Journal articles on the topic 'Net feed intake (NFI)'
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Moore, K. L., D. J. Johnston, H.-U. Graser, and R. Herd. "Genetic and phenotypic relationships between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and net feed intake, fat, and growth traits in Angus beef cattle." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04248.
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Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration measured in the blood plasma of 6520 seedstock Angus beef cattle (3622 bulls and 2898 heifers) from eastern Australia between 2002 and 2004 was used to estimate the heritability of IGF-I and phenotypic and genetic correlations with net feed intake (NFI) and other production traits. The average concentration of IGF-I was 314 ng/mL measured at the average age of 242 days. A moderate heritability of 0.35 was estimated for IGF-I. IGF-I was further defined as being measured either at, or prior to, weaning (average age of 201 days) or post-weaning (average age 310 days). The genetic correlation between IGF-I recorded at the different ages was 1.0 ± 0.04. IGF-I and NFI were found to have a genetic correlation of 0.41 ± 0.21. IGF-I had positive genetic correlations of 0.22 ± 0.14, 0.19 ± 0.14, and 0.26 ± 0.15 with ultrasound-scanned subcutaneous fat depth at the rump (P8) and 12/13th rib (RIB) sites and intramuscular fat % (IMF), respectively. Corresponding phenotypic correlations were 0.14, 0.13, and 0.12, respectively, for P8, RIB, and IMF. IGF-I had low to moderate negative genetic correlations with growth traits. Direct genetic correlations for IGF-I of –0.22 ± 0.08, –0.17 ± 0.09 and –0.10 ± 0.14 were estimated with birth (BWT), 200-day (WT200), and 400-day (WT400) weights, respectively. Genetic correlations between the direct component of IGF-I and maternal components of BWT and WT200 were 0.15 ± 0.13 and 0.31 ± 0.11, respectively. Phenotypic correlations of the direct component of IGF-I with the direct components of BWT, WT200, and WT400 were –0.10, 0.06, and 0.16, respectively. Ultrasound-scanned eye muscle area (EMA) and IGF-I had genetic and phenotypic correlations of –0.22 ± 0.15 and 0.13, respectively. This study showed that IGF-I is heritable and genetically correlated with important production traits. The genetic correlations indicate that selection for lower IGF-I concentrations would result in cattle that have lower NFI (i.e. more feed efficient), are leaner, with increased growth, and possibly decreased maternal weaning weight.
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Tolkamp, B. J., and J. J. M. H. Ketelaars. "The effect of ad lib feeding on the efficiency of energy utilization in growing and lactating cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023825.
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Recently, we have proposed a new theory of feed intake regulation in ruminants (Ketelaars and Tolkamp, 1992a,b; Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). This theory attributes great significance to the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for feed intake regulation. In brief, we assume that feed intake behaviour of ruminants aims at maximizing the ratio of net energy intake (representing the benefits of feeding) relative to oxygen consumption (representing the metabolic costs of feeding). Starting from this assumption, we have shown that knowledge of the efficiency of ME utilization obtained under conditions of restricted feeding can be used successfully to predict voluntary intake (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992).If, indeed, voluntary feed intake and the efficiency of ME utilization are so intimately related, the question comes up what the effect of ad lib feeding is on the overall efficiency of ME utilization (total net energy intake, NEI, as a fraction of ME intake, MEI). This paper investigates this question by means of model calculations for growing and lactating cattle according to the UK energy evaluation system.
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Naderi, Nima, Gholam Reza Ghorbani, Hamid Erfani, and Luiz Felipe Ferraretto. "Feeding Byproduct-Based Concentrates Instead of Human-Edible Feed Ingredients Increases Net Food Production and Improves Performance of High-Producing Holstein Cows." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212977.
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The effect of feeding greater amounts of byproducts (BP) as a replacement for human-edible (HE) feed ingredients on nutrient intake, chewing activity, rumen fermentation, production performance, human-edible feed conversion efficiency (HeFCE) and net food production (NFP) of high-producing Holstein cows was evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (BW = 673 ± 44, DIM = 112 ± 8 d; 48 ± 2.25 kg/d of milk; mean ± SE) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Each period consisted of 21 d of adaptation followed by 7 d of data collection. Treatments diets were (DM basis): (1) concentrate containing 26% byproducts (BP26; control); (2) concentrate containing 60% byproducts (BP60); and (3) concentrate containing 95% byproducts (BP95). Alfalfa hay (20% dietary DM) and corn silage (20% dietary DM) were included in all diets. Dietary concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), starch and ether extract (EE) were 32.1, 41.0, 26.14 and 3.4% (BP 26); 35.3, 36.0, 22.05 and 4.7% (BP60); and 38.2, 32.0, 17.96 and 6.1% (BP95), respectively (DM basis). Dry matter (22.07 kg/d) and NEL (35.16 Mcal/d) intakes did not differ among treatments. However, ether extract and NDF intakes increased, whereas starch intake decreased linearly as BP ingredients increasingly replaced HE feed ingredients. Eating time was not affected by dietary treatment, but ruminating and total chewing time tended to increase with increasing amounts of BP. Replacing HE with BP ingredients did not affect rumen pH. An increased proportion of BP ingredients in the diet linearly decreased propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate concentrations in the rumen and increased acetate concentration and the acetate to propionate ratio. Replacing HE with BP ingredients did not affect milk yield. The yield of 3.5% FCM (39.12, 40.14 and 41.33 kg/d for BP26, BP60 and BP95, respectively) and fat content (2.95, 2.99 and 3.13 % for BP26, BP60 and BP95, respectively) linearly increased. Substituting BP ingredients for HE feed ingredients increased unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid and preformed fatty acids but decreased saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid, de novo and mixed fatty acids. Replacing HE with BP feed ingredients increased human-edible efficiency (HeFCE) for crude protein (1.06, 1.66 and 4.14 kg/kg edible for BP26, BP60 and BP95, respectively) and for energy (2.27, 3.62 and 9.22 MJ/MJ edible for BP26, BP60 and BP95, respectively) and also net food production (NFP) for crude protein (0.064, 0.52, and 1.00 kg/d for BP26, BP60, and BP95, respectively) and energy (62.8, 83.0 and 104.7 MJ/d for BP26, BP60 and BP95, respectively). Feeding byproduct-based concentrates instead of human-edible feed ingredients increase human-edible feed conversion efficiency (HeFCE), net food production (NFP) and improved the performance of high-producing Holstein cows.
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Sauvant, D., P. Nozière, and R. Baumont. "Development of a mechanistic model of intake, chewing and digestion in cattle in connection with updated feed units." Animal Production Science 54, no. 12 (2014): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14528.
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Recent proposals have updated systems of feed units of energy, protein, structure and rumen fill. However, consistency between the largely independently built units has not been checked, even though energy, structure and fill values of feedstuffs are linked throughout feeding in ruminants. The target of this work was to build a mechanistic model to ensure consistency across equations related to intake, mastication, fill value of feeds and diets, digestion of organic matter and transit times. The first step was to build a large database of published results on digestion, intake and chewing in cattle. This database was studied by meta-analyses to calculate more than 100 empirical regressions; about half of these equations were used to build the new French systems of net energy and metabolisable protein. The other equations were mainly related to mastication (per day or kg dry matter intake, DMI), as well as the sizes and adjacent flows of 12 compartments inside the rumen: neutral detergent fibre (NDF), degradable (D) or not (U), in large or small particles; protein, soluble (S) or D and U; starch, S or D; water; volatile fatty acids; and microbes. The rumen digesta load (RL) was closely linked with the forage NDF intake, but in this dataset, there was no maximum RL, so it does not seem to limit DMI. Close relationships were observed between long-forage intake (NDFI, % of liveweight) and dietary forage NDF (%DM) and between mastication (min/day) and dietary index of mastication (min/kg DMI). Unlike RL, each of these two relationships exhibited obvious asymptotic maximum values for the duration of mastication per day (~1000 min/day) and for the level intake of NDF from long forages (1.35% of liveweight). In these two equations, the slope represented the level of DMI. The two equations were added to the other structural equations. It is therefore possible to use a mechanistic model with 12 compartments to consistently integrate aspects dealing with fill, chewing, DMI and energy value of rations in cattle.
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Datta, S., S. Rahman, O. Islam, M. Hassan, M. Hossain, SMA Islam, and MH Rahman. "Effect of replacing maize and starch with Shoti meal (Curcuma zedoaria) in broiler." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 47, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v47i1.39400.
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The effects of raw and autoclaved Shoti (Curcuma zedoaria) meal on the growth and N utilization of growing broilers were determined. Shoti from Bangladesh Agricultural University campus was collected and sorted on the basis of white color of the rhizome. Then they were chopped into pieces, sun dried and pulverized in a flour mill. Aliquot samples were autoclaved at 1200C under 15 lb of pressure per square inch for 30 min. Autoclaved samples were stored in tightly lid contained for future use. 3 One hundred -day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were reared on the floor and a total of 24 growing broilers, 4 birds in each group were weighed on d 15 Two broilers were placed in each cage. There were a total of four experimental and two control (positive and negative Non-protein control) diets. Diets were fed ad libitum from day 15 to 33days. Body weight, feed intake, feed refusal and fecal weights were recorded every day. Cumulative feed efficiency per bird was calculated as the ratio of weight gained to feed consumed. Dry matter of excreta was determined from the last 10 d of feeding trial by drying aliquots of every day’s droppings by drying for 6 h at 1050C. On d 19, birds were bled to death. Immediately after slaughter, the carcasses were examined systematically. The chemical composition of Shoti meal showed that it is low in protein, fat and trace minerals and therefore mainly a source of energy. The bulk of the tuber (75 percent) consists of carbohydrates, made up of 10.6% fiber, and 64.9% nitrogen free extracts (NFE). A peculiarity of Curcuma rhizome meal contains high level of ash (9.9%) on DM basis. The results showed that at day 33, the weight of the broiler chicken fed shoti 100g, 200g, 300 g and 200g (autoclaved shoti meal)/ Kg diet was significantly different from the weight of the chicken fed on a maize-soybean diet. The birds given shoti meal consumed less feed than those provided with a maize diet. Feed efficiency or weight gain to feed ration over 19-d period was the poorest when fed 300 g Shoti/ Kg diet. Intake picked up when the shoti meal was incorporated after having been autoclaved and there was slight improvement in body weight gain as compared to that of other Shoti fed group. However, feed efficiency and body weight gain as % of initial weight remained significantly lower than the maize-soybean control. The inclusion of Shoti meal generally had an adverse effect on the apparent dry matter digestibility compared with the control diets. The group fed autoclaved shoti meal had a similar effect and the true N digestibility was the lowest when compared to those of control fed on maize-soybean meal. Thus, physical treatment like using autoclave, caused further reduction of digestibility of its N. Lipid digestibility was reduced by ingestion of shoti meal. Since the diets were isocaloric, after correction for the apparent endogenous lipid losses, which were obtained from the results of non-protein control feeding, the net faecal losses was around 66.2% of the ingested lipid against control diet fed birds.
Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (1): 40-46
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Onimisi, H. U., S. J. Oniye, J. K. Balogun, and P. I. Bolorunduro. "Growth performance of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus fed fermented seed of Senna obtusifolia (Linn)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i2.1121.
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The effects of replacing soybean meal with graded levels of fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meals (SOSM) on the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus were investigated. Five isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isocaloric (25.7% NFE) diets were formulated in which fermented replaced soybean meal (SBM) at 0% (SOSM0), 25% (SOSM25), 50% (SOSM50), 75% (SOSM75) and 100% (SOSM100) inclusion levels and a commercial feed (CmF) as the second control. Three hundred and sixty (360) fingerlings of (Clarias gariepinus) mean weight (2.85±0.01g) were stocked at (20) fish per tank volume in triplicate groups per treatment and fed 3% body weight twice a day of the experimental diets for 180 days. The feeding rate was adjusted after weighing. The water qualities were within range recommended for Clarias gariepinus. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in growth performance and nutrient utilization between the control groups and those fed the fermented SOSM diets at 25%. The commercial, 0% and 25% groups had the highest mean weight gain (279 to 280 g), significantly (P<0.05) superior to the groups that received the, 50%, 75% while the group that received 100% SOSM diet had the poorest mean weight gain (132.72g). Feed conversion ratios (FCR) of all treatments ranged from (1.75 to 2.18). These values increased slightly by increasing levels of fermented SOSM from 50 to 100%. The best FCR, 1.75± 0.02, recorded for fish fed 25% fermented SOSM indicated a superior level of utilization of the SOSM diet by the fish. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the protein intake among the group of fish fed 0 and 25%, but significant difference (P<0.05) occur in fish fed 50, 75 and 100% fermented SOSM respectively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) exhibited significant differences (P<0.05) in all treatments except in the control diets that were not statistically different (P>0.05) from the fish fed the 25% fermented SOSM. The PER values increased among the experimental fish with respect to the quantity of total feed intake. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) among treatments CmF, 0% and 25%. The ANPU was highest in fish fed 0% fermented SOSM (91.6±0.04) while fish fed 75 and 100 % fermented SOSM in diets were 71.4±0.02 and 73.4±0.03 were the least. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the effect of the inclusion levels of fermented (SOSM) on final body carcass composition among treatments. This study showed that soybean meal can be substituted with fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meal up to 25% level in Clarias gariepinus diets without any negative effects on the growth and feed efficiency.
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Upah, S. O., A. I. Okwori, and K. T. Orayaga. "Performance, nutrients digestibility and economics of production of finisher broiler fed diets containing Euphorbia heterophylla leaf meal." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 5 (November 10, 2021): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3203.
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The high cost of feed has become a great challenge in poultry production. Good quality and cheap feed is therefore crucial for optimal growth performance of poultry chickens. In this study the effect of Euphorbia heterophylla Leaf Meal (EHLM) on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrients digestibility and economics were evaluated. Broiler chicks numbering one hundred and eighty (180) of Ross 308 strain were fed for 4 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to six experimental diets with three replications of 10 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of EHLMat 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% levels, for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 which replaces soyabean meal respectively and data collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained indicated that the experimental diets significantly (P<0.05) affected the average feed intake and average daily protein intake, while the average daily weight gain, average feed conversion ratio, average daily protein efficiency ratio and average final live weight were not affected (P>0.05); mortality was not affected (P>0.05) by the diet. Carcass parameters, carcass cut and internal organs such as fasted liveweight, plucked weight, dressed weight, breast weight, thigh, drum stick, neck, shank and wings, heart, empty gizzard, lungs, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and esophagus weights showed no significant (P>0.05) difference while back, head, liver, proventriculus, kidney, abdominal fat, large intestine and caeca weight were significantly (P<0.05) different. The GIT length was affected (P<0.05) by the diet except the caeca length. The nutrient digestibility of CP and NFE did not showed significant (P>0.05) effect, but CF, EE and Ash were affected (P<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The nutrient digestibility of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% were higher than the control diet(0%) for the five nutrients evaluated. The economics of production showed that feed cost (N/kg weight gain), total income (birds sold) and total profit (net gain) were not significantly (P>0.05) different while the feed cost (N/chicken), cost saving due to EHLM inclusion, total cost of production (N/chicken) and feed cost as percentage of total cost were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the test diets. The result showed that birds fed diet containing 15% have better economic advantage for optimum benefit. Therefore 15% EHLM replacement of soya bean is recommended for adoption for optimum growth performance, carcass yield, nutrient digestibility and economics of production in finisher broiler chicken.
Le coût élevé des aliments pour animaux est devenu un grand défi dans la production avicole.Une alimentation de bonne qualité et bon marché est donc cruciale pour des performances de croissance optimales des poulets de volaille. Dans cette étude, l'effet de la farine de feuilles d'Euphorbia heterophylla (EHLM) sur la performance, les caractéristiques de la carcasse, la digestibilité des nutriments et l'économie ont été évalués. Des poussins de chair au nombre de cent quatre-vingts (180) de souche Ross 308 ont été nourris pendant 4 semaines. Les oiseaux ont été répartis au hasard dans six régimes expérimentaux avec trois répétitions de 10 oiseaux chacune. Les régimes ont été formulés avec l'inclusion d'EHLM à 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 et 25%, pour T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 et T6 qui remplace respectivement le tourteau de soja et les données collectées ont été soumises à une analyse de variance. dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que les régimes expérimentaux affectaient significativement (P<0,05) la consommation alimentaire moyenne et la consommation quotidienne moyenne de protéines, tandis que le gain de poids quotidien moyen, le rapport de conversion alimentaire moyen, le rapport d'efficacité protéique moye quotidien et le poids vif final moyen n'étaient pas affectés ( P>0,05) ; la mortalité n'a pas été affectée (P>0,05) par le régime alimentaire. Les paramètres de la carcasse, la coupe de la carcasse et les organes internes tels que le poids vif à jeun, le poids plumé, le poids paré, le poids de la poitrine, le poids de la cuisse, de la baguette, du cou, du jarret et des ailes, le poids du cœur, du gésier vide, des poumons, de la rate, du pancréas, de l'intestin grêle et de l'œsophage ont été montrés aucune différence significative (P> 0,05) alors que le poids du dos, de la tête, du foie, du proventricule, des reins, de la graisse abdominale, du gros intestin et des caeca étaient significativement différents (P< 0,05). La longueur GIT a été affectée (P < 0,05) par le régime, à l'exception de la longueur des caeca. La digestibilité des nutriments du CP et du NFE n'a pas montré d'effet significatif (P>0,05), mais CF, EE et Ash ont été affectés (P<0,05) par les traitements diététiques. La digestibilité des nutriments de 5 %, 10 %, 15 % et 25 % était supérieure à celle du régime témoin (0 %) pour les cinq nutriments évalués. L'économie de la production a montré que le coût de l'alimentation (N/kg de gain de poids), le revenu total (oiseaux vendus) et le bénéfice total (gain net) n'étaient pas significativement différents (P>0,05) alors que le coût de l'alimentation (N/poulet), la réduction des coûts en raison de l'inclusion de l'EHLM, le coût total de production (N/poulet) et le coût des aliments en pourcentage du coût total ont été significativement (P<0,05) affectés par les régimes d'essai. Le résultat a montré que les oiseaux nourris avec un régime contenant 15 % ont un meilleur avantage économique pour un bénéfice optimal. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d'adopter un remplacement EHLM de 15 % du soja pour des performances de croissance optimales, un rendement en carcasse, une digestibilité des éléments nutritifs et des économies de production dans le poulet de chair de finition.
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Hughes, T. E., and W. S. Pitchford. "How does pregnancy and lactation affect efficiency of female mice divergently selected for post-weaning net feed intake?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 5 (2004): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02157.
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Females from lines of mice divergently selected for post-weaning net feed intake maintained significant line differences in daily feed intake (0.8 g/day difference, 22%) and net feed intake (± 0.35 g/day respectively) both before and during pregnancy. Dam/litter units converged completely for daily feed intake immediately in the postnatal stage, during a period of negative energy balance when feed intake and rate of gain were both maximised. Feed intake net of that required for growth and maintenance of liveweight was effectively zero for both lines during this 2-week period. The lines re-diverged in late-lactation. Variance for all traits increased substantially over the 11�weeks of the experiment.In an extensive production environment, where peak lactation generally coincides with abundant pasture supply, this short convergence would have little impact on overall production efficiency. Consequently, selection for post-weaning net feed intake based on growth/weight components remains a potential means to improve production efficiency.
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Herd, R. M., and S. C. Bishop. "Genetic variation in net feed efficiency in Hereford cattle and its association with other production traits." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002027.
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Net feed efficiency refers to variation in feed consumption between animals net of requirements for maintenance and production, and may be measured as residual feed intake (RFI). Because RFI is independent of liveweight (LW) and growth rate, selection for improved net feed efficiency is likely to reduce feed intake with little change in growth. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there exists genetic variation in RFI in young British Hereford bulls, and to determine the phenotypic and genetic correlations of RFI with key production traits.The data consisted of performance measurements on 540 bull progeny of 154 British Hereford sires, collected over ten 200-day postweaning performance tests conducted between 1979 and 1988. The traits analysed were food intake (FI), 200 to 400-day daily gain (ADG), 400-day weight (W400), predicted carcass lean content (LEAN), lean growth rate (LGR), food conversion ratio (FI/ADG) and lean FCR (LFCR; FI/(ADG x LEAN), described by Bishop (1992).
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Hughes, T. E., and W. S. Pitchford. "Direct response to selection for post-weaning net feed intake in mice and correlated responses in post-weaning growth, intake, gross digestibility and body composition." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 5 (2004): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02112.
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Seven generations of divergent selection on a phenotypic index of net feed in mice produced a realised heritability estimate of 0.27 ± 0.07. Despite small negative genetic correlations of net feed intake with daily gain and liveweight, correlated responses in these economically important traits were negligible. Still, more efficient animals tended to be fatter during the early post-weaning phase. Gross digestibility was also affected, which may have implications for the overall energy balance of a biological system.
