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Razali, Abdul Hafiz Bin. "Net energy metering scheme based on time of use pricing for residents in Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1140-1146.
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The current Malaysia’s Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme has been updated in 2019 that credits excess generation into the next billing month at retail rate compare to at displaced cost. The new NEM may attract more installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) system among residential customers. However, it is discovered that customers with low monthly electricity consumptions are still not benefited since their electricity cost is lower than the PV generation cost. Implementing time-of-use (TOU) pricing on NEM scheme may overcome the problem as it based on hourly energy usage. This paper compares the annualized energy cost of residential PV system under different TOU prices and NEM scheme. The results show that an optimized TOU prices as suggested in this paper may give financial benefits to all residential customers with PV system, including the one with low monthly consumption.
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Anand, Hithu, R. Rengaraj, and G. R. Venkatakrishnan. "A convenient demand response layout for energy efficient residential prosumers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1100, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012019.
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Abstract Demand response (DR) is a high priority smart grid technology yet, efficient implementation of the same at the circuit level is often overlooked. Technologies like DR is vital to the improvement, stability and reduction of congestion in the grid. At the distribution side, addition of photovoltaic (PV) systems with appropriate metering has made consumers to prosumers. Prosumers contribute to the grid supply and often meeting increased demand. PV installation has made surplus grid power available. Power from PV is an environment friendly approach, in-order to yield its maximum benefit, it should be appropriately connected with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). Further, AMI enables other technologies like real time pricing (RTP), DR and demand side management (DSM). Pilot projects put forward by Government of India (GOI) has already deployed smart meters, transforming existing conventional meters into AMI. Hence, functional benefits of AMI are to be studied to its full usage potential. DR and RTP are more focused on consumer behaviour and involvement whereas, DSM is under the control of utility. Hence, novel layouts for energy efficient prosumers with net-metering, gross-metering, hybrid loads and renewable PV integration are analysed. Consumer feasibility of DR without compromising, basic needs of power availability and comfort is focused. Inference is made from both metering infrastructures, tariff schemes and its application in Puducherry locality of India.
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Blake, Paul. "CDROM NETWORK PRICING." Online and CD-Rom Review 17, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024431.
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CDROM network pricing was discussed by over 50 members of the CDROM Standards and Practices Action Group (CDROM SPAG) at the Barbican in London, England last month. Debate ranged from discussing whether standard net‐work pricing was possible, views of users and publishers on metering, and the likely impact of large Metropolitan Area Networks. The day's programme, organised by TFPL, began with two publishers, then two users, discussing their views on networking licensing, before the debate was thrown open to the floor.
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Mavromatakis, F., G. Viskadouros, H. Haritaki, and G. Xanthos. "Photovoltaic Systems and Net Metering in Greece." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 4 (August 18, 2018): 3168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2197.
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The latest measure for the development of photovoltaics in Greece utilizes the net-metering scheme. Under this scheme the energy produced by a PV system may be either consumed by the local loads or be injected to the grid. The final cost reported in an electricity bill depends upon the energy produced by the PV system, the energy absorbed from the grid and the energy injected to the grid. Consequently, the actual electricity consumption profile is important to estimate the benefit from the use of this renewable energy source. The state latest statistics in Greece for households reveal that the typical electrical consumption is 3750 kWh while 10244 kWh are consumed in the form of thermal energy. We adopt in our calculations the above amount of electrical energy but assume four different scenarios. These different hourly profiles are examined to study the effects of synchronization upon the final cost of energy. The above scenarios are applied to areas in different climate zones in Greece (Heraklion, Athens and Thessaloniki) to examine the dependence of the hourly profiles and the solar potential upon the financial data with respect to internal rate of return, payback times, net present value and the levelized cost of energy. These parameters are affected by the initial system cost and the financial parameters.
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Razali, Abdul Hafiz, Md Pauzi Abdullah, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, and Faridah Hussin. "Comparison of New and Previous Net Energy Metering (NEM) Scheme in Malaysia." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 18, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v18n1.141.
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The introduction of new Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme in 2016 in Malaysia is seen as an improvement from the previous FIT scheme. NEM allows a user to generate, use and export the net excess energy to the grid instead of selling all the generated energy as in FIT scheme. However, the NEM scheme (NEM 2016) still have a problem which is small size residential customers will not get benefited from the scheme in term of electricity bill savings. Therefore, the Malaysian government introducing a new NEM scheme (NEM 2019) to replace previous NEM scheme (NEM 2016) to overcome drawbacks of NEM 2016. This paper will investigate the performance of NEM 2019 overcome the previous problem by comparing the performance of NEM 2019 and against NEM 2016 in term of NPC (net present cost) and electricity cost savings by using HOMER software. The analysis is conducted on three different size of residential customers; small, medium and large with different PV panel sizes from 1kWp to 8kWp. The results show that NEM 2019 will produce lower NPC compared to NEM 2016 for most cases.
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Mansur, T. M. N. T., N. H. Baharudin, and R. Ali. "Technical and Economic Analysis of Net Energy Metering for Residential House." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i2.pp585-592.
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Renewable Energy Act (RE Act) has been gazetted by the Malaysian Government in 2011 to encourage energy generation from renewable resources. Under Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme, solar PV has gained popularity due to its high FiT rates. However, the FiT scheme for solar PV has expired in 2016 and been replaced by the Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme. The objective of this research work is to technically and economically analyze the solar PV system for a residential house under NEM scheme. The methodology involves gathering solar energy resource information and daily residential load profile, sizing PV array together with grid-connected inverter and then lastly simulation of the design system by using PVsyst software. Based on the results obtained, the amount of energy generated is higher when the capacity of solar PV system is increased. While most of the energy generated is exported to the grid, only up to 25% of load demand is supplied by the solar PV system. From economic aspect, the residential house does not need to pay the electricity bill due to the self-consumed of energy generated and profit gained from excess energy exported to the grid. From the environmental aspect, 2,434 kWh energy generated from renewable resource annually and consumed by the residential load has replaced the fossil fuel based power from grid. This value is equivalent to almost 1.7 tons of CO2 avoidance to the environment.
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Pokhrel, Hardik. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Net-metering Implementation in Rooftop Solar PV in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32188.
