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1

K.C., Priyanka, Rajan Binayek Pasa, and Bishnu Bahadur Khatri. "Gender Stereotype: Being Nepali Women!" Patan Pragya 11, no. 02 (December 31, 2022): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v11i02.52104.

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This paper discusses gender stereotypes still embedded in Nepali society towards women due to the disbelief and misconception which shaping the expectations, attitudes, and behaviors toward women. This study also elucidates the sad reality of gender stereotype throughout the life of women (birth, marriage etc.) that have been practicing in the culture and making life vulnerable and challenging. The critical appraisal at the situation of Nepali women reveals a terrible realityas women are still tolerating gender stereotype practices in the society, even when everyone is aware of their rights and gender equality. In particular, some exceptional woman personalities such as Pasang Lhamu Sherpa (first Nepali woman and the second woman in the world to summit Mount Everest); Anuradha Koirala (CNN's Hero of the Year-2010); Puspa Basnet (CNN's Hero of the Year-2012) etc. are the epitome of rebellers of the gender stereotype in Nepal. In general, equal praise, motivation and right education to both child (son and daughter) starting from home can help them to build gender neutral attitude in the future. Therefore, capacity to defy all the odds of the society like these rebellers of stereotype and gender neutral attitude towards gender stereotypes are the foundation of way out for maintaining gender equality in Nepali society.
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara. "Gendered Narratives of Mobility." Sociology of Development 2, no. 4 (2016): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.4.323.

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In the last 30 years women have been making significant inroads into Nepal's public sphere, troubling long-held normative assumptions about women's place in modern Nepal. In this article I examine the discursive strategies that working-class Nepali women employ to justify and legitimate their presence in Nepal's urban public spaces and simultaneously claim an identity as a modern Nepali woman. Drawing on an ethnographic case study of one group of publicly visible women, female trekking guides, I provide a close analysis of how spatial language is leveraged by both state actors and informants to articulate multiple, sometimes conflicting, messages about Nepali women's “place” in contemporary society. In particular, I focus on the use of spatial metaphors, showing how informants use terms such as inside, outside, forward, and backward to locate themselves within narratives of modernity, development, and national progress. I conclude by showing that unlike women in other examples from the global South, who have framed their emergent presence in the public sphere as an extension of a traditionally feminine and domestic role, informants in the present case study appropriate a masculine language of overt publicness and mobility to justify their visibility. In so doing, informants author themselves as agents of modernity rather than objects of the state's development efforts.
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Maskey, Prapanna. "Social Citizenship through Social Forces: A Case Study of Nepali Women." Historical Journal 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2023): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v14i1.52963.

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The present paper aims to show a correlation between social forces and social citizenship. The paper highlights the aspect of citizenship rights of Nepali women. Nepali society is composed of people holding different aspirations. If the aspirations of people remain unfulfilled then people adopt the medium of social forces to transform their state. Not only a single force determines to ensure social citizenship but the action of social force plays the determining role. In the Nepali context, common Nepali people were deprived of educational rights and treated as subjects rather than citizens. It is the political movement of 1951 that transformed the social status and role of Nepali people including women. Similarly, social force ensured the democracy of Nepal in 1996. Onward movements of social force the constitution of 1990 declared Nepal as a multi-cultural, multi-lingual, and multi-religious country. The people’s war of Nepal from 1996 to 2006 played an imperative role to ensure the social citizenship of the Nepali people. The interim constitution of Nepal 2006 ensured the inclusion of Women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic groups, Madhesi communities, oppressed groups, poor farmers, and laborers, who are economically, socially, or educationally backward with the right to participate in state structures based on principles of proportional inclusion.
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O'Neill, Tom. "“Our Nepali Work is Very Good”: Nepali Domestic Workers as Transnational Subjects." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600301.

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This paper explores the experiences of several young Nepali women who spent time in the Persian Gulf as transnational domestic workers, and argues that migration served to increase their sense of autonomy and agency. In it, I question the conflation of transnational domestic work with the trafficking of prostitutes into India, which figured in governmental protective measures until 2003, or during the time when these young women worked abroad. This conflation did considerable violence to the autonomy of working women, undervalued their growing importance for the sustainability of households in Nepal, and led to policies that excluded women from participating in Nepal's increasingly important remittance economy. The young women described in this paper crossed borders in active, covert rejection of those rules of exclusion in order to become responsible individuals meeting the needs of their families, not as trafficked women nor as passive victims of social and economic change.
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Shakya, Sujeev. "Unleashing Nepal’s Demography as Soft Power." Journal of Foreign Affairs 1, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jofa.v1i1.36251.

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For small powers like Nepal, enhancement of soft power to achieve national interests and economic aspirations is important. For this, however, the aspect of Nepal’s demography has not been considered as a source for advancing Nepal’s soft power. Owing to the same research gap, this study emphasises how Nepal’s demographics can be a significant facet to enhancing Nepal’s soft power. With the same objective, this paper has essentially explored the unexplored territories of demography, migration and also women’s contributions to Nepal’s economy to boost up Nepal’s soft power ambition. Stressing on the changed narrative away from the conventional notion of “yam between two boulders”, the study introduces the idea of “Global Nepali” as a component to enhance Nepal’s soft power, considering the changing demography of Nepal. Also, by shedding light on the contribution of Nepali women in Nepal’s economic growth and its potentiality to advance Nepal’s soft power, this study reiterates that the soft power of a country like Nepal lies in the hearts of its people and what they have to offer to the world.
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Gurung, Dristy, Manaswi Sangraula, Prasansa Subba, Anubhuti Poudyal, Shelly Mishra, and Brandon A. Kohrt. "Gender inequality in the global mental health research workforce: a research authorship scoping review and qualitative study in Nepal." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 12 (December 2021): e006146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006146.