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Novák, Ludvík, Ladislav Zeman, Pavel Novák, and Petr Mareš. "Modeling the pigs body mass growth and the stressing factors impact on the daily feed intake." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 5 (2005): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553050105.
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Modeling the body mass growth in fattened pigs by means of the exponential growth function enables to simulate the growth curve from three constants of the gender’s, or the hybrid’s combination, represented by their body mass phenotype: body mass at birth (G0) genetic limit of body mass (GLi) and the maximum body mass increase reached in the inflexion of the growth curve (dG max). However the expression of animalęs genome to its body mass phenotype depends on the amount and quality of the feed mixture consumed and mainly on the fact how much of the net energy gained remains left for production (NEp), after the mandatory needs of the body maintenance functions are saturated. Only this amount of net energy for production may be deposited into the proteins and fats of the body mass increase (dG/ dt). The net energy for production (NEp) is restricted; if a greater amount of net energy gained (NE) is spend, for compensation of the stressors impact (NE stx). The sum of particular stressor’s action is expressed by stressor’s index (STX) and indicates the proportional increase of net energy (NE) spend for the maintenance requirement of the animal (NEm). This contribution extends, the classic method of modeling the body mass growth, by the simultaneous modeling of the daily feed mixture intake (DFI) with the content of metabolizable energy (SMEF). The daily feed intake is calculated with respect to the impact of stressors on the net energy consumption. The setting of the model automatically increases the amount of the daily feed intake, so that the adequate amount of net energy for production will not be disturbed. The basic equation for the appropriate daily feed intake sounds as followDFI = (NEp + (STX + 1). BM) / (0,6 SMEF) [kg/d]. the BM=0,3.G¾ [MJ/d]Details for calculation, of the net energy for production (NEp) from the input values of the body mass phenotype (G0, GLi, dG max), the content of the metabolizable energy in the feed (SMEF) and of the stressors index value (STX), are described. The validation of the method developed has been approved using the experimental data gained in the fattening of 33 pigs, both sexes, of PIC hybrid combination. The animals were fattened with the standard feed mixture TESTA in a controlled condition of stable’s climate and appropriate stockbreeder’s and veterinary care.
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Amdi, C., A. R. Williams, S. K. Maloney, A. H. Tauson, S. A. Knott, and D. Blache. "Relationship between behavioural reactivity and feed efficiency in housed sheep." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09142.
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In this study we test the hypothesis that selecting sheep for a low behavioural reactivity to stressful situations will improve their metabolic efficiency, and thereby feed efficiency, during a controlled trial in an animal house. Twenty-four Merino wethers were used, 12 each from lines selected for high (HBR) and low (LBR) behavioural reactivity to stressful stimuli (human presence and social isolation). The sheep were habituated to the experimental procedures for 10 days, followed by 45 days during which voluntary feed intake was measured so that total daily energy intake was quantified. The sheep were weighed twice weekly before daily feeding. Feed efficiency was determined by measuring net feed intake, average daily weight gain and body condition score. Our hypothesis was not supported by the results of this study. There was no difference between LBR and HBR sheep in average daily weight gain or body condition score. The net feed intake of HBR sheep was lower than that of LBR sheep (P = 0.02), indicating that under the conditions of our experiment, HBR sheep were actually more feed efficient than LBR sheep. This study was carried out on sheep with steady intakes and in familiar surroundings. It is possible that LBR sheep may be more efficient than HBR sheep in more stressful situations.
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Oltjen, James W. "How did Lofgreen and Garrett do the math?" Translational Animal Science 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz072.
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Abstract Lofgreen and Garrett introduced a new system for predicting growing and finishing beef cattle energy requirements and feed values using net energy concepts. Based on data from comparative slaughter experiments they mathematically derived the California Net Energy System. Scaling values to body weight to the ¾ power, they summarized metabolizable energy intake (ME), energy retained (energy balance [EB]), and heat production (HP) data. They regressed the logarithm of HP on ME and extended the line to zero intake, and estimated fasting HP at 0.077 Mcal/kg0.75, similar to previous estimates. They found no significant difference in fasting HP between steers and heifers. Above maintenance, however, a logarithmic fit of EB on ME does not allow for increased EB once ME is greater than 340 kcal/kg0.75, or about three times maintenance intake. So based on their previous work, they used a linear fit so that partial efficiency of gain above maintenance was constant for a given feed. They show that with increasing roughage level efficiency of gain (slope) decreases, consistent with increasing efficiency of gain and maintenance with greater metabolizable energy of the feed. Making the system useful required that gain in body weight be related to EB. They settled on a parabolic equation, with significant differences between steers and heifers. Lofgreen and Garrett also used data from a number of experiments to relate ME and EB to estimate the ME required for maintenance (ME = HP) and then related the amount of feed that provided that amount of ME to the metabolizable energy content of the feed (MEc), resulting in a logarithmic equation. Then they related that amount of feed to the net energy for gain calculated as the slope of the EB line when regressed against feed intake. Combining the two equations, they estimate the net energy for maintenance and gain per unit feed (Mcal/kg dry matter) as a function of MEc: 0.4258 × 1.663MEc and 2.544–5.670 × 0.6012MEc, respectively. Finally, they show how to calculate net energy for maintenance and gain from experiments where two levels of a ration are fed and EB measured, where one level is fed and a metabolism trial is conducted, or when just a metabolism trial is conducted—but results are not consistent between designs.
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Zhong, W., L. L. Mu, F. F. Han, G. L. Luo, X. Y. Zhang, K. Y. Liu, X. L. Guo, H. M. Yang, and G. Y. Li. "Estimation of the net energy and protein requirements for maintenance of male arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during the growth period12." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 4579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz253.
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Abstract The maintenance requirements of net energy and net protein were assumed to represent the most accurate and important values totally for the animal’s utilization. The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy and net protein requirements for maintenance of growing arctic foxes. The experiments was evaluated using regression models estimated from data collected by means of indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance trials, and digestion and metabolism experiments. Thirty-six growing arctic foxes (3 487 ± 261.7 g) at the age of 85 days were randomly assigned to four groups with 9 animals in each group. Arctic foxes were fed a complete formula diet at four intake levels (100%, or 80%, 60%, and 40% of feed requirements) from 24 July 2017 to 23 September 2017. Arctic foxes in each treatment were kept individually in respiration chambers after 1-d adaptation at day 2 for a 3-d balance trial and then at day 5 followed by a 3-d fasting period. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production in the fed state (HP), and retained energy (RE) of arctic foxes significantly decreased (P < 0.01) as the feed intake level decreased. Fasting heat production (FHP) of arctic foxes was not influenced by feed intake level (P > 0.05). The metabolizable energy maintenance requirement (MEm) and net energy maintenance requirement (NEm) estimated from the linear relationship between RE and MEI were 230 and 217 kJ/kg of body weight BW0.75/d, respectively. The MEm and NEm estimated by logarithmic regression of HP on MEI were 225 and 209 kJ/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. The net N maintenance requirement (NNm) and net protein maintenance requirement (NPm) estimated from the linear relationship between retained nitrogen (RN) and daily nitrogen intake (NI) were 179.6 mg/kg BW0.75/d and 1.123 g/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. It is concluded that NEm and NPm values obtained fill the net energy and protein requirements shortage, and provide the basic data for establishing the standard of nutrition demand of breeding arctic foxes in China.
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Zamani, Pouya. "Statistical properties of proportional residual energy intake as a new measure of energetic efficiency." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 3 (August 2017): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000395.
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Traditional ratio measures of efficiency, including feed conversion ratio (FCR), gross milk efficiency (GME), gross energy efficiency (GEE) and net energy efficiency (NEE) may have some statistical problems including high correlations with milk yield. Residual energy intake (REI) or residual feed intake (RFI) is another criterion, proposed to overcome the problems attributed to the traditional ratio criteria, but it does not account for production or intake levels. For example, the same REI value could be considerable for low producing and negligible for high producing cows. The aim of this study was to propose a new measure of efficiency to overcome the problems attributed to the previous criteria. A total of 1478 monthly records of 268 lactating Holstein cows were used for this study. In addition to FCR, GME, GEE, NEE and REI, a new criterion called proportional residual energy intake (PREI) was calculated as REI to net energy intake ratio and defined as proportion of net energy intake lost as REI. The PREI had an average of −0·02 and range of −0·36 to 0·27, meaning that the least efficient cow lost 0·27 of her net energy intake as REI, while the most efficient animal saved 0·36 of her net energy intake as less REI. Traditional ratio criteria (FCR, GME, GEE and NEE) had high correlations with milk and fat corrected milk yields (absolute values from 0·469 to 0·816), while the REI and PREI had low correlations (0·000 to 0·069) with milk production. The results showed that the traditional ratio criteria (FCR, GME, GEE and NEE) are highly influenced by production traits, while the REI and PREI are independent of production level. Moreover, the PREI adjusts the REI magnitude for intake level. It seems that the PREI could be considered as a worthwhile measure of efficiency for future studies.
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Cafe, L. M., D. W. Hennessy, H. Hearnshaw, S. G. Morris, and P. L. Greenwood. "Consequences of prenatal and preweaning growth for feedlot growth, intake and efficiency of Piedmontese- and Wagyu-sired cattle." Animal Production Science 49, no. 6 (2009): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08089.
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Consequences of low (mean 28.0 kg, n = 77) and high (mean 38.4 kg, n = 77) birthweight followed by slow (mean 548 g/day, n = 75) or rapid (mean 859 g/day, n = 79) growth to weaning for feedlot growth, intake and efficiency from 26 to 30 months of age were determined in Wagyu × Hereford (n = 81) and Piedmontese × Hereford (n = 73) cattle. Cattle were selected for study based on birthweight and preweaning growth rate, from multi-modal distributions achieved by imposition of low or high maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, with the objective of achieving as close as possible to a 30% difference in birthweight and a 2-fold difference in preweaning growth rate between progeny groups. High birthweight cattle entered the intake test 57 kg heavier, grew 100 g/day more rapidly, and ate 1.0 kg dry matter /day more than the low birthweight cattle. The high birthweight cattle tended to have a higher feed conversion ratio than low birthweight cattle, but net feed intake did not differ due to birthweight group. Cattle grown rapidly to weaning entered the intake test 29 kg heavier, grew at an equivalent rate, and ate 0.7 kg dry matter/day more than the cattle grown slowly to weaning. No differences in feed conversion ratio or net feed intake were observed between the preweaning groups. When assessed at the same liveweight, differences in dry matter intake and/or feed conversion ratio due to birthweight or preweaning growth were no longer apparent. Interactions between prenatal and preweaning growth, or between sire genotype and early-life growth, were not evident for feedlot growth, intake or efficiency. It is concluded that severely restricted growth during prenatal life or from birth to weaning results in cattle that are smaller and consume less feed at the same age as their well grown counterparts; however, long-term effects of growth during early life on efficiency of utilisation of feed are not evident.
