Journal articles on the topic 'Nesting'
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1
DUNN, JENNY C., JENNIFER E. STOCKDALE, EMMA L. BRADFORD, ALEXANDRA MCCUBBIN, ANTONY J. MORRIS, PHILIP V. GRICE, SIMON J. GOODMAN, and KEITH C. HAMER. "High rates of infection by blood parasites during the nestling phase in UK Columbids with notes on ecological associations." Parasitology 144, no. 5 (December 12, 2016): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002274.
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SUMMARYStudies of blood parasite infection in nestling birds rarely find a high prevalence of infection. This is likely due to a combination of short nestling periods (limiting the age at which nestlings can be sampled) and long parasite prepatent periods before gametocytes can be detected in peripheral blood. Here we examine rates of blood parasite infection in nestlings from three Columbid species in the UK. We use this system to address two key hypotheses in the epidemiology of avian haemoparasites: first, that nestlings in open nests have a higher prevalence of infection; and second, that nestlings sampled at 14 days old have a higher apparent infection rate than those sampled at 7 days old. Open-nesting individuals had a 54% infection rate compared with 25% for box-nesters, probably due to an increased exposure of open-nesting species to dipteran vectors. Nestlings sampled at 14 days had a 68% infection rate compared with 32% in nestlings sampled at 7 days, suggesting that rates of infection in the nest are high. Further work should examine nestlings post-fledging to identify rates of successful parasite infection (as opposed to abortive development within a dead-end host) as well as impacts on host post-fledging survival and behaviour.
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Bende, Attila, and Richárd László. "Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola L.) nestings in Carpatian Basin from the second half of the 19th century to present days." Ornis Hungarica 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2020-0007.
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AbstractIn this study, we summarized and evaluated nesting data of 300 Woodcocks in both historic and present Hungary recorded from the 19th century until now that appeared in 108 ornithological and hunting literature including the results of Vönöczky Schenk’s study (1908–1917). We acquired a comprehensive picture of Woodcock nestings in the Carpathian Basin as we drew nesting maps based on previously collected data analysis. We classified those significant regions where nesting data of this sparsely nesting species were registered. It is ascertainable that the distribution of Woodcock nestings concentrated in certain regions of the country both before and after the First World War. Nesting data collected before 1921 concentrated to higher areas especially the well forested regions of the Carpathian Mountains where 3 main nesting regions can be distinguished with 72% of all nesting data. The most significant nesting area is the region of the North Carpathian Mountains (36%) (Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun, Esztergom, Hont, Nógrád, Borsod, Gömör and Kis-Hont, Abaúj-Torna, Zólyom, Liptó, Sáros, Zemplén and Ung counties). The second main nesting region is situated on the ranges of the East and South Carpathian Mountains (26%) (Máramaros, Beszterce-Naszód, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely, Kisküküllő, Nagyküküllő, Brassó, Fogaras, Szeben, Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos counties). The third important nesting region can be found in the west part of Historic Hungary (10%) (Moson, Győr, Sopron, Vas, Zala counties). The distribution of nesting observations – based on data collected between 1921–2019 – can be connected well to mountainous nesting regions in the Kingdom of Hungary where nesting conditions were more favourable. Many of these regions are abroad now. Apart from sparse nestings on the Great Hungarian Plain, breeding grounds concentrate in well forested areas such as in North Hungarian counties (63%) (Pest, Nógrád and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén) and in some Transdanubian counties (31%) mainly in Győr-Moson Sopron, Vas, Veszprém and Baranya counties.In the dominant nesting regions this species typically do not join to higher altitudes, however, in the south margin of their nesting region in the Carpathian Basin – based on 170 years nesting data (n=704) – it can be stated that they rather nest in woodlands of higher altitudes due to their more favourable (cool and rainy) climatic features.
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Darveau, Marcel, Gilles Gauthier, Jean-Luc DesGranges, and Yves Mauffette. "Nesting success, nest sites, and parental care of the least flycatcher in declining maple forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-225.
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We compared nesting success, nest site characteristics, and parental care of the least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) between healthy and declining sugar maple (Acer saccharum) stands in southern Quebec, from 1987 to 1989. On average, decline had caused a 20–30% foliage loss. A previous study showed that the least flycatcher was the most abundant species in these stands, even though some negative correlations between population densities and the intensity of decline were detected. Nesting success averaged 53% and did not differ between healthy and declining sites. Nests were located in larger trees in declining sites, and foliage loss in the canopy above the nest was twice as high as in healthy sites. Nestling feeding frequency was significantly higher in declining sites than in healthy ones. Mean meal size did not differ between sites, suggesting that nestlings received more food in affected stands in spite of evidence of lower insect abundance. The nestling diet was principally composed of Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera in declining and healthy sites. Parents spent more time at the nest in declining sites in 1988, presumably because of increased brooding demand resulting from cold weather that year. We suggest that nestlings were thermally stressed in declining sites because of canopy foliage loss and that parents had to work more (i.e., provide more feeding and brooding) to maintain breeding success. Therefore, even though a moderate level of decline does not affect nesting success, flycatchers may still be negatively affected in more subtle ways.
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Dickinson, T. E., J. B. Falls, and J. Kopachena. "Effects of female pairing status and timing of breeding on nesting productivity in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 3093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-469.
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The nesting ecology of western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) in southern Manitoba is strongly influenced by the timing of breeding. Physical characteristics of nests change, apparently in response to seasonally altered thermal demands. The largest eggs and the largest clutches are produced in the middle portion of the breeding season, and nests initiated at that time produce the greatest number of young. Nevertheless, nesting productivity is highest for females that begin nesting earlier in the season and that can therefore renest if their initial attempt fails. Females breeding with already-mated males have, on average, as high a reproductive success as do primary females. Nevertheless, nestlings of secondary females frequently starve if they do not receive a male's parental care. Asynchronous hatching and facultative brood reduction may decrease the total losses incurred through nestling starvation, and may be adaptations that allow successful polygyny in this species. Aggressive interactions between resident and unmated females may protect a primary female's "preferred" status and may affect a male's ability to breed bigamously.
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Stoehr, Andrew M., Paul M. Nolan, Geoffrey E. Hill, and Kevin J. McGraw. "Nest mites (Pellonyssus reedi) and the reproductive biology of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-157.
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We investigated the effects of a hematophagous nestling mite (Pellonyssus reedi, Acari: Macronyssidae) on the reproductive biology of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) in east-central Alabama, U.S.A. Mites were absent from nests for the first half of the breeding season, but after their initial appearance they increased in number and were present in almost all nests. High nest-mite levels were associated with decreased nestling mass and hematocrit, but not with decreased nestling tarsus length. Experimental elimination of mites from some nests confirmed that the effects observed were mite-induced, not seasonal. The plumage colour of breeding adult male house finches was not correlated with nest-mite levels, nor did it appear that redder males' offspring suffered less from the effects of mites. Adult house finches fed nestlings from highly parasitized nests less often than those from nests with few or no mites. It appears unlikely that mites are directly involved in the sexual selection of bright male plumage coloration in this population of house finches. However, it is known that early-nesting females preferentially pair with redder males, therefore the benefit of nesting early and avoiding mite infestations is greater for redder male house finches.
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Salazar, Jhan Carlos, and Gustavo A. Londoño. "NOTES ON THE NESTLING BIOLOGY OF THE GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN (MASIUS CHRYSOPTERUS)." Ornitología Neotropical 33, no. 1 (May 3, 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v33i1.473.