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While a plethora of new hydro generation capacity are, being constructed, other forms of energy like solar is still undeveloped in Nepal. As of May 2018, the total installed capacity of Nepal stands at 1060 MW, among which mere 0.68 MW (0.06%) is solar. Solar Rooftop holds potential for development of solar and recognizing this, AEPC had urban solar program with capital subsidy element. In addition, NEA announced Alternative Electricity Connected to Grid 2018, with Feed in Tariff of NRs 7.30 for 3 years paving way for net metering in solar rooftop. This paper discusses the techno-economic feasibility of solar net metering across domestic (both individual and high-rise apartments), commercial and institutional consumers with the FiT offered. The analysis is done in both scenarios; where there is no export to grid and where there is export to the grid possible. Sample data on LCOE and kWh demand for each segment are collected and system size and solar production is calculated using Helioscope. Along with this, rate of return and payback years is calculated with current benchmark pricing and industry wide assumptions. The results of these analyses show higher payback period (6-9 years) and unattractive return (<15%) in the BOOT model for rooftops. Even in segments like high-rise apartments and commercial consumers with minimum 500 kW size where returns are higher (>20%), limitations as rooftop space makes net metering an un-attractive proposition. This paper also provides current policy landscape and envisages addressing policy gaps, and learnings from international arena on success of net-metering including financial incentives and regulations provided to drive the net-metering growth in Nepal.
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Rauf, Abdul, Ali T. Al-Awami, Mahmoud Kassas, and Muhammad Khalid. "Optimal Sizing and Cost Minimization of Solar Photovoltaic Power System Considering Economical Perspectives and Net Metering Schemes." Electronics 10, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212713.
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In this paper, economic feasibility of installing small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) system is studied at the residential and commercial buildings from an end-user perspective. Based on given scenarios, the best sizing methodology of solar PV system installation has been proposed focusing primarily on the minimum payback period under given (rooftop) area for solar PV installation by the customer. The strategy is demonstrated with the help of a case study using real-time monthly load profile data of residential as well as commercial load/customers and current market price for solar PVs and inverters. In addition, sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to examine the effectiveness of net metering scheme for fairly high participation from end users. Since Saudi Arabia’s Electricity and Co-generation Regulatory Authority (ECRA) has recently approved and published the net metering scheme for small-scale solar PV systems allowing end users to generate and export energy surplus to the utility grid, the proposed scheme has become vital and its practical significance is justified with figures and graphs obtained through computer simulations.
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Razali, Abdul Hafiz, Md Pauzi Abdullah, Dalila Mat Said, and Mohamad Yusri Hassan. "Annualized Electricity Cost of Residential Solar PV System under Malaysia’s NEM Scheme." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 19, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v19n1.204.
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Net energy metering (NEM) is a financial scheme that allows a consumer to generate, use and sell their excess energy to the grid. The main purpose of NEM is for self-consumption to reduce demand from the grid. It will allow customer to avoid being charged with expensive electricity tariff and hence reducing their monthly electricity bill. In other words, the annualized electricity cost could be reduced. NEM is commonly offered to residential solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Different PV size will determine the amount of energy that can be generated. This paper compares the annualized electricity cost of different residential customer types (large, medium and small) for different PV size under Malaysia’s net energy metering (NEM) scheme. This paper utilizes the load profile and solar irradiation data for Malaysia. The results show that high PV size does not guarantee reduction in annualized electricity cost especially for medium customers as the excess PV generation can only be accumulated for 24 months. Large customers may have benefited the most with lower annualized cost with larger PV system, while small customers may not have benefited at all.
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Hunehen, Qasim Kadhim, Ruqayah Ismael Mohsin, and Al-Sharify Mushtaq Talib. "Feasibility Study of Installing Rooftop PV System with Net-Metering Scheme in Iraq." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 08, no. 10 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2020.810005.
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Saviuc, Iolanda, Herbert Peremans, Steven Van Passel, and Kevin Milis. "Economic Performance of Using Batteries in European Residential Microgrids under the Net-Metering Scheme." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010165.
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Decentralized energy production offers an increased share of renewable energy and autonomy compared to the conventional, grid-only solution. However, under the net-metering scheme, the energy losses in batteries translate into financial losses to an investor seeking to move away from grid-only electricity and set up a residential PV+Battery microgrid. Our paper examines a hypothetical support scheme for such a project, designed to balance the economic disadvantage through partially supporting the acquisition of batteries, and thus ensure that the microgrid solution is more attractive than no investment. For this we develop four case studies based on experiments carried out in Greece, Italy, Denmark and Finland. Using the minimization of the Net Present Cost for each project, we compare the PV+Battery solution to the grid-only scenario over 25 years, for a range of electricity prices. The results illustrate first how the success of this project depends on the price of electricity. Second, we find that under current conditions in the respective countries the need for battery support varies between zero in Denmark and 86% in Italy, which reflects how the disadvantages of net metering can only be counterbalanced by either very high electricity price or very high solar resource. Our paper contributes thus to the discussion about the favourable environment for batteries in residential microgrids.
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Daskalaki, D., J. Fantidis, and P. Kogias. "Feasibility of Small Wind Turbine via Net Metering in Greek Islands." Journal of CIEES 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48149/jciees.2021.1.1.4.
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The evaluation of a small 3kW wind turbine through the net metering scheme is studied in this article. 14 near to sea locations in Greece examined with the help of the RetScreen expert software. The simulations based on electrical, financial and environmental criteria. Siros with average wind speed of 6.93 m/s is the most attractive area while Iraklion is the least attractive location. According to the results the simulated project is already economically sound and a small wind turbine in the Greek islands will become a progressively an even more financially source of electricity in Greece. Finally yet importantly is the fact that the use of small wind turbines has as a result that significant amount of Greenhouse gases do not reradiate into the topical atmosphere.
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Rua, Diego, Sebastian Zapata, Monica Castaneda, ANdres Aristizabal, and Isaac Dyner. "Modeling and Simulation of the Urban Metabolism of Bogotá." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 3155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.3155ecst.
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The urban expansion that takes place in developing countries has important impacts on environment. For that reason, it is important to supply household energy needs through renewable energies such as solar PV. Notwithstanding, as the adoption of solar PV panels in households must overcome important barriers different environmental policies are applied around the world, such as feed in tariff and net metering. This paper assesses following scenarios that consider policies to encourage solar PV adoption: a feed in tariff is applied, net metering scheme is applied, none policy is applied. The solar PV adoption is analyzed in terms of installed capacity, adopter households, potential adopter households, solar PV generation, and avoided CO2 emissions. Findings suggest that feed in tariff policy provides the best results to environment, as under this policy the highest levels of CO2 emissions are reached.
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Yamamoto, Yoshihiro. "Pricing electricity from residential photovoltaic systems: A comparison of feed-in tariffs, net metering, and net purchase and sale." Solar Energy 86, no. 9 (September 2012): 2678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.001.
