33–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13185-1_3.
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AbstractMorgan and McIver’s weakest pre-expectation framework is one of the most well-established methods for deductive verification of probabilistic programs. Roughly, the idea is to generalize binary state assertions to real-valued expectations, which can measure expected values of probabilistic program quantities. While loop-free programs can be analyzed by mechanically transforming expectations, verifying loops usually requires finding an invariant expectation, a difficult task.We propose a new view of invariant expectation synthesis as a regression problem: given an input state, predict the average value of the post-expectation in the output distribution. Guided by this perspective, we develop the first data-driven invariant synthesis method for probabilistic programs. Unlike prior work on probabilistic invariant inference, our approach can learn piecewise continuous invariants without relying on template expectations. We also develop a data-driven approach to learn sub-invariants from data, which can be used to upper- or lower-bound expected values. We implement our approaches and demonstrate their effectiveness on a variety of benchmarks from the probabilistic programming literature.
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Shriver, David, Sebastian Elbaum, and Matthew B. Dwyer. "DNNV: A Framework for Deep Neural Network Verification." In Computer Aided Verification, 137–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81685-8_6.
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AbstractDespite the large number of sophisticated deep neural network (DNN) verification algorithms, DNN verifier developers, users, and researchers still face several challenges. First, verifier developers must contend with the rapidly changing DNN field to support new DNN operations and property types. Second, verifier users have the burden of selecting a verifier input format to specify their problem. Due to the many input formats, this decision can greatly restrict the verifiers that a user may run. Finally, researchers face difficulties in re-using benchmarks to evaluate and compare verifiers, due to the large number of input formats required to run different verifiers. Existing benchmarks are rarely in formats supported by verifiers other than the one for which the benchmark was introduced. In this work we present DNNV, a framework for reducing the burden on DNN verifier researchers, developers, and users. DNNV standardizes input and output formats, includes a simple yet expressive DSL for specifying DNN properties, and provides powerful simplification and reduction operations to facilitate the application, development, and comparison of DNN verifiers. We show how DNNV increases the support of verifiers for existing benchmarks from 30% to 74%.
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Zhang, Keke, Xu Chen, Yongjun Jing, Shuyang Wang, and Lijun Tang. "Research on Named Entity Recognition Method of Network Threat Intelligence." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 213–24. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8285-9_16.
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AbstractWith the continuous emergence of new network threat means, how to turn passive defense into active prediction, the rise of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) technology provides a new idea. CTI technology can timely and effectively obtain all kinds of network security threat intelligence information to help security personnel quickly identify all kinds of attacks and make effective decisions in time. However, there are not only a large number of redundant information in threat intelligence information, but also the problems of Chinese English mixing, fuzzy boundary, and polysemy of related security entities. Therefore, identifying complex and valuable information from this information has become a great challenge. Through the research on the above problems, a named entity recognition model in the field of Network Threat Intelligence Based on BERT-BiLSTM-Self-Attention-CRF is proposed to identify the complex network threat intelligence entities in the text. Firstly, the dynamic word vector is obtained through Bert to fully represent the semantic information and solve the problem of polysemy of a word. Then the obtained word vector is used as the input of BiLSTM, and the context feature vector is obtained by BiLSTM. Then the output result is introduced into the self-attention mechanism to capture the correlation within the data or features, and finally the result is input into CRF for annotation. To verify the effectiveness of the model, experiments are carried out on the constructed network threat intelligence data set. The results show that the model significantly improves the effect of Threat Intelligence named entity recognition compared with several other classical models.
Conference papers on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Bakken, Lars E., Kristin Jordal, Elisabet Syverud, and Timot Veer. "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53211.