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Armstrong, S. L., J. W. Wilton, L. R. Schaeffer, and W. C. Pfeiffer. "Feed intake, weaning weight and net returns comparisons for four breeding systems." Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 7 (1990): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1990.6871848x.
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Simon, Ádám, András Jávor, and Levente Czeglédi. "Role of hypothalamic neuropeptides in feed intake regulation of livestock species (literary review)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 65 (March 24, 2015): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/65/1879.
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Energy balance is the net result of the energy intake (nutrition) and expenditure (basic metabolic rate). The purpose of the daily feed intake is to provide energy and nutrients for maintenance, production and fill and maintain energy storages in form of glycogen and fat. Animals can adjust their feed intake to ensure their energy demand. Food intake regulation in animals and human is a very complex process, in which the digestive system, the central nervous system, the joining hormonal and non-hormonal factors, and the integrating hypothalamus take part. This review primarily focuses on the action mechanism of some important appetite regulating neuropeptides, and their impacts on the performance traits of the economically significant animal species.
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Gonçalves, Liliane Maria Piano, Charles Kiefer, Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza, Danilo Alves Marçal, Rodrigo Caetano de Abreu, Viviane Maria Oliveira dos Santos Nieto, Gabriela Puhl Rodrigues, and Stephan Alexander da Silva Alencar. "Net energy and ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100kg." Ciência Rural 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 1268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151115.
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate net energy and dietary ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100kg. The 150 pigs investigated (initial weight 70.80±3.84kg) were distributed in a randomized block design with a 5×3 factorial arrangement, comprising five levels of net energy (2,300; 2,425; 2,550; 2,675; and 2,800Kcal kg-1 of diet) and three levels of ractopamine (5, 10, and 20ppm kg-1 of diet), with five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. No interaction (P>0.05) was observed between net energy and ractopamine levels. Increasing the dietary net energy levels led to a linear reduction in feed intake, with a linear improvement in feed conversion. Net energy levels had no observable effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, final weight, or carcass characteristics. A dietary net energy level of 2,800Kcal kg-1 can be recommended for pigs weighing 70-100kg, improving feed conversion without affecting carcass characteristics, regardless of dietary ractopamine levels. Ractopamine levels above 5ppm did not affect performance or modify the quantitative characteristics of carcasses, regardless of dietary net energy levels.
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Nozière, Pierre, Didier Rémond, Laurence Bernard, and Michel Doreau. "Effect of underfeeding on metabolism of portal-drained viscera in ewes." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 6 (December 2000): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002439.
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We investigated whether short-term underfeeding could induce adaptative mechanisms in portal-drained viscera (PDV) that would allow nutrients to be spared for vital functions in adult ewes. Six ewes (three of them fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal and mesenteric veins) were fed, in a double 3×3 Latin square design (2 weeks per experimental period), a regrowth of natural grassland hay at 143 (high; H), 88 (medium; M) and 51 (low; L) % of their energy maintenance requirements. The digestibility of the diet was measured in all six ewes and the net portal fluxes of nutrients in the three catheterized ewes. The organic matter content and N digestibility of the diet were not affected by underfeeding. Urinary and faecal N losses and N balance were linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentration of acetate was linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentrations of the other volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, glucose, NH3, urea and total amino acids were not affected by underfeeding. Arterial concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased with underfeeding. The portal net release of all volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NH3were linearly related to intake. The portal net flux of both essential and non-essential amino acids, and thus total amino acids, remained unchanged between levels H and M, and decreased between levels M and L. A significant net uptake for glycine and total non-essential amino acids occurred at level L. The portal net uptake of glucose, urea, glutamate and glutamine, and the portal net release of lactate and NEFA were not affected by underfeeding. Summation of portal energy fluxes indicated that 51 % of the metabolizable energy intake was recovered in the portal blood with the three levels of intake. In conclusion, no quantitative adaptation to spare energy, in terms of percentage of intake, occurred in PDV of short-term underfed ruminants, but the pattern of absorption of energetic nutrients was modified.
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Arthur, P. F., G. Renand, and D. Krauss. "Genetic parameters for growth and feed efficiency in weaner versus yearling Charolais bulls." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 4 (2001): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00070.
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Data on young Charolais bulls were used to evaluate the effect of age of dam, and provide genetic parameter estimates for growth and feed efficiency traits in weaners compared with yearlings. Records on 510 performance test bulls born from 1985 to 1989 and 792 progeny test bulls born from 1988 to 1997 were used, plus available pedigree information (total n = 5493). After weaning (approximately 225 days of age), progeny test bulls were housed in barns and tested until 15 months for all bulls and 19 months of age for half of the bulls. From the records, the test period was artificially partitioned into a weaner and a yearling test. Both tests were for 140 days, with the weaner test commencing at approximately 274 days of age (6–8 weeks after weaning), and the yearling test commencing at approximately 430 days of age. For each test (weaner or yearling), average daily gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio (feed intake per unit weight gain), and residual feed intake (feed intake net of the expected requirements for growth and maintenance) were calculated. Liveweights at 12 and 18 months of age were also studied. Age of dam effect was significant (P < 0.05) for weight at 12 and 18 months of age, and for all weaner traits except residual feed intake. All the traits studied were moderately heritable (0.20–0.46) except for feed conversion ratio in yearlings (0.10). Genetic correlations for the same traits measured in weaners and later in yearlings were less than unity (0.42–0.95), with the 3 highest correlations obtained for weight (0.950.03), feed intake (0.900.07), and residual feed intake (0.750.12). Therefore, for genetic improvement purposes, traits measured in weaners should be considered different from those measured in yearlings, except for weight and feed intake. However, the medium to very high genetic correlations between weaner and yearling tests for most of the traits studied indicate that selection based on weaners will have a positive correlated response in yearlings and vice versa.
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Lalman, David L., Claire E. Andresen, Amanda L. Holder, Ryan R. Reuter, and Andrew P. Foote. "Application of the California Net Energy System to grazed forage: feed values and requirements." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz034.
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Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) has been successfully used for many years to generate estimates of grazing animal energy requirements, supplemental needs, and energy value of grazed forage diets. Compared to pen feeding situations, validation of feed nutritive value estimates or animal performance projections are extremely difficult in grazing animals because many of the system inputs are constantly changing. A major difficulty in applying this or any energy accounting system in the field is acquiring accurate estimates of forage intake. We discuss the various equations available to estimate forage intake for grazing animals with emphasis on beef cows. Progress has been made in recent years although there remains substantial discrepancy among various equations, particularly in the upper range of forage digestibility. Validation work and further development is needed in this area. For lactating cows, our conclusion is that the adjustment of intake for milk production (0.2 kg increase in forage intake per kg of milk produced) needs to be increased to a minimum of 0.35. A particular challenge with the CNES for grazing beef cows is the dramatic interaction that can occur between genetic potential for production traits and nutrient availability. Examples from literature are provided and a case study is presented demonstrating that energy requirements are dynamic and depend on nutrients available in grazing systems. The CNES is a useful tool in grazing beef cattle management although there remains substantial opportunity and need to improve inputs and validate the system in grazing situations.
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Herd, RM, VH Oddy, and GJ Lee. "Effect of divergent selection for weaning weight on liveweight and wool growth responses to feed intake in Merino ewes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930699.
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During a 6-week experiment, the feed requirements for maintenance of liveweight (LW) by adult Merino ewes were measured in 2 flocks selected over 32 years for divergent weaning weight. Also examined were the net efficiency of LW gain and wool growth in response to change in feed intake, and the ability to digest dietary organic matter. Ewes selected for high weaning weight (W+) were 31% heavier than those selected for low weaning weight (W-) at the start of the experiment. To maintain LW, W+ ewes ate 24% more digestible organic matter (DOM) per day than W- ewes. There were no differences (P>0.2) in the net efficiency of feed use for LW gain. The W+ ewes digested more (P<0.01) dietary organic matter, by 1.8 percentage units, than W- ewes and, consequently, required only 22% more dry feed to maintain their heavier LW. Ewes from the 2 flocks did not differ (P>0.4) in the amount of wool grown, and as W+ ewes were larger, they produced less (P<0.01) wool per kg LW for the same DOM intake.
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Khant, Malhar, Nitin R. Patel, Rakesh J. Modi, and Kishan N. Wadhwani. "Effect of Different Roofing Material on Body Weight and Feed Intake of Indigenous Sheep under Stall Feeding System." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 17, no. 01 (January 25, 2021): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.17.1.5.
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The present study was conducted to assess the effect of roof on body weight and feed intake of sheared and non-sheared sheep under stall feeding system in the hot dry season. Adult dry indigenous sheep (24) were distributed randomly into two treatment groups, i.e., T1: asbestos roof and T2: agro - net roof. Each treatment comprised of six sheared and six non-sheared animals. Sheep were provided with total mixed ration in morning, afternoon and night individually. The bodyweight of sheared (31.87 ± 2.14, 31.96 ± 1.55 kg) and non-sheared (32.16 ± 1.59, 32.42 ± 1.42 kg) animals was comparable between roof treatments. The experimental animals reared under agro-net roofed shelter consumed significantly (p less than 0.05) more dry matter and nutrients as compared to animals reared under asbestos roofed shelter. Dry matter and nutrient intake of sheared sheep were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher as compared to non-sheared sheep under agronet and asbestos roofed shelter. The results indicated that the sheep can be reared comfortably under agronet roof without affecting feed and nutrient intake.
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Leonard, Ugwuowo Chidi, Osita Onochie Charles, Ezeano Ike Caleb, and Chukwkuka Chiemelie Esther. "Growth Performance and Cost Benefits of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Ipomoea asarifolia Leaf Meal." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 27, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v27i1.2944.