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Kim, Junhyung, Keon Baek, Eunjung Lee, and Jinho Kim. "Analysis of Net-Metering and Cross-Subsidy Effects in South Korea: Economic Impact across Residential Customer Groups by Electricity Consumption Level." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020717.
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Recently, thanks to various support mechanisms, residential photovoltaics (PVs) for self-consumption are proliferating at a rapid pace. The net-metering scheme, one of the prevailing support mechanisms for self-consumption PVs, contributes to the proliferation of residential PVs by enhancing the economic benefits of PV adopters, but it suffers from certain disadvantages, such as missing network revenue of utilities and spread of cross-subsidies between the customers. This paper analyzes the cross-subsidy effect of residential PV proliferation across customer groups segmented according to their PV adoption and electricity consumption level under the net-metering scheme in the Korean electricity market. The results show that missing network revenue of utilities increase by about 0.83% for every 1% increase of residential PV penetration, and customers in the lowest usage tier provide more cross-subsidies toward customers in the higher usage tiers as with higher proliferation of residential PVs. In addition, this paper suggests that the cross-subsidy effect between customers can be reduced by introducing a new network charge design that is more consistent with the cost-causality principle as well as targeted deployment policies for self-consumption PVs.
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Geffert, Willis, and Kurt Strunk. "Beyond net metering: A model for pricing services provided by and to distributed generation owners." Electricity Journal 30, no. 3 (April 2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2017.02.007.
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Rajaraman, Indira. "Fiscal perspective on irrigation water pricing: a case study of Karnataka, India." Water Policy 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0011.
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Pricing publicly-provided irrigation water at its scarcity value is desirable for both efficiency of usage and fiscal recovery, but paradoxically is least feasible in regions of water scarcity. This paper presents a case study of Karnataka state in India to argue that, given the rent-seeking possibilities in crop-specific water rates and the infeasibility of metering in the developing country context, a flat quantum of water entitlement per net hectare of command area, with an accompanying fixed charge per net hectare is best. Such a flat entitlement is crop-neutral and de-links quantum of use from the price, which can then be set at a (moving) compliance-maximising rate. Even if the implicit rate charged per unit of water is below scarcity value, so that irrigation remains publicly subsidised, it would not thereby be inefficiently allocated. Local user groups may be the best mechanism for enforcing the flat entitlement and could oversee any informal water trading that might develop.
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Amran, Mohd Effendi, Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Nurul Aini Bani, Tauran Zaidi Ahmad Zaidi, Khairul Azmy Kamaluddin, and Jorge Alfredo Ardila-Rey. "Photovoltaic Expansion-Limit through a Net Energy Metering Scheme for Selected Malaysian Public Hospitals." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185131.
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This paper presents an optimization approach in determining the expansion-limit of Renewable Distributed Generation (DG) capacity through a Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme specifically for selected Malaysian public hospitals. In this study, the total line loss reduction was analyzed and set as the main objective function in the optimization process where an acceptance region for DG extensiveness was proposed via the lower total line loss outcome value. Solar photovoltaic (PV)-type DG unit (PV-DG) was identified as the type of DG used in this paper. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was chosen to alleviate such PV-DG optimization. The distribution network uses a bus and line data setup from the three selected Malaysian public hospitals prior to three different levels, i.e., National, State, and District level hospitals. MATLAB simulation result showed the PV-DG expansion capacity towards bigger scale and location bounded by the U-trajectory shape theory which resulted in a contradiction between NEM current maximum capacity requirement and actual PV-DG expansion-limit. These limitations were also found to be different among three different level hospitals, and the expansion-limit was tailored by their own distribution network parameters. Thus, this paper provides technical justification and gives the best option to the renewable energy (RE) developer for more effective PV-DG integration through the utilization of a NEM scheme. The importance of the study is portrayed in-depth towards achieving a more sensible and accurate way of estimating the outcome. This will encourage developers, building owners, and users in participating towards achieving potential benefits both in monetary and power system reliability improvement, specifically for Malaysian public hospital applications.
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Rosyad, Andri Y., Candra A. D. Wahyudi, and Catherine J. Noakes. "Profitability assessment of PV rooftop implementation for prosumer under net metering scheme in Indonesia." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2020, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2021.0201.
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Kyritsis, A., E. Roman, S. A. Kalogirou, J. Nikoletatos, R. Agathokleous, E. Mathas, and S. Tselepis. "Households with Fibre Reinforced Composite BIPV modules in Southern Europe under Net Metering Scheme." Renewable Energy 137 (July 2019): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.068.
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Martín, Helena, Jordi de la Hoz, Arnau Aliana, Sergio Coronas, and José Matas. "Analysis of the Net Metering Schemes for PV Self-Consumption in Denmark." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071990.
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The current Danish regulatory framework BEK 999/2016 for hourly net settled new PV facilities is analysed in detail, evaluating the technical and economic differences between the several envisioned schemes. In addition to the saved cost of the self-consumed energy, the transmission system operator (TSO) tariffs and the public service obligation (PSO) tax are avoided for the self-consumed energy. Advantages regarding the electricity tax and VAT can also be obtained but according to a more varied casuistry, with a particular incentivizing effect for the residential customers. The installation-connected type group 2 is found the cheaper scheme and the billing concepts responsible for its minor cost are identified. This analysis is expected to contribute to discerning the different economic outcomes of the various schemes, helping to take informed investment decisions. Transcending the local value, some common characteristics of this complex framework that can also be found in other regulations may ease the comprehension of the leverage points and the policy instruments for modulating the economic results of the facilities and in this way also their path of deployment.
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Hong, Qiuyi, Fanlin Meng, and Jian Liu. "Customised Multi-Energy Pricing: Model and Solutions." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042080.
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With the increasing interdependence among energies (e.g., electricity, natural gas and heat) and the development of a decentralised energy system, a novel retail pricing scheme in the multi-energy market is demanded. Therefore, the problem of designing a customised multi-energy pricing scheme for energy retailers is investigated in this paper. In particular, the proposed pricing scheme is formulated as a bilevel optimisation problem. At the upper level, the energy retailer (leader) aims to maximise its profit. Microgrids (followers) equipped with energy converters, storage, renewable energy sources (RES) and demand response (DR) programs are located at the lower level and minimise their operational costs. Three hybrid algorithms combining metaheuristic algorithms (i.e., particle swarm optimisation (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA)) with the mixed-integer linear program (MILP) are developed to solve the proposed bilevel problem. Numerical results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution algorithms. We find that GA outperforms other solution algorithms to obtain a higher retailer’s profit through comparison. In addition, the proposed customised pricing scheme could benefit the retailer’s profitability and net profit margin compared to the widely adopted uniform pricing scheme due to the reduction in the overall energy purchasing costs in the wholesale markets. Lastly, the negative correlations between the rated capacity and power of the energy storage and both retailer’s profit and the microgrid’s operational cost are illustrated.