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The paper presents the work of the Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling (ref. Figure 1), from his gas turbine patent in 1884 to the first gas turbine in the world producing net power in 1903. It traces the subsequent patents, until his final experiments in 1932. Focus is placed on an engineer with a clear vision of the potential of the gas turbine engine and the capability to realize his ideas, in spite of the lack of industrial financial support. In 1903, Elling noted in his diary that he thought he had built and operated the first gas turbine that could give net power delivery. The power delivery of this very first gas turbine was extracted as compressed air. The net power delivery was modest, only the equivalent of 11 hp. The reason for producing air was the accelerating use of pneumatic tools. Refinements to the gas turbine design soon followed, such as water injection for compressor cooling and recuperation of exhaust gas heat. In 1904, the power output of Elling’s gas turbine had increased to 44 hp. Elling also abandoned the production of compressed air in favor of electric power generation. In a patent from 1923, Elling described a multi-shaft engine with intercooling and reheat, with an independent power turbine. He improved this gas turbine in the period up to 1932, when the engine reached a power output of approximately 75 hp. In 1933, Elling wrote prophetically, “When I started to work on the gas turbine in 1882 it was for the sake of aeronautics and I firmly believe that aeronautics is still waiting for the gas turbine.” Unfortunately, Elling was never to take part in this development, although he pursued his work on the gas turbine until his death in 1949.
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Chen, Dong-Dong, Wei Wang, Wei Gao, and Zhi-Hua Zhou. "Tri-net for Semi-Supervised Deep Learning." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/278.
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Deep neural networks have witnessed great successes in various real applications, but it requires a large number of labeled data for training. In this paper, we propose tri-net, a deep neural network which is able to use massive unlabeled data to help learning with limited labeled data. We consider model initialization, diversity augmentation and pseudo-label editing simultaneously. In our work, we utilize output smearing to initialize modules, use fine-tuning on labeled data to augment diversity and eliminate unstable pseudo-labels to alleviate the influence of suspicious pseudo-labeled data. Experiments show that our method achieves the best performance in comparison with state-of-the-art semi-supervised deep learning methods. In particular, it achieves 8.30% error rate on CIFAR-10 by using only 4000 labeled examples.
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Law, B., and B. V. Reddy. "Performance Simulation of a Combined Cycle Power Generation System With Steam Injection in the Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36258.
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In the present work the effect of steam injection in the gas turbine combustion chamber is investigated on gas turbine and steam turbine work output and on thermal efficiency of the combined cycle power plant. The operating conditions investigated include gas turbine pressure ratio and gas turbine inlet temperature. The steam injection decreases the steam cycle output and boosts the gas cycle output and the net combined cycle work output and thermal efficiency significantly.
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Martelli, Emanuele, Marco Girardi, and Paolo Chiesa. "Breaking 70% Net Electric Combined Cycle Efficiency With CMC Gas Turbine Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81118.
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Abstract This work focuses on the optimal cycle design criteria for heavy duty gas turbines employing CMC blades. A combined cycle model with detailed description of the cooled gas turbine is used to determine the optimal Turbine Inlet Temperature and pressure ratio for two values of maximum allowed CMC wall temperatures (1300, 1500 °C). Results indicate that the maximum efficiency of the combined cycle is achieved with pressure ratio above 60, posing the need of adopting two shafts for the gas turbine and high temperature materials for the high-pressure compressor. Net electric efficiency above 70% (LHV basis) can be approached with CMC blade wall temperatures of 1300 °C (TIT = 2000 °C) and efficiency values approaching 72% with CMC blade wall temperatures of 1500 °C and TIT of 2200 °C. Compared to current H-class gas turbines, the simple cycle efficiency increases by about 10 percentage points (> 53% vs. 43% LHV basis) and the net specific work/net power output by 66%–110% depending on the pressure ratio and TIT. The most critical challenge to achieve such performance appears to be the temperature gradient across the blade wall and the temperature capability (maximum surface temperature and temperature gradient) of the blade coatings.
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Odonkor, Philip, Kemper Lewis, Jin Wen, and Teresa Wu. "Energy Optimization in Net-Zero Energy Building Clusters." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34970.
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Traditionally viewed as mere energy consumers, buildings have in recent years adapted, capitalizing on smart grid technologies and distributed energy resources to not only efficiently use energy, but to also output energy. This has led to the development of net-zero energy buildings, a concept which encapsulates the synergy of energy efficient buildings, smart grids, and renewable energy utilization to reach a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle. This work looks to further expand on this idea, moving beyond just individual buildings and considering net-zero at a community scale. We hypothesize that applying net-zero concepts to building communities, also known as building clusters, instead of individual buildings will result in cost effective building systems which in turn will be resilient to power disruption. To this end, this paper develops an intelligent energy optimization algorithm for demand side energy management, taking into account a multitude of factors affecting cost including comfort, energy price, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, energy storage, weather, and on-site renewable resources. A bi-level operation decision framework is presented to study the energy tradeoffs within the building cluster, with individual building energy optimization on one level and an overall net-zero energy optimization handled on the next level. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of significantly shifting demand, and when viable, reducing the total energy demand within net-zero building clusters. Furthermore, the optimization framework is capable of deriving Pareto solutions for the cluster which provide valuable insight for determining suitable energy strategies.
