Journal articles on the topic 'Net buyers'
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1
Deaton, B. J., J. P. Hoehn, and P. E. Norris. "Net Buyers, Net Sellers, and Agricultural Landowner Support for Agricultural Zoning." Land Economics 83, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.83.2.153.
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Griffin, John M., Jeffrey H. Harris, and Selim Topaloglu. "Why are IPO investors net buyers through lead underwriters?" Journal of Financial Economics 85, no. 2 (August 2007): 518–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.12.005.
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Kuberska, Dominika, and Karolina Suchta. "Zachowania nabywców na rynku certyfikowanej żywności dla niemowląt i małych dzieci." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 114 (June 30, 2016): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.114.22.
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The aim of the study was to unveil the specifics of consumer behavior on the certified baby food market, in particular with regard to their determinants. A questionnaire was used as a tool to conduct this study. A unique nature of the relationship between the buyer and the consumer on the market (a mother and a child) could have influenced the results obtained. Price is not the key determinant of behavior of buyers on the market. In addition, there is no correlation between the net income per capita and household expenditure on certified baby food.
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Reynaert, Mathias, and James M. Sallee. "Who Benefits When Firms Game Corrective Policies?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 372–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190019.
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Firms sometimes comply with externality-correcting policies by gaming the measure that determines policy. This harms buyers by eroding information, but it benefits them when cost savings are passed through into prices. We develop a model that highlights this tension and use it to analyze gaming of automobile carbon emission ratings in the EU. We document startling increases in gaming using novel data. We then analyze the effects of gaming in calibrated simulations. Over a wide range of parameters, we find that pass-through substantially outweighs information distortions; on net, buyers benefit from gaming, even when they are fooled by it. (JEL H23, L51, L62, Q53, Q54, Q58)
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Visser, Mirjam, Ab Stevels, and Jan Schoormans. "Comparing the Recommendations of Buyers of Energy-Efficient and Inefficient Vacuum Cleaners." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 12988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312988.
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Although environmental awareness is increasing every year, and most people say they prefer to buy more sustainable products, many still do not act on their promise at the cash counter. Sustainable products are often still perceived to have lower quality or reduced performance. Recommendations of sustainable buyers might reduce this perceived risk of sustainability. In this research, the Net-Promotor-Scores (NPS) and the underlying reasons for such recommendations of 888 vacuum cleaner buyers were analyzed. The buyers of energy-efficient vacuum cleaners were found to be significantly less positive about their purchase. A difference in scores is, however, not caused by the difference in the energy efficiency of the products, but by differences in other drivers to recommend a product, such as perceived cleaning performance, ease of use and value for money. Additionally, higher suction power and increased weight positively mediated NPS ratings, irrespective of energy efficiency. Focusing design and communication on these aspects rather than on energy efficiency alone can be used to reduce the perceived green risk and increase trust in sustainable products. In this way, recommendations of buyers of energy-efficient appliances can be an effective additional tool in increasing sustainable consumption.
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Jain, Tinu, and Prashant Mishra. "Dimensions of Privacy Concerns amongst Online Buyers in India." International Journal of Online Marketing 5, no. 1 (January 2015): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2015010104.
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Internet is quickly becoming the public electronic marketplace. Though the internet has revolutionized retail and direct marketing, the full scale incorporation and acceptance of the internet marketplace with the modern business is limited. One major inhibition shown by the internet buyers is in the form of lack of confidence in the newly developed marketing machinery/technology and concern related fear and distrust regarding loss of personal privacy due to easy access of personal information to the marketers. This concern about personal information and privacy varies with consumers especially with countries. It is also suggested that importance provided to various privacy dimensions would vary. The research investigates different dimensions and their interrelationship to identify factors affecting privacy concern among Net buyers in India.
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Wagner, John E., Frederick W. Cubbage, and Thomas P. Holmes. "Estimated Economic Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Southern Softwood Stumpage Markets." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.4.156.
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Abstract We estimated the economic effects on southern softwood timber producers and buyers of reduced western federal timber harvests and of reduced southern private harvests caused by federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Estimates were computed using applied welfare analysis and current stumpage market conditions. A range of likely changes in southern softwood stumpage markets were analyzed. The combined effects of the environmental regulations and western set-asides are expected to result in higher stumpage prices with little significant change in available quantity supplied. The results indicated that in the short run, timber producers in aggregate (although not necessarily individually) are expected to be the initial overall beneficiaries. Timber producers would realize a net gain (in producer surplus) of about 4.8% in the pulpwood stumpage market and 2.0% in the solidwood stumpage market, while stumpage buyers would realize a net loss (in consumer surplus) of about 4.9% in each market. The estimates provide means of valuing some of the tradeoffs that must be made between protecting the environment and growing timber. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4):156-162.
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Kurichev, Nikolay K., and Ekaterina K. Kuricheva. "Spatial differentiation of activity of nonresident buyers in the housing market in the Moscow region." RUDN Journal of Economics 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-643-652.
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Housing construction in the Moscow agglomeration is closely linked with the migration of the population to the capital region. The acquisition of real estate by nonresident buyers in the primary market of the Moscow capital region (MСR) in the amount of 2.5 mln m2 provides housing for about 100 000 migrants per year, or about 40 % of the net migration inflow. Buyers from other regions account for 17 % of transactions in Moscow and 23 % in Moscow Oblast. The activity of buyers in the real estate market of the MCR has a spatial differentiation by the Russian regions, which is determined by the factors of natural resource rents, agglomeration effect, the status rents in the large cities, the distance from the MCR. Regional identity of buyers was determined by the addresses of their initial registration. Factor of natural resource rents is evident in the high share (6.4 %) of housing buyers in Moscow from Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs that is almost four times higher than their share in the population. The factor of distance leads to exceeding 2.1 times the share of housing buyers in Moscow from the neighboring regions of the first order over their shares in the population. The greatest activity in the housing market of Moscow is characteristic for residents of cities with the 250 000-500 000 population, of Moscow Oblast - with the 100 000-250 000 population. The share of buyers from the million-plus cities (17.7 %) is slightly greater than their share in the population. Small towns and rural areas have weak buying activity in the housing market. Thus, the development of alternative to Moscow centers of attraction at the national level is associated with a change in migration incentives for residents of cities with 100 000-500 000 population.
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DiGabriele, James A. "The Moderating Effects of Acquisition Premiums in Private Corporations: An Empirical Investigation of Relative S Corporation and C Corporation Valuations." Accounting Horizons 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2008.22.4.415.