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Subramani, Ramachandaramurthy, Sanjeevikumar, Holm-Nielsen, Blaabjerg, Zbigniew, and Kostyla. "Techno-Economic Optimization of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Systems Based on Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Modelling in Malaysia." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183531.
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Under the present electricity tariff structure in Malaysia, electricity billing on a monthly basis for commercial and industrial consumers includes the net consumption charges together with maximum demand (MD) charges. The use of batteries in combination with photovoltaic (PV) systems is projected to become a viable solution for energy management, in terms of peak load shaving. Based on the latest studies, maximum demand (MD) reduction can be accomplished via a solar PV-battery system based on a few measures such as load pattern, techno-economic traits, and electricity scheme. Based on these measures, the Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Model is developed as an optimization tool for the solar PV-battery system. This paper shows that energy savings on net consumption and maximum demand can be maximized via optimal sizing of the solar PV-battery system using the MATLAB genetic algorithm (GA) tool. GA optimization results revealed that the optimal sizing of solar PV-battery system gives monthly energy savings of up to 20% of net consumption via solar PV self-consumption, 3% of maximum demand (MD) via MD shaving and 2% of surplus power supplied to grid via net energy metering (NEM) in regards to Malaysian electricity tariff scheme and cost of the overall system.
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ÇETIN, UMUT, and MICHEL VERSCHUERE. "PRICING AND HEDGING IN CARBON EMISSIONS MARKETS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 12, no. 07 (November 2009): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024909005531.
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We propose a model for trading in emission allowances in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). Exploiting an arbitrage relationship we derive the spot prices of carbon allowances given a forward contract whose price is exogenous to the model. The modeling is done under the assumption of no banking of carbon allowances (which is valid during the Phase I of Kyoto protocol), however, we also discuss how the model can be extended when banking of permits is available. We employ results from filtering theory to derive the spot prices of permits and suggest hedging formulas using a local risk minimisation approach. We also consider the effect of intermediate announcements regarding the net position of the ETS zone on the prices and show that the jumps in the prices can be attributed to information release on the net position of the zone. We also provide a brief numerical simulation for the price processes of carbon allowances using our model to show the resemblance to the actual data.
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Mohamed Suhaime, Norshahidatul Shahida, Shaikh Zishan Suheel, Ahmad Afif Safwan, Hasila Jarimi, Mohd Faizal, Adnan Ibrahim, Sohif Mat, and Ahmad Fazlizan. "Energy distribution and economic analysis of a residential house with the net-energy metering scheme in Malaysia." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2313-2322.
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Malaysia demonstrates its commitment to alleviating the negative climate and energy issues through various initiatives. One of the latest initiatives is the amendment of the net-energy metering (NEM) scheme that takes effect from 2019. This paper presents the distribution of energy to the residential house that has a grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system installed. The study quantifies the percentage of energy consumed from the PV system and the grid as well as the percentage of PV generated energy that is exported to the grid. On average, 38% of generated energy was used for self-consumption that contributed to 28% of the total consumption. Economic evaluation over a 25-year lifecycle of the PV system is also conducted shows that the simple payback period for NEM 2019 and NEM 2016 is 8 years and 20 years, respectively. The latest version of NEM shows a superior advantage compared to the previous one which may attract more investments in PV generation.
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Gram-Hanssen, Kirsten, Anders Rhiger Hansen, and Mette Mechlenborg. "Danish PV Prosumers’ Time-Shifting of Energy-Consuming Everyday Practices." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104121.
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Consumer engagement in the energy system is necessary to ensure a low-carbon transition. However, this has proved difficult because consumers are engaged in pursuing everyday practices rather than focusing on abstract questions of energy. Recent studies have suggested that being a prosumer can make a difference. This paper builds on survey data from a representative sample of 2505 photovoltaic (PV) owners in Denmark combined with 12 qualitative in-depth interviews. The results indicate that PV owners consider that they have become more concerned about energy consumption and adjust the timing of their everyday practices to their production. Thus, 67% of the households ‘often’ or ‘always’ time-shift the use of washing machines to their production. The extent to which households time-shift is strongly related to their net-metering scheme. Thus, 75% of the households on hourly metering stated that they ‘to some’ or to ‘a great extent’ adjust their consumption, compared to only 26% of the households on annual metering. This financial effect is interpreted in an everyday life context where financial gain transfers meanings of self-sufficiency and sustainability, rather than primarily being viewed as rational economic behaviour. The conclusion discusses the policy implications of methods to engage the consumer.
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Hochstrat, R., D. Joksimovic, T. Wintgens, T. Melin, and D. Savic. "Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.570.
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The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.
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Mukisa, Nicholas, Ramon Zamora, and Tek Tjing Lie. "Energy Business Initiatives for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems: An Overview." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 15060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215060.
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An overview of the adoption extent of the energy business models around the world was undertaken by considering both the developed and developing countries, with the emphasis on the customer-side renewable energy business models. The developed countries have widely adopted energy business initiatives to advance the distributed generation of electricity from renewable energy sources, while developing countries are struggling and/or have failed to record significant success. Additionally, developing countries are shifting from customer-owned energy business initiatives to the community-shared energy business initiatives to enhance prosumer-generated energy self-consumption. Furthermore, the existent billing schemes as well as the store-on grid scheme applicable to the energy business initiatives are discussed in this paper. The virtual net metering scheme category is the main billing scheme used for the community-shared energy business initiatives. In addition, this study depicts how the store-on grid scheme addresses the shortfalls of the existent billing schemes. Finally, the study gives policy recommendations that the decision makers in the developing countries could use as a foundation to foster the solar PV technology deployment through energy business models, especially by the adoption of the store-on grid scheme as the billing scheme.
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Zublie, Muhammad Firdaus Mohd, Md Hasanuzzaman, and Nasrudin Abd Rahim. "Modeling, Energy Performance and Economic Analysis of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System for Net Energy Metering Scheme in Malaysia." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020723.