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Jericha, H., W. Sanz, and E. Go¨ttlich. "Design Concept for Large Output Graz Cycle Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90032.
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Introduction of closed cycle gas turbines with their capability of retaining combustion generated CO2 can offer a valuable contribution to the Kyoto goal and to future power generation. Therefore research and development work at Graz University of Technology since the nineties has led to the Graz Cycle, a zero emission power cycle of highest efficiency. It burns fossil fuels with pure oxygen which enables the cost-effective separation of the combustion CO2 by condensation. The efforts for the oxygen supply in an air separation plant are partly compensated by cycle efficiencies far higher than for modern combined cycle plants. Upon the basis of the previous work the authors present the design concept for a large power plant of 400 MW net power output making use of the latest developments in gas turbine technology. The Graz Cycle configuration is changed insofar, as condensation and separation of combustion generated CO2 takes place at the 1 bar range in order to avoid the problems of condensation of water out of a mixture of steam and incondensable gases at very low pressure. A final economic analysis shows promising CO2 mitigation costs in range of 20–30 $/ton CO2 avoided. The authors believe that they present here a partial solution regarding thermal power production for the most urgent problem of saving our climate.
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Tanaka, K., K. Inoue, J. Kitajima, M. Kazari, S. Nitta, Y. Tsujikawa, and K. Kaneko. "The Development of 50kW Output Power Atmospheric Pressure Turbine (APT)." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27783.
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This research seeks to report the development of a 50kW output power atmospheric pressure turbine (APT), based on the Inverted Brayton Cycle, which puts new, distributed power generation technology to practical use by using as energy source gases at normal pressures and high temperature, from industrial furnaces, waste gasification furnaces, gas turbines, and fuel cells which work at high temperatures, (ex. MCFC: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) and attempts to save energy and reduce CO2. At the last conference (ASME Turbo Expo 2006 in Barcelona), we had presented a paper about the proposal of APT and the results of operation of a 3–5kw APT prototype. This paper describes the designing of a new 50kW output power APT, and shows performance analysis and a review of the effectiveness of its application to industrial furnaces and biomass gasification furnaces. This development is based on a 3–5 kW APT prototype we had built and operated, and evaluated results. The performance simulation results using a general process simulator “HYSYS” show that a new 50kW APT (with recuperating heat exchanger) has a net electric efficiency (LHV) of about 20%. Based on this simulation result, we calculated the power and economical performance of application to industrial furnaces and biomass boilers. The results of these calculations clarify the basic characteristics of a new APT, which can be used as a new system for distributed power generation using waste heat.
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Tuo, Hanfei. "Analysis of a Reheat Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Power Cycle Using a Low Temperature Heat Source." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65000.
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The CO2 transcritical Rankine power cycle has been widely investigated recently, because of its better temperature glide matching between sensible heat source and working fluid in vapor generator, and its desirable qualities, such as moderate critical point, little environment impact and low cost. A reheat CO2 transcritical power cycle with two stage expansion is presented to improve baseline cycle performance in this paper. Energy and exergy analysis are carried out to investigate parametric effects on cycle performance. The main results show that reheat cycle performance is sensitive to the medium pressures and the optimum pressures exist for maximizing net work output and thermal efficiency, respectively. Reheat cycle is compared to baseline cycle under the same conditions. More significant improvements by reheat are obtained at lower turbine inlet temperatures and/or larger high cycle pressure. Work output improvement is much higher than thermal efficiency improvement, because extra waste heat is required to reheat CO2. Based on second law analysis, exergy efficiency of reheat cycle is also higher than that of baseline cycle, because more useful work is converted from waste heat. Reheat with two stage expansion has great potential to improve thermal efficiency and especially net work output of a CO2 transcritical power cycle using a low-grade heat source.
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Gryko, Michal, and David Andres Leon. "Prototyping the Organic: AI in design work-flows for complex forms inspired by nature." In Design Computation Input/Output 2022. Design Computation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/dcio.2022.nwtj1254.