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SYNOPSIS: This paper presents the results of a moderated multiple regression analysis to show that, all else held equal, a positive premium exists in the valuation of S corporations over C corporations from January 2000 to November 2006. The results of the regression show that the magnitude of the “S corporation premium” indeed depends on the level of interactions of several independent variables. In particular, the results of this study reveal that (1) the premium depends positively on net sales; (2) the premium is higher for the cases in which the transaction is done through asset sales (rather than stock sales); and (3) the premium is higher for the cases in which firms are bought by private buyers (rather than public buyers).
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Zhang, Honglei, Jinhe Zhang, Yang Yang, and Qiang Zhou. "Bargaining Power in Tourist Shopping." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 7 (August 20, 2017): 947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517724917.
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Bargaining behavior is popular when tourists shop, with bargaining power representing the surplus sellers or buyers obtain after price negotiations. This article applies a two-tier stochastic frontier analysis to estimate sellers’ and buyers’ (i.e., tourists’) surplus terms as a measure of their respective bargaining power. Using large-scale data on shopping behavior obtained from a domestic tourist survey conducted in Nanjing, China, between 2005 and 2010, our empirical results indicate that in general, tourists exhibit stronger bargaining power than sellers. Additionally, tourists’ net surplus, as a measure of relative bargaining power, is heavily informed by their tripographic and sociodemographic characteristics, with the former being more influential. In particular, tourists traveling with companions and obtaining travel information from friends and mass media tend to have stronger-than-average bargaining power.
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Toleman, Daniel, and Lucy Cullen. "Finding net zero: how green LNG can improve the competitiveness of Australian LNG." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20117.
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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) will continue to play a critical role in the global energy mix. Even under sustainable development scenarios, which envisage aggressive emissions reductions, LNG demand grows through 2040. The benefits of gas combustion over coal are clear and well known, but pressure is mounting for LNG players to make their gas even cleaner by reducing emissions and decarbonising portfolios. Asian LNG buyers are increasingly carbon-conscious. Six ‘carbon-neutral’ cargoes and a long-term supply tender have been announced. More are likely to follow as visibility on carbon credentials becomes the norm, potentially leading to greater scrutiny of projects and new price premiums. As a result, Australian LNG operators, many of whom have comparatively large carbon footprints, must begin the journey towards carbon neutrality. Innovation is key, with proposals including the use of batteries, renewable energy and carbon capture and storage. This study will highlight how these solutions can be deployed to improve Australian LNG’s carbon competitiveness. Regulation must advance in parallel with technology. There remains a lack of transparency and standardised emissions measurement across the industry. The definition of carbon-neutral itself is inconsistent, ranging from carbon-neutrality up to the point-of-sale all the way to an ambitious objective to offset full life cycle emissions. But the trend towards greener LNG is here to stay. In a jurisdiction at the forefront of carbon reduction, Australian players have an opportunity to partner with buyers to shape this new, ‘greener’ market. This study will consider what Australian operators must do to maintain competitiveness in a changing world.
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Aksoy, M. Ataman, and Aylin Isik-Dikmelik. "Are low food prices pro-poor? Net food buyers and sellers in low-income countries." Journal of Rural Mental Health 32, no. 2 (2008): 46–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095951.
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Aktas, Can B., Katelyn C. Ryan, Michael E. Sweriduk, and Melissa M. Bilec. "CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS TO LIMIT CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES ON A NET-ZERO ENERGY HOME." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 4 (November 2012): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.4.100.
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The objective of this study was to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) to limit constructability issues on a net-zero energy home, in an effort to enhance sustainability and increase competitiveness in the residential construction industry. An extensive literature review was conducted to determine common constructability issues and to compile success factors identified previously by other researchers for traditional home construction. The CSFs were then narrowed to a group of thirteen CSFs unique to net-zero energy home construction. This framework of net-zero energy CSFs was supported by a case study of a net-zero energy home under construction in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Through the use of observational research on this home, the importance of each CSF was defined, and their contributions to a net-zero energy home was discussed based on evidence from the case study. CSFs and constructability issues identified in this research will assist the residential construction sector's continued effort to reduce energy use, enhance conservation, and promote sustainability through the support of net-zero energy residential construction. CSFs will promote sustainability by increasing the ease and efficiency of the design and construction of net zero energy homes which will in return make the homes more cost efficient to build and an affordable option for home buyers.
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Ma, Jishan, and Yuanbiao Zhang. "Commodity Future Money Flows Trading Strategies Based on HMM." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 5, no. 4 (June 7, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v6n4p16.
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This paper aims to establish a quantitative trading strategy of commodity futures based on market money flows. Firstly, we use Accumulation/Distribution index to respectively construct the CMF index which represents the ratio of total capital flows to total volume, and the CHO index which represents the exponential moving average of the cumulative capital flows. In view of the different flows of money between buyers and sellers, the establishment of the transaction net volume index VTL is used to describe respectively the flow of money between buyers and sellers. On this basis, the HMM model is introduced, and the above three kinds of indexes are combined to choose the time, at which we execute the stop-loss operation and risk control. Finally, all performance index values of the strategy are as follows: the rate of initial capital return is 193.77%, the annual rate of return is 99.86%, the maximum retracement rate is 15.73%, the Sharpe rate is 2.05 and the price earnings ratio is 4.01.
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Kumar, Manoj. "Eco-Labeling of Suppliers Using Green Production Techniques with Asymmetric Information." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2016070103.
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Suppliers would like to capitalize on buyers' willingness to pay a premium for goods that use environmentally friendly (green) production techniques, but they face a problem of asymmetric information: buyers cannot determine if a supplier is environmentally friendly. Since the green technique is generally more costly than environmentally unfriendly (brown) techniques, suppliers would be disinclined to choose a green technique, yielding larger pollution flows. One possible remedy is “eco-labeling,” where a third party certifies suppliers' products. This paper models certification as a noisy test, with green suppliers more likely to pass than brown suppliers. Two models are considered, one where suppliers' production techniques are exogenous (a short-run setting), and one where they can choose their technique (a long-run setting). Results show that eco-labeling can either raise or lower the volume of green units, and raise or lower net social surplus; increases in social surplus are more likely in the long-run.
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Childs, Andrew, Ross Coomber, Melissa Bull, and Monica J. Barratt. "Evolving and Diversifying Selling Practices on Drug Cryptomarkets: An Exploration of Off-Platform “Direct Dealing”." Journal of Drug Issues 50, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042619897425.