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Energy is one of the essential inputs for modernization and social development. Energy demand is increasing, and the primary energy source is fossil fuels, which negatively impact the environment. Energy saving and renewables are the potential solutions which could minimize environmental impact. This paper investigates the energy-saving and solar photovoltaic energy potential of an educational institution, Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah (PSAS), Malaysia. The feasibility analysis was conducted by assuming that PSAS joined the Net Energy Metering (NEM 3.0) program, where PSAS, as a NEM consumer, has a tripartite supply agreement with renewable energy (SARE) with a distribution licensee known as Tenaga National Berhad (TNB). This paper focuses on zero capital expenditure (CAPEX) saving through a 20-year contract. This paper proposes a rooftop solar photovoltaic diagram using a NEM meter installed in the ring distribution system at PSAS. The estimated savings to be obtained by PSAS in the 20 years that the contract is in force are calculated based on the assumption that the installed solar system has a capacity of 688 kW. The maximum value of power generated by the system for a year is 990,720 kWh. The feasibility analysis found that the cumulative net savings estimate for PSAS based on the overall calculation for 21 years of solar use is RM 3,534,250. Meanwhile, the cumulative assessment of carbon emission reduction obtained in the same period is 14,559,760 kg CO2 or 14,559.76 tons of CO2, which would save 363,994 mature trees from being cut down.
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M. N. T. Mansur, T., N. H. Baharudin, and R. Ali. "A Comparative Study for Different Sizing of Solar PV System under Net Energy Metering Scheme at University Buildings." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v7i3.1277.
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Malaysia has moved forward by promoting the use of renewable energy such as solar PV to the public to reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based energy resources. Due to the concern on high electricity bill, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) is keen to install solar PV system as an initiative for energy saving program to its buildings. The objective of this paper is to technically and economically evaluate the different sizing of solar PV system for university buildings under the Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme. The study involves gathering of solar energy resource information, daily load profile of the buildings, sizing PV array together with grid-connected inverters and the simulation of the designed system using PVsyst software. Based on the results obtained, the amount of solar energy generated and used by the load per year is between 5.10% and 20.20% from the total annual load demand. Almost all solar energy generated from the system will be self-consumed by the loads. In terms of profit gained, the university could reduce its electricity bill approximately between a quarter to one million ringgit per annum depending on the sizing capacity. Beneficially, the university could contribute to the environmental conservation by avoiding up to 2,000 tons of CO2 emission per year.
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Fairuz, Riadhi, Eko Adhi Setiawan, and Ikhsan Hernanda. "Mapping and Analysis of Initial cost Against Levelized Cost of Energy for Residential PV Rooftoop in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186701024.
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Future electricity tariffs are expected to increase. To overcome this condition, arise the idea how the residential can generate its own electricity by exploiting the potential of solar energy. However, there are some constraints in its implementation due to the difference of the initial cost and sales from solar PV systems in various region of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of initial cost on the levelized cost of energy from the system. This study uses the calculation of Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) and economic feasibility analysis through the calculation of net present value with net metering scheme. Manado is the most optimal city to implement this system. The initial cost will affect to the LCoE, the high initial cost can be covered by the amount of cash flow generated by the system which has huge solar irradiation potentials.
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Sauhats, Antans, Laila Zemite, Lubov Petrichenko, Igor Moshkin, and Aivo Jasevics. "Estimating the Economic Impacts of Net Metering Schemes for Residential PV Systems with Profiling of Power Demand, Generation, and Market Prices." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 3222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113222.
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This article analyses the influence of supporting scheme variants on the profitability of a projected investment of residential photovoltaic systems. The focus of the paper lies in evaluating the feasibility for the power system of solar power generation technologies to achieve a balance between energy generation and support costs in a more efficient way. The case study is based on a year-long time series of examples with an hourly resolution of electricity prices from the Nord Pool power market, in addition to the power demand and solar generation of Latvian prosumers. Electric energy generation and the consumption of big data from more than 100 clients were collected. Based on these data, we predict the processes for the next 25 years, and we estimate economic indicators using a detailed description of the net metering billing system and the Monte-Carlo method. A recommendation to change the current net system to a superior one, taking into account the market cost of energy, concludes the paper.
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de la Hoz, Jordi, Àlex Alonso, Sergio Coronas, Helena Martín, and José Matas. "Impact of Different Regulatory Structures on the Management of Energy Communities." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112892.
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The following paper aims to prove the importance of embedding the regulatory framework when analyzing the distributed generation activity of an energy community. At present, most of the scientific literature has focused on distributed energy, and energy communities address the issue of regulatory frameworks qualitatively. In this paper, the most representative regulatory frameworks devoted to the promotion of energy communities were analyzed and synthesized, namely, feed-in tariffs, net metering, and the self-consumption scheme. As a result, an algebraic model able to represent the essence of the regulatory structures related to those remuneration mechanisms was obtained. Next, this model was embedded into a physical model, based on real data, previously created. The resulting Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) was used to identify the implications of these frameworks. The results demonstrate the impact of regulatory schemes on energy management and economic results of an energy community. Indeed, profitability changes drastically depending on which remuneration scheme is applied to an energy community.
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Christians, Allison. "Policy Forum: Cross-Border and Multijurisdictional Issues in Carbon Taxation—Carbon Pricing and the Income Tax." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 70, no. 1 (April 2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2022.70.1.pf.christians.
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Canada's federal carbon-pricing scheme and its subnational counterparts might not be sufficient to meet the target of net zero by 2050. In the meantime, carbon dioxide (CO<e3>2) emitters are allowed to profit by externalizing environmental costs and risks on to present and future taxpayers. When the income tax ignores these externalities, it implicitly subsidizes CO<e3>2-intensive activities relative to less harmful alternatives. In examining our carbon tax policy options, we ought to consider whether the externalization problem could be addressed within the income tax to ensure that the income tax system assists, rather than undermines, the net zero pledge.
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Cappers, Peter, Andrew Satchwell, Will Gorman, and Javier Reneses. "Financial Impacts of Net-Metered Distributed PV on a Prototypical Western Utility’s Shareholders and Ratepayers." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244794.
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Distributed solar photovoltaic (DPV) under net-energy metering with volumetric retail electricity pricing has raised concerns among utilities and regulators about adverse financial impacts for shareholders and ratepayers. Using a pro forma financial model, we estimate the financial impacts of different DPV deployment levels on a prototypical Western U.S. investor-owned utility under a varied set of operating conditions that would be expected to affect the value of DPV. Our results show that the financial impacts on shareholders and ratepayers increase as the level of DPV deployment increases, though the magnitude is small even at high DPV penetration levels. Even rather dramatic changes in DPV value result in modest changes to shareholder and ratepayer impacts, but the impacts on the former are greater than the latter (in percentage terms). The range of financial impacts are driven by differences in the amount of incremental capital investment that is deferred, as well as the amount of incremental distribution operating expenses that are incurred. While many of the impacts appear relatively small (on a percentage basis), they demonstrate how the magnitude of impacts depend critically on utility physical, financial, and operating characteristics.