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The conception of a new design or building is arguably the most creative stage of a project and one that can be most influenced by inspiration from the world around us. AI algorithms are being increasing implemented to generate inspirational and creative images, however the extent in which this can be further used to create workable designs is always in question. This paper explores how these algorithms can go beyond creating provoking images to be implemented in a wholesome design workflow that allows non-technical users to configure and output rationalised organic forms rapidly for concept development.
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Marra, Dominic. "Optimizing Steam Turbine Generator Output: Identifying Opportunities." In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3164.
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In an effort to maximize steam turbine generator output, Montenay Power Corp. (MPC), operator of the Miami Dade County Resources Recovery Facility (DCRRF) undertook a systematic approach to analyze various turbine and steam cycle issues affecting performance. Several low cost methods were used to identify opportunities for increased megawatt generation. Shortfalls within the actual steam path through the turbine blading and internals were quantified with a steam path audit and computerized modeling of the blade path. This audit identified a shortfall of 2.5 megawatts (MW) from the original design and almost a full 1 MW gain through work done during the regular maintenance overhaul. The audit proved to be a valuable tool for making good economic decisions on what seal packing to replace/repair during the TG overhaul. The plant had previously explored re-blading options with the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). This brief study showed turbine internal changes would be capital intensive and carry megawatt improvement claims that were questionable due to various steam cycle issues. Four major operational parameters that affect turbine performance were examined and quantified. Deviations from design steam flow, throttle temperature, back pressure, and throttle pressure accounted for a loss of 24 megawatts (MW) in generation. The three low cost methods used to quantify these losses/opportunities were: 1) Acoustic valve leak detection surveys which identified not only low cost MW gain improvement opportunities but also safety and reliability issues; 2) Helium tracer gas leak detection, used to identify vacuum leaks and confirm the leaks were sealed properly; and 3) A complimentary steam trap survey, which also helped identify lost steam and potential risk to equipment. Preliminary measures were taken to improve steam throttle flow, throttle temperature, back pressure and throttle pressure with a net gain of 7 MW so far. This paper details the methods used and results of the optimization program thus far.
Reports on the topic "NET WORK OUTPUT"
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Dimaranan, Betina, Thomas Hertel, and Roman Keeney. OECD Domestic Support and the Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp19.
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This paper aims to shed light on the potential interests of developing countries in reforms to domestic support for agriculture in the OECD economies. In order to accomplish this goal, we begin by reviewing the literature on the impacts of domestic support on key variables, including farm income, in the OECD economies themselves. We then proceed to revise the standard GTAP model of global trade, based on recent work at the OECD, in order to permit it to better capture these impacts. A series of stylized simulations are subsequently offered to illustrate the differential impacts of alternative types of domestic support. These suggest the possibility of policy re-instrumentation, whereby farm income is stabilized in the face of cuts to overall support levels by shifting the mix of subsidies away from the more trade-distorting instruments which also tend to be ineffective tools for boosting farm incomes. We then explore in considerable detail the mechanisms by which OECD agricultural reforms affect developing country welfare. The primary channel for such effects works through the terms of trade which in turn depend in part on whether a country is a net exporter or a net importer of the affected OECD products. Long term support for agricultural program commodities in OECD countries, coupled with relative taxation in many developing countries, has left the latter increasingly dependent on imports of these subsidized products. This has, in turn, made them more vulnerable to agricultural reforms that raise these prices. As a result, we find that an across-the-board, 50% cut in all domestic support for OECD agriculture leads to welfare losses for most of the developing regions, as well as for the combined total group of developing countries. The 50% cut in domestic support also results in large declines in farm incomes in Europe, and, to a lesser degree, North America. This makes such a reform package an unlikely political event. An alternative approach to reforming agricultural policies in the OECD would be to focus on broad-based reductions in market price support. This has already been occurring in the EU, in particular, where domestic support has increasingly replaced border measures. As demonstrated in this paper, the basic economic principles of agricultural support policies suggest that a shift from market price support to land-based payments could generate a “win-win” outcome whereby farm incomes are maintained and world price distortions are reduced. This is the direction charted by the OECD in its recent “Positive Reform Agenda” for agriculture. We formally examine such an agricultural reform scenario, implementing a 50% cut in market price support for OECD agriculture, with a compensating set of land payments designed to maintain farm income in each of the member economies. This comprehensive reform scenario results in increased welfare for most developing countries, with gains on other commodities offsetting the terms of trade losses from higher program crop prices. We conclude that developing countries will be well advised to focus their efforts on improved market access to the OECD economies, while permitting these wealthy economies to continue – indeed even increase – domestic support payments. Provided these increased domestic support payments are not linked to output or variable inputs, the trade-distorting effects are likely to be small, and they can be a rather effective way of offsetting the potential losses that would otherwise be sustained by OECD farmers. This type of policy re-instrumentation will increase the probability that such reforms will be deemed politically acceptable in the OECD member economies, while simultaneously increasing the likelihood that such reforms will also be beneficial to the developing economies.