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A complete nesting information is available for 7.8% of the Manakin species; however, most of this information is fragmented and available mainly for lowland species. Hence, nesting information for highland species is scattered. Our study presents nesting information on a cloud forest Manakin species, the Golden-winged Manakin (Masius chrysopterus), which is distributed from western Colombia to northern Peru between 1000 and 2300m. We monitored 10 nests, from February through July in 2014 and 2015 at Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia. We describe the nest, egg, and nestling, and provide information on incubation behavior and nestling feeding. The cup nest was similar to those found in most manakins. Eggs were creamy with brown spots concentrated at the base and measured 8.70± 0.89mm x 13.30 ± 0.39mm. The nestling growth rate (K) was 0.38. The incubation and nestling period were 22 and 16 days, respectively. The female conducted 70 off-bout trips day-1 that lasted on average 8.24 ± 5.44min, with 78% nest attentiveness. This study provides the most complete nesting data for a cloud forest manakin. Overall, M. chrysopterus incubation and nestling period are longer when compared to other manakin species. But the nest structure and composition, and eggs coloration concurred with other species.
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Bancroft, G. Thomas. "Nesting Success and Mortality of the Boat-Tailed Grackle." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.86.
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Abstract Of 605 Boat-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus major) nests with complete clutches, 60.5% fledged young. Survival of nests to the hatching stage averaged 78.7%, and survival from hatching to fledging averaged 76.9%. Nesting success between localities varied from none to almost all nests fledging some young. Fledging success for 3-egg clutches averaged 64.8% and was significantly higher than the 50.8% success rate that 2-egg clutches averaged. Individual survival of eggs from laying through hatching was lower in 2-egg clutches than in 3-egg clutches, but from hatching to fledging nestling survival was higher. Thus, in contrast to nest survival, equal proportions of eggs in 2- and 3-egg clutches produced fledglings. Predation was the greatest source of mortality, with predators taking 14.8% of the 1,605 eggs and 13.1% of the 1,145 nestlings. Of eggs that survived to the hatching stage, 9.2% failed to hatch. Starvation (13.4%) was the most common source of nestling mortality. Nest abandonment accounted for the death of 5.7% of the eggs and 2.9% of the young. The sources of mortality varied spatially and temporally in an unpredictable way. This uncertainty has resulted in the flexible nesting biology of grackles.
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Norris, Andrea R., Kristina L. Cockle, and Kathy Martin. "Evidence for tolerance of parasitism in a tropical cavity-nesting bird, planalto woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), in northern Argentina." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 6 (October 11, 2010): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741000043x.
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Abstract:Avian hosts may either resist the negative effects of nestling ectoparasites by minimizing the number of parasites, or tolerate parasitism by increasing their fecundity via the reproductive compensation hypothesis. Little is known about the interactions between ectoparasites and their avian hosts in the tropics. We (1) examined nestling development rates, and tested whether (2) parasitism by a subcutaneous ectoparasitic botfly (Philornissp.) had negative effects on the condition of nestlings, and (3) these negative effects were minimized in larger broods in a tropical cavity-nesting bird, the planalto woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), in primary and secondary Atlantic forests in the northern province of Misiones, Argentina. Nestling mass and ectoparasite load per nestling reached maxima when nestlings (n = 50) were between 10 and 14 d old. General linear mixed models predicted that mass at fledging declined with increasing nestling parasite load, suggesting that botflies had a negative influence on fledging condition. Parasite load per nestling declined with increasing brood size indicating that woodcreepers that increase their reproductive output minimize the negative effects of parasitism. Overall we found evidence to support the tolerance via reproductive compensation hypothesis. Future tests of the reproductive compensation hypothesis may help determine the underlying mechanism of the observed negative correlation between parasite load of nestlings and brood size.
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Schulze, Mark D., Jose LuÍs CÓrdova, Nathaniel E. Seavy, and David F. Whitacre. "Behavior, Diet, and Breeding Biology of Double-Toothed Kites at a Guatemalan Lowland Site." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.113.
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Abstract We studied Double-toothed Kites (Harpagus bidentatus) in tropical lowland forest at Tikal National Park, Petén, Guatemala, documenting behavior and diet during the incubation and nestling periods. These 200-g kites are Accipiter-like in form and strikingly size-dimorphic for a kite. Modal clutch size was two, producing 0.63 fledglings per nesting attempt and 1.25 per successful nest. Nesting was largely synchronous among pairs, with hatching during the first month of the rainy season and fledging one month later. Incubation lasted 42–45 days and nestlings fledged at 29.5 days on average. A radio-tagged fledgling was fed near the nest for 35 days; 6–8 weeks after fledging it dispersed at least 10 km, presumably reaching independence. Males did not incubate or brood, and rarely fed nestlings directly. Males typically provided most but not all prey (mainly lizards) during incubation and early nestling periods. Insects in the nestling diet increased through the nestling period as females increasingly hunted, often bringing in insects. These kites hunted from perches, below and within the closed canopy of tall, mature forest, taking 60.5% insects, 38.1% lizards, and 1.4% other vertebrates; vertebrates comprised at least 75% of prey biomass. Most prey were taken from vegetation, but prey in flight also were captured. Active, adjacent nests averaged 1.35 km apart, for a maximum density estimate of 0.60 pairs km−2 and a more likely estimate of 0.33–0.50 pairs km−2 in homogeneous, favorable habitat and 0.29–0.44 pairs km−2 for Tikal National Park as a whole.
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Delannoy, Carlos A., and Alexander Cruz. "Breeding Biology of the Puerto Rican Sharp-Shinned Hawk (Accipiter Striatus Venator)." Auk 105, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/105.4.649.
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Abstract We studied the breeding biology of the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus venator ) in Maricao forest of western Puerto Rico from 1978 to 1985. Sharp-shinned Hawks are year-round residents and establish nesting territories only during the breeding season, which coincides with the dry and beginning of the wet seasons. Nesting sites were occupied in December and January every year and reoccupancy rates were 50% or higher. Prolonged and intense territorial conflicts between mated and unmated males were common. The onset of egg-laying was in late March or early April approximately 3-4 months after occupancy of nesting sites. Laying of first clutches peaked in early April and spanned 38 days (n = 19 clutches). Laying of second clutches occurred irregularly and spanned 55 days (n = 8 clutches). Females renested only after the initial clutch or brood was lost. The incubation period was 32 days (n = 13 clutches), similar to the duration reported in temperate North America. Nestling females attained larger asymptotic mass than males, but the latter grew faster; although the slopes of the regression lines were statistically homogeneous. Males fledged at an average age of 28.2 days and females at 32.1 days. Young were slightly heavier than adults at fledging, but the wing chord and tail lengths were approximately 50% shorter than those of adults. Fledging occurred at the peak of prey abundance. The breeding cycle in Puerto Rico was approximately 2 months longer than that recorded in Oregon and Utah. The time that elapsed from occupancy of nesting sites to egg laying accounted for the differences. Juveniles departed from nesting sites when prey was still abundant but delivery rates had declined considerably. A total of 105 eggs was laid in 40 nests (average clutch size 2.6), of which 63% hatched and 47% of the nestlings fledged. A total of 0.8 young fledged per breeding attempt. Overall nest success was 29%, 36% (n = 33 nests) in first nesting attempts and 0% in second nesting attempts (n = 9 nests). Most reproductive losses in 28 nests resulted from nestling mortality from Philornis sp. (Diptera, Muscidae) (n = 9) and desertion of clutches (n = 11). Fecundity and reproductive success was lower in Puerto Rico than in Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming. Despite low reproductive success in Maricao forest, the breeding population did not decline during our study.
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Shen, Sheng-Feng, Hsueh-Chen Chen, Sandra L. Vehrencamp, and Hsiao-Wei Yuan. "Group provisioning limits sharing conflict among nestlings in joint-nesting Taiwan yuhinas." Biology Letters 6, no. 3 (January 6, 2010): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0909.