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Alahmed, Ahmed S., and Lang Tong. "Integrating distributed energy resources." ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review 2, no. 2 (June 2022): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555006.3555008.
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The rapid growth of the behind-the-meter (BTM) distributed generation has led to initiatives to reform the net energy metering (NEM) policies to address pressing concerns of rising electricity bills, fairness of cost allocation, and the long-term growth of distributed energy resources. This article presents an analytical framework for the optimal prosumer consumption decision using an inclusive NEM X tariff model that covers existing and proposed NEM tariff designs. The structure of the optimal consumption policy lends itself to near closed-form optimal solutions suitable for practical energy management systems that are responsive to stochastic BTM generation and dynamic pricing. The short and long-run performance of NEM and feed-in tariffs (FiT) are considered under a sequential rate-setting decision process. Also presented are numerical results that characterize social welfare distributions, cross-subsidies, and long-run solar adoption performance for selected NEM and FiT policy designs.
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Nasir, M. Bilal, Asif Hussain, Kamran Ali Khan Niazi, and Mashood Nasir. "An Optimal Energy Management System (EMS) for Residential and Industrial Microgrids." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 6266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176266.
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This research presents an optimal scheme for the integration of renewable resources with the utility grid to minimize the operational cost of the residential and industrial microgrids. With the changing paradigm of solar photovoltaic in low-voltage distribution networks, utilities have allowed net metering and feed-in tariff (FiT). These incentives encourage residential and industrial consumers to contribute toward energy generation. However, in conventional mode, the system may underperform if resources are not scheduled optimally. To compensate for the price difference during off-peak and on-peak hours, the energy should be taken from the grid when electricity prices are lower and supplied to the grid when the electricity price is higher. The proposed models will therefore allow optimal resource utilization considering intermittent renewable generation as well as a time-varying utility tariff. A complete comparative analysis of on-grid and off-grid models was carried out. The results indicate that the daily average saving is about 32.0% by using the proposed on-grid scheme, where a feed-in tariff is available.
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Trela, Mariusz, and Anna Dubel. "Net-Metering vs. Net-Billing from the Investors Perspective—Impacts of Changes in RES Financing in Poland on the Profitability of a Joint Photovoltaic Panels and Heat Pump System." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010227.
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The paper explores the impacts of changes in renewable energy sources (RES) financing in Poland on the profitability of coupled photovoltaic panels and heat pump systems. The profitability analysis is conducted with the use of Net Present Value calculation and the return on investment period. The degree of change in profitability of using photovoltaic panels in Poland is dependent on the method of their financing. The analysis is carried out for two different photovoltaic support schemes: (1) the net-metering scheme currently in force in Poland; (2) the net-billing system scheduled for implementation in the year 2022. It is assumed for the analysis that two alternative heating and electricity supply systems for a single-family building will be operated: (a) a standard solution used in Poland consisting of a natural gas-fired boiler for heating and the purchase of electricity from the power grid, (b) an air/water heat pump used to heat the building, and electricity obtained from photovoltaic panels, also used to power the heat pump. A sensitivity analysis is carried out, examining the impact of several key parameters relevant for the profitability of such investments, such as average annual increase in the purchasing or selling prices of electricity, purchasing prices of natural gas, and inflation rate. The conclusions concern the possible consequences of introducing a new support scheme for photovoltaics in Poland. The highest profitability of all considered solutions is for the current scenario for heat pump and pv installation with the capacity to meet the demand in the last year of operation. The introduction of changes in the new RES law (2021) in Poland will reduce the profitability of investments in pv panels, leading to a slowdown in the investments in the pv installations.
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Safirova, Elena, Kenneth Gillingham, Winston Harrington, Peter Nelson, and Abram Lipman. "Choosing Congestion Pricing Policy." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1932, no. 1 (January 2005): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193200120.
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Marginal cost pricing has been long advocated as an efficient way of distributing scarce road resources. In practice, however, policy makers have to retreat to second-best pricing schemes that are associated with lower transaction costs and are simpler for potential users to understand than the first-best marginal cost tolls. To date, the majority of practical applications and theoretical models in Europe and Asia are represented by cordon or area pricing mechanisms, while in North America, variations of link-based tolls have become dominant. This paper compares welfare effects of two second-best cordon pricing schemes with those of second-best link-based tolls for the Washington, D.C., transportation network. START, a strategic and regional transport planning model that features elastic travel demands as well as mode, time period, and route choice, is used to analyze the impacts of the two pricing approaches. Distributional effects of cordon and link-based tolls are also examined in the hope of understanding why one scheme might be preferred over another. Because Washington, D.C., in many respects resembles a European city, cordon policies are more likely to be effective there than in more typical North American cities. Although overall net welfare benefits achieved by the three schemes are found to be similar, their dependence on revenue recycling and distributional impacts are quite different. Although the small cordon puts a higher share of costs on low-income travelers than do other pricing schemes, in absolute terms these costs are lower. The exact distributional impact of a larger cordon is uncertain because it depends on the revenue recycling method employed.
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Lautert, Renata Rodrigues, Wagner da Silva Brignol, Luciane Neves Canha, Olatunji Matthew Adeyanju, and Vinícius Jacques Garcia. "A Flexible-Reliable Operation Model of Storage and Distributed Generation in a Biogas Power Plant." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093154.
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This paper presents a novel methodology for planning and operating biogas energy systems based on the transactive energy concept to determine multilevel operating regimes for distributed generation. The developed model is used to manage the production, storage, and dispatch of biogas energy systems to meet the load demands of the biogas producer and support the operation of the distribution network operator. An Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is fitted to optimize the biogas production of the biogas producer, including the operation of the biogas storage systems and their interaction with the network operator. The model’s objective is to maximize benefits for the participating agents in a transactive energy context. The model’s effectiveness is validated using seven case studies involving biogas systems having different operating ranges and modes to achieve enhanced flexibility and reliability for the system operation with a large proportion of intermittent energy resources. The simulation results showed that the approach could effectively manage the operation of biogas systems and their interaction with the network operator. The developed model is suitable for systems fostering net metering charging and real-time pricing.