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Quak, Evert-Jan. K4D’s Work on the Indirect Impacts of COVID-19 in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.093.
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This report is not an in-depth nor exhaustive analysis of the many indirect impacts of the pandemic on LMICs. The content is purely based on the requests from FCDO to the K4D services on this topic, and as such can only give an illustrative overview of the findings from these requests. Furthermore, insights are also taken from the data that K4D collects for each request based on the information provided by advisers and FCDO (e.g. purpose of the request, adviser’s cadre), hence, the data is limited to the information available to the K4D team at the time of the request and the level of details available may vary from one request to the other. The selection of relevant K4D outputs on the pandemic’s indirect impacts was based on an extensive search in the K4D repository on titles and research questions. The Annex shows all K4D outputs included in this report. The purpose of this report is to inform FCDO about some of the specifics of their requests on the indirect impacts of COVID-19, in general. This report will also be used as input for a K4D-FCDO learning event that takes place on the 6th of July 2021. During the event learning and evidence, trends will be discussed and how evidence and learning informed decision-making on policy and programming.
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Fairhurst, Vanessa, Chieh-Chih Estelle Cheng, Xiaoli Chen, and Cameron Neylon. Better Together: Open new possibilities with Open Infrastructure (APAC time zones). Chair Hideaki Takeda. Crossref, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.13003/xdvu4372.
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Crossref, DataCite, and ORCID work together to provide foundational open infrastructure that is integral to the global research ecosystem. We offer unique, persistent identifiers (PIDs) — Crossref and DataCite DOIs for research outputs and ORCID iDs for people — alongside collecting comprehensive, open metadata that is non-proprietary, accessible, interoperable, and available across borders, disciplines, and time. As sustainable community-driven scholarly infrastructure providers ORCID, Crossref and Datacite, guarantee data provenance and machine-readability. Persistent identifiers combined with open, standardized, and machine-readable metadata enable reliable and robust connections to be made between research outputs, organizations, individuals, and much more, as well as being beneficial to others who build services and tools on top of the open infrastructure we provide making content more discoverable. In this webinar we discuss: - Who we are - What we mean by Open Scholarly Infrastructure - How our organizations work together for the benefit of the scholarly community - How the Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI) help to build trust and accountability as well as ensure we are around for the long term. This is the first of the joint webinar series co-organized by Crossref, DataCite, and ORCID for the Open Science community in the APAC region. The webinar is presented in English and lasts 90 minutes including time for Q&A. This webinar took place on 27 June 2022 at 7am UTC/ 9am CEST / 5pm AEST.
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Lawson. L51597 Feasibility Study of New Technology for Intake Air Filtration. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010105.
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Inlet air filters are widely used to remove solids and liquid droplets from the ambient air before it enters the compressor of a gas turbine. Clean inlet air provides many advantages: Less corrosion of the compressor and of gas-path hot parts, such as the turbine, decreased compressor fouling, less erosion of the compressor bladeThese in turn prevent deterioration of output and heat rate, and reduce maintenance costs. Compressor fouling is caused by the ingestion of substances that deposit and adhere to blade surfaces, resulting in reduced aerodynamic efficiency and decreased available output. Air contamination could be significantly reduced by the use of more efficient air filtration systems, especially through the reduction of the quantity of smaller particles ingested. The consequent lower loss of output power and decreased cleaning efforts provide lower costs of operation and increased shaft power. This work was composed of three major efforts: 1) A literature search was performed to establish the state of the art for particle removal from gases, particularly by electrostatic precipitation, and to identify the leading vendors of the equipment-considering both experience and technical expertise. 2) Two chosen companies were visited to determine their technical capabilities as they apply to gas turbine inlet air filtration. 3) A representative gas turbine was specified by PRCI as being the equivalent of a GE Model 3002J turbine, with airflow of 91,200 acfm. A specification based upon that airflow was prepared and submitted to the two vendors. Each vendor prepared a proposal for a filter system compliant with the specification. The proposed air filtration equipment is sufficiently different from existing products that it was judged not beneficial to visit manufacturing facilities. Both vendors are reputable suppliers of air filtration equipment. This study is intended to provide definitive information relative to the use of new technology for air inlet filtration on gas turbines in gas pipeline pumping applications.