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Offspring often compete over limited available resources. Such sibling competition may be detrimental to parents both because it entails wasted expenditure and because it allows stronger offspring to obtain a disproportionate share of resources. We studied nestling conflict over food and its resolution in a joint-nesting species of bird, the Taiwan yuhina ( Yuhina brunneiceps ). We show that adult yuhinas coordinate their feeding visits, and that this coordination limits competition among nestlings, leading to a ‘fairer’ division of resources. Transponder identification and video-recording systems were used to observe adult feeding and nestling begging behaviours. We found that: (i) yuhinas feed nestlings more often in large parties than in small parties; (ii) feeding events occurred non-randomly in bouts of very short intervals; and (iii) food distribution among nestlings was more evenly distributed, and fewer nestlings begged, during large-party feeding bouts compared with small-party feeding bouts. To our knowledge, this is the first study in a cooperative breeding species showing that adults can influence food allocation and competition among nestlings by coordinating their feeding visits. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the monopolizability of food affects the intensity of sibling competition, and highlight the importance of understanding the temporal strategies of food delivery.
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Kopachena, Jeffrey G., and J. Bruce Falls. "Postfledging parental care in the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-032.
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We studied parental care in White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) during the last 4 days of the nestling period and the first 4 days of the fledgling period. Both parents made more provisioning trips and delivered more food to fledglings than to nestlings. Though male and female parents provided nestlings with equal amounts of food, female parents provided fledglings with more food than did male parents. Fledglings received fewer items per trip than did nestlings. This suggests that fledging was associated with a change in parental foraging strategies. Postfledging parental care did not differ between broods from late nests and broods that were to be followed by a second nesting attempt.
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Jain, P., P. Fenyes, and R. Richter. "Optimal Blank Nesting Using Simulated Annealing." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916910.
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By reducing scrap, high volume stamped parts can be produced more economically. Scrap rate is heavily influenced by the nesting, or positioning, of the blanks onto the stock. Blank nesting is often done manually, resulting in inefficient nestings with high scrap rates. We have developed an automated nesting system which minimizes the scrap for continuous strip stamping processes. Using an integer grid technique, we compute the overlap between blanks and then apply simulated annealing, a probabilistic global optimization technique, to determine a new nesting with zero overlap and minimal scrap. We present several examples to illustrate the method.
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Akresh, Michael E., Daniel R. Ardia, and David I. King. "Effect of Nest Characteristics on Thermal Properties, Clutch Size, and Reproductive Performance for an Open-Cup Nesting Songbird." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 2 (May 2017): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14878495604724.
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Maintaining avian eggs and young at optimum temperatures for development can increase hatching success and nestling condition, but this maintenance requires parental energetic demands. Bird nests, which often provide a structure to safely hold the eggs and nestlings and protect them from predators, can additionally be designed to help maintain eggs’ optimum temperatures by minimising heat loss, especially in climates where eggs cool rapidly when unattended. We collected and measured Prairie Warbler ( Setophaga discolor) nests in western Massachusetts, U.S. in 2009 and conducted a climate-controlled, nest-cooling experiment to determine how nest characteristics affect thermal properties for small, open-cup nesting birds. We then assessed if nests with better insulation properties resulted in any fitness benefits, and also tested if nest structural characteristics affected birds’ fitness. We found that nest characteristics influenced their thermal properties, with thicker, heavier, and larger nests having slower cooling rates and higher predicted equilibrium egg temperatures. Both nest cup depth and clutch size significantly declined over the breeding season, and we observed a trend, although non-significant, that nests with shallower cups had smaller clutches. Contrary to studies on cavity-nesting birds, we found no significant effects of nest thermal properties or nest structure on hatching and fledging success, nestling condition, brood parasitism, or nest survival. Prairie Warblers in our study site may already be adapted to build nests within a range that maximises their fitness. Furthermore, studies have shown that open-cup nests of other species are relatively thicker and more insulated in colder environments at higher latitudes than our study. Instead of building nests to solely minimise heat loss, open-cup nesting birds in temperate climates may also be driven by opposing selection pressures when building their nests, such as to prevent nestlings from overheating during hot days.
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Morais, Rodrigo, Luiz Carlos Araújo, Gleidson Ramos Silva, and Charles Duca. "Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil." Zoologia 36 (May 16, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e25717.
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This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical MockingbirdMimusgilvus(Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, andProtiumicicariba(DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.
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Godwin, Christine M., Robert M. R. Barclay, and Judit E. G. Smits. "Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nest success and nestling growth near oil sands mining operations in northeastern Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 6 (June 2019): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0247.
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Industrial development and contaminant exposure may affect reproductive success and food quality for birds. Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)) nesting near oil sands development in northern Alberta (Canada) potentially experience elevated environmental stressors that could influence reproduction. We measured reproductive and growth endpoints in Tree Swallows, predicting reduced reproductive success and nestling growth near oil sands operations compared with reference sites. We also identified the invertebrate prey in the stomach contents of nestlings to understand variability in the diet and its potential effect on growth and survival of nestlings. From 2012 to 2015, clutch initiation varied among years but was not influenced by proximity to oil sands operations. Hatching and fledging success decreased in response to increased precipitation, regardless of location. Measurements of nestling growth reflected the variation associated with nestling sex and possibly asynchronous hatching. The composition of the nestling diet was significantly different; birds near oil sands development consumed Odonata, whereas birds at reference sites consumed Ephemeroptera. Nestlings from all sites consumed relatively high quantities of terrestrial insects. Our results demonstrate that factors such as weather conditions, diet, hatching order, and nestling sex are important when interpreting the potential effects of oil sands development on nest success and nestling growth.
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Frith, Clifford B., and Dawn W. Frith. "Nesting biology of the spotted catbird, Ailuroedus melanotis, a monogamous bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchidae), in Australian Wet Tropics upland rainforests." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 3 (2001): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00061.
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Spotted catbird, Ailuroedus melanotis, nests (104 active and 59 old) were studied on the Paluma Range, north Queensland during 1978–89. Nesting began in September: 97% of clutches were incubated during October–December, 83% of nests had nestlings during November–December, and 70% of nestlings fledged in December. Nests were 3.1 1.3 m (n = 119) above ground. Nest dispersion was clumped, reflecting preference for particular topography and traditional use of a site over years. Four individuals used the same nest location for at least four consecutive seasons. Mean nearest-neighbour distance between 30 nests, built at 11 traditional locations over different seasons, averaged 42.0 31.4 m. At least 32 pairs nested within 50 ha in season 1980–81, at an average of one pair per 1.6 ha (home range) and at a mean nearest-neighbour nest distance of 96.9 24.8 m. Parents foraged at a mean of 68 36 m from their nests. Two replacement nests were built and laid in within 16 days of the loss of a brood. Eggs were laid 9–29 days after nest completion. Mean clutch size was 2.0 and eggs were laid on alternate days. At laying, eggs averaged 11% of mean adult female weight. Only females built nests, incubated, and brooded. Males fed females and nestlings. Females sometimes incubated before clutch completion. Median and mean incubation periods were 22–23 days. Eggs were incubated for 62% of total diurnal time, bouts averaging 19 min at a frequency of 2.0 per hour. Median nestling period was 19–20 days, the mean 20 days, when parents spent an average of 48% of diurnal time at their nest. Visits to nestlings averaged 4.9 min at a frequency of 5.9 per hour. During the first 15 days of nestling life, females spent 12% more time brooding a single nestling than a larger brood. A single nestling was provided with an average of 3.9 meals per hour and a larger brood 5.7 meals per hour. On average, females delivered 63% of all meals (n = 602) to broods at a rate of 3.3 per hour, males doing so at an average of 2.0 meals per hour. Of 323 identified nestling meals, 80% were of fruit (at least 33 plant species, of which 29 were identifiable) and 20% animal (of 182 meals 54% were insects, 21% pieces of birds). Proportionately more fruit was fed to older nestlings. Of 137 eggs laid in 72 nests, 88% hatched and 60% of nestlings left the nest; 46% of all eggs produced fledglings, averaging 1.0 per nest. Overall nest success rate was 51%, but of only those nests for which the fate was known it was 57%. The success rate of nests for which the fate was known during an exceptionally dry breeding season was 8%, with only 5% of eggs laid producing fledglings, at a rate of 0.1 per nest The nesting biology of the spotted catbird is compared with that of the green catbird, A. crassirostris, and found to be similar except in mean nest height and in proportions of fruit/animal foods fed to nestlings. The nesting biology of these two monogamous species is compared with that of the polygynous bowerbirds, and the significance of Ficus figs to the evolution of catbird monogamy discussed. The limited extent of nest attendance by the male catbird is discussed in the context of the evolution of contrasting bowerbird mating systems.