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Lautert, Renata Rodrigues, Wagner da Silva Brignol, Luciane Neves Canha, Olatunji Matthew Adeyanju, and Vinícius Jacques Garcia. "A Flexible-Reliable Operation Model of Storage and Distributed Generation in a Biogas Power Plant." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093154.
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This paper presents a novel methodology for planning and operating biogas energy systems based on the transactive energy concept to determine multilevel operating regimes for distributed generation. The developed model is used to manage the production, storage, and dispatch of biogas energy systems to meet the load demands of the biogas producer and support the operation of the distribution network operator. An Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is fitted to optimize the biogas production of the biogas producer, including the operation of the biogas storage systems and their interaction with the network operator. The model’s objective is to maximize benefits for the participating agents in a transactive energy context. The model’s effectiveness is validated using seven case studies involving biogas systems having different operating ranges and modes to achieve enhanced flexibility and reliability for the system operation with a large proportion of intermittent energy resources. The simulation results showed that the approach could effectively manage the operation of biogas systems and their interaction with the network operator. The developed model is suitable for systems fostering net metering charging and real-time pricing.
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Kurbatova, T., and T. Skibina Skibina. "Renewable energy in the European Union: support policy and outcomes." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.23.
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The article deals with the study of support schemes for renewable energy promotion in the European Union member states. The main strategic documents that declare short-term and long-term goals to increase the share of green energy in final energy consumption of the European Union are considered. The primary motivational mechanisms aimed at encouraging the production of energy from renewable energy sources, namely feed-in tariff models, feed-in premium model, and tradable green certificate scheme are analyzed. In addition, a number of secondary motivational tools such as tender systems, net metering, tax and customs privileges which are used in combination with the primary mechanisms for more effective promotion of renewable energy are described. The results of the influence of policy in renewable energy field on increasing the share of green energy in the total energy mixes of European Union member states are presented.
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Rehman, Anis ur, Muhammad Ali, Sheeraz Iqbal, Aqib Shafiq, Nasim Ullah, and Sattam Al Otaibi. "Artificial Intelligence-Based Control and Coordination of Multiple PV Inverters for Reactive Power/Voltage Control of Power Distribution Networks." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176297.
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The integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) into Power Distribution Networks (PDN) has great significance in addressing power deficiency, economics and environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most popular RERs, because it is simple to install and has a lot of potential. Moreover, the realization of net metering concepts further attracted consumers to benefit from PVs; however, due to ineffective coordination and control of multiple PV systems, power distribution networks face large voltage deviation. To highlight real-time control, decentralized and distributed control schemes are exploited. In the decentralized scheme, each zone (having multiple PVs) is considered an agent. These agents have zonal control and inter-zonal coordination among them. For the distributed scheme, each PV inverter is viewed as an agent. Each agent coordinates individually with other agents to control the reactive power of the system. Multi-agent actor-critic (MAAC) based framework is used for real-time coordination and control between agents. In the MAAC, an action is created by the actor network, and its value is evaluated by the critic network. The proposed scheme minimizes power losses while controlling the reactive power of PVs. The proposed scheme also maintains the voltage in a certain range of ±5%. MAAC framework is applied to the PV integrated IEEE-33 test bus system. Results are examined in light of seasonal variation in PV output and time-changing loads. The results clearly indicate that a controllable voltage ratio of 0.6850 and 0.6508 is achieved for the decentralized and distributed control schemes, respectively. As a result, voltage out of control ratio is reduced to 0.0275 for the decentralized scheme and 0.0523 for the distributed control scheme.
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Hernanda, Ikhsan, Riadhi Fairuz, and Eko Adhi Setiawan. "Techno Economic Analysis Photovoltaic On-Grid System Java Bali to Optimize PLN Energy Consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702050.
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Indonesia’s electricity needs are increasing along with population growth. Nonrenewable natural resources are insufficient for power generation. Indonesia as a country located on the equator, has 4.8 kWh/m2/day the potential of solar energy, it is time for expanded renewable energy based photovoltaic. The potential development of photovolitaic system in Java Bali is planned to 800 MW based on Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) year 2018-2027. Photovoltaic system on-grid rooftop 2 kWp designed on the Java Bali residence sector based on income of population, number of customers, power sales, and number of population. The energy produced by photovoltaic on-grid system can save the use of coal fuel in 2019 of 1.07 trillion rupiah and until 2027 can save about 11.08 trillion rupiah. The net metering scheme with 30% incentive can be applied for photovoltaic on-grid rooftop 2 kWp system. Photovoltaic on-grid system in the residence sector in Java Bali can save electricity payment for 37.9-41%.
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Turwanto, Turwanto, Kingkin Primasari, and Amrie Firmansyah. "Penghindaran Pajak Melalui Transfer Pricing Pada Perusahaan Di Indonesia: Analisis Isi Atas Risalah Putusan Pengadilan Pajak." Educoretax 2, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54957/educoretax.v2i1.158.
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This study aims to review the transfer pricing practices carried out by companies in Indonesia. The method used in this research is qualitative with a content analysis approach. The data used comes from the tax court minutes for conditions where the company has evaded tax—data obtained from http://www.setpp.kemenkeu.go.id. The aspects used in this research include special relationships, transfer pricing schemes and types, and the methods used in determining fair prices. The results showed that the three companies in this study had special relationships with companies abroad. The three companies are subsidiaries, either directly or indirectly, with overseas parent companies. The transfer pricing scheme consists of selling goods at unreasonable prices to affiliated companies and paying management fees that are not based on a clear underlying transaction. The methods used by the Directorate General of Taxes in determining the equivalence and fairness of transfer prices include the transactional net margin method and the cost-plus method. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengulas praktik transfer pricing yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis isi. Data yang digunakan berasal dari risalah pengadilan pajak untuk kondisi di mana perusahaan terbukti melakukan penghindaran pajak. Data diperoleh dari http://www.setpp.kemenkeu.go.id. Adapun aspek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi hubungan istimewa, skema dan jenis transfer pricing, dan metode yang digunakan dalam menentukan harga wajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketiga perusahaan dalam penelitian ini memiliki hubungan istimewa dengan perusahaan di luar negeri. Ketiga perusahaan tersebut merupakan anak usaha baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan perusahaan induk di luar negeri. Skema transfer pricing yang digunakan terdiri dari penjualan barang dengan harga tidak wajar kepada perusahaan afiliasi dan pembayaran jasa management fee yang tidak berdasar underlying transaction yang jelas. Metode yang digunakan Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam menentukan kesebandingan dan kewajaran harga transfer meliputi metode transactional net margin method dan metode cost plus.