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IntroductionAlthough women’s health is prioritised in global research, few studies have identified structural barriers and strategies to promote female leadership and gender equality in the global health research workforce, especially in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods study to evaluate gender equality in the mental health research workforce in Nepal. The scoping review assessed gender disparities in authorship of journal publications for Nepal mental health research, using databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, NepJol, NepMed) for 5 years. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 Nepali researchers to identify structural barriers limiting women’s leadership.ResultsOf 337 articles identified, 61% were by Nepali first authors. Among Nepali first authors, 38.3% were women. Nepali women had half the odds of being first authors compared with men, when referenced against non-Nepali authors (OR 0.50, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.16). When limiting publications to those based on funded research, the odds were worse for first authorship among Nepali women (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.71). The qualitative analysis supported the scoping review and identified a lack of gender-friendly organisational policies, difficulties in communication and mobility, and limited opportunities for networking as barriers to women’s leadership in global health research.ConclusionEfforts are needed for greater representation of Nepali women in global mental health research, which will require transformative organisational policies to foster female leadership. Those in leadership need to recognise gender inequalities and take necessary steps to address them. Funding agencies should prioritise supporting organisations with gender equality task forces, policies and indicators.
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara H. "Disposability and gendered control in labor migration: Limiting women’s mobility through cultural and institutional norms." Organization 26, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812584.

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In this article, I draw upon interviews with 30 Nepali returned women migrant workers to elucidate how the gendered institutional logics of both the Nepali state and for-profit manpower companies synergistically function to constrain women’s mobility. In particular, I focus on women migrant workers who migrate illegally to Gulf countries to work as domestic laborers, as this constitutes one of the largest channels of women’s labor migration from Nepal. To illuminate the particulars of Nepali women migrant workers’ experiences, I employ two theoretical frameworks, both developed by feminist political economists within the context of feminized workplaces broadly and global factory floors specifically. The first framework presents a logic of female disposability as shaping the feminized workforce of the global South. The second framework presents a logic of gendered control as doing the same. In this article, I show how these dual logics can be applied to women’s foreign labor migration in Nepal, and argue that these logics operate simultaneously through the various institutions that Nepali women navigate during migration. The Nepali case shows how both logics serve ultimately to limit women’s mobility and bolster the authority of institutions and organizations historically controlled by men—for example, the family, the state, transnational corporations—over women migrants. By bringing these two logics to bear on a case of women domestic workers’ migration from the global South, this article offers new insights into the functioning of institutions central to this large-scale, transnational movement of people.
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Shahi, Hari Bhakta. "Scenario of Work-Life Balance Among Employed Women in the Public Sector of Lalitpur District." Innovative Research Journal 2, no. 2 (July 6, 2023): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/irj.v2i2.56167.

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The Constitution of Nepal 2072 emphasizes women's employment particularly the quota system developed for women in the public sector. This is an opportunity for women on one side and on the other side they are facing pressure due to their double roles and function. Nepali society is adopting both traditional and modern theories. Traditionally women are engaged in household activities. But in modern society, women are engaged in various activities including office work out of their house. Nepali-employed women are suffering from dual roles and functions. Nepali women especially those engaged in public sector offices are busy in various service delivery offices. In the public sector of Nepal, Nepali-employed women are highly criticized due to their low performance. This is due to their dual role. Women are responsible for their household activities such as; cooking, lodging, care of children as well as senior citizens, cleaning, guest management, clothing, waste management, and so on. Due to these household chores, women are busy in the house. On the other hand, public sector employed women have to be involved in various activities in the office such as service delivery, meeting, day-to-day activities, training, and so on. Therefore, public sector-employed women are facing a high level of pressure and cannot work well in the office. Developed countries run their administrative activities by the system. Public sector-employed women are successful in these countries. Women who are busy in the public sector manage their children, some senior citizens in the care center. Similarly cleaning, and washing, are also managed by the private sector in developed countries. So, urban areas like Lalitpur, Kathmandu, and Biratnagar should follow foreign trends. The government of Nepal should also develop a system for public sector-employed women.
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Hillman, Wendy, and Kylie Radel. "Transformations of Women in Tourism Work: A Case Study of Emancipation in Rural Nepal." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v13i1.42040.

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A key challenge still exists for emancipation of women in the tourism industry in Nepal. The research addresses how females in Nepal transform themselves through engagement with trekking in remote areas. The authors investigated a female only tourism enterprise to determine how women can encounter avenues to reliable income support. Interviewees were members of Empowering Women Nepal (EWN), a Nepali Non-Government Organisation (NGO), and their interviews were used as a case study regarding women’s training. Open ended questions focused on the background of women who are likely to engage with tourism, barriers preventing engagement in tourism, the positive and negative side to tourism, avenues of support, and specific outcomes to date. The research found that rural and remote Nepali women are being emancipated via engagement with tourism.
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Dahal, Girdhari. "Law Making for Women Empowerment in Gandaki Province, Nepal." Interdisciplinary Issues in Education 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2023): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/iie.v1i1.58794.

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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the status of women's empowerment through lawmaking in Nepal's Gandaki Province. Women face oppression and battle for empowerment. According to Nepal's new constitution, women now enjoy legal protections and rights. Similarly, major political parties such as Nepali Congress, Nepal Communist Party UML, and Nepal Communist Party Maoist, which have led the Nepal government from time to time now have the chance to hold positions of leadership, including those of chief justice of the supreme court of Nepal, speaker of the House of Representatives, and President of the federal democratic republic of Nepal. Even though Nepal's Dawarika Devi Thakurati was the first minister in 1959. The Constitution of Nepal (2015) has made the provision of 33% inclusion of women in all the sectors of government including the federal, the provincial, and the municipal. Women are participants at various levels such as legislature, executive, professors of universities, civil servants, Nepal police, Nepal Army, and teacher. Women are currently involved in planning, implementing, and formulating policies. However, they have to overcome many obstacles in order to pursue their opportunities. Nepal is a developing nation that has made an effort to empower women and has given them good opportunities for the country's overall development. In Nepal, women have equal access to opportunities in the social, economic, political, and cultural sectors as well as Nepal's economic development. The present study reveals that the Gandaki province's legislators have played a crucial role in the overall development of this province, and just like the women legislators in the other seven provinces, they empower themselves and institutionalize women's rights by upholding democratic values and norms.
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Budhathoki, Mahendra Kumar. "Sexism and Misogyny in Nepali Proverbs: A Psychoanalytic Feminist Approach." Siddhajyoti Interdisciplinary Journal 5, no. 1 (March 18, 2024): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sij.v5i1.63600.