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<p>This experiment was conducted to determine growth performance and cost benefit of including cooked <em>Ipomoea asarifolia</em> leaf meal (CIALM) in broiler diets. Eight diets were compounded by including <em>Ipomoea asarifolia</em> leaf meal at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% to form T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively of both starter and finisher diets. One hundred and twenty broiler birds were used in a Complete Randomized Design experiment that lasted for eight weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were measured. Average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, total feed consumed, feed conversion ratio and cost benefit parameters were calculated. In starter phase results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between treatment means in all the parameters except initial weight of the birds. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between treatment means in all the parameters measured during the finisher phase including the cost analysis parameters except that feed cost decreasing with increasing levels of CIALM and net profit decreased from T1 to T4 because of the decrease in total weight gain from T1 to T4. Final weight gain, total weight gain, average daily feed intake, total feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and feed cost per kg weight gain all decreased with increasing levels of CIALM. Results control diet performed better than other treatment diets which suggest that lower levels of inclusion that is less than 2.5% may give positive results.</p>
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Zeng, Zhikai, YaKuan Huang, Liqiang Zhu, Zhiyuan Chen, Z. J. Yuan, H. Zeng, D. F. Sun, Z. Wang, and Z. C. Yan. "172 Effects of net energy levels on feed intake pattern and growth performance of growing-finishing gilts monitored using a computerized feed intake recording system." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.361.
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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of dietary net energy concentrations on feeding behavior and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs monitored using a feed intake recording equipment (FIRE). Two hundred and sixteen (48.8 ± 5.6 kg) gilts were blocked by bodyweight and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, which included low (2,350 kcal/kg), medium (2,450 kcal/kg), and high (2,550 kcal/kg) dietary NE levels. Pigs were housed in 18 pens for 68 d in four phases with 12 pigs and one FIRE station per pen. Bodyweight, feed consumption, and the amount of time and visit at the station of individual pigs were monitored every day by using FIRE. Pigs fed low NE diet spent more time (min) at the station during the first two weeks and visited the station more times with fewer amounts of time (min) per visit after two weeks compared with pigs fed medium and high levels of NE diets (P < 0.05). The speed (g/min) and amount (g/visit) of feed intake were lower (P < 0.05) during phase 3 and the overall period in low NE diet compared with pigs fed medium NE diet. Pigs fed medium NE diet tended to have a greater (P = 0.066) average daily feed intake at phase 4 than pigs fed low NE diet. Increasing NE levels linearly improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and final BW during phase 3 and the overall period. However, the overall energy efficiency (Mcal NE/ kg gain) was linearly decreased with increasing NE levels. In conclusion, decreasing dietary NE to 2350 Mcal/kg resulted in more visits to feeders with slow ingestion speed compared with pigs fed diets with 2450 or 2550 Mcal/kg NE. Increasing dietary NE levels linearly improved daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but linearly decreased energy efficiency.
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Valaja, Jarmo, and Hilkka Siljander-Rasi. "Effect of dietary crude protein and energy content on nitrogen utilisation, water intake and urinary output in growing pigs." Agricultural and Food Science 7, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72869.
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A digestibility and balance trial was carried out with four intact castrated male pigs (live weight 33-82 kg) to study the effects of dietary crude protein and energy content on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, water intake and urinary output. In a 4 x 4 Latin square design, four barley-oats-soya bean meal based diets were arranged 2x2 factorially. The corresponding factors were dietary crude protein (CP) content: high (180 g/kg CP) or low protein diet (140 g/kg CP) supplemented with free lysine, methionine and threonine; and dietary net energy content; high (1.05 feed units (FU)/kg) (feed unit=9.3 MJ net energy) or low net energy content (0.95 FU/kg). Lowering dietary CP content (mean values of 189 to 152 g/kg dry matter, respectively) by supplementation of free amino acids decreased urinary nitrogen (N) excretion by 6.9 g/day (32%) (P
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Menezes, Ana Clara B., Sebastião Valadares Filho, Pedro Benedetti, Marcos Pacheco, Pauliane Pucetti, Breno Silva, Diego Zanetti, et al. "148 Residual feed intake and body weight gain relate to feeding behavior in Nellore bulls: Implications for performance and maintenance requirements." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.307.
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Abstract This study determined feed intake behavior, performance, feed efficiency, and maintenance requirements of bulls with high and low residual feed intake and body weight gain. Data were collected from 42 weaned Nellore bulls (initial BW 260 ± 8.1 kg; age 7 ± 1.0 mo) housed in a feedlot in a group pen that contained electronic feeders. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily and body weight (BW) was measured every 28 d over a 140-day period. Indexes of average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and residual feed intake (RFI) were calculated. Residual feed intake and gain (RFIG) was calculated according to previously published equations. Frequency of meals, duration per visit, and time spent feeding per day were recorded as feeding behavior measures. Maintenance requirements were calculated according to the BR-CORTE system. High RFIG bulls had lower DMI (P < 0.01), lower final BW (P < 0.01), and were more feed efficient (P < 0.01) than low RFIG bulls, but both groups had similar ADG (P = 0.55). No differences in feeding behavior were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). The net energy requirements for maintenance, metabolizable energy for maintenance, and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization were 76.5, 122.68 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.4%, respectively for high RFIG bulls, and 89.2, 143.76 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.0% for low RFIG bulls. This study reveals that low RFIG bulls are less feed efficient and have greater maintenance requirements than high RFIG bulls (0.16 ± 0.006 and 0.18 ± 0.006, respectively). As low RFIG eat more, and in beef cattle, feeding behavior is associated with methane emissions, we suggest further research evaluating this relationship be conducted. In addition, selection for high RFIG cattle would improve feed efficiency, reduce production costs, and could potentially reduce methane emissions.
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Montagnon, Aurélie, Dan Bussières, Joan Edwards, and Leni Kuterna. "PSXIII-11 Avemix XG 10 Improves Piglet Performance When Dietary net Energy Content is Decreased." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.616.
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Abstract Plant-based dietary ingredients contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) fibers. Both soluble and insoluble NSP fibers are anti-nutritional factors for monogastrics that limit intestinal absorption and digestion of dietary nutrients. Increased digesta viscosity also occurs, which results in satiety and potential health issues. AveMix XG 10, containing high endo-1,4-β-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase activity, hydrolyzes NSP fibers resulting in increased nutrient availability and digestibility. Therefore, it was hypothesized that AveMix XG 10 enables gain of some extra net energy (NE) content from piglet diets, optimizing the cost of live-weight growth. A 47-day trial was conducted with 3-week old weaned piglets (6.0 kg) allocated to three groups: control (CON), low energy (-56 kcal/kg feed; LE), and low energy + enzyme (LE+E). All groups had 13 pens of 28 pigs (n=364) and received wheat and corn mix based diets that had a similar NSP fiber content (11.4 %). Overall, CON diets had greater NE (2,456 kcal/kg feed) relative to the LE and LE+E groups (2,400 kcal/kg feed). The diet of the LE+E group was supplemented with AveMix XG 10 (Palital Feed Additives B.V.) at 100 g/T. For each pen the daily feed intake, weekly weight, diarrhea index and mortality were recorded. Compared with both CON and LE, LE+E significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during weeks 4-7 and overall, and also significantly increased final weight (Table 1). During weeks 1-3, ADG and ADFI did not differ between CON and LE+E groups, and the LE+E group was significantly greater than LE. Overall, LE detrimentally increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with CON; however, during weeks 4-7 the LE+E had similar FCR compared with CON. No significant effects were observed on mortality or diarrhea index. In conclusion, AveMix XG 10 improved piglet performance when dietary NE content is decreased.
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Kuller, W. I., H. M. G. van Beers-Schreurs, N. M. Soede, P. Langendijk, M. A. M. Taverne, B. Kemp, and J. H. M. Verheijden. "Creep feed intake during lactation enhances net absorption in the small intestine after weaning." Livestock Science 108, no. 1-3 (May 2007): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.003.
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Pitchford, W. S. "Genetic improvement of feed efficiency of beef cattle: what lessons can be learnt from other species?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 5 (2004): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02111.
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About half of the feed in beef production systems is used to maintain the breeding herd. Of the remaining 50%, about 20% is used by the breeding cow for pregnancy and lactation and 30% is used by the growing calf. There seems little opportunity to improve efficiency of production (lactation and growth) but reasonable opportunity to increase maintenance efficiency. The mean heritability of net feed efficiency from 35 estimates across 7 species/types was 0.25 ± 0.02. Unfortunately, the genetic correlation between net feed efficiency in young bulls and mature cows is likely to be significantly less than 1, thus responding slowly to selection.While it seems clear that improvements in maintenance efficiency can be made, they may come at a cost. In poultry and mice, increased net feed efficiency has been associated with increased fatness but in pigs and beef cattle there is some evidence of the reverse. While a number of studies have predicted that selection for efficiency may result in lower proportions of crucial, metabolically active visceral organ tissues, there are few studies to support this.Poultry and mouse studies both clearly show that increased net feed efficiency is associated with decreased heat production. This decrease is due to both decreased cost of digestion (heat loss) and decreased activity. In poultry, this decreased heat loss resulted in the more efficient line being more affected by high temperatures. Also, it is possible that at low temperatures, the differences in efficiency may not exist. At this stage it is not clear if the decreased activity is an adaptive advantage or disadvantage. In mice and possibly also pigs and poultry, increased net feed efficiency has been associated with a decreased reproductive rate measured as litter size or egg number. This should definitely be of concern when embarking on selection for improved net feed efficiency in the beef industry. It is recommended that since feed intake is both difficult and expensive to measure, a gene or marker test should be developed, and correlated effects on a range of production traits be carefully evaluated.
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Arthur, P. F., J. A. Archer, and R. M. Herd. "Feed intake and efficiency in beef cattle: overview of recent Australian research and challenges for the future." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 5 (2004): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02162.
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In the last 10 years, there have been 3 major research and development projects in Australia on the efficiency of feed utilisation by beef cattle. The primary objective of these projects has been to examine individual animal variation in feed efficiency and its exploitation for genetic improvement in beef cattle. The results of these projects indicate that genetic variation in feed efficiency exists in Australian beef herds, that feed efficiency is moderately heritable and that the potential exists to reduce the cost of beef production through selection for efficient cattle. These results have been further developed for industry application through the generation of BREEDPLAN estimated breeding values for net (or residual) feed intake (a feed efficiency trait) for Angus and Hereford–Polled Hereford breeds. Although economic analyses have indicated substantial benefit from selection for feed efficiency, the high initial cost of identifying animals which are superior for feed efficiency is a barrier to rapid adoption of the technology. Developing cost-effective methods of implementing the feed efficiency technology is thus an on-going research activity. Challenges for the future include: the development and use of more sophisticated statistical analyses procedures (such as random regression) for feed intake and efficiency evaluation; development of accurate methods of assessing individual animal feed intake at pasture; the adoption of a whole-production system approach to feed utilisation; and better integration of the disciplines of genetics and nutrition. The outcomes from research in the efficiency of feed utilisation in beef cattle have wider applications, not only in other livestock species, but also in human energetics, such as the control of obesity.