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This is the first study to explore how cryptomarket actors are increasingly adopting encrypted messaging applications to “ direct deal” beyond the provided platforms, to obviate the protocols of cryptomarkets, and to diversify the communication experience of drug buying via the dark net. Drawing on 965 forum posts discussing encrypted messaging applications, results showed that direct dealing may be more likely to occur in the context of preestablished trust between vendors and buyers, during instances of law enforcement crackdowns, and when buyers are enticed by discounts or promotions. Our findings also suggested a general hesitancy toward direct dealing, as it was often associated with greater exposure to scams, and perceptions that direct dealing increases the risks concerning personal security and detection from law enforcement. These findings provide insight into the interconnection of online drug markets, and how actors make decisions to drift between multichannel supply points mediated by perceptions of trust and risk.
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Gichuki, Castro N., Simon K. Gicheha, and Charles Wambu Kamau. "Do food certification standards guarantee small-sized farming enterprises access to better markets? Effectiveness of marketing contracts in Kenya." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2019-0501.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of GLOBALGAP standards certification on farmer's preference for marketing contract choices including written contracts, oral contracts and spot contracts, as well as to establish the impact of marketing contracts on net returns from snap bean production in Kenya.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, we use a data collected from 446 Snap bean farmers in Kenya. Using a two-step selection Bourguignon Frontier and Gurgand (BFG) model and Propensity Score Matching (PSM), we analysed determinants of Global Gap Certification and other farming characteristics that influence smallholder farmers preference for marketing contracts and net returns from snap beans venture.FindingsResults indicate that attending GLOBALGAP training, GLOBALGAP subsidy support, membership to GLOBALGAP farmer's groups, and selling beans to GLOBALGAP certified GLOBALGAP buyers would significantly influence better returns underwritten marketing contracts. Producing snap beans underwritten marketing contracts would get farmer's net returns of between 1.8 and 8% while producing under oral and spot market contracts would earn farmer net returns of between 0.2 and 0.08 %.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to examine the influence of GLOBALGAP standards certification on marketing contract choices and net returns from snap bean production, while accounting for selectivity biasness.
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Hirshleifer, David A., James N. Myers, Linda A. Myers, and Siew Hong Teoh. "Do Individual Investors Cause Post-Earnings Announcement Drift? Direct Evidence from Personal Trades." Accounting Review 83, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1521–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.6.1521.
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ABSTRACT: This study tests whether nai¨ve trading by individual investors, or some class of individual investors, causes post-earnings announcement drift (PEAD). Inconsistent with the individual trading hypothesis, individual investor trading fails to subsume any of the power of extreme earnings surprises to predict future abnormal returns. Moreover, individuals are significant net buyers after both negative and positive extreme earnings surprises, consistent with an attention effect, but not with their trades causing PEAD. Finally, we find no indication that trading by individuals explains the concentration of drift at subsequent earnings announcement dates.
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Brigida, Matt. "CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS AND BANK SAFETY." Applied Finance Letters 11 (October 3, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/afl.v11i.594.
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In this analysis we find evidence that credit default swap (CDS) purchasesincrease bank safety. Specifically, we show banks which were net buyers ofCDS had smaller increases in loan loss reserves in response to the COVID-19crisis. Previous research had speculated that bank CDS purchases causedincreased risk-taking by banks which offset the effect of the hedge. This anal-ysis contributes to this literature on the effect of hedging on bank risk takingand capital structure. Moreover, since our results are consistent with CDSbeing effectively used to hedge, our results have implications for systemicrisk.
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M., John K. "Global GAP Standard Compliance and Smallholder Pineapple Farmers’ Access to Export Markets: Implications for Incomes." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i2.381.
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This study seeks to determine the effect of compliance with GlobalGAP standards and it implications for access to export market and incomes for smallholder pineapple farmers in the Central region of Ghana. The study was conducted in two pineapple growing districts; Mfantsiman Municipality and Gomoa East district. Primary data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires. Simple random sampling was used to select 63 pineapple farmers (i.e., 30 Global GAP certified and 33 non-certified farmers from pineapple producer groups in the two districts. Analysis of the marketing channels reveal that market women were the major buyers of pineapple commanding 69.7% of noncertified farmers produce and 30% of the produce of the certified (i.e., compliant) farmers. Although 20% of the certified farmers sold their produce to exporters against 12.1% for non-certified farmers, it cannot be concluded that farmers’ access to the export market has been enhanced by complying with the Global GAP standard. However, all buyers preferred produce from certified farmers to non-certified farmers. On the economic performance of GlobalGAP certified and non-certified pineapple farmers, the empirical results reveal that the Global GAP certified pineapple farmers obtained GHS 15,027.57 for growing one hectare of pineapple while non-certified pineapple farmers made a net average income of GHS 6,256.36. These results imply that the Global GAP certified pineapple farmers obtained 2.4 times more net average income than non-certified pineapple growers. The results of this study have implications for pineapple farmers and policy makers in developing countries.
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Quiggin, John. "The Fiscal Impact of the Privatisation of the Victorian Electricity Industry." Economic and Labour Relations Review 13, no. 2 (December 2002): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460201300209.
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This paper is an analysis of the fiscal effects of the privatisation of the Victorian electricity industry. Privatisation is found to be approximately neutral in its effect on the net worth of the Victorian public sector. The buyers of electricity assets lost money, apparently because they anticipated more favourable regulatory treatment than they actually received. Electricity prices were increase prior to privatisation, and are still higher than those in states where the electricity industry has remained in public ownership, but consumers were not directly affected by privatisation as such. There were reductions in employment both before and after privatisation.
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BARRETT, CHRISTOPHER B. "Stochastic food prices and slash-and-burn agriculture." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 2 (May 1999): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000133.
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This paper explores the interrelationship between poverty, risk, and deforestation by small farmers in the low-income tropics. A nonseparable household model reveals how exogenous shocks to the mean or variance of a food price distribution might affect peasants' incentives to clear forest. The resulting links between food price policy, farmer behavior, and deforestation offer an innovative explanation of the vicious cycle of peasant immiserization and tropical deforestation. An intriguing, testable hypothesis also emerges: that market-oriented reforms that increase the mean and variance of food prices may inadvertently stimulate deforestation in economies in which a sizable proportion of farmers are net buyers.