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People use many Nepali-gendered proverbs in formal and informal talks. They discriminate and abuse women consciously or unconsciously in gender contexts. Gender inequality has been a challenging social problem. This study investigates the representations of the sexist, abusive and ingrained prejudices and hatred against women in Nepali Proverbs. It analyses the perceptions and psyche of patriarchy towards Nepali women. This study adopted psychoanalytic feminist theory to analyse sexism and misogyny in Nepali proverbs. Nepali proverbs related to gender discrimination were selected from different written sources. The collected proverbs were presented from the birth of a girl to young, widowhood and old age. The discussed proverbs vividly illustrate prevalent prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, hatred and contempt against women in Nepali society. These gendered proverbs disclose the discrimination and prejudice on gender issues from birth onwards. The proverbs expose the men’s negative and aversive attitude, assumptionsand psyche towards women. Patriarchal ideology determines ‘good women’ or ‘bad women’; men and patriarchal women expect women should follow the traditional gender roles. Through the gendered proverbs, the patriarchal psyche is palpable as it seeks to subjugate women. This research will aware people, especially the new generation, about the misconceptions of gender in Nepali society, and motivate them not to use those gender discriminatory proverbs for the gender equality and reverence of women.
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McKendry-Smith, Emily. "Public Household, Private Congregation." Nova Religio 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2022.25.3.32.

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Members of the Brahma Kumaris movement in Nepal relocate their religious practices away from traditional Hindu puja (worship directed toward images of deities) in households to meditation services held in the movement’s centers. Although this change involves a shift from the seemingly private household to the seemingly public congregation, household puja is “public” in many respects, while Brahma Kumaris group meditation is comparatively “private.” Other public spaces that offer relative privacy, such as restaurants or theaters, are often not available to Nepali women. The organization of Nepali households, the familiar nature of puja, and its performative aspects suggest that puja is “open and accessible”—and thus public—despite its location in the home. In contrast, the Brahma Kumaris are culturally alternative; their meditation is “isolated and inaccessible,” occurring in physically secluded sites, and some practices are “illegible” to other Nepalis, offering a kind of privacy. I suggest that public and private are best conceptualized as situational and temporary, not defining features of physical spaces.
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Shrivastwa, Bimal Kishore. "Resistance Against Deprivation of Females in Niharika’s Chreeharan." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (September 19, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.312.

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This research paper aims to explore resistance of chief female characters, Satyawatee, Gandharee, and Draupadi, in Nilam Karki Niharika’s novel, Cheerharan, against the deprivation of economic, social, and cultural rights of women in the male-dominated Nepalese society. Satyawatee and Gandharee are victimized by patriarchy and portrayed as submissive. But Draupadi resists against the victimization of women in the novel. In an identical way, some women have internalized sexism in Nepalese society while others have objected to this. Draupadi, the chief character of Cheerharan, acts as an adamant feminist to revolt against the treatment of Nepali women as the inferior sex. The theoretical tools taken to explore the assumed truth are the feminists’ ideologies developed by such radical feminists as Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf. The study demonstrates that Cheerharan is the depiction of the pathetic condition of the Nepalese women which has not changed significantly from the ancient time to the present time. The chief finding of the paper is that Satyawatee and Gandharee, like most of Nepali women, know the ill practices of men but can’t resist against them because they take the socialization process for granted; while Drupadi, like a bold modern Nepali woman, reacts against the ill-practices of males towards females. It is assumed that the researchers intending to explore Nepali literature from the feminist perspective can take the paper as a reference.
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Phuyel, Shyamprasad, and Taranath Ghimire. "Contribution of Women in Political Movement of Nepal." Rupantaran: A Multidisciplinary Journal 8, no. 01 (May 2, 2024): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rupantaran.v8i01.65203.

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This article explores the extraordinary contributions made by women to Nepal's political movement, demonstrating their fundamental influence on the political climate of the nation. The study investigates the varied political activism of Nepalese women through an analysis of historical accounts, academic research, and direct testimonies. In Nepal, women have been instrumental in political movements, community mobilization, and advocacy for social and political change. They have actively taken part in protests, rallies, and neighborhood campaigns, pushing back against patriarchal conventions and clamoring for equitable participation in governmental organizations. In order to advance gender equality and women's rights in the political sphere, the article examines the effects of women's organizations, women-led projects, and female activists. It looks at their initiatives to remove social constraints, boost women's political participation, and combat gender-based prejudice. This article also examines the obstacles women have had to overcome while examining the crucial role they have played in Nepal's political movement and their contributions to constitutional changes. The paper offers insights on the empowerment of women within the Nepali political system by a thorough analysis of scholarly research, historical records, and documented experiences.
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Gurung, Gem Prasad, and Kamal Prasad Koirala. "Assessing Ethno-Ecology of Women in Nepal: Practices and Perspectives." Modern Applied Science 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v15n1p46.