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Rahman, M. M., M. S. Hossain, M. H. Abid, M. R. Nabi, and M. A. Hamid. "EFFECT OF GREEN TEA POWDER AS AN ALTERNATIVE OF ANTIBIOTIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, MEAT QUALITY AND BLOOD LIPID PROFILE OF BROILER." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 1 (July 12, 2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v16i1.37369.
Full textAbstract:
A study was conducted with green tea powder to evaluate the effect on broiler growth, meat quality and the development of internal organ. The broiler growth, meat quality and the blood profile have been improving day by day by using green tea powder with poultry feed. The experiment design should be well planned. Biosecurity of experimental design was maintained properly. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio is efficient in experiment birds. The live weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the group of Green Tea in the feed. The initial body weights of group To, T1, T2, T3 and T4 day of the experiment were 176.8 ±1, 184.2±1.3, 185.1±1, 190.2±084, 180.2±1.22 gm respectively and after 35th day of experiment final body weight were 1972±3.22, 1992±2.77, 1940±3.17, 1778±3.52, 1918±2.81 gm respectively. The net body weight gains were 1795.2±2.22, 1807.8±1.47, 1754.9±2.17, 1727.8±2.68, 1737.8±1.52 gm respectively and economics of production were analyzed and found the net profit per broiler. Green tea powder has significantly impact on feed intake To, T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively 3058± 4.23, 2971±4.01, 2995±5.57, 3208±4.3 and 3226±5.25 and increase body weight. Here the total cholesterol is lower in the group of broiler supplied green tea 0.5% and compare to other group of GT and antibiotic group. Triglyceride level showed significant (P<0.01) differences among different groups where highest level was found in T1 and lowest in T3 groups due to green tea powder concentration of blood plasma of broiler chicken.
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Kelly, Alexandria M., Zachary K. Smith, Cody Wright, and Michael Gonda. "227 Diet and Management Strategies to Mitigate Decreased Feed Intake Associated with Terminal Implant Administration in Finishing Beef Steers." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.186.
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Abstract Terminal implant administration in beef steers often leads to decreased feed intake, leading to less growth. Our objective was to identify diet and management changes that can mitigate this decreased intake. Single-sourced Angus x Simmental steers [n = 27, initial BW = 385.1kg (SD 30.8)] were enrolled in a completely randomized trial to assess the effects of animal movement and dietary net energy for gain (NEg) reduction on feed intake. Steers were implanted with Synovex Choice (100 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol benzoate; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) and re-implanted 88 d later with Synovex Plus (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol benzoate). Steers had been consuming the finishing diet for approximately 88 d at the time of re-implanting. Steers were allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) remained on a 1.43 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved a shorter distance between the pen and working facility (0.43km), 2) remained on a 1.43 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved a longer distance (1.05km) to simulate movement in a larger feedlot and 3) fed a 1.32 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved 1.05km between the pen and working facility. Individual feed and water intake was collected with Insentec feeders and waterers. Individual rumination data was collected with SenseHub Beef (AllFlex Livestock Intelligence). There was no significant difference in feed intake among treatments (P = 0.26) for 14 d after re-implant. There was significant difference in rumination among treatments (P = 0.03), with treatment 1 having the greatest minutes of rumination overall. Treatment 1 had significantly greater minutes of rumination than Treatment 3 (P = 0.04) and tended to have greater minutes of rumination than Treatment 2 (P = 0.08). Decreasing NEg of the diet did not mitigate feed intake depression but travelling a greater distance did negatively impact rumination for 14 d after re-implanting.
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Soutto, J. P., M. Carriquiry, P. Chilibroste, A. L. Astessiano, M. Garcia-Roche, and A. I. Trujillo. "Short-term feed intake regulation of dairy cows fed a total mixed ration or grazing forage oats." Animal Production Science 60, no. 9 (2020): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18801.
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The integration of feeding behaviour with hepatic and endocrine–metabolic signals provides insights for a better understanding of short-term intake in dairy pasture-based systems. Therefore, the objective was to quantify hepatic and endocrine–metabolic signals before and after the first daily feeding event relating to feeding behaviour in a total mixed ration (TMR) versus a grazing pasture-based diet. During 15 days of adaptation and 5 days of measurements, 14 multiparous Holstein cows (days in milk = 148 ± 12.7; liveweight = 535 ± 10.9 kg; body condition score = 2.8 ± 0.08 (1–5 scale); milk yield = 28.9 ± 3.32 kg) were assigned to two treatments in a randomised block design: PAS = pasture (herbage allowance = 45 kgDM/cow.day; dry matter (DM) = 21%, net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation = 6.7 MJ/kgDM) + concentrate (0.9% of liveweight) or TMR (55:45 forage:concentrate ratio, as-dry basis; DM = 40%, net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation = 7.2 MJ/kgDM) ad libitum in a free stall facility. The DM intake of the first feeding event, feeding behaviour, and total DM intake and milk production, were measured. Blood and liver samples were taken before and after the first feeding event for hormones and metabolites determination. Comparing TMR versus PAS cows, total DM and net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation intake, milk production, and energy balance were greater (P < 0.05), eating and rumination activities were lower (9.2%, P < 0.01; 2.4%, P = 0.06 respectively) and resting activity was greater (11.6%, P < 0.01), whereas duration and DM intake of the first feeding event did not differ. The insulin:glucagon ratio and liver adenosine triphosphate:adenosine diphosphate ratio increased (P < 0.05), and plasma glucose decreased (P < 0.05) after the first feeding event only in TMR cows, probably due to greater flux of propionate to the liver. A negative correlation between post-feeding liver adenosine triphosphate:adenosine diphosphate ratio and post-feeding liver acetyl coenzyme A (r = –0.82, P = 0.045) was also observed only in TMR cows. It is concluded that hepatic and metabolic signals known to support the hepatic oxidation theory in TMR-fed cows appear not to affect the cessation of the first feeding event in mid-lactation cows grazing a pasture-based diet. Further research is required to relate intake rate, flux of nutrients to liver and its response in hepatic metabolism in grazing dairy cows.
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Aymerich, Pau, Carme Soldevila, Jordi Bonet, Josep Gasa, Jaume Coma, and David Solà-Oriol. "The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091638.
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This work aimed to determine the impacts of lowering dietary net energy (NE) density in two swine production systems that produce pigs with different carcass traits. To ensure that dietary lysine was not limiting growth, two studies were conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with NE and standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) as experimental factors. A total of 1248 pigs were used in each study, Pietrain (Exp. 1, males non-castrated) or Duroc (Exp. 2, males castrated) sired. Reducing NE resulted in a greater feed intake; however, this was not sufficient to reach the same NE intake. While in Exp. 1 a 3.2% lower NE intake did not impair average daily gain (ADG; p = 0.220), in Exp. 2 a 4.7% lower NE intake reduced ADG by 1.4% (p = 0.027). Furthermore, this effect on ADG entailed a reduced ham fat thickness (p = 0.004) of the first marketed pigs. Increasing SID Lys only had a positive effect in Exp. 1, but no significant interaction between NE and SID Lys was reported (p ≥ 0.100). Therefore, dietary NE can be reduced without impairing growth performance when pigs can increase feed intake sufficiently, and thus, limit energy deficiencies.
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Couto, Julião R. L., Severino D. J. Villela, Mário H. F. Mourthé, Adalfredo R. Lobo-Jr, Roseli A. Santos, and Paulo G. M. A. Martins. "Sugarcane tops as a substitute for sugarcane in high-concentrate diets for beef bulls." Animal Production Science 57, no. 3 (2017): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15337.
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Our objective was to evaluate the productive and economic performances of bulls fed increasing levels of sugarcane tops, as a substitute for sugarcane. Sixteen, 24-month-old, Nellore bulls (initial bodyweight = 360 ± 14.7 kg) were kept in a feedlot for 84 days, receiving a high-concentrate diet (80 : 20 concentrate : roughage ratio). Four levels of substitution were evaluated: T0 = no addition of sugarcane tops; T33 = 33% substitution; T66 = 66% substitution; and T100 = total substitution of sugarcane by sugarcane tops. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre intake, bodyweight gain, feed conversion and feed efficiency were evaluated as productive performance parameters, and as economic indicators, total revenue, total operating expenses, gross margin, and net margin. No effect (P ≥ 0.66) of diet was found for the studied variables. Average values of total bodyweight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion, and feed efficiency were 102 ± 10.0 kg/animal, 1.2 ± 0.12 kg/day, 8.6 ± 0.72 and 0.12 ± 0.010, respectively. Unlike other treatments, the T100 net margin was positive, because of the lower cost of acquiring sugarcane tops compared with sugarcane. Partial or total substitution of sugarcane by sugarcane tops in high-concentrate diets did not affect performance of feedlot bulls, but total substitution reduced production costs, with positive net margin. We conclude that sugarcane tops can be utilised as a low-cost roughage source in diets for beef bulls.
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Mello, Renius, Augusto César de Queiroz, Marcelo Henrique de Faria, Douglas Sampaio Henrique, and Fabiana Maldonado. "Bionutritional efficiency of crossbred beef cattle finished on feedlot andslaughtered at different body weights." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 3 (March 2010): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000300018.
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The objective of this study was to assess the bionutritional efficiency of crossbred F1 Red Angus × Nellore (½ RA ½ N) and F1 Blonde D'Aquitaine × Nellore (½ BA ½ N) young bulls finished on feedlot and slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg body weight. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2 × 3 (genetic group × slaughter weight) factorial arrangement with six replicates was used. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls showed higher kidney, pelvic and inguinal fat (KPIF, kg and % BW) and lower multivariate biological nutritional index (MBNI) and residual feed intake than ½ RA ½ N young bulls. The young bulls slaughtered at heavier weight had larger ribeye area (cm²), fat thickness over the 12-13th rib, fat thickness over the rump, KPIF (kg and % BW), dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d), net energy intake (MJ/d) and metabolizable protein intake (g/d), and MBNI compared to young bulls slaughtered at lighter weight. Furthermore, the ½ BA ½ N young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg had lower feed conversion than the others. On the other hand, the average daily weight gain (kg/d), DMI (% BW and g/BW0.75), feed efficiency and Kleiber ratio did not differ between genetic group, slaughter weight and genetic group versus slaughter weight interaction. Therefore, crossbred F1 Blonde D'Aquitaine × Nellore young bulls and animals slaughtered at lighter weights are more bionutritionally efficient in the finishing phase on feedlot.