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Boekoesoe, Yuriko, Amelia Murtisari, and Yenni Umar. "Analisis Kelayakan Finansial dan Non Finansial pada Usaha Kopra di Desa Siduwonge Kecamatan Randangan Kabupaten Pohuwato." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 2, no. 4 (April 3, 2015): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v2i4.2615.
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The purpose of this study were: 1). To determine whether the copra business financially worth the effort in the Village District of Randangan Siduwonge Pohuwato. 2). To determine whether the effort is worth the effort copra nonfinancial Siduwonge Village District of Randangan Pohuwato. This study was conducted in May to July. This type of research is survey research. The data obtained in this study is that the data in the form of primary and secondary data. Sampling will be done against the 30 respondents using purposive sampling. The analysis used is the financial analysis of the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Gross B / C Ratio, Net B / C Ratio and Payback Period. The results showed 1). Financially copra business in the Village District of Randangan Pohuwato Siduwonge worth the effort with 9.2 Million NPV, IRR (20.11%), Gross B / C ratio (1.27), Net B / C ratio (3.38 ) and payback period of 7 years 6 months. 2). In non-financial businesses in the village copra Siduwonge District of Randangan Pohuwato divided on several aspects which are as follows: a). Aspects of the Market. In a marketing system for businesses in the Village Siduwonge copra, farmers sell directly to buyers who typically have long subscription. Where the buyer directly come to the farmers who sell the copra. b). Technical Aspects. In this technical aspect of the farmers in the village siduwonge almost all have their own land as many as 25 people, but there are also some who rent land that is 5 people. c). Management aspects. In the management aspect of the planning is done before the process of harvesting coconuts into copra to be produced, the farmers in the village siduwonge not incorporated in the organization and for the direction and supervision in accordance with the land held by the copra farmers and for supervision also aims to work performed by farm workers in accordance with a predetermined agreement.
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Reimer, Jeffrey J., and Man Li. "Yield Variability and Agricultural Trade." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 2 (October 2009): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003245.
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We examine how changes in yield variability affect the welfare of cereal grain and oilseed buyers and producers around the world. We simulate trade patterns and welfare for 21 countries with a Ricardian trade model that incorporates bilateral trade costs and crop yield distributions. The model shows that world trade volumes would need to increase substantially if crop yield variability were to rise. Net welfare effects, however, are moderate so long as countries do not resort to policies that inhibit trade, such as export restrictions or measures to promote self-sufficiency in crops. Low-income countries suffer the most from increases in yield variability, due to higher bilateral trade costs and lower-than-average productivity.
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Rezende, Sérgio Fernando Loureiro, and Roberto Gonzalez Duarte. "Post-acquisition changes beyond the dyad: power at the net level in cross-border acquisitions." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 9, spe1 (2005): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552005000500005.
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A common feature of the literature on post-acquisition changes is its dyadic feature, i.e. the emphasis is placed on the actors directly involved in the acquisition, often represented by the acquiree and the acquirer. Accordingly, actors outside the dyad, such as suppliers and buyers, are usually disregarded. There is, however, a relevant exception in this literature. Recently, some Nordic authors have claimed that if actors other than the acquiree and the acquirer are not taken into account, the existing literature may only present a partial view of changes following acquisitions. Consequently, they have suggested that changes following this type of operation can be analysed fruitfully at the network level. Our article adds to the efforts of these scholars to understand post-acquisition changes at a broader level by bringing to the fore two issues that have received scarce attention in the literature: i) nets rather than the network level appears to be the locus where post-acquisition changes beyond the dyad take place; ii) relational power can be regarded as an independent variable in post-acquisition changes beyond the dyad. These arguments are illustrated by three brief case studies of cross-border acquisitions.
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Poorani, D., J. Vidhiya, and Ms Santhosini. "A Study on Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Marketing." Shanlax International Journal of Management 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/management.v8i3.3427.
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Digital Marketing has emerged as extra well-known after the involvement of modern technologies in businesses. It has completely changed the historic advertising methods and compelled marketers to remain linked with their buyers or clients by using the net for promoting their products and services. Since the emergence of social media, industrial advertising teachers and entrepreneurs have additionally been intrigued by the influence of such media on the discipline. As social media lookup in the industrial marketing discipline has been of growing interest, this lookup tries to the challenges and possibilities in social media. This research offers some of the options to overcome the problems and analyzing the satisfactory method in a present-day scenario in the discipline and suggests directions for future development.
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Odhiambo, M. O., and P. O. Umenne. "NET-COMPUTER: Internet Computer Architecture and its Application in E-Commerce." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 2, no. 6 (December 4, 2012): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.145.
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Research in Intelligent Agents has yielded interesting results, some of which have been translated into commercial ventures. Intelligent Agents are executable software components that represent the user, perform tasks on behalf of the user and when the task terminates, the Agents send the result to the user. Intelligent Agents are best suited for the Internet: a collection of computers connected together in a world-wide computer network. Swarm and HYDRA computer architectures for Agents’ execution were developed at the University of Surrey, UK in the 90s. The objective of the research was to develop a software-based computer architecture on which Agents execution could be explored. The combination of Intelligent Agents and HYDRA computer architecture gave rise to a new computer concept: the NET-Computer in which the computing resources reside on the Internet. The Internet computers form the hardware and software resources, and the user is provided with a simple interface to access the Internet and run user tasks. The Agents autonomously roam the Internet (NET-Computer) executing the tasks. A growing segment of the Internet is E-Commerce for online shopping for products and services. The Internet computing resources provide a marketplace for product suppliers and consumers alike. Consumers are looking for suppliers selling products and services, while suppliers are looking for buyers. Searching the vast amount of information available on the Internet causes a great deal of problems for both consumers and suppliers. Intelligent Agents executing on the NET-Computer can surf through the Internet and select specific information of interest to the user. The simulation results show that Intelligent Agents executing HYDRA computer architecture could be applied in E-Commerce.
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Chague, Fernando, Bruno Giovannetti, and Anthony Silva. "Attention-grabbing stocks and the behavior of individual investors in Brazil." Brazilian Review of Finance 18, no. 1 (May 17, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v18n1.2020.81490.
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<p>This study complements the existing literature on investor attention with three empirical findings. First, we show that low-activity individual investors are net buyers of stocks appearing on the headlines of news stories that convey no meaningful information about future returns. Second, we document that this buying pressure of some individuals following purely attention-grabbing articles leads to higher short-term returns. Finally, we provide evidence that investors who are more prone to purchase stocks after irrelevant news have poorer stock-picking performance. We hypothesize that individuals tend to narrow their choice set to alternatives that attract attention. Taken together, our findings suggest that the media, just by making some firms more salient, plays an important role in the allocation of individual investors' attention in investment activities.</p>
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Makvandia, Ghazal, and Md Safiuddin. "Obstacles to Developing Net-Zero Energy (NZE) Homes in Greater Toronto Area." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030095.