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Women mostly involve in raring and caring natural resources in their daily life. This paper intends to explore the practices and perspectives of Nepali women on ecology conservation in relation to ecological, socio-cultural and religious perspectives. For environmental degradation, women's resource management plays a vital role in ecology conservation. As a qualitative research approach, field observation, focus group discussion, and in-depth interviews with women in the community were the methods of collecting necessary information. Nepali women involve in the collection and management of plant resources inappropriately. Therefore, their perspective and practice can play an important role to minimize the rapid degradation of the environment regarding with management of plant resources. The theoretical literature review consists of movements on environment conservation in the world and in Nepal. No doubt, the message of their contribution will be the lesson to the world for the protection of environment as well as to support and meet the slogan of “local act global think” to save the nature.
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Acharya, Umesh Pd. "Inclusive Democracy and Local Governance of Rural Education and its Challenges." Journal of Lumbini Engineering College 5, no. 1 (November 23, 2023): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/lecj.v5i1.60119.

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Diverse races, faiths, castes, creeds, and languages characterize Nepali society. The nation is divided into far-flung, isolated enclaves and compartments by the terrain of the hills, mountains, and plains with rivers and streams. Such diversity poses difficulties for economic progress, which has a direct impact on education, particularly for women. In this situation, both men and women can contribute to Nepal's development efforts. Even while women are more capable and essential to changing society in many ways, there is still a lack of security regarding work chances in society. Women's participation in Nepal is a difficult task not just in terms of education but also in terms of the labor market, public policy, and levels of decision-making. It seems that significant efforts should be taken to ensure women's participation in education in order to improve the growth of the nation.
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Verma, Rakhi. "Environmental Degradation in the Nepalese Society: An Eco-Critical Approach." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (July 5, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2023.3.4.471.

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The paper aims to explore the direct or indirect link between the patriarchal Nepalese society and the degradation of Nepal’s forestry and environment. The males of Nepal have been dominating and disrespecting women as the inferior sex for centuries, and thereby treating natural resourses as feminine, weak to be manipulated and consumed objectively for their benefits. The research tool taken to carry out the research is eco-feminism. To notice the relationship between gender and natural resources of Nepal, the theoretical concerns of such eco-feminist critics as Greta Gaard and Vandana Shiva are chiefly focused on. The Nepalese society, like most of the South-Asian societies, is a male-dominated society. It exploits both women and nature regarding them to be inferior. The chief finding is that the natural resources of Nepal such as air, water, green fields, climate, land, forestry, minerals, environment, and the species of Nepal have been getting threatened because of the Nepalese patriarchal society. The Nepali people exploit nature as carelessly as they have been exploiting women. It is assumed that the research scholars interested in exploring Nepalese society from the perspective of eco-feminism can take the article as a reference.
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Mishra, Indira Acharya. "Voice of Protest in Nepali Poetry by Women." Molung Educational Frontier 10 (December 31, 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34057.

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This article explores feminist voice in selected poems of four Nepali female poets. They are: "Ma Eutā Chyātieko Poshtar" ["I, a Frayed Poster"] by Banira Giri, "Pothī Bāsnu Hudaina" ["A Hen Must not Crow"] by Kunta Sharma,"Ma Strī Arthāt Āimai"["I am a Female or a Woman"] by Seema Aavas and "Tuhāu Tyo Garvalai" ["Abort the Female Foetus"] by Pranika Koyu. In the selected poems they protest patriarchy and subvert patriarchal norms and values that trivialize women. The tone of their poems is sarcastic towards male chauvinism that treats women as a second-class citizen. The poets question and ridicule the restrictive feminine gender roles that limit women's opportunity. To examine the voice of protest against patriarchy in the selected poems, the article takes theoretical support from French feminism, though not limited to it. The finding of the article suggests that Nepali women have used the genre to the political end, as a medium to advocate women's rights.
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Caagbay, Delena-Mae, Kirsten Black, Ganesh Dangal, and Camille Rayes-Greenow. "Can a Leaflet with Brief Verbal Instruction Teach Nepali Women How to Correctly Contract Their Pelvic Floor Muscles?" Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 15, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v15i2.18160.

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Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common disorder for women in Nepal causing symptoms and reduced quality of life. Pelvic floor muscle exercise is a conservative treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse but the effective way to teach women in Nepal is not known. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if an illustrative leaflet with brief verbal instruction could teach Nepali women to correctly contract their pelvic floor muscles.Methods: Fifteen parous women attending two outpatient gynecology clinics in Kathmandu Valley were interviewed to assess their knowledge of pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor muscles exercise. Following verbal instruction and an illustrative leaflet on how to contract their pelvic floor muscles, the transabdominal real time ultrasound was applied to assess the muscle contraction. Results: The median age of 15 participants was 45 years (range 18-75 years) and 10 women had pelvic organ prolapse. Some of the participants (9/15) knew about pelvic organ prolapse but none were aware of the pelvic floor muscles. After being taught how to contract their pelvic floor muscle, only 4 of 14 correctly contracted the pelvic floor muscle. Conclusions: This study highlighted the low knowledge of the pelvic floor muscle, and brief verbal instruction with an illustrative leaflet is also not sufficient in teaching Nepali women how to correctly contract their pelvic floor muscle. Further research is needed to determine how to teach a correct pelvic floor muscle contraction for women with low literacy in resource poor settings.
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Acharya, Pawan, Rupesh Gautam, and Arja R. Aro. "FACTORS INFLUENCING MISTIMED AND UNWANTED PREGNANCIES AMONG NEPALI WOMEN." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000073.