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Marçal, Danilo A., Charles Kiefer, Mike D. Tokach, Steve S. Dritz, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Henrique S. Cemin, and Joel M. Derouchey. "Diet formulation method influences the response to increasing net energy in finishing pigs1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 1349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz147.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of increasing dietary net energy (NE) in finishing pig diets while either maintaining a standardized ileal digestible lysine:NE ratio (SID Lys:NE) or maintaining SID Lys as a constant percentage of the diet across increasing energy densities. A total of 150 pigs (Line 600 × 241; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 35.7 kg) were used in a 91-d study. Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Treatments included a low-energy control diet that was corn-soybean meal-based with added soybean hulls, and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with main effects of increasing dietary NE (medium or high by adding choice white grease) and formulation method (with a SID Lys:NE ratio or maintaining the same percentage SID Lys). Linear and quadratic contrasts were made using the control diet and the medium- and high-energy diets within each formulation method. Pigs and feeders were weighed approximately every 30 d to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). At the end of the experiment, pigs were sent to a commercial processing facility for carcass data collection. From days 0 to 34 and 34 to 61, ADG and SID Lys intake increased as NE increased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with a Lys:NE ratio, but not for those fed the same percentage Lys. As NE increased, NE intake and G:F increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed diets with either formulation method. From days 61 to 91, increasing NE had no effect (P > 0.10) on ADG. There was no change in G:F in pigs fed diets with the same percentage Lys (P > 0.10), but G:F decreased then increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) in response to increasing NE in pigs fed diets with a SID Lys:NE ratio. Overall, increasing dietary NE increased (linear, P < 0.001) daily NE intake and G:F (linear, P < 0.018) with either formulation method. However, SID Lys intake, ADG, and hot carcass weight only increased (linear, P < 0.01) when a SID Lys:NE ratio was maintained. Increasing NE without maintaining a constant SID Lys:NE ratio increased backfat depth (quadratic, P = 0.01), whereas it did not in pigs fed diets with a SID Lys:NE ratio. In conclusion, increasing dietary energy density increased NE intake and G:F regardless of formulation method. However, a SID Lys:NE ratio must be maintained to achieve increased ADG and minimize fat deposition.
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Jones, Philip J., Fernanda M. Tahamtani, Ida J. Pedersen, Jarkko K. Niemi, and Anja B. Riber. "The Productivity and Financial Impacts of Eight Types of Environmental Enrichment for Broiler Chickens." Animals 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030378.
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Reduced mobility in broilers can contribute to leg health problems. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as one approach to combat this through stimulating increased physical activity. Past studies have tested the effect of environmental enrichments on bird behaviour, health and welfare, but few have estimated their financial impacts. This study tested the impact of eight types of environmental enrichment on enterprise net margin, accounting for direct intervention costs plus indirect effects via changes to bird mortality, weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and foot pad dermatitis. The trial used 58 pens each containing approximately 500 broilers (Ross 308) at a stocking density of 40 kg/m2. The environmental enrichments were: roughage, vertical panels, straw bales, elevated platforms (5 and 30 cm), increased distances between feed and water (7 and 3.5 m) and stocking density reduced to 34 kg/m2, plus a control group. Mortality was recorded daily and feed intake and weight weekly. Footpad dermatitis was assessed on day 35. Only one intervention improved financial performance (3.5 m between feed and water) above the control, suggesting that most environmental enrichment would have a negative financial impact due to the additional intervention costs, unless consumers were willing to pay a price premium.
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Owens, Fredric N., and Robert B. Hicks. "Can net energy values be determined from animal performance measurements? A review of factors affecting application of the California Net Energy System1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy130.
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Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) can reliably project performance of feedlot cattle based on three factors: expected dry matter intake (DMI), some index of degree of maturity of cattle linked to body composition (fat and protein content), and an estimate of the net energy (NE) content of the diet. The CNES allowed feedlot managers to monitor growth and efficiency of individual pens of cattle. Through assigning distinct values for net energy for maintenance (NEm) vs. net energy for gain (NEg) of the metabolizable energy (ME) present in feeds, the CNES enables valid economic comparisons among feedstuffs, an appraisal not feasible based on total digestible nutrients or digestible energy (DE) values. Because NEm and NEg are linked mathematically to ME, the CNES also allows performance-adjusted ME (paME) value of diets to be calculated from observed DMI and growth or carcass measurements. Compared with other productivity measures (e.g., average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio) that are confounded with and affected by DMI, the CNES logically separates production responses by cattle into two factors—DMI and ME of the diet. This enables research scientists or cattle producers to appraise responses within these two factors independently. In feeding studies, means of paME values were related closely to ME values of diets calculated from the ME of diet ingredients. But unlike ME values projected from diet analyses, paME estimates are affected by environmental conditions (e.g., season, weather, animal interactions, stress, nutritional history and deficiencies, associative effects of feeds, imprecise feed management, and animal healthfulness and disorders). These factors typically overestimate ME intake or increase energy requirements, both of which decrease energetic efficiency. By comparing paME with ME values calculated from diet composition, logical reasons behind performance responses to and quantitative benefits from feed additives, grain processing, hormone implants, and animal management can be appraised. Considering the evolution in cattle types, management and marketing conditions, and changes in diet ingredients and processing that have occurred during the past 50 yr, updating by a skilled committee to correct certain anomalies within the CNES as currently being applied seems appropriate. Developing simplified spreadsheets could help users evaluate their own dietary and management conditions and assure that the CNES continues to be widely applied by the feedlot industry within the United States and worldwide.
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Briggs, Emma A., Claire Anderson, Amanda Holder, Megan A. Gross, and David Lalman. "340 Relationship of Retained Energy in Lactating Beef Cows to Maintenance Energy Requirement and voluntary Feed Intake." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.346.
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Abstract This study’s objective was to determine the relationship between retained energy, lactation maintenance energy requirement (MER), and dry period voluntary feed intake (VOL) in beef cows. Twenty-four mature fall-calving Angus cows were used in an 82-d study during lactation to establish maintenance energy requirements followed by a voluntary feed intake study after weaning. During the lactation MER experiment, cows were housed in 2 drylot pens and limit-fed a mixed hay/concentrate diet (17.8% CP, 2.6 Mcal/kg ME, DM basis) individually once per d in a stall barn. Cows were adapted to the diet and feeding management for the first 16 d. Subsequently, cows were weighed and feed allowance adjusted at 14-d intervals to achieve BW and BCS stasis. Milk yield and composition were determined on d – 10, 49, and 77 using a milking machine. Retained energy was calculated as average daily maternal tissue energy change plus average daily milk energy yield. During the post-weaning VOL experiment, cows were provided ad libitum access to a grass hay diet for 41 d (8.15% CP, 1.8 Mcal/kg ME, DM basis) using five individual feed intake monitoring units (SmartFeed, C-Lock, Inc). Each one unit increase in metabolizable energy intake, kcal/kg BW0.75 was associated with a 0.86 ± 0.28 kcal/kg BW0.75 increase in total retained energy (P = 0.005). Using this partial efficiency coefficient, ME required for maintenance declined by 0.80 ± 0.11 kcal ME/kg BW0.75 for each additional kcal net energy retained/kg BW0.75 (P < 0.0001). There was no relationship between lactation-period retained energy and post-weaning VOL forage dry matter intake. The present study results contradict previous reports suggesting that maintenance requirements increase with increasing productivity.
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Finangwai, H. I., O. W. Ehoche, G. E. Jokthan, and P. P. Barje. "Effect of feeding concentrate diets containing graded levels of groundnut haulms on nutrient composition of diets and performance of Friesian x Bunaji heifers." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i1.355.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding concentrate diets containing varying levels of groundnut haulms (GH) on intake and growth performance of Friesian x Bunaji cattle. Four concentrate mixed diets formulated to contain on average 14.45- 14.65% crude protein. Groundnut haulms in the concentrate diets were on nitrogen basis at 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels with control diet having 0% inclusion of GH. Twenty Friesian x Bunaji prepubertal heifers aged 14-16 months and weighing 160-180kg were randomly divided into four groups of five animals each and were allotted to the four experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Data were collected in order to determined Dry matter intake (DMI), Average daily intake (ADI), Average Daily Gain (ADG) Feed to gain ratio (FCE) and cost benefit analysis. Result showed that varying the levels of GH in concentrate diet significantly (P<0.05) increased DMI at 25%; this value was similar (P>0.005) to those at 0 and 50%. At 75% DMI of concentrate significantly declined. The ADG of heifers fed concentrate mixture containing 0% GH were significantly (P< 0.05) higher; although, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between those fed 0 and 25%. Increasing GH level in concentrate diet to 75% depressed gain and ADG of heifers. Heifers fed 0 and 25% GH levels had similar feed to gain ratio but were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fed 50 and 75% levels. Net benefit declined across treatments with increased levels of GH in concentrate diet up to 50%, although they remained positive indicating it was beneficial replacing concentrate diet with GH. The net benefit of feeding GH at 0% GH (control) over 25% is fi 37384.9; 0% over 50% is fi 91084 and over 75% is fi 83246.60. It is concluded that GH supplementation on Gamba hay appears to improve the feed intake, growth and efficiency of concentrate utilization by heifers at 25% level and cost of concentrates in heifers generally.
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Okunade, S. A., O. A. Olafadehan, B. J. Adebayo, and E. B. Omole. "Intake, growth performance and economics of production of Yankasa rams fed ammoniated ensiled threshed sorghum top supplemented with varying concentrate regimes." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 5 (December 26, 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i5.307.
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The effects of feeding different levels of a concentrate supplement to growing rams fed ammoniated ensiled threshed sorghum top (AETST) as basal diet on voluntary intake and body weight changes were evaluated. The experiment consisted of four treatments: 0, 300, 450 and 550 g/d in a completely randomized design using 16 growing Yankasa rams. Data collected include feed intake, growth performance and economy of production. Except for AETST intake, and dry matter (DM) intake (% BW) and feed/gain ratio (F/G) which were higher (P<0.05) for the non-supplemented control, total DM, crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) intakes and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (P<0.05) for the supplemented diets. Among the supplemented groups, intakes of DM, OM and CP were higher (P<0.05) and F/G lower (P<0.05) for 450 and 550 g/d concentrate levels compared to 350 g/d level. Concentrate intake and ADG followed this rank order: 350 g/d < 450 g/d < 550 g/d P<0.05). Total cost of feed consumed/ram, weight gain (mutton) and monetary value (Naira) of mutton were higher (p<0.05) for T4 than for T1, T2 and T3 diets. Net benefit was higher (p<0.05) for T1, differential and relative benefits were superior (p<0.05) for T2. The study suggests that feeding ruminant animals with AETST supplemented with lower level of concentrate can improve voluntary intake, body weight and economic benefits to farmers. However, diet with 350 g (T2) concentrate supplementation had better economic benefit than other dietary treatments.