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Efforts have been put in place to minimize the effects of construction activities and occupancy, but the problem of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continues to have detrimental effects on the environment. As an effort to reduce GHG emissions, particularly carbon emissions, countable commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential net-zero energy (NZE) buildings were built around the globe during the past few years, and they are still operating. But there exist many challenges and barriers for the construction of NZE buildings. This study identifies the obstacles to developing NZE buildings, with a focus on single-family homes, in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The study sought to identify the technical, organizational, and social challenges of constructing NZE buildings, realize the importance of the public awareness in making NZE homes, and provide recommendations on how to raise public knowledge. A qualitative approach was employed to collect the primary data through survey and interviews. The secondary data obtained from the literature review were also used to realize the benefits, challenges, and current situation of NZE buildings. Research results indicate that the construction of NZE buildings is faced with a myriad of challenges, including technical issues, the lack of governmental and institutional supports, and the lack of standardized measures. The public awareness of NZE homes has been found to be very low, thus limiting the uptake and adoption of the new technologies used in this type of homes. The present study also recommends that the government and the academic institutions should strive to support the NZE building technology through curriculum changes, technological uptake, and financial incentives to buyers and developers. The implementation of these recommendations may enhance the success and popularity of NZE homes in the GTA.
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Tudor, Cristiana. "Investors’ Trading Activity and Information Asymmetry: Evidence from the Romanian Stock Market." Risks 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9080149.
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This paper examines the problem of information asymmetry between foreign, local, institutional and individual investors on the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) for the period 2004–2011. Using monthly returns for individual companies listed on BVB, stock market indices during the seven years period, as well as aggregate data on foreign and domestic investors (both institutional and individual) sales and purchases on the Romanian stock market, this research intends to provide an answer to the following question: Are foreign investors better informed than the domestic ones and continually achieve higher rates of return on the Romanian stock market? We compare the information advantage of the different investors’ categories by separating the stock in our data sample into two categories, namely blue-chips stocks (mostly stocks that are part of the BET index, and also containing one international stock, Erste Bank), and “regular” stocks. Subsequently, we study the explanatory power for stock returns of potential impact factors, which reflect the monthly net position of four groups of investors on the Romanian Stock market (Purchases-Sales) by employing multivariate regression models and a five variable VAR system. Ultimately, we are interested in whether investors in one particular category are consistently net buyers just before stock returns increase and are net sellers before stock returns decrease, thus suggesting they have an information advantage as compared to the domestic ones. Our aim is to provide robust empirical evidence on the nature of investors’ information asymmetry by utilising a unique data set and directly assessing relevant inter-relationships.
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Polishchuk, I. R., and V. V. Zhydkova. "Accounting support of the strategic analysis of activity of the extractive industry enterprises and development of quarries depending on solvency of buyers." Problems of Theory and Methodology of Accounting, Control and Analysis, no. 1(48) (April 29, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2021-1(48)-45-51.
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The branch features of functioning the enterprises of the extractive industry influencing the organization of the account, the analysis and audit are established: limited stocks of minerals influence the actual period of functioning of the enterprise; seasonal demand for products; complex production; the location of the enterprise in relation to settlements must be consistent with the safety of the technological process for the environment, people; obtaining special permits for legitimate subsoil use. The elements of accounting policy as a tool for the actual reflection of contractual and depreciation policy in the financial statements are described. It was found that all surveyed companies apply a uniform depreciation policy. Given the seasonal nature of production and underutilization of capacity, it is proposed to move to the application of intensive depreciation policy. This will allow you to clearly plan the timing of equipment upgrades and the cost of own or borrowed funds for its implementation Stages of assessment of buyers’ solvency are offered. The first stage involves establishing the degree of implementation of agreements between buyers and the mining industry. The second stage involves determining the completeness of the provision of cash or non-cash proceeds from sales based on the establishment of correlations between the indicators of the statement of financial performance and the statement of cash flows. The third stage involves establishing the increase in receivables for sold products, goods, works, services for the reporting period and the share of the increase in receivables in the net income from sales for the reporting period.
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Teubner, Gunther. "'And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, …': an essay on the diabolics of network failure." Journal on Chain and Network Science 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2010.x113.
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Following a first euphoric phase about the advantages of commercial networks, there is now a host of reports attesting to their confusing over-complexity. Network failures are manifold: overwhelming environment information, coordination blockades, severe interface problems, permanent decision conflicts, a-symmetric power relations, opportunistic behaviour of nodes and centre, as well as negative externalities of net activities. In order to overcome network failure this article pursues an institutional analysis of networks: Where can the 'opportunity structure' be found, the social potential for an increasingly non-hierarchical coordination within the net? Is there a 'conceptual readiness' of the law which would enable it to set this potential free? The article suggests to develop organisational forms and responsibility rules for the law of networks that will hold on to the advantages of the decentralised organisation of nodes while decisively strengthening their mutual coordination. This will drastically reduce the privity principle for all those contracts connected by the network. Furthermore, it will introduce different legal rules for multilateral contracts with regard to their formation, their validity, their defaults, and their termination. In addition, it will facilitate quasi-corporate governance structures in multilateral contracts identifying the legal conditions under which contractual networks will have to be treated as collective actors. Finally, it will increase individual and collective liability for faulty coordination vis-à-vis suppliers and buyers.
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Khan, Abrar Ahmad. "Reformed GST: Challenges and Opportunities (PANEL DISCUSSION-II)." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.759-759.
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Reformed GST as you know is a law which we have introduced in National Assembly. Its main features are that we are proposing minimum exemptions because our present law gives lot of exemptions. The second basic thing is about zero rating. Presently we have zero rated even domestic supplies for five exports sectors and even others sectors also. We are restricting zero rating for exports only and for domestic supplies it will be taxable. The third major thing is that we are increasing registration threshold from Rs 5 million to Rs 7.5 million. This proposal will spare smaller tax payers from incurring the compliance cost related to keeping of records and filing of returns. Then the fourth major change in the new law is that buyers have to give their CNIC or NTN to the sellers. This provision will help in keeping smaller taxpayer outside tax net and bringing bigger ones in tax net. Then there are lot of distortions in the existing law in the form of special schemes and fixed tax schemes. These schemes will not be part of the new law. The new law has been discussed in Senate’s Finance Committee where there have been objections about certain provisions which have been considered as very harsh and government has promised to consider softening them.