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SummaryThis paper assesses the factors influencing mistimed and unwanted pregnancies in Nepal separately using data from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Women who had given birth within the five years before the survey were interviewed about the intendedness of their last pregnancy. The data were analysed with a chi-squared test, followed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Among the total 5391 participants, 11.29% and 13.13% reported their last pregnancy as mistimed and unwanted respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that women from the hill region were more likely to report mistimed pregnancy, while women from the Western and Far-Western development regions were less likely to report mistimed pregnancy. Education status was positively correlated with the reporting of mistimed pregnancy. Women involved in agriculture, with full autonomy on household decision, with some exposure to mass media, belonging to higher age group and having third or higher parity were less likely to report mistimed pregnancy. Similarly, women from the Western development region had relatively higher odds of reporting unwanted pregnancy. Women with husbands involved in a paid job had lower odds of unwanted pregnancy. Women’s autonomy was also positively correlated with unwanted pregnancy. Women with the intention to use contraceptive had lower odds of unwanted pregnancy. Interventions targeting the factors identified by this study could be useful in reduction of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among Nepali women.
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Sijapati, Dipendra Bikram. "Political Representation of Gender in Nepal." Patan Pragya 9, no. 02 (December 31, 2021): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v9i02.42011.

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This paper is based on qualitative methods and discusses women's struggle for equal political participation, currently successful in the political representation of gender in Nepal. The aim of this paper is to examine the establishing equal representation in all sectors of elected government and to find out the inclusive participation of male and female in Nepalese, politics and parliament in together. It is based on completely secondary sources of data through the published in different governmental (election commission, 2074) and non-governmental organization. Nepal has been undergoing tremendous socio-political transformations over the past three decades, unitary to federal and monarchical government to the current republican political system; Nepali women have established themselves as key actors of socio-political changes. Nepali women began their struggle during the Rana Regime and advanced since the 1950s, by engaging both in popular peaceful political movements to armed insurgency and parliamentary competition with their male political counterparts. As a result, latest constitution of Nepal ensured 33% of seats are guaranteed to the parliaments and all other government positions as well as provision of male-female alternates eat provisions. As a result, from the national and local elections of 2017-18, women have come to occupy 41.8 percent political positions across the country. One of the key factors to ensure higher and meaningful participation of women in politics was these favorable electoral provisions. Women have demonstrated success in achieving higher participation in political positions. However, what has been achieved so far is not enough and continued rigorous action among all actors is essential.
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Chaulagain, Rabindra, and Laxmi Pathak. "Exploring Intersectionality: Theoretical Concept and Potential Methodological Efficacy in the Context of Nepal." Molung Educational Frontier 11 (June 18, 2021): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v11i0.37851.

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This article engages in theoretical discussions of intersectionality on such issues as: how does Kimberle Crenshaw's intersectionality theory function in various forms of social divisions, and how do various scholars respond to it? Why is intersectionality theoretically and methodologically critical to examining Nepali political and social contexts, especially on women and Dalit's issues? This article examines the overview of intersectional theoretical standpoints explicitly based on Crenshaw's ideas and how it problematizes political practices of domination and discrimination against minority groups in societies today. Rather than providing an empirical and positivist approach to findings, this write-up offers a theoretical framework that helps conceptualize and utilize it in examining power exercise and politics in the Nepali context. It emphasizes discourse analysis to explore the systemic discrimination and the genealogy of structural violence to moot debates about central and marginal subjects concerning women and Dalit issues in Nepal.
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Dahal, Radhika Devi. "Sociological Review of Women Participation in Social Movements of Nepal." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2024): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v5i1.62669.

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This article applies social structural approach to analyze women's involvement in social and political movements. It studies feminist movement of the world, and draws conclusion on the history and contemporary state of women as participants of movement sin Nepal. It reviews some theoretical articles written by foreign scholars by giving equal emphasis to Nepali writers' articles to review the evolution of women participation in movements in Nepal. Throughout the paper, feminist movement in common and issues of women exclusion in particular are discussed. Women issues or the feminist movements are often taken as lightly, but the paper believes that women participation in social and political movements of Nepal is attached more to class component than the purely qualitative component like social exclusion. To be specific, middle-class women in Nepal are the pioneers of women's rights movement, and have contributed a lot to ensure women rights both in legal and political areas. Rights and privileges given to women both constitutionally and politico-culturally, basically from the 1990s in Nepal, and the benefit women have received in the fields of education, health, politics, employment, marriage, property, etc. are the results of middle-class women's actively leading role in political movements.
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Adhikary, Jyoti Regmi, and Binod Krishna Shrestha. "Human Capital as Enabler of Career Success: Perceptions of Nepali Women Executives." Journal of Business and Management Research 5, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbmr.v5i1-2.58564.

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This study explored the perceptions of Nepali women executives about human capital elements that enabled their career success. In-depth interviews were used to generate information from purposively selected ten women executives representing varied organizations. Analysis revealed six human capital enablers to contribute to their career success: education, experience, expertise, performance, training, and relevant knowledge. Results show that human capital enables career success both directly and indirectly. The study outlines the pathway of career success and highlights the importance of socio-cultural consideration in further research in Nepal.
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Tiwari, Sushma. "Spectrum of Domestic Violence against Madheshi Women in Nepal." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 5 (September 30, 2016): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v5i0.15854.

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Madheshi society. For this study 350 currently married women aged 15-49 years were selected from Parsa district by using systematic random sampling. The in Parsa district of Nepal as it is prevailing in other developing countries. Madheshi women face domestic violence from various sources. Violence against women is practiced in Nepali society on the basis of discriminatory social, cultural, economic, religious and political traditions and beliefs. The violence and inhuman treatment such as sexual assault, rape and naked parading serve as a social mechanism to maintain women’s subordinate position in society. They are targeted as a way of humiliating entire Madheshi communities in Nepal. Social exclusion of Madheshi women, poor education, unemployment, low exposure, less autonomy in decision making, weak implementation of legal system etc. largely influence women’s status.Academic Voices Vol.5 2015: 67-72
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Tiwari, Shobha. "TECHNOLOGY FACILITATED DOMESTIC AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AMONG THE WOMEN." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15870.