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Gill, Sharon A., and Spencer G. Sealy. "Tests of two functions of alarm calls given by yellow warblers during nest defence." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-162.
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During nest defence, yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) give "seet" and "chip" calls. Seet calls are given preferentially toward brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) during the yellow warblers' egg-laying period, whereas chip calls are given toward mammalian and avian nest predators throughout the nesting period. In this study, we investigated two possible functions of seet and chip calls during nest defence by playing alarm calls to nesting yellow warblers. We tested whether nest owners give seet and chip calls during defence to alert their offspring and their mates about nest threats and, in the latter case, whether the alarm calls differ in function depending on nesting stage. In response to playbacks, nestlings remained inactive for a significantly longer period when chip calls were played than when seet calls were played. Female yellow warblers returned to their nesting areas more quickly when seet calls were played than when chip calls were played, but pairs were equally likely to return to the nesting area in response to both call types. These findings suggests that both seet and chip calls alert mates but that only chip calls function to alert nestlings of potential danger.
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Lipták, Ján. "Nesting by Hobbies (Falco subbuteo) in the Košice Basin (Eastern Slovakia) from 1996 to 2005." Slovak Raptor Journal 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2012): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0009-3.
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Abstract In the course of ten nesting seasons from 1996 to 2005 I observed nesting by hobbies in Eastern Slovakia within a territory of 1000 km2 in the Košice Basin. During this ten-year period 218 nestings were recorded. The average population density was two pairs per 100 km2 in the monitored territory. In certain quadrants with better occupation it was from four to seven pairs per 100 km2. The birds nested more frequently on very high tension (VHT) electricity pylons (126 instances) than in trees (92 instances). They prefer the nests of hooded crows (Corvuscorone cornix) (110 cases) and ravens (Corvus corax) (90 cases), and in only 18 cases did they use another nesting solution. When nesting in VHT pylons in the 1980’s they used to make more use of crows’ nests, but at the present time they prefer ravens’ nests to a significant degree.
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Allander, Klas. "The effects of an ectoparasite on reproductive success in the great tit: a 3-year experimental study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-162.
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The effects of ectoparasites on host reproductive success have been studied in a variety of bird species. Most of these studies concern either colonial or hole-nesting birds, which have been suspected of being particularly susceptible to parasites because of their social habits and (or) reuse of old nests. The effects of a horizontally transmitted flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae, on the reproductive success of hole-nesting great tits,Parus major, were experimentally studied over 3 years. Leaving nests in nest boxes in the intervals between breeding seasons does not result in a significant increase in parasite abundance in comparison with nest boxes cleaned between seasons. Flea abundance was reduced by spraying random nests with an insecticide during host egg laying. There were no significant effects of ectoparasite removal on clutch size, number of fledged young, hatching success, or fledging success in any of the 3 years, although a significant interaction between year and treatment in nestling body mass was observed. Thus, in 1 of the 3 years, body mass of nestlings in the sprayed boxes was, on average, significantly greater than that of controls. There was also a negative correlation between flea abundance and mean body mass of the brood. In addition, nestlings produced in flea-free boxes had a significantly higher probability of recruiting locally than nestlings from control nests. The effects of ectoparasites seem to vary over time and also among host populations, which implies that the effects of parasites may interact with other environmental factors.
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Dykstra, Cheryl R., Jeffrey L. Hays, F. Bernard Daniel, and Melinda M. Simon. "Nest Site Selection and Productivity of Suburban Red-Shouldered Hawks in Southern Ohio." Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.401.
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Abstract We measured nest site selection and productivity of suburban-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) in southwestern Ohio and rural-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks in south-central Ohio. At both the suburban and the rural locations, nest sites had greater canopy height and overall tree basal area than paired random plots, and were located closer to water than were paired random plots. Nest trees also had greater diameter and height than random plot-center trees. Reproductive rates at suburban and rural sites were similar, averaging 2.6–3.1 nestlings per successful nest. Results indicated that suburban-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks were very similar to rural-nesting hawks in both nest site selection and productivity, suggesting that Red-shouldered Hawks were habituated to their suburban environs.
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Watson, Katheryn A., and Gary Ritchison. "Effect of Variation in Nestling Hunger Levels on the Begging Behaviour of Nestlings and the Provisioning Behaviour of Adult American Kestrels." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 1 (February 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x15127411523971.
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Little is known about how variation in nestling begging intensity influences the behaviour of adult raptors and how responses of adult males and females to such variation might differ. Our objective was to manipulate the begging intensity of nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) and examine the responses of adults. We studied 12 pairs of American Kestrels nesting in nest boxes from 1 March to 1 July 2014 at the Blue Grass Army Depot, Madison County, Kentucky. Nest boxes were modified with a separate compartment for a camcorder to record nestling behaviour, and a second camcorder was placed outside the nests to monitor adult behaviour. To manipulate nestling hunger levels, 12 to 26-day-old nestlings in six nests were deprived of food for 24 h and those in the other six nests were fed until satiated. At each nest, we alternated control (no treatment) and treatment (fed or food deprived) days over a 4 day period to minimise the possible effect of nestling age on adult and nestling behaviour. Nestling begging intensity differed among treatments, with nestlings in food-deprived nests begging with greater intensity after food deprivation and those in fed-treatment nests begging with less intensity after being fed. Adult male and female American Kestrels provisioned nestlings at similar rates, with both sexes feeding nestlings at higher rates after food deprivation and at lower rates after fed treatments. Thus, the begging behaviour of nestling American Kestrels varied with hunger level, and adult American Kestrels responded by adjusting provisioning rates. Although the response of adults to nestling begging suggests that natural selection might favour ‘dishonest’ begging to obtain more food, the potential costs of ‘dishonest’ begging, such as attracting predators, reduced immunocompetence, and loss of indirect fitness benefits if such begging negatively impacts siblings and parents, may outweigh any possible benefit.
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Saunders, DA. "Breeding-Season, Nesting Success and Nestling Growth in Carnabys Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus-Funereus-Latirostris, Over 16 Years at Coomallo Creek, and a Method for Assessing the Viability of Populations in Other Areas." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860261.
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The short-billed form of the white-tailed black cockatoo has been studied at Coomallo Creek for 16 years (1969-84), during which time the distribution of natlve vegetation in the district has greatly changed, and its total percentage has diminished from 67% in 1969 to 34% in 1982. At the same time the breeding population of black cockatoos in the area has fallen by one-third (to about 40 breeding pairs), but without any decrease in nesting success or in nestling 'fitness' as measured by comparing nestling weights with those of earlier years. The results of this study have been used to derwe a technique to assess the viability of populations of the white-tailed black cockatoo in other areas. This may be done by finding several nests, weighing each nestling, and measuring the length of its folded left wing, then aging it from a curve for growth of folded left wing drawn up from known-age nestlings. The weights of the nestlings are plotted against the appropriate ages, based on data from Coomallo Creek. Areas where nestlings show decreased 'fitness', as established by this method, may be in the process of losing their populations of the white-tailed black cockatoo.