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Mak, Martijn, and Reinout Heijungs. "Environmental Externalities of Secondhand Markets—Based on a Dutch Auctioning Company." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031682.
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Buying reused products rather than new ones could reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). There are many aspects that can influence whether used products actually cause emissions to increase or decrease. This paper assesses the effects of secondhand markets on GHG emissions by using data on twelve product categories from Troostwijk Auctions, which is a Dutch auctioning company. Data came from a carbon footprint database, survey data and many other sources. The net impact of secondhand trade is calculated by combining existing formulas in the literature and by performing regressions to estimate the values of unknown data. A methodology is proposed to find appropriate assumptions to handle uncertainty of carbon footprints. The main result is that the emission savings due to reuse of almost all products in the analysis are offset because many buyers purchase goods that they would not have bought new. Trade in the vehicles included in this study even adds emissions.
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Pasińska, Dorota. "Zmiany w polskim handlu zagranicznym produktami wieprzowymi po wprowadzeniu przez Rosję embarga." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.2.38.
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The article attempts to identify the most important changes in the international trade of pork and pigs after the announcement of the embargo by the Russia. For the verification of the main goal of article were used the analysis of changes over time and an analysis of the structure of the total foreign trade (exports and imports) and with Russia in 2011-2015. The used data come from the Ministry of Finance. The situation on the domestic pork market in 2014 was difficult due to the significant increase in pork production both in Poland and in the EU, the occurrence of the ASF (and related restrictions on exports to many third countries), and introduction the embargo by Russia, which was one of major buyers of pork products exported from Poland. As a result, the geographic structure of exports had changed. In the analyzed period Poland was a net importer of pork products and the foreign trade balance of these products with Russia was positive.
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Freiherr, Greg. "Back to the Sound Barrier." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 03 (March 1, 2016): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-mar-2.
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This article explores efforts that are being put into developing a business jet called AS2 and various challenges in developing the same. Aerion’s 12-seat tri-engine AS2, unveiled in spring 2014, is designed to have a range up to 5000 nautical miles; reach 51,000 feet; and cruise at speeds between Mach 1.2 and Mach 1.6. About the time it is ready to fly commercially, possibly as early as 2023, the market could support annual sales of 30 supersonic business jets. NASA and Lockheed Martin have been exploring a variety of options for quieting sonic booms. In its Strategic Implementation Plan, released in 2015, NASA states that ‘the viability of commercial supersonic service depends on permissible supersonic flight over land.’ It is however noted that the success of the next generation of supersonic transport will ultimately come down to economics. Prospective buyers of supersonic business jets will include corporations and ultra-high net worth individuals.
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Septiani, Rosdiana, Fadila Marga Saty, and Bina Unteawati. "Penentuan Keputusan Pembelian Singkong Keju di Cikarang Utara Kabupaten Bekasi." Sigmagri 2, no. 02 (December 31, 2022): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/sigmagri.v2i02.820.
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This study aims to explain the consumer characteristics of cassava cheese, analyze the influence between price, product quality, service quality and promotion in determining consumer decisions in purchasing cheese cassava and the level of consumer satisfaction. The sampling method was determined by Proportional Cluster Random Sampling, the respondents were 52 consumers of cassava cheese. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, regression analysis, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Net Promoter Score (NPS). The results showed that the characteristics of cassava cheese consumers were 57.69% consisting of women aged 21-25 years, as many as 38.46% working as students had an income of Rp 0-500,000/month. There are 9 levels of consumer satisfaction (affordable prices, prices according to product quality, good taste, suitable for consumption, attractive appearance, satisfactory quality, fast serving, fast serving and friendly with buyers). The NPS value of 36% as many as 24 people means that consumers make repeat purchases and are willing to recommend
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Sprinkle, Tim. "Strings Attached." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 05 (May 1, 2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-may-1.
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This article discusses reasons for various American startup companies to shift abroad for funding and production, and their impact on the American business scenarios. Founders are accepting funding from overseas investors, setting up supply chains in different parts of the world, servicing customers internationally, and even selling their businesses to foreign government-backed funds. Although the idea of losing American inventions and technologies to international investors and buyers is not generally good for public relations, the current landscape of global startup development has winners on both sides, and overseas involvement in US companies does not necessarily mean a net loss domestically. The US government must find a way to move the US economy forward, preventing predatory pricing and mercantilist practices by exporters while at the same time reaping the international flow of ideas and funds that power innovation. The experts believe that ignoring the rest of the world would not only limit the growth potential of US startups, but over time would reduce America’s global leadership in innovation.
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Formica, Piero, and Jay Mitra. "Approaches to Clustering and Market Creation in the Dot-Com Economy." Industry and Higher Education 14, no. 6 (December 2000): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000000101295345.
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Clustering is high on the agenda of policy makers these days. Much of the attention has stemmed from the apparent success of firms linked together in a Porterian mould in specific regions. Hence the range of examples from the traditional industrial districts in Italy, the innovative milieux in France and Switzerland, and Silicon valley in the USA. The clusters agenda has moved on from consideration of spatial agglomeration issues to discussions on the convergence of technologies, skills, and resources, learning and knowledge, and interconnectedness between disparate industries resulting from convergence and learning opportunities. In the complex web of dynamic socialization and technological sophistication that characterizes clusters, a relatively new player, the Internet, has started to redefine cluster-based interconnectedness. Paradoxically, the Internet both challenges the role of space and geography in clusters and reinforces the value of human interaction between customers and suppliers, buyers and producers, and between consumers and sellers in defined spaces. The ‘net’ effect is often the creation of a new space of virtual interconnectedness for both physical buying and selling and intangible value generation in a ‘new economy’.
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Laibuni, Nancy Munyiva, Turoop Losenge, and Wolfgang Bokelmann. "Demystifying the Contribution of African Indigenous Vegetables to Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p82.