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The main objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of technical facilitated on domestic and sexual violence among the Nepali women. The data were collected through the primary survey based on the structured questionnaires distributed through the online using social media. Descriptive and casual comparative research design was adapted and the regression analysis was used as the major tool for the data analysis. The study reveals that technical facilitated has the significant positive impact on domestic and sexual violence among the Nepali women.
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Khanal (PhD), Dr Uttam. "Socio-Economic Status of Women on Tharu’s Community in Nepalese Society." Social Science, Humanities and Sustainability Research 2, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): p22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sshsr.v2n3p22.

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Nepalese society has multi ethnic cultural variations so that the socio-economic status of Tharus’ communities has also poor for comparison of other communities. In Nepali society, women are also left behind. The condition of women in that community living within this structure is even more deplorable. It is very difficult to find a woman as a head of household in this community. Since the head of household makes all the decisions, so that most of the men are the head of household. Similarly, women are suffering from poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, illness and household activities in Nepal. The burning issues of women empowerment on national integration are to expose in economic development. It can help on household condition likewise decision making process is very poor in the whole of south Asia, especially in Nepal, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The analysis focuses upon the status of women in terms of their socio-economic status, income pattern and household decision making power in comparison to their male counterparts. The economic contribution of Tharus’ women has poor and traditional. The condition of Woman has lead to family and decision making process has been also backwardness factors. They want easy to access fortheir health facility, education, social participation, income increase, confidence buildup of decision making and policy forming on human rights of family.
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Canetto, Silvia Sara, Andrew D. Menger-Ogle, and Usha K. Subba. "Studying Scripts of Women, Men and Suicide: Qualitative-Method Development and Findings from Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20116032.

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Information about suicidal behavior in Nepal is limited. According to official records, suicide rates were high until the year 2000 and declined thereafter. Official records are considered unreliable and a gross undercounting of suicide cases, particularly female cases. Suicide research in Nepal has been mostly epidemiologic and hospital-based. Little is known about how suicide is understood by Nepali people in general—including dominant suicide attitudes and beliefs in Nepal. Suicide attitudes and beliefs, which are elements of a culture’s suicide scripts, predict actual suicidality. Drawing on suicide-script theory, we developed and used a semi-structured survey to explore Nepali beliefs about female and male suicide. The informants were adult (Mage = 28.4) university students (59% male). Female suicide was believed to be a response to the society-sanctioned oppression and abuse that women are subjected to, in their family and community. The prevention of female suicide was viewed as requiring dismantling ideologies, institutions, and customs (e.g., child marriage, dowry) that are oppressive to women, and ensuring that women are protected from violence and have equal social and economic rights and opportunities. Male suicide was believed to be a symptom of societal problems (e.g., unemployment) and of men’s psychological problems (e.g., their difficulties in managing emotions). The prevention of male suicide was viewed as requiring both societal (e.g., employment opportunities) and individual remedies (e.g., psychological counseling). This study’s findings suggest that a semi-structured survey can be a fruitful method to access the suicide scripts of cultures about which there is limited research.
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Koirala, Anuradha, and Bishwo Ram Khadka. "Exploitation of Women and Children in Nepal: In the Name of Travel, Tourism and Marriage." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 2, no. 2 (December 2017): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632717737168.

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Trafficking in Nepal and in its associated South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region is more heavily entrenched than a decade ago. Nepal is no longer just a source country, but has become a transit and destination country as well. Sex tourism targeting minors has increased. Legal loopholes in Nepali law provide spaces for increasing paedophilia by tourists. Fake marriages have become a common method of trafficking. Trafficking is still primarily for prostitution, but there is an increase in trafficking for domestic servitude, construction work, cheap labor, slavery and organ harvesting. Policy responses are confused due to political instability and a lack of coordination among different departments.
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Shrestha, Deepak S., Sajani Manandhar, Bimal Sharma Chalise, Sagar Kumar Rajbhandari, Anup Bastola, Parmananda Bhandari, Santa Kumar Das, et al. "Symptoms 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in Nepali women." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 11, 2024): e0299141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299141.

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In Nepal, over 1 million individuals have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We sought to describe the frequency of nonrecovery from this infection at 6 months and associated symptoms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 6142 women who had positive and negative PCR tests for this infection 6 months previously at 3 institutions in Kathmandu. In telephone interviews women provided information on 22 symptoms and their intensities, health status and history, and functional status. Of 3732 women who had tested PCR positive, 630 (16.9%) reported that they were unrecovered. These 630 unrecovered women were distinguished statistically from the 3102 recovered women by more frequent histories of allergies, rheumatoid disease, BCG immunization, Covid vaccination, strep throat and recent URIs, and both weight gain and weight losses of more than 5 kg in the 6 months following testing, and stressful events in the preceding year. Fatigue, pain, difficulty remembering, shortness of breath, heat and cold intolerance and unrefreshing sleep were reported in 41.9% to 10.5% of these 630 unrecovered women. Six months after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection 16.9% of Nepali women have long-COVID manifested as an immune, metabolic, and hormonal systems disruptive and dysfunction syndrome
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Bhushal, Shanti. "Educational and Socio-Cultural Status of Nepali Women." Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3 (November 25, 2008): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v3i0.1501.

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Education is a factor for enlightening people. It is key to empower both men and women and improve their socio-cultural status and quality of life. Therefore, women should have an equal access to education and educational opportunities. But in our context, disparity in education and educational opportunities among men and women exists significantly. Women's educational status is lower than man as indicated by their lower literacy rate. Lower educational status has a number of negative consequences in Nepalese women's life. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v3i0.1501 Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.III, Sept. 2008 p.139-147
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Karki, Dikshya. "Women as Angry, Muted Subjects in Nepali Films." Paragrana 28, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/para-2019-0009.

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McDonnell, Judith. "Nepali Migrant Women: Resistance and Survival in America." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 46, no. 1 (January 2017): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306116681813ee.