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Hennessy, DW, R. Barlow, PJ Williamson, RD Murison, and JW Herilhy. "Feed intake, nitrogen retention and liveweight of Hereford and crossbred Hereford steers offered forage diets differing in digestibility and nitrogen content." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900421.
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Forty-eight steers, comprising purebred British cattle (Hereford) and their crosses with Bos indicus (Brahman cross Hereford), dairy (Friesian cross Hereford) and large European (Simmental cross Hereford) sires were used to record feed intake and estimate nitrogen retention of each genotype. In the first experiment, the feed intake of steers fed on 3 forage diets (H, M and L, metabolizable energy 9.3, 8.4 and 7.0 MJ/kg DM and nitrogen 22.4, 14.9 and 5.6 g/kg DM, respectively) was recorded over 80 days, with feed digestibility and N retention estimated over two, 10-day periods, at the beginning and end of the experiment. The second experiment followed immediately on from the first with the feed intake of steers of each genotype being recorded over 14 days, when each steer was given the H-diet. Steers were then taken off pasture for 70 days and the third experiment completed in pens by recording the feed intake of all steers over 14 days when given the H-diet. Steers fed on the H-diet in experiment 1 had higher (Pless than0.01) feed intakes and N retentions than steers fed on the M- and L-diets; M-diet steers had significantly higher values than L-diets steers for both these measures. Consequently, H-diet steers were heavier (331+-3.6 kg liveweight) than M- (295+-5.1 kg) or L-diet (225+-3.6 kg, standard error) steers after adjusting for initial differences in liveweight by covariance. During experiment 1, Brahman cross steers ate 22% less (Pless than0.01) hay on the L-diet (as g organic matter (OM)/kgsup(0).sup(75) liveweight) than Friesian cross steers, and 17% less (Pless than0.05) than steers of the other genotypes. Brahman cross steers had a 12% lower intake of digestible OM than Friesian cross steers only on the M-diet in the early part of experiment 1, but not the later part. When all steers were given the same diet (H-diet) in experiments 2 and 3, feed intake did not differ between genotypes. There were differences between diets in the excretion and net retention of N by steers, and in the apparent digestibility of N, but differences were not attributed to genotype. It appears that diet was only partially responsible for differences between genotypes in liveweight recorded at grazing.
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AS, Agus Putra, Muhammad Amin, Baihaqi Baihaqi, Muhammad Hatta, and Eva Ayuzar. "The use of fish silage to increase feed efficiency and growth of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in floating net cages." Depik 10, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.3.23105.
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This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of fish silage mixed in compounded diets on growth and survival rate of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Grouper (2,34±0,24 cm, and 4,17±1,82 g) were divided into four groups and cultivated in 1x1x1,5 m floating net cages. Each group fed with compounded diets containing 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/kg fish silage diet twice daily. Fish were sampled for growth performances and feed efficiency at 14 days interval for 10 weeks. Results indicated that compounded diets at 1 and 3 g/kg silage affected the growth rate. Total length, specific growth rate and weight gain significantly increased in fish received 1 and 3 g/kg silage diets. The feed intake seen to be highest in groups administered 3 g/kg silage, whereas the best feed conversion ratio was found in fish fed 1 g/kg silage. Thus, this study indicated that using fish silage in compounded diets may affect feed efficiency and growth performances of grouper juveniles.Keywords:Artificial dietFeedingFish silageGrouperNet cages
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Visser, H. de, and V. A. Hindle. "Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 1. Feed intake, digestibility and milk performance." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 40, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i2.16521.
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A feeding trial was carried out with 56 dairy cows in >=2nd lactation. The duration of the experiment was 13 wk and started immediately after parturition. Basal diets consisted of maize silage, pressed beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, ensiled brewers' grains and concentrates, which provided 70% of total DM. The remaining 30% of the DM consisted of grass silages, which were given as supplement to the basal diet. Treatments were wilted grass silage (WGS), moist grass silage ensiled with molasses (MGS), moist grass silage ensiled with formic acid (FGS) and wilted grass silage with added water (WW). The rations were given as a total mixed ration (TMR) to avoid selection. All grass silages were harvested between 30 Aug. and 1 Sept. from the same pastures. The moist grass silage differed in chemical composition from the wilted grass silage in ash (higher), crude fibre (lower) and NDF (lower). The in vitro and in vivo digestibility did not differ between silages. Total DM intake was lowest for both moist silages (MGS and FGS) and, as a consequence, net energy intake was also lowest with MGS and FGS. Milk yield was highest on WGS and WW, resulting from the higher energy intake. Milk fat yield and content did not differ between treatments. Milk protein yield was significantly lower for groups given MGS and FGS. Milk protein content tended to be lower for groups given FGS and MGS. During the experiment energy balance was negative on all treatments. Calculation of the duodenal digestible protein value (DVE), using the recommended equation for grass silage, gave WGS silage a better fit with the DVE balance measured in the feeding trial than found with high moisture silages (MGS, FGS), which appeared to be underestimated. Body weight changes correspond favourably with net energy balances, after correction of energy values for volatiles in grass silages, using individual net energy values for volatiles instead of an av. for grass silage OM. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Ahmad, Bashir, Rani Abro, Abdul Kabir, Bushra Rehman, Faryal Khattak, Hamid Ali Khan, Faiza Rashid, et al. "Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Escherichia Coli Phytase and Buttiauxella Phytase on the Growth and Digestibility in Broiler." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167700.
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The effect of feeding different levels of bacterial phytase enzymes on the growth performance of broiler was examined using 250 Hubbard broilers, kept at the Poultry Experimental Station, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The products of bacterial phytase enzymes were incorporated in the basal ration at different levels consisted of 0mg/kg (control), 50 mg/kg (group B), 100 mg/kg (group C) E. coli phytase and 50 mg/kg (group D), 100 mg/kg (group E) Buttiauxella spp. phytase. The birds were studied for live body weight, feed and water intake, feed conversion efficiency, carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight of internal edible and non-edible parts, digestibility and economics. The difference in live body weight among treatment and control group was significant (P<0.05). The significantly higher live body weight (2160.00g/bird) was observed in group E (fed 100mg/kg Buttiauxella phytase) and lower (2060g/bird) in group A (control). The effect of treatment on feed and water intake was significant (P<0.05), Feed (3800.00g/bird) and water (3800.00 ml/bird) intake was significantly higher in group A (control) than other treatment groups. Better feed conversion ratio (1.74) was noticed in group E followed by group C, B, D and A respectively. Carcass weight was significantly higher in group E (1350.60) and lower in control group (1219.71), the influence of feeding different sources and levels of bacterial phytase enzymes on dressing percentage was non-significant (P>0.05).Significant (P<0.05) difference was noted for heart weight among the groups and non-significant (P>0.05) difference were examined for gizzard, liver, spleen and proventiculus weight among the groups. The data showed that higher percentage of crude protein digestibility was recorded in group E (75%), then C (72%), B (71%), D (70.8%) and A (70%) respectively. Similarly M.E (kcal) was greater in group E (30.5%), then C (30%), B (29%), D (29%) and A (28.5%) respectively. The comparative net profit among all groups demonstrated that group E generated better net profit (48.70) followed by group C (47.88), B (41.50), D (40.30) and A (35.20) Rs/bird respectively.From the current findings, it was concluded that the supplementation of feed with 100mg/kg Buttiauxella spp phytase enzyme resulted in higher live body weight gain, better FCR and improved digestibility of nutrients. Keywords: phytase enzymes, Buttiauxella spp., E. coli, broiler,
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Saade, Edison, Usman Usman, Haura Ainun Sulaeman, and Nursun Marhumatul Jannah. "The Effect of Corn Starch Substitution with Sargassum sp. Starch in Diet on Grow-Out of Cultivated Rabbitfish, (Siganus guttatus) in Floating Net Cages." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v11i1.22082.
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Corn starch is a source of carbohydrates for most cultivated fish, includes rabbitfish as one of the herbivores with high economic value. Therefore, rabbitfish requires cheaper carbohydrate sources to have a profitable business in its cultivation. This study was aimed to determine the substitution of corn starch with Sargassum sp. starch in the diet on the growth, relative feed intake, FCR and nutrient retention of rabbitfish. The average weight of rabbitfish used was 51.76±0.12 g/fish. Rabbitfish were cultivated in small net cages (1x1x1.5m) with a stocking density of 20 fish/net cage for 90 days reared. This study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Corn starch (CM) substitution with Sargassum sp. starch (SM) by 0% (A), 21% (B), 42% (C), 63% (D) and 83% (E) used as the treatments with three replicates each. The measured parameters were weight gain (WG), relative growth (RG), relative feed intake (RFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention (PR), energy retention (ER), and condition factor (CF). Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey’s test. The results showed that the lowest FCR in treatment A had no significant effect with treatment B but was significantly different from treatments C, D and E. The WG, RG, RP and CF parameters had the same values at all levels of CM substitution with SM, while RFI and FCR increased with the increasing CM substitution by SM. It also indicated that CM in the rabbitfish diet could be substituted with SM by 83%.
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Henken, A. M., E. A. M. Graat, H. W. Ploeger, and T. E. Carpenter. "Description of a model to simulate effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on broiler production." Parasitology 108, no. 5 (June 1994): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000077374.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryA simulation model for effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on technical and economic characteristics in broiler production is presented. The model describes development over time of the growth depression, feed intake reduction, and decrease in feed efficiency associated with infection. The model also shows a phase of compensatory growth during which earlier negative effects are counterbalanced, at least partly. Major assumptions made were: infection with E. acervulina occurs in each flock; production is affected in each flock; compensatory growth takes place because immunity develops and cell regeneration occurs. The results show that the pattern of development of the production characteristics during a flock cycle depends on the initial contamination level. Both a high and low initial contamination level results in a lower average daily gain, a worse feed to gain ratio, and a reduced net revenue compared to an intermediate contamination level.