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Burns, Thomas J., Hannah Davidson, and Malcolm W. Kennedy. "Large-scale investment in the excavation and “camouflaging” phases by nesting Leatherback Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 6 (June 2016): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0240.
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Nesting female Leatherback Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)) are ungainly and vulnerable to predation, stranding, and physiological stress, dangers encountered repeatedly in a nesting season. Minimising these risks must be balanced against optimising investment in nest-site selection, excavation, refilling, and concealment of their egg clutches. We investigated the relative investment in the different phases of nesting in Leatherback Turtles by recording the duration of, and respiratory frequency during, each phase. Nest excavation and the final sand scattering (usually termed “camouflage” or “disguise”) phases were the longest in duration. By combining the relative durations of nesting phases with literature estimates of oxygen consumption, we found that these may be the most expensive phases energetically, sand scattering in particular. Leatherback Turtles follow convoluted paths during the sand scattering phase, which were mapped and measured. They disturb large areas (mean (±SD) 30.3 ± 11.1 m2, maximum 57 m2), the centroids of which were always offset from the nest itself. Interestingly, in none of 26 nestings observed did the centre line of females move over the nest itself. Nesting Leatherbacks therefore invest heavily in obscuring the egg clutch, and the pattern of their movements in doing so suggests decoy behaviour.
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Chavko, Jozef, Ján Obuch, Ján Lipták, Roman Slobodník, and Michal Baláž. "Changes in nesting habitat of the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) influenced its diet composition and potentially threatened its population in Slovakia in the years 1976–2016." Raptor Journal 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2019-0009.
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Abstract In the period between the years 1976 to 2016 we monitored the nesting site distribution of two populations of saker falcon (Falco cherrug) concentrated in the highlands and adjacent lowlands of western and eastern Slovakia. In western Slovakia we recorded nesting by 56 pairs and 514 nestings, and in eastern Slovakia we observed nesting by 32 pairs and 245 nestings. There were similar nesting success rates in both regions, with pairs producing on average 3.2 young in every successful nest. During the monitored period as a whole a total of 1,788 young saker falcons were raised. At the same time all the pairs gradually resettled in the lowlands, and in the new environment the nesting success rate significantly improved (81.1% compared with 57.1 % in the highlands). This change of nesting biotopes was caused by the impacts of intensive exploitation and environmentally inappropriate forest management, with the accompanying excessive disturbance of nesting birds, but at the same time the disappearance of ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) colonies led to a change in the food spectrum for the observed saker falcon pairs. We evaluated the falcons’ feeding habits in western Slovakia between the years 1977 and 2016 (49 pairs; 1–17 pairs/year) and in eastern Slovakia between 2009 and 2016 (12 pairs; 1–3 pairs/year). Altogether 17,669 prey items were identified. From 1976 onwards mammals (Mammalia, 19.8%, 24 species) became gradually less represented as a component in the falcons’ diet compared with birds (Aves, 79.9%, 58 species). In areas of western Slovakia we found stable and predominant proportions of domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) ranging from 52% to 62%. The proportion of pigeons was distinctly lower in eastern Slovakia (31.5%), compensated for by larger shares of common vole (Microtus arvalis), common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) and hooded crow (Corvus cornix). The common starling (9.5%) was a significant prey species in the lowlands of western and eastern Slovakia alike. Mammals were mostly represented by common voles (9.8%), European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus, 5.3%), ground squirrels (2.1%) and hares (Lepus europaeus, 1.6%). Changes over time in the composition of falcons’ prey were also evaluated over five periods in western Slovakia.
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Pandit, Meelyn Mayank, James Eapen, Gabriela Pineda-Sabillon, Margaret E. Caulfield, Alexander Moreno, Jay Wilhelm, Jessica E. Ruyle, Eli S. Bridge, and Darren S. Proppe. "Anthropogenic noise alters parental behavior and nestling developmental patterns, but not fledging condition." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab015.
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Abstract Anthropogenic noise is a ubiquitous feature of the American landscape, and is a known stressor for many bird species, leading to negative effects in behavior, physiology, reproduction, and ultimately fitness. While a number of studies have examined how anthropogenic noise affects avian fitness, there are few that simultaneously examine how anthropogenic noise impacts the relationship between parental care behavior and nestling fitness. We conducted Brownian noise playbacks for 6 h a day during the nesting cycle on Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) nest boxes to investigate if experimentally elevated noise affected parental care behavior, nestling body conditions, and nestling stress indices. We documented nest attendance by adult females using radio frequency identification (RFID), and we assessed nestling stress by measuring baseline corticosterone levels and telomere lengths. Based on the RFID data collected during individual brood cycles, adult bluebirds exposed to noise had significantly higher feeding rates earlier in the brood cycle than adults in the control group, but reduced feeding rates later in the cycle. Nestlings exposed to noise had higher body conditions than the control nestlings at 11 days of age, but conditions equalized between treatments by day 14. We found no differences in nestling baseline corticosterone levels or nestling telomere lengths between the two treatment groups. Our results revealed that noise altered adult behavior, which corresponded with altered nestling body condition. However, the absence of indicators of longer-term effects of noise on offspring suggests adult behavior may have been a short-term response.
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Harriman, V. B., R. D. Dawson, R. G. Clark, G. D. Fairhurst, and G. R. Bortolotti. "Effects of ectoparasites on seasonal variation in quality of nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0209.
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Reproductive success often declines with breeding date in diverse taxa, including temperate-nesting bird species. The date hypothesis predicts that seasonally deteriorating environmental quality drives this pattern. While mechanisms are not fully understood, a seasonal increase in parasitism may contribute to the declining quality of nestlings hatched later in the season. We examined the effect of ectoparasites on seasonal variation in indices of nestling quality and survival in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)) at breeding sites in British Columbia (PG) and Saskatchewan (SDNRA). In a parasite removal experiment, we detected no seasonal trend in flea abundance and, contrary to expectation, there were fewer blow flies in nests of late breeders. Negative effects of parasites on nestlings were documented at PG, where lengths of primary feather and head–bill were affected. Parental, rather than environmental, quality had the greatest effect on reproductive success at PG, as nestling survival declined seasonally regardless of treatment and despite seasonally increasing food biomass. Nestlings in control (i.e., parasitized) nests at SDNRA had elevated feather corticosterone levels, but no other effects of parasites were detected possibly because parent birds were of higher quality or parents and offspring had greater access to food such that nestlings were capable of coping with parasite-related challenges.
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Zemach, Eddy M. "Nesting." Monist 73, no. 2 (1990): 296–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist199073233.
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Hussa, L. "Nesting." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/8.1.167.
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Jessen, Emily Ellen. "Nesting." Pleiades: Literature in Context 36, no. 2 (2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2016.0143.
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Womer, Brenna. "Nesting." Pleiades: Literature in Context 39, no. 1 (2019): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2019.0018.
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Yarys, O. O., and A. B. Chaplygina. "The role of artificial nesting boxes and birds’ nests in maintaining vital activity of the Vespidae and Apidae families." Studia Biologica 16, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1601.675.