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Mekky, Ali. "Modeling Toll Pricing Strategies in Greater Toronto Area." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (January 1996): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800107.
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Highway 407 (a four- to six-lane freeway), in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) (with a population of 5 million) has been considered for many years as a relief for Highway 401, the busiest highway in North America. Highway 407 is being planned as a toll highway. Ideally, the driver of each car should have a transponder in the car to identify the vehicle for electronic toll billing purposes. The value of the toll (variable toll) would depend on the number of kilometers traveled on the highway. However, to attract some of the drivers who do not want their origins and destinations to be tracked, a fixed-toll option might be available. A study was developed to estimate the changes in the travel and the revenue of Highway 407 if a fixed-toll option were allowed simultaneously with a variable one. The GTA mathematical model, within the EMME/2 environment, was used. Although the available transportation planning packages were not originally designed for evaluating these kinds of toll strategies, it is possible to do the evaluation using several multiclass generalized cost assignment runs with feedback loops. The mathematical model and the evaluation process used are described. One of the results of the evaluation is the finding that allowing fixed-toll operation does not increase the number of users of Highway 407 (operating under a variable toll scheme) but will increase the revenues in a marginal way. Therefore, it is concluded that using only a variable toll rate would maximize the net revenue for the year under consideration.
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Husain, Alaa A. F., Maryam Huda Ahmad Phesal, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, and Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Commercial Size Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar PV Systems in Malaysia under the NEM 3.0 Scheme." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 10118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110118.
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Commercial grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems are widely applied worldwide as part of affordable and clean energy initiatives and viable long-term solutions for energy security. This is particularly true in a crowded city where space is a constraint and at the same time, there are unutilized rooftops. With the recently announced Net Energy Metering (NEM) 3.0, commercial buildings in Malaysia can apply up to 75% capacity of the maximum demand (MD), which can be connected to the grid. Apart from reducing electricity bills, the owner can offset energy for 10 years. This paper presents a design analysis with the details of the sizing of a rooftop PV system. The PVsyst software tool is used to estimate the energy produced by a 380 kWp system, and this study provides a financial analysis to evaluate the profitability of the system with a particular interest in commercial buildings under the NEM 3.0 policy, which has resulted in 8.4 years return of investment (ROI). PVsyst is a software used to size the PV system and provides technical, financial, and environmental analysis. This in-depth analysis could provide a useful case study for asset owners in deciding the way forward for sustainable energy production, cost saving, and combating the energy security issue, since Malaysia is blessed with an abundance of sunshine throughout the year.
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Mitrakoudis, Stavros G., and Minas C. Alexiadis. "Modelling Electric Vehicle Charge Demand: Implementation for the Greek Power System." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070115.
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The emerging popularity of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) is creating new connections between the transportation and electric sectors, and PEV charging will bring new opportunities and challenges to a system of growing complexity. The electrification of transport will increase energy security, reduce carbon emissions, and improve local air quality. The actual expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) will depend on several factors: the evolution of autonomy, the acquisition price, the charging process and infrastructure, etc. This paper provides a guide for simulating the accumulative load profile for EV charging on a national level. The importance of all the parameters and variables involved (deterministic or stochastic) is investigated. Detailed tables and references concerning the distribution of values and the composition of the EV fleet are provided. A multivariate probabilistic model is developed considering the EV classes, weekly and seasonal driving patterns, charging strategies, battery capacities, consumption per EV, etc., leading to an accurate estimation of aggregated EV charging demand. Finally, a net-metering scheme is proposed, in which a photovoltaic (PV) system of a certain size will be able to provide the annual energy needs of the first 10,000 EVs in the Greek market.
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Hanssen, Thor-Erik Sandberg, and Terje Andreas Mathisen. "Discrimination at the Ports." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (January 2017): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-11.
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In transport, the problem of demand exceeding capacity often occurs with congestion as a result. The resulting delays impose substantial efficiency loss. Price discrimination by peak load pricing is a well-recognized way of handling the problem. Such schemes are, however, often politically controversial because they might disadvantage vulnerable groups of passengers. An alternative is the use of a priority scheme. In this paper, a framework positioned within the traditions of cost–benefit analysis is established to examine the welfare effects of granting one group of passengers priority on transport modes characterized by limited capacity and low frequency. The case is a trial arrangement initiated at a rural car ferry crossing in Northern Norway intended to ensure that local commuters (traveling to and from work) can board for the desired departure. With respect to pricing, road authorities have a stated objective that fares and discounts at ferries be equal throughout the nation. Hence, for local political authorities to ensure local commuters a predictable transport alternative by price discrimination is neither desirable nor legal. The empirical evidence demonstrates that loss of social welfare caused by congestion problems at a port can be potentially reduced by introducing such a priority scheme. Recommendations are provided in relation to the number of users required for the priority arrangement to render a positive net benefit for society. This ex ante information is useful for policy makers when they are evaluating whether to initiate such priority schemes to reduce efficiency loss in passenger transport markets.
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Petrichenko, Lubov, Antans Sauhats, Illia Diahovchenko, and Irina Segeda. "Economic Viability of Energy Communities versus Distributed Prosumers." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084634.
Full textAbstract:
As distribution grids are made to accommodate significant amounts of renewable energy resources, the power system evolves from a classical producer-consumer scheme to a new one that includes individual prosumers or energy communities. This article contributes to the exploration of the solution to the dilemma of whether to be a distributed prosumer or an energy community prosumer by comparing the profitability of these two business models. To achieve this goal, a high-resolution methodology is created for measuring economic performance via proposed indices under different development scenarios of renewable proliferation and various network configurations. The developed methodology considers today’s electricity billing and renewable support scheme net metering. The results indicate that, first, the energy community is a more profitable framework than the individual distributed prosumer: avoided costs for energy community are, on average, 20% higher than for the individual, resulting in a payback period of the energy community that is about two times shorter than for owners of rooftop installations. Such promising results should encourage ordinary consumers to be members of energy communities. Second, the energy losses in the power distribution system are slightly higher for the case of energy communities rather than individual prosumers, yet the difference is insignificant, about 0.2%. Third, regulatory barriers shall be removed to enable participation of Latvian prosumers and distribution system operators to the energy communities, as it will benefit all the stakeholders and facilitate economically efficient energy transition. The results of this study could be adopted by decision-makers, such as government agencies, companies, and solar and wind turbine owners.