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Samochowiec, Jakub, Johannes C. Bauer, and Kathrin Neumüller. Strategies for Dealing With the Labour Shortage – An Overview. Gdi-verlag, GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59986/hcmm6371.
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The Swiss labour market will shrink without immigration. But even with high immigrationnfigures, it will not be possible to maintain the previous growth of the labour market. Employers need to adapt to this situation. This study compiles and arranges different measures for dealing with the labour shortage, with the aim of showing different approaches to deal with the situation. The measures are arranged following the formula: Number of person-hours x efficiency = output The increase in the number of person-hours includes, on the one hand, measures to make employers more attractive. These are relative competitive advantages in the labour market. In a survey, 1,000 employees from German-speaking Switzerland were asked about their satisfaction with different aspects of their work and these areas of satisfaction were compared with their overall satisfaction, loyalty toward their employer and intentions of quitting their jobs. It showed that development opportunities (both personal and in terms of their career) and the appreciation by an employer who matches one’s values are the most important employer attributes for employees, but it is precisely the development opportunities that are often not offered to a satisfactory extent. The increase in the number of person-hours comprises, on the other hand, measures to expand labour market participation, which means that more person-hours are worked in the market. There are many options for this. Where remote working has become the norm, there are not many obstacles to offshoring work abroad. In addition, pensioners are open to working on a project-by-project basis and, if need be, could be recruited via “gig-economy” style platforms for individual tasks. A corporate platform could lower the hurdle for pensioners who worked for that company (in terms of psychology and also the bureaucracy) and create a broad but casual recruitment pool. Furthermore, career and pension advice could encourage women to increase their working hours or at least to not to give up their jobs completely despite high childcare costs. Political measures could also be introduced to lower the latter. It is probable that the labour market of the future will have to cope with fewer people, despite all efforts to increase person-hours. The formula suggests another factor: the increase in efficiency. Automation of work processes is one example of an efficiency measure. In a survey of managers, half of the respondents thought that about 20% of the work could already be automated today. However, there was a lack of competencies (also a consequence of the labour shortage), of a technology-savvy culture and of confidence that quality can be maintained. In addition, respondents to the employee survey also perceive about 20% of the work they do as unnecessary (excessive emails, meetings, administrative tasks, etc.). This is partly attributed to too much in-house bureaucracy and too many managers – which is the occupational group that has grown the most in the swiss labor market since 1991. The connection between wages and value generation seems to be restricted both within companies and in society as a whole. The labour shortage is often also caused by an allocation problem. Even measures to increase efficiency do not necessarily lead to less need for staff. Rather, the consequence of increased efficiency is often an almost automatic expansion GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute 5 of output. In order to cope with the labour shortage, it is necessary to deal with output carefully and to reflect on where output should be expanded, capped or even reduced so that any reduction in output is done in a controlled manner. Especially in the context of an increasing relevance of sustainability, there are services and products in all companies that need to be questioned and the elimination of which would promote the credibility of sustainability strategies and thus also increase the chance that the corporate values match those of young employees. Perhaps other legal forms are necessary in order to avoid the pressures for growth which are linked with a shareholder structure. Alternative models are possible.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Schuck-Zöller, Susanne, Sebastian Bathiany, Markus Dressel, Juliane El Zohbi, Elke Keup-Thiel, Diana Rechid, and Suhari Mirko. Developing criteria of successful processes in co-creative research. A formative evaluation scheme for climate services. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.541.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change and its socio-ecological impacts affect all sectors of society. To tackle the multiple risks of climate change the field of climate services evolved during the last decades. In this scientific field products to be applied in practice are developed in constant interaction between climate service providers and users. To judge the effectiveness of these co-creation endeavours, evaluation is crucial. At present, output and outcome assessments are conducted occasionally in this research field. However, the summative evaluation does not help to adjust the ongoing process of co-creation. Thus, our work focuses on the formative evaluation of co-creative development of science-based climate service products. As the first step, main characteristics of the product development process were identified empirically. Secondly, we determined the six sub- processes of climate service product development and related process steps. Thirdly, we selected the questions for the formative evaluation relevant to all the sub-processes and process-steps. Then, a literature review delivered the theoretical background for further work and revealed further quality aspects. These aspects from literature were brought together with our results from the empirical work. In the end, we created a new scheme of quality criteria and related assessment questions for the different sub-processes in climate services, based on both, empirical and theoretical work. As the authors take into account the process of co-production in a real-life case, the criteria and assessment questions proposed are operational and hands-on. The quality aspects refer to the five principles of applicability, theoretical and empirical foundation, professionalism, transparency of processes and the disclosure of preconditions. They are elaborated comprehensively in our study. The resulting formative evalu- ation scheme is novel in climate service science and practice and useful in improving the co-creation processes in climate services and beyond.