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Background. During 2019‒2021, from the first decade of March to the third decade of July on the territory of northeastern Ukraine, ornithological studies on hollow-nesting birds populating artificial nestings were carried out. It is common knowledge, that in urban landscapes, the presence of wildlife is limited. Among the many different measures aimed at increasing the number of different groups of animals in urbanized areas, artificial nesting is the main solution for the reproduction and conservation of the population. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of artificial nesting in maintaining vital activitiy of the families Vespidae and Apidae. Methods. When checking and examining artificial nestings, 80 nests were found 69 of which were populated by representatives of the family Vespidae and 11 – by Apidae. For identification of nests and establishing the taxonomic status of representatives of the Vespidae and Apidae families in artificial nestings, keys were used. Results. In the territory of northeastern Ukraine, studies have been carried out in recreational areas: Homilsha Woods National Nature Park near Zadonetske and Gaidary villages (Kharkiv Region), Hetman National Nature Park near Klementove and Kamyanka villages, as well as in “Vakalivshchyna” tract near Vakalivshchyna village (Sumy Region). Among representatives of the Vespidae family in artificial nestings on the territory of northeastern Ukraine, two species ‒ Vespa crabro and Vespula vulgaris were identified; among the family Apidae – one representative species ‒ Bombus terrestris. Conclusions. Representatives of the families Vespidae and Apidae begin to populate artificial nestings from the third decade of April till the second decade of July (21.04‒10.07). On the studied territories of northeastern Ukraine, in Hetman National Nature Park near Kamyanka village, the number of nestings by V. vulgaris was maximal throughout all the years of study, besides, the number of individuals increased over the period. During inspections of the artificial nestings on the territory of the regional landscape park “Feldman Ecopark”, nestings of representatives of the Vespidae and Apidae families were found.
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Poiani, A. "Reproductive biology of the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys) (Meliphagidae) at Healsville, south-eastern Victoria." Wildlife Research 20, no. 5 (1993): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930579.
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The breeding biology of the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys, Meliphagidae) at a site 60 km east of Melbourne, Victoria, is described. Bell miners showed a clear seasonal pattern of nesting, moulting and development of brood patch. Increased food availability and number of helpers were not associated with increased nesting success. This is partially explained by increased predation on nests in colonies with more helpers. Growth rates of nestlings did not increase with increased number of helpers and habitat quality, although these variables may affect postfledging survival rates. Breeding females organised into neighbourhoods seemed to be able to synchronise nesting. Egg shape differed among females but egg size did not, although egg volume increased as the breeding season progressed.
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Castañeda, Xerónimo, Neil Clipperton, Daniel A. Airola, Samantha Arthur, and Paul Sousa. "Effectiveness of Public–Private Efforts to Conserve Tricolored Blackbird Colonies on Agricultural Lands in the San Joaquin Valley, California." Western Birds 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb54.1.1.
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Since the early 1990s when much of the population of the Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) began nesting in fields of triticale grown for dairy silage in the San Joaquin Valley, many colonies have been destroyed inadvertently during harvest. After previous inconsistent efforts, in 2015 a Regional Conservation Partnership Program brought the dairy industry, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Audubon California, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and other partners together in an effort to stem the losses. The program located colonies and compensated farmers for crop value lost when the harvest was delayed until after the blackbirds fledged and encouraged creation of alternative nesting habitat to attract nesting birds away from agricultural fields. Before 2015, data on the numbers of colonies in silage fields, and on the blackbirds’ productivity conserved and lost, are complete only for 2005–2009, when only 43% of colonies encompassing 60% of the monitored nestings avoided destruction. From 2015 to 2022, 93% of colonies representing 96% of nesting attempts were conserved, and the number of birds nesting in silage increased by as much as 100,000. The program’s success resulted from the adequacy of federal funding, protection provided by the species’ listing as endangered by the state of California, and effective communications and cooperation among the partners and within the dairy industry. Protection of colonies in silage fields since 2015 likely contributed to the substantial increase in the numbers of birds nesting in this habitat and perhaps to an increase in California’s Tricolored Blackbird population as a whole. Continued effort is needed to achieve the species’ recovery.
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Grim, Tomáš, and Peter Samaš. "Growth Performance of Nestling CuckoosCuculus canorusin Cavity Nesting Hosts." Acta Ornithologica 51, no. 2 (December 2016): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/00016454ao2016.51.2.004.
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Fernandes Perrella, Daniel, Paulo V. Davanço, Leonardo S. Oliveira, Livia M. S. Sousa, and Mercival R. Francisco. "Reproductive aspects of the Purple-throated Euphonia, Euphonia chlorotica (Aves: Fringillidae) in southeastern Brazil, and first record of the species nesting inside a vespiary." Zoologia 34 (August 15, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e19989.
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Despite the fact that E. chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) is common and widely distributed in South America, the reproductive aspects of the species are poorly documented. Here we present data on 18 active nests found from August to February, between 2007 and 2012. Nests were globular with a lateral entrance, and measured 97.9 ± 14.4 mm in outside height, 110.6 ± 11.6 mm in outside diameter, and were 4.88 ± 2.09 m above ground. They were often supported from bellow and were composed mainly of tiny dry leafs and leaflets, fine petioles, and plumed seeds, all compacted with spider web silk. Eggs were laid on consecutive days or with one day interval, and clutch size varied from 1–3 eggs (2.1 ± 0.6, n = 9 nests). Only females incubated the eggs, but both sexes were involved in nest construction and nestling attendance at similar rates. Incubation and nestling periods were 14 and 21 days, respectively, and overall nest survival probability was 5%. A vespiary used for nesting was not occupied by wasps and nest material was deposited only to form the incubatory chamber. Although nesting near wasps or bees is a widespread strategy among birds in general, nesting inside the nests of social insects is a poorly documented behavior.
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Imlay, Tara L., Donavon Nickerson, and Andrew G. Horn. "Temperature and breeding success for Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) nesting on man-made structures: ecological traps?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0224.
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When an environmental cue that previously signaled a suitable habitat leads an animal to use an unsuitable site, individual fitness can decrease, ultimately leading to population declines. Such “ecological traps” may be particularly likely for birds that use human infrastructure for nesting. Here we tested whether high nest temperatures and the physical properties of barns are associated with lower breeding success for a declining population of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot, 1817)). We monitored nests under barn eaves below wood and metal roofs to determine nestling survival and mass, and recorded temperature under barn eaves, to relate ambient temperature to eave temperature. We found that eave temperature increased with ambient temperatures and was higher at high temperatures and lower at cool temperatures under metal roofs than wood roofs. Nestling survival was lower during periods with higher ambient temperatures, and both survival and mass were lower under metal roofs. Our findings suggest that barn eaves, especially those with metal roofs, may be an ecological trap for Cliff Swallows, where a seemingly suitable nesting site early in the breeding season results in low breeding success. Furthermore, warming temperatures may lead to ecological traps for other bird species, particularly those nesting in man-made structures.
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ALTAMIRANO, TOMÁS A., FELIPE HERNÁNDEZ, MARIANO DE LA MAZA, and CRISTIAN BONACIC. "Güiña (Leopardus guigna) preys on cavity-nesting nestlings." Revista chilena de historia natural 86, no. 4 (December 2013): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2013000400014.
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Rodríguez-Ruano, Sonia, Manuel Martín-Vivaldi, Juan Peralta-Sánchez, Ana García-Martín, Ángela Martínez-García, Juan Soler, Eva Valdivia, and Manuel Martínez-Bueno. "Seasonal and Sexual Differences in the Microbiota of the Hoopoe Uropygial Secretion." Genes 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2018): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080407.
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The uropygial gland of hoopoe nestlings and nesting females hosts bacterial symbionts that cause changes in the characteristics of its secretion, including an increase of its antimicrobial activity. These changes occur only in nesting individuals during the breeding season, possibly associated with the high infection risk experienced during the stay in the hole-nests. However, the knowledge on hoopoes uropygial gland microbial community dynamics is quite limited and based so far on culture-dependent and molecular fingerprinting studies. In this work, we sampled wild and captive hoopoes of different sex, age, and reproductive status, and studied their microbiota using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and pyrosequencing. Surprisingly, we found a complex bacterial community in all individuals (including non-nesting ones) during the breeding season. Nevertheless, dark secretions from nesting hoopoes harbored significantly higher bacterial density than white secretions from breeding males and both sexes in winter. We hypothesize that bacterial proliferation may be host-regulated in phases of high infection risk (i.e., nesting). We also highlight the importance of specific antimicrobial-producing bacteria present only in dark secretions that may be key in this defensive symbiosis. Finally, we discuss the possible role of environmental conditions in shaping the uropygial microbiota, based on differences found between wild and captive hoopoes.