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Christian, Parul, Subarna K. Khatry, Steven C. LeClerq, Sharada Ram Shrestha, Elizabeth Kimbrough-Pradhan, and Keith P. West. "Iron and zinc interactions among pregnant Nepali women." Nutrition Research 21, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00256-6.

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Richter, Eva. "Nepali migrant women: resistance and survival in America." Journal of Peace Education 15, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2018.1535783.

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Turel, Friyan, Delena Caagbay, and Hans Peter Dietz. "Prevalence of Maternal Birth Trauma in Nepali Women." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 37, no. 12 (April 20, 2018): 2803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jum.14637.

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37

Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Microfinance Services and Women Empowerment in Biratnagar Metropolitan, Nepal." Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jump.v4i2.2399.

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This article examines how far microfinancing services positively affect the empowerment of Nepali women living in the eastern part of Nepal. A purposive sampling method was used and responses of 97 women were collected through structured questionnaires. The women were using microfinance services on their own and at least from the last three years. Results indicate that the use of microfinance services (credit and saving) helps women to empower. Easy access to financial services and satisfaction with the loan payment period causes no difference in the improvement of women’s empowerment. Saving service is significantly associated with women’s household decision-making, major decision-making in the domestic context, and availability of basic household needs. Microfinance services contribute to women’s socio-economic empowerment and their children’s education.
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तिवारी Tiwari, जीवनाथ Jivanath. "तीन घुम्ती उपन्यासमा लैङ्गिक उत्पीडन र प्रतिरोधी चेतना {Sexual Harassment and Resistance Consciousness In the Tinghumti Novel}." Pragyan 6, no. 1 (May 10, 2023): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragyan.v6i1.54712.

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उपन्यासकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको तीन घुम्ती उपन्यासले इन्द्रमायाका माध्यमबाट नेपाली समाजमाविद्यमान पितृसत्ताको उत्पीडन तथा विभेदलाई अभिव्यक्त गरेको छ । नेपाली समाजको विकासमा युगौंदेखि सामन्तवादी संस्कारको प्रभाव रहेको देखिन्छ । सामन्ती समाजको परिवारमा सामन्तवादको प्रभाव रहेको देखिन्छ । नेपाली समाजमा पुरुषको शासकीय वर्चस्व रहेको पाइन्छ । सामन्ती समाजमा परिवारभित्र बाबुको भूमिका रहेको देखिन्छ । नेपाली समाजमा पनि परिवारभित्र बाबुको भूमिका प्रमुख रहेको पाइन्छ । छोराहरूलाई बाबुको सम्पतिको हकदार मानिने कुरा वर्तमानमा पनि कायम रहेको देखिन्छ । समाजमा महिलाको भूमिका स्वतन्त्र रहेको देखिँदैन, किनभने नारीको विवाह नहुँदासम्म उसले बाबुको रेखदेखमा चल्नुपर्ने हुन्छ त्यस्तै विवाहपछि पतिका आदेशमा चल्नुपर्ने हुन्छ भने बुढ्यौलीमा छोराको अधिनमा जीवन चलाउनुपर्ने भएकाले उनीहरू जन्मदेखि मृत्यु नहुँदासम्म पुरुषकै बन्धनमा रहेको देखिन्छ । नारीलाई स्वतन्त्रता चाँहिदैन भन्ने नेपालीसमाजको क्रियाकलाप विपरीत इन्द्रमायाले जन्म घरमा बाबुको आज्ञा अवज्ञा गरी पर्वते बाहुन केटालाई आफैपति वरण गर्नु, विवाह घरमा पतिसँग मात्र सहवास गरेर बच्चा जन्माउनुपर्ने सामाजिक परम्परा विपरीत अन्य पुरुषबाट गर्भधारण गरेर छोरी जन्माउनु, पति र छोरी मध्ये एकलाई रोज्नुपर्दा मातृत्वलाई महतव दिएर पतिको सहाराविना पनि नारीहरूले जीवन चलाउन सक्छन् भन्ने प्रतिरोधी चेतना प्रस्तुत गरेकी छ । उसको पितृसत्ताविरुद्धको विद्रोहले सचेत नारीहरु लैङ्गिक विभेदका लागि सङ्र्ष गरेर आफ्नो स्वपन कायम राख्न सक्षम रहेको देखिन्छ । {Novelist Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala's Tinghumti novel has expressed the oppression and discrimination of patriarchy in Nepali society through Indramaya. Feudal culture seems to have influenced the development of Nepali society for ages. Feudalism seems to have an influence on the family of feudal society. In Nepali society, male domination is found. In feudal society, the role of father seems to be within the family. In Nepali society too, the role of father is found to be prominent in the family. The fact that sons are considered to be entitled to father's property seems to be maintained even today. The role of women in the society does not seem to be independent, because a woman has to be under the care of her father till she gets married. Contrary to the Nepali society's practice that women do not want freedom, Indramaya disobeys her father's orders at home and chooses a mountain Brahmin boy as her own husband. It has presented a resistance consciousness that women can lead a life even without the support of their husbands. Her revolt against patriarchy seems to have enabled conscious women to maintain their dream by fighting for gender discrimination.}
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Mishra, Indira Acharya. "Representation of Ethnic Women in Upendra Subba's Lāto Pahāda [Dumb Hill]." SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sjah.v3i1.35374.