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African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) are widely consumed in Kenya as part of everyday meals. They provide the much-needed micro-nutrients which are critical for combating micronutrient deficiencies (“hidden hunger”). The study describes the socio-economic characterizes of households in rural and peri-urban areas in Kenya and appraises the contribution of AIVs to household food access. The results show that there are spatial variations in the consumption of AIVs. Households living in rural areas have a wider variety of vegetables and consume their own production for an estimated ten months in a year; at the same time, purchase vegetables for between 6-7 months. Their peri-urban counterparts have less variety, consume their own produce for 11 months in the year and purchase for 8-9 months. Household income plays a critical role in enabling participation in food markets, Households living in rural areas earn significantly less on average from their land, their annual salary and net profits compared to their peri-urban colleagues. At least 40 per cent of households living in rural areas compared to an estimated 20 per cent in peri-urban areas grade their vegetables. In contrast, 50 per cent of all households wash their vegetables before consumption. In conclusion, households’ living in rural areas are net buyers of food, indicating that interventions to ensure increased consumption of AIVs must be accompanied by broad-based livelihood improvements to ensure that benefits accrue. Also, there is a need to underscore the importance of extension services as knowledge brokers.
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Patel, Amisha, Isha Talati, Ankit D. Oza, Dumitru Doru Burduhos-Nergis, and Diana Petronela Burduhos-Nergis. "A Profit Maximization Inventory Model: Stock-Linked Demand Considering Salvage Value with Tolerable Deferred Payments." Mathematics 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 3830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10203830.
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Every business owner wishes that all sales were made on a cash basis, but in a cutthroat market, it is not always feasible. To entice buyers to purchase their goods, dealers may need to offer sales with credit terms. Unfortunately, selling with deferred payment conditions introduces a completely new facet of business management. Additionally, the salvage amount or value is significant for determining depreciation and can have an impact on the company’s overall depreciable amount used in its depreciation schedule. This study looks at an inventory model with the best possible pricing and ordering policy for retailers. Research is derived from when inventory is subjected to a constant deterioration rate and associated with appropriate salvage value. A perishable payments strategy inventory model is created, with the demand as a function of the stock level as well as selling price. Manufacturers provide to the retailer a tolerable deferred payment scheme to repay against the purchase products. That the cycle length and order size will rise under tolerable deferred period is refuted. The study’s goal is to determine the optimal replenishment cycle length and selling price to optimize retailer’s net income. With reference to cycle length and selling price, we developed an algorithm with a numerical example to optimize the net profit. The results are mathematically proven, and data is provided to validate the aforementioned model. Numerical examples are used to validate the model, and sensitivity analysis was performed. Using mathematical tools, a 3D graph will be used to demonstrate the concavity of the objective function.
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Chaudhary, Shashi Kant. "Assessing Participation and Position of Vietnam in Global Value Chains." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v14i1.41486.
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Vietnam’s policy of openness to trade and investment has made it integrated very quickly with the global production networks, also known as global value chains, which has brought many visible fortunes to it in terms of socio-economic achievements. To have a deeper insight into the prospects and constraints of its integration into global value chains, and also to assess its degree of integration, this paper has employed Koopman et al. (2010) approach to measure the participation index, and position index. The analysis shows that the participation of Vietnam in global value chains has increased significantly in the last two decades based on strengthening FDI-led exports of Vietnam. It also shows that most of the exporting industries are located in the middle-stream in the value curve and are net buyers of intermediate products for exports, which infers the presence of predominant I2E practices in Vietnam. The paper also identifies and assesses the risk I2E practices are prone to. Scenario analysis suggests that Vietnam shall focus on upskilling of its labour force and developing indigenous industrial base. In the meantime, domestic firms shall be encouraged to collaborate with foreign firms and densify into global value chains.
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Moyo, Thinah, and Charles L. Machethe. "The Relationship between Smallholder Irrigation and Household Food Availability and Dietary Diversity in Greater Tzaneen Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p165.
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Irrigation farming has the potential to address household food security challenges in developing countries. This paper examines household food availability, consumption and dietary diversity for irrigating and non-irrigating households in Greater Tzaneen municipality of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The paper uses primary data collected from 180 households comprising of irrigation scheme irrigators, independent (non-scheme) irrigators, and non-irrigating households. Data analysis employed descriptive analysis and analysis of variance to compare food security components of the different types of households. Results provide sufficient evidence that smallholder irrigation farming contributes significantly to household food security through improved food availability and dietary diversity. However, since most households are net food buyers, it is essential to have policies that are formulated with an understanding that household food security is not only a function of the food that farming households produce for their own consumption but more so a function of total household income. The results inform agrarian reform debates on whether South Africa should continue investing in smallholder irrigation farming for improved household welfare. An integration of smallholder irrigation farming in strategies for growing the rural economy and contributing to improved livelihoods and poverty reduction is, therefore, recommended.
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Świerczewska-Pietras, Katarzyna. "Przedsiębiorczość w sieci." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 3 (January 1, 2007): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.3.32.
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Entrepreneurship on the net makes the expansion possible in fields where in the real world very often it would be unworkable because of many obstacles and limiting factors like costs - which are quite simply to overcome on the net. It is easy to set up a web site available to millions of people in the world who type the web site address or find what they are looking for in Google or via another search engine. The Internet market is open to all ideas and hence we should take advantage thereof. The number of internet shops has increased by 100% against the numbers from last year. The number of buyers has increased as well. Thanks to the World Wide Web, e-mails and communicators, entrepreneurs have a chance to communicate with clients on a global scale. It was merely not so long ago in 1977, when Ken Olson, the president and founder of the Digital Equipment Corp. Company stated, there is no reason as to why anyone should want to have a computer at home”. Today, most businesses, including most of us cannot imagine a life without a computer or the Internet that in the age of advanced technology has become a common work tool. The work above presents the history of the Internet and the most important elements which have influenced its development and without which the virtual world would not have existed. The thesis will present an in-depth look at the Internet’s range and capacity, possibilities it creates, and also challenges the safety features Internet consumers face. Additionally it will provide explanations of the most important definitions used in the world of e-business.
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Jansen, Sarah, William Foster, Gustavo Anríquez, and Jorge Ortega. "Understanding Farm-Level Incentives within the Bioeconomy Framework: Prices, Product Quality, Losses, and Bio-Based Alternatives." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020450.