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Lima, Jônatas, Railene Almeida, and Edson Guilherme. "Breeding records of Leptotila rufaxilla (Aves: Columbidae) in southwestern Brazilian Amazon with notes on nesting in some regions of occurrence." Revista Peruana de Biología 28, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): e18793. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v28i3.18793.
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We present new aspects of breeding biology of Gray-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla, from five nests found between 2012 and 2014 in a lowland forest fragment in southwestern Brazil. The nests simple/platform shape were built at a mean height of 1.90 m above ground. The clutch size was two eggs white and elliptic, incubated for 15 days (based on three nests). We recorded predation in two nests still in incubation phase. Minimum hatch weight of nestlings was 10 g and young fledged with a mean mass of 56 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.40 with a growth asymptote of 60.7 g. Daily survival rate, Mayfield and apparent nesting success in the incubation period was 90, 20 and 56%, respectively, while in the nestling period were all 100%. Our data and the contribution of citizen science showed that L. rufaxilla breeds over the year, mainly in the rainy season, both in southwestern Amazonia and in other regions of occurrence.
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Lima, Jônatas, and Edson Guilherme. "Breeding biology and biometrics of Myiozetetes c. cayanensis (Aves: Tyrannidae) in southwest Brazilian Amazonia with breeding season in Brazil." Revista Peruana de Biología 28, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): e20475. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v28i3.20475.
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Our study provides information on the breeding and biometrics of Rusty-Margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis in southwest Brazilian Amazonia. Myiozetetes cayanensis is distributed from Central America until north of South America. We made observations on reproduction and captures of this species in a terra firme forest fragment in the state of Acre, between 1999 and 2020 and we evaluated the breeding season in Brazil through citizen science data. We monitored nine nests between 2012 and 2020, built at a mean height of 1.8 m above ground. Clutch size was two, three or four eggs, incubated for 15 days. We monitored the development of six nestlings: minimum hatch weight was 2 g and young fledged with a mean mass of ca. 25.5 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.18 with a growth asymptote of 22.8 g. Daily survival rate was 90% and 100% during the incubation and nestling periods, respectively. The Mayfield success in the incubation and nestling periods was 20 and 100%, respectively. Apparent nesting success in the incubation and nestling periods was 46 and 100%, respectively. We recorded a minimum longevity of 2 years, nine months and 26 days. The subspecies M. c. cayanensis start to nest mainly between the dry and rainy season in Brazil, overlapping with the molt period in southwest Amazonia.
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Archawaranon, Manee. "The Role of Male Parental Care in Monogamous Hill Mynah (Gracula Religiosa)." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 3 (August 2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14972628984694.
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Little is known about the selective pressures driving monogamy in the Hill Mynah ( Gracula religiosa). Thus, this study investigated the male's role during reproduction to understand the evolutionary advantages of the monogamous mating system. Experiments were performed on captive birds in Thailand from 2012–2015. In the first experiment, I recorded allopreening and nest-entry frequency/duration from both parents during three periods: nesting, incubation, and feeding of offspring. Females preened their mates significantly more than males did. Moreover, female allopreening was significantly correlated to male parental care (as indicated by nest-entry data), especially when nestlings were 1–20 days old. In the second experiment, males were removed from various nests either when incubation began or when nestlings were 1, 11, or 21 days old. Solitary females were significantly less successful at incubating and raising young, which also weighed less than broods from biparental nests. Therefore, male parental care is likely required for nestling survivability and reinforces monogamy in the Hill Mynah.
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Bancroft, G. Thomas, Reed Bowman, and Richard J. Sawicki. "Rainfall, Fruiting Phenology, and the Nesting Season of White-Crowned Pigeons in the Upper Florida Keys." Auk 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.416.
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AbstractWhite-crowned Pigeons (Columba leucocephala) varied their timing of breeding and nesting intensity in response to variation in production of the four most important fruit species in their breeding-season diet in the upper Florida Keys. From 1988 through 1990, we monitored fruit production year-round in five habitats in which pigeons foraged and monitored all pigeon nests along two transects on Middle Butternut Key. Annually, pigeon breeding was positively correlated with summer rains and with the peak in overall fruit production. However, within the breeding season, only the availability of Metopium toxiferum was positively correlated with rainfall and the number of new clutches initiated. Both the timing and magnitude of breeding varied annually. In 1988, when Metopium was more available, more pigeons nested, the nesting season started earlier and lasted longer, and a large peak in nesting occurred when Metopium fruit ripened. During 1989 and 1990, when the relative availability of Metopium was lower, fewer pigeons nested, the nesting season was shorter, and the seasonal peak in nesting associated with Metopium fruit was reduced or absent. Nesting patterns did not appear to vary with changes in the relative availability of other fruits. White-crowned Pigeons appear to prefer Metopium fruits to other species. Because pigeons do not supplement nestling diets with arthropods, but augment their diets with protein-rich crop milk, they may depend on lipid-rich fruits such as Metopium to provide the energy for breeding and crop-milk production. Metopium fruit production may be influenced by rainfall and climatic conditions, both of which may vary spatially within the range of White-crowned Pigeons in Florida. Evidence that pigeons shift foraging sites when Metopium availability varies emphasizes the need to preserve large tracts of seasonal deciduous forest in the Keys and to protect Metopium trees in suburban areas where they are removed because they cause contact dermatitis in humans.
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McGee, Matthew R., David A. Edwards, William H. Kirkpatrick, Harold F. Greeney, and Kimberly S. Sheldon. "BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (LATHROTRICCUS GRISEIPECTUS) IN SOUTHWESTERN ECUADOR." Ornitología Neotropical 29 (December 21, 2018): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v29i1.411.
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Abstract ∙ Little is known about the nesting behavior of the Gray-breasted Flycatcher (Lathrotriccus griseipectus), a species listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In order to add fundamental information on the life history of this species, we recorded parental behavior at a nest in February–March 2010 in the Jorupe Reserve in southwestern Ecuador. Recordings were made on a tripod-mounted video camera and took place during part of the incubation and nestling stages. Both adults provisioned nestlings. We recorded 7.1 feeds per nestling-hour, with the highest average provisioning rates occurring from 12:00–13:00 h. Nestlings produced an average of 0.8 fecal sacs per nestling-hour. Nestlings fledged in quick succession shortly before 12:00 h on nestling-day 14.Resumen ∙ El cuidado parental del Mosquero Pechigrís (Lathrotriccus griseipectus) en el suroeste del Ecuador La biología reproductiva del Mosquero Pechigrís (Lathrotriccus griseipectus), una especie catalogada como “Vulnerable” por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, es poco conocida. Con el fin de añadir datos básicos sobre la historia de vida del Mosquero Pechigrís, utilizamos una cámara de video para realizar observaciones de un nido ubicado en la Reserva Jorupe en el suroeste de Ecuador, entre febrero y marzo de 2010. Las grabaciones tuvieron lugar durante parte de las etapas de incubación y polluelo. Ambos adultos aprovisionaron polluelos. Registramos 7.1 alimentaciones de polluelo por hora, siendo las tasas de aprovisionamiento más altas de 12:00–13:00 h. Los polluelos produjeron un promedio de 0.8 sacos fecales por hora y polluelo. Los polluelos emplumaron en rápida sucesión poco antes del mediodía 14 días luego de la eclosión.
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Smelansky, Ilya E., Andrey A. Tomilenko, Anna N. Barashkova, Alexander A. Yakovlev, Alexandra Yu Krivopalova, Mark V. Pestov, and Vladimir A. Terentiev. "New Data on Distribution and Population Number of Large Raptors in Northern Usturt Within Atyrau Province, Kazakhstan." Raptors Conservation, no. 40 (2020): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2020-40-82-102.