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Corral, Leonardo, and Giulia Zane. Chimborazo Rural Investment Project: Rural Roads Component Impact Evaluation. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003046.
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This paper evaluates the impact of rural roads improvement works to benefit indigenous communities in the highlands of Ecuador, largely dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. The findings suggest that the program had a positive impact on health and that it increased enrollment in secondary education. We find no evidence that treated households increased their investment in plot improvements and agricultural inputs. However, household members are more likely to report self-employment in agriculture as their main occupation. The effect on agricultural output and sales was positive but not statistically significant. Finally, there is no evidence that the program had any positive effect on overall household income, female empowerment and food security.
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Becker, Sarah, Megan Maloney, and Andrew Griffin. A multi-biome study of tree cover detection using the Forest Cover Index. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42003.
Full textAbstract:
Tree cover maps derived from satellite and aerial imagery directly support civil and military operations. However, distinguishing tree cover from other vegetative land covers is an analytical challenge. While the commonly used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can identify vegetative cover, it does not consistently distinguish between tree and low-stature vegetation. The Forest Cover Index (FCI) algorithm was developed to take the multiplicative product of the red and near infrared bands and apply a threshold to separate tree cover from non-tree cover in multispectral imagery (MSI). Previous testing focused on one study site using 2-m resolution commercial MSI from WorldView-2 and 30-m resolution imagery from Landsat-7. New testing in this work used 3-m imagery from PlanetScope and 10-m imagery from Sentinel-2 in imagery in sites across 12 biomes in South and Central America and North Korea. Overall accuracy ranged between 23% and 97% for Sentinel-2 imagery and between 51% and 98% for PlanetScope imagery. Future research will focus on automating the identification of the threshold that separates tree from other land covers, exploring use of the output for machine learning applications, and incorporating ancillary data such as digital surface models and existing tree cover maps.
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Wang, Yong-Yi, and Aditya Dekhane. PR-350-134503-Z01 Overview of MATH-1 Final Reports. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011015.
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The PRCI project MATH-1 was launched in response to PHMSA�s research and de-velopment solicitation in 2007. The principal objectives of this project were to advance weld design, establish weld testing procedures, improve assessment methodologies, and develop optimized welding solutions for joining high strength steel pipes. The project had two focus areas: (1) Update of Weld Design, Testing, and Assessment Procedures for High Strength Pipelines and (2) Development of Optimized Welding Solutions for X100 Line pipe Steel. Twenty two (22) final reports were produced at the end of the project. Each report covered different areas of the project. Given the large number of reports and the vast amount of information generated in MATH-1, this report is generated to provide a high-level overview of the project and the 22 reports. For those individuals who were not previously associated with MATH-1 or have limited knowledge of the project, this report serves as the starting point to access the individual reports and to understand the outcomes and their potential applications. This report provides historical rationales and drivers for the MATH-1 work. The key outputs are summarized along with the discussion on ways to apply those outputs when appropri-ate. To brief readers about the content of each of the 22 final reports, an executive sum-mary for each report is presented.