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The bioeconomy framework emphasizes potential contributions of life sciences to novel, bio-based products and to discover economic uses for what would otherwise be considered waste or loss in traditional production systems. To best exploit this perspective, especially for biowaste innovations, economists should develop behavioral models that integrate decision-making with biophysical concepts. The supply to bioeconomy uses of farm production otherwise lost depends on the relative net benefits of adjusting production across a range of quality levels. Without understanding such incentives, one cannot fully anticipate the effects on prices and consumer welfare due to new alternatives. The analysis here examines farm-level incentives that determine quality, sales and loss levels, and possible switching of supplies to alternative uses. We present a farmer decision model of the distribution of product qualities, total losses, and the adoption of alternative profitable activities, such as for antioxidants or other novel bioproducts. We demonstrate how the introduction of bio-based alternatives changes opportunity costs of resource use, altering product quality proportions and sales to traditional markets. Adopting biowaste alternatives depends on scale, productivity, and fixed costs; adopting these reduces the proportion of production going to traditional buyers/consumers and shifts downward the distribution of traditional product (e.g., food-grade) qualities.
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Aggarawal, K. K., and Arun Tyagi. "Joint replenishment and credit policies under two levels of trade credit financing when demand and bad-debt loss depends upon credit period." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 26, no. 3 (2016): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor140412003a.
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In practice, a firm usually receives trade credit financing from its supplier on the purchase of inventory. Similarly, in order to meet competition and generate credit sales over and above cash sales, the firm also gives credit period to their customers. However, the decision of granting credit period may have a disintegrating effect on cash sales apart from generating new credit sales because some of the cash customers may switch to credit purchase. In addition, despite of the best credit granting policies and collection practices, the firm may incurs some amount of bad debt losses because a certain fraction of buyers will undoubtedly be unable to pay off their debt obligations and become bad debt loss to the firm. In this paper, using discounted cash flow (DCF) approach, a mathematical model is developed to jointly determine optimal inventory and credit policies under two levels of trade credit financing when demand and bad-debt losses are dependent on credit period. The objective of the model is to maximize the present value of firm?s net profit per unit time by jointly optimizing the replenishment interval and date-terms credit period. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, and the results are discussed.
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Bezalwar, Sanket, Vikas Bhandekar, Sagar Kumbhare, Rushikesh Rebhankar, and Prajakta Singam. "E-COMMERCE PRICE COMPARISON WITH REVIEW SENTIMENTAL ANALYSIS." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 11, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2022.v11i03.013.
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Price evaluation websites are designed to evaluate the rate of products and offerings from a number of providers so that it will assist clients in making choices to pick merchandise a good way to store their cash online. Considering the clients’ busy way of life especially individuals who are dwelling with inside the metropolis area, a maximum of the clients decides to shop for their desires thru the net as it stores their time. Besides, clients usually pass for the inexpensive rate in shopping merchandise consequently through the usage of rate evaluation internet site, clients don’t should journey from saving to save simplest to survey the rate provided through one-of-a-kind stores for the equal product. They can simply test it from the rate evaluation internet site itself and determine wherein they can purchase the goods they need. This project, named Click & Find.com is the vicinity wherein buyers may want to discover the incredible offers on the house groceries merchandise. The satisfactory offers could be in reality highlighted. Even though now no longer all clients are shopping online, however, it's miles one of the approaches to assist clients to boom their rate awareness. Consumers have the proper to recognize whether or not the rate they may be seeing with inside the stores are excellent offers as its miles claimed or now no longer.
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RIGOD, BORIS, and PATRICIA TOVAR. "Indonesia–Chicken: Tensions between International Trade and Domestic Food Policies?" World Trade Review 18, no. 2 (April 2019): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745619000028.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the dispute Indonesia – Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products from a legal-economic perspective. We evaluate alternative explanations for the motive behind Indonesia's import restrictions and conclude that they can be linked to protectionist political-economic motives and are most likely due to a self-sufficiency objective and the legal requirements attached to it. Economically, the import restrictions on chicken and other food products have led to substantial price volatility, and they impose costs on Indonesian consumers and small farmers who are net buyers of food, firms that import certain raw materials, as well as foreign exporters. Therefore, by making food more expensive and less accessible, they could reduce food security. We also argue that an additional issue with the goal of self-sufficiency in Indonesia is lack of comparative advantage in some food items, including chicken meat and chicken products. Legally, although the Panel highlighted that self-sufficiency is a legitimate policy objective that as such does not lead to a violation of WTO law, the Indonesia–Chicken case leads to the question of whether, in practice, it is feasible to implement a self-sufficiency target resorting only to WTO-compliant policies. Finally, we discuss potential alternative economic policies and examine whether Indonesia could have attained its food self-sufficiency objective in a WTO-consistent manner.
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Pitt, Doug, Len Lanteigne, Michael K. Hoepting, Jean Plamondon, Isabelle Duchesne, Paul Bicho, and Gary Warren. "Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 6 – Estimating the economic benefits." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (August 2013): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-091.
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The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Following clearcut harvest of three of the study's six replicates in the fall of 2008, the rotation-length effects of PCT and vegetation management (VM; deciduous tree and brush suppression) on the forest value chain were integrated into a spreadsheet-based model that estimates the net present value (NPV) of these silvicultural treatments. Assuming costs and prices near recent values, both PCT and VM were observed to support positive landowner NPVs through discount rates in excess of 6%. At a discount rate of 4% and an age where sawlog production was maximized, PCT and VM offered similar NPV (>$550/ha). Landowners that can attract buyers willing to pay a premium for wood from thinned stands (equal to the sum of reduced operational overhead charges, harvesting and sawmilling costs and increased pulping costs) could see the value of their stands double. Sensitivity analyses revealed that these results are dependent on site productivity, silvicultural costs and a strong premium on sawlog stumpage rates. Depending on economic circumstances, PCT and VM could be attractive investments on high quality sites that are situated in close proximity to wood processing infrastructure.
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Sarkar, Sumon, Bibhas Chandra Giri, and Ashis Kumar Sarkar. "A vendor–buyer inventory model with lot-size and production rate dependent lead time under time value of money." RAIRO - Operations Research 54, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 961–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2019030.
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The paper studies an integrated vendor–buyer model with shortages under stochastic lead time which is assumed to be variable but depends on the buyer’s order size and the vendor’s production rate. The replenishment lead time and the market demand uncertainty are assumed to be reduced by changing the regular production rate of the vendor at the risk of paying additional cost. Shortages are partially backlogged and the backlogging rate depends on the length of the buyer’s replenishment lead time. The proposed model is formulated to obtain the net present value (NPV) of the expected total cost of the integrated system through optimization of (i) the buyer’s order quantity, (2) the buyer’s safety factor, and (3) the vendor’s production rate. Theoretical results are derived to demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solution. Through extensive numerical study, some valuable managerial insights are obtained.