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In May and June 2018 and June 2019 we surveyed breeding populations of large raptors (principally Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Long-Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Eagle Owl Bubo bubo) in the north-west of the Ustyurt Plateau within the boundaries of the Atyrau Province, Kazakhstan. The area surveyed was ca. 1000 km2 represented the wider area of 3400 km2. Total 12 species of birds of prey were recorded and 8 of them considered as large raptors. Golden Eagle was found nesting on the Donyztau escarpment, 4 breeding territories were recorded and 3 of them successful; nesting density is estimated at about 5.0–6.7 pairs per 100 km of cliffs, the distance between neighboring pairs was ca. 6 km. Imperial Eagle: 5 breeding territories found on the Donyztau and Zheltau escarpments, 4 of them successful; average nesting density is 3.8 pairs per 100 km of cliffs. Steppe Eagle: 14 breeding territories (25 nests) revealed, among them 6 are successful (1–2 nestlings) and on other 3 breeding was failed; average nesting density is estimated at 1.3 pairs per 100 km2. Average distance between neighboring active nests is 2.5 km in Sholkara hill ridge but the distance between successful nests here is much bigger and makes about 13 km. Long-Legged Buzzard: 13 breeding territories (30 nests) found, of which 11 territories were actually occupied and 8 of them had successful breeding. Saker Falcon is found nesting on Donyztau escarpment: 4 breeding territories, including 3 successful; the average nesting density is 6.7 pairs per 100 km of cliffs. Eagle Owl recorded throughout the surveyed area; 11 breeding territories revealed, the average nesting density is 7 breeding territories per 100 km of cliffs and steep slopes. Two other species, Short-toad Eagle and Cinereous Vulture, recorded only occasionally, nesting in the area is not found. In general, our findings demonstrate the area is important for conserving several species of large raptors in the Atyrau Province.
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Bani Assadi, Saeedeh, and Kevin Charles Fraser. "Experimental manipulation of photoperiod influences migration timing in a wild, long-distance migratory songbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1957 (August 25, 2021): 20211474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1474.
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Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated the role of photoperiod in cueing the migration timing of small land birds; however, how migration timing of young birds in wild environments develops in relation to these cues have rarely been investigated. Such investigations can make important contributions to our developing understanding of the phenotypic plasticity of migration timing to new conditions with climate change, where changes in the timing of nesting may expose juvenile birds to different photoperiods. We investigated the impact of manipulating photoperiod during nestling development in a long-distance migratory songbird on the timing of post-breeding movements in the wild. Using programmable lighting installed in the nest-boxes of purple martins ( Progne subis ), we exposed developing nestlings, from hatch to fledge date, to an extended photoperiod that matched the day length of the summer solstice in Manitoba, Canada. We found that birds with a simulated, earlier photoperiod had a longer nesting period and later fledge and autumn departure dates than control group birds. This study demonstrates the phenotypic plasticity of first-year birds to the ontogenetic effect of their hatch date in the formation of the timing of their first post-breeding movements. Further, we discuss how these results have implications for the potential use of assisted evolution approaches to alter migration timing to match new conditions with climate change.
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Repenning, Márcio, and Carla Suertegaray Fontana. "Nesting information for Tropeiro Seedeater (Sporophila beltoni), an endemic songbird from southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544466.
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AbstractWe present the first nesting information for the Tropeiro Seedeater (Sporophila beltoni), a newly described and poorly known Neotropical passerine endemic to southern Brazil. We observed a novel male biased behavior for nest site selection in the Tropeiro Seedeater based on seven events of pre-nesting display courtship. We describe the nest, eggs, nestlings, and fledglings based on 133 nests found over four breeding seasons (2007 to 2011). The nest is a cup-shaped structure made with dry grass inflorescences and spider webs. It is placed in low, forked branches of substrate shrubs and contains multiple attachment points. The eggs are typically white with dark spots or stripes, and are pyriform in shape. Average egg dimensions are 18.2 × 13.2 mm. Nestlings fledge after 10 days. We provide the key information for distinguishing the nest, eggs, nestlings and fledglings of S. beltoni from other sympatric Sporophila species.
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Perrella, D. F., C. H. Biagolini Junior, L. Ribeiro-Silva, P. V. Q. Zima, and M. R. Francisco. "Reproduction of the Atlantic Forest endemic star-throated antwren, Rhopias gularis (Aves: Thamnophilidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14715.
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Abstract The Thamnophilidae are one of the most speciose Neotropical bird families, yet aspects of their natural history remain poorly documented. Here we provide information on breeding phenology, the length of incubation and nestling periods, parental care, and nesting success of the Star-throated Antwren, Rhopias gularis, an Atlantic Forest endemic. The data are discussed in light of life history theories. We found 27 active nests during two breeding seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) at Carlos Botelho State Park in southeastern Brazil. Nesting activities were observed from September to January. Incubation and nestling periods lasted 16.8 ± 0.6 and 11.0 ± 0.86 days, respectively, as with most other antbirds. Males and females shared equally in incubation and nestling provisioning. The small clutch size of two eggs is that most commonly found in tropical birds and is hypothesized to have evolved due to increased nest predation rates. However, our data was not consistent with this hypothesis as the nest survival probability was high (57%). This is one of only a handful of studies that provide comprehensive information on the breeding biology of a Thamnophilid species in undisturbed habitat.
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Sadoti, G., and K. T. Vierling. "Nonideal habitat selection by a North American cavity excavator: pecking up the wrong tree?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 6 (June 2010): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-025.
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Nonideal habitat selection occurs when preferred habitat attributes differ from those associated with increased fitness. These mismatches have been widely studied in open cup-nesting birds, but the relationship between habitat-associated preferences and fitness in cavity-nesting birds has received relatively little attention. We studied patterns of preference and fitness during 2006–2007 in an Idaho, USA, population of Red-naped Sapsuckers ( Sphyrapicus nuchalis S.F. Baird, 1858). Using a suite of nonparametric tests, we examined the associations between habitat attributes and both nesting-area preferences and nest productivity (number of fledglings per pair) across four spatial scales. Nest productivity was associated with tree- and cavity-scale attributes, whereas preference was associated with attributes of home ranges. Live trees and southeasterly oriented cavities had higher nest productivity but were not preferred. Microclimates in nests with these attributes may enhance nestling survival, whereas nonpreference for these attributes may be due to energetic constraints in some individuals. Additional studies comparing patterns of nonideal habitat selection between open-cup nesters and cavity nesters should advance our understanding of how life-history characteristics influence selection patterns.
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Niangthianhoi, S. L., and Faiyaz A. Khudsar. "The nesting success of the Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster (Aves: Suliformes: Anhingidae) in the Yamuna Biodiversity Park, New Delhi, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 14 (November 26, 2015): 8148. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2430.7.14.8148-8153.
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<p>The Oriental Darter <em>Anhinga melanogaster </em>is<em> </em>a globally Near Threatened species that has been breeding in the Yamuna Biodiversity Park, Delhi since 2006. This is a recently restored site with the help of plant species assemblage in the form of plant communities of the Yamuna River basin and restoration of wetland ecosystems. A study was carried out during the nesting period of 2011 to assess the nesting success of the Oriental Darter in the park. A total of eight out of the nine incubated nests (88.88%) were successful with hatchlings and one was abandoned within three weeks of incubation. An average of 2.87 chicks hatched per nest with 2.1 fledglings per nest. The males fed the nestlings more than the females during the study hours. The restored landscape, the Yamuna Biodiversity Park and its wetlands provide a suitable habitat for supporting the breeding population of many important birds including the Darter due to the availability of prey species, vegetation for roosting and nesting, and low disturbance leading to optimization of nesting of the Darters. </p><div> </div>