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The article aims to examine the images of ethnic women in Upendra Subba's Lāto Pahāda [Dumb Hill], a collection of short stories. The focus of the article is to analyze the portrayal of female characters in the selected five stories from the collection and to explain how they subvert the image of the ideal woman promoted by mainstream Nepali literature. These stories deal with the issues of Limbu people, an ethnic community residing in the eastern hilly region of Nepal. Through them, Subba raises the issues of ethnicity and representation of marginalized people. He explores the pain, suffering and hardship of these people who have been at the margin of the society. The stories, mostly, focus on men who play the primary roles in them; nonetheless, female characters play an important role to make sense of the lifestyle of the Limbu people. Portrayed in the secondary roles as wife, daughter, and mother to the male characters, they maintain equal relation with their male counterparts. They work with self-determination and do not experience male domination in thei lives. To analyze the issues stated above, this paper draws theoretical ideas from third wave feminism which rejects the universalist claim that all women share a set of common experiences. The third wave feminists deny the concept of universal femininity; they clarify that the forms of oppression can be as varied just as resistance to them can have specific local color. The finding of the article suggests that Subba's female characters are depicted in the ethnic background which is nonhierarchical and believes in gender equality. Their portrayal subverts the image of ideal womanhood created and circulated by mainstream Nepali literature.
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Bhandari, Kamati. "Situation Analysis of Child Health and its Related Policy in Nepal." Patan Pragya 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30434.

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The main aim of this paper is to assess the current situation of child health based on childhood mortality, nutritional status, and vaccination coverage and also reviews the existing government policies in relation to improve the child health. The study shows Nepal has achieved significant improvement in the child health situation as measured by the impressive progression of childhood mortality level, improved nutritional status and vaccine coverage and micronutrient intake. For this achievement Government of Nepal, has progressively introduced policies programme and strategies to make improvement in the health status of women and children and all Nepali Citizens.
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Parajuli, Bijaya. "COVID- 19 Pandemic and its Effect on Pregnancy in Nepal: A Public Health Issue." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 11, no. 1 (August 18, 2021): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.200.

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World Health Organization declared Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) that was originated from Wuhan, China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The world is facing unprecedented test due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario of Nepal reflects that in present condition where country is fighting with COVID- 19, safe pregnancy is not guaranteed and fear of challenges to ensure the lives of mother and children is seen among pregnant women. In particular, this has been especially major problem for pregnant women, who fear not only for themselves but often even more so for their unborn infants. Three Nepali mothers still die daily at childbirth and at least 24 women had died of birth-related complications during first two months of lockdown in Nepal. The situation is worse in remote areas where hospitals are few and far between and communities are coupled with a lack of awareness about reproductive healthcare. Thus, Nepal government should seriously address these issues because it is said that the pregnant women are the vulnerable groups during emergencies, disaster and disease outbreak. Also living in a healthy environment is ascribed as a right of people in the constitution of Nepal 2015.
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Baral, Gehanath. "Menopause Rating Scale: Validation and Applicability in Nepalese Women." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 01 (April 28, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v17i01.1770.

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Background: Menopausal Rating Scale is one of the globally used tools to assess quality of life in menopause and peri-menopause. The aim of this study is to validate the standard menopausal rating scale in Nepalese menopausal women and to test menopausal symptoms during clinical consultation at hospital.Methods: Cross sectional validation study at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu. Five-step language translation of menopausal rating scale from English to Nepali, questionnaire clarity assessment with gynecologists and Likert scale questionnaire based interview to the clients. Reliability and validity tests applied. Each component of rating scale analyzed.Results: Nepali version of menopausal rating scale developed. Acceptable level (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.77) of tools reliability obtained. Barlett’s test of sphericity was highly significant and Pearson correlation between variables was significant. Average age of menarche was 15 years, and mean and modal value of menopause was 48 and 50 years respectively. First menopausal symptom was vasomotor flush in 62%, one-forth didn’t experience flush, half experienced mild to moderate flush and rest one-fourth had severe to very severe form; 50% had significant sleep, bladder and sexual dysfunction. Three-fourth had vaginal dryness and musculoskeletal problem. One-half had some degree of mental dysfunction.Conclusions: Nepali version of menopausal rating scale developed. Baseline menopausal parameters obtained.Keywords: Applicability; menopause; rating scale; validation.
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Dhungel, Laxmi. "National Security and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Gender Phenomenon for Better Future." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38859.

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An androcentric bias prevails in the research related to the national security and development. Numerous aspects of national security are under discussions; however, many of the policy makers and the practitioners maintain reservation to include the dimension of gender in the Nepali context. Moreover, there is a meager discussion in the inclusion of gender role in the national security. Therefore, this study explores the phenomenon of the gender in the national security of Nepal by bringing the stories of women who are participating themselves in the security sector. Those women who are involved in the security sector have been facing various social, familial, structural challenges. It has elaborated on how the gender spectacle can be incorporated in the security sector to maintain sustainable development. This article primarily aims at exploring the gender dimension in national security framework for development. This paper is based on a series of semi-structured interviews with the women currently engaged in Nepal’s security agencies as well as the literature of security gender and development concepts. Here, the narrative approach is incorporated to bring such challenges. In this discussion, Bourdeau’s theory of habitus is brought into the discussion with the transformative approach
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Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36196.

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The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.
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Mishra, Mira. "Women’s Access to Education in Nepal: Intergenerational Change." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 6 (August 25, 2013): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8478.

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This paper describes intergenerational changes in women’s access to education in Nepal. It links up the changes with changing socio-economic processes and suggests that women’s access to education is increasing by generation. And by linking up Anthony Giddens’s Structuration Theory (1984) with the finding, the paper shows the interplay of both structure and agency in bringing changes in women’s access to education. This paper also shows the rural urban differences in access to education and links up between marriage and education. The paper begins with the brief introduction of Nepal and Nepali women, goes on to theoretical arguments on structure and agency debate, and then describes methodology and characteristics of 39 women interviewees and discusses changes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8478 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 49-60
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Wagle, Samjhana. "Women's Representation in Bureaucracy: Reservation Policy in Nepali Civil Service." Journal of Education and Research 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jer.v9i2.30461.

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This paper analyses women's representation in Nepali bureaucracy after the implementation of the reservation policy in 2007. The motivation behind the reservation was that people from marginalized and weaker section of the society should be uplifted. Moreover, representative bureaucracy refers to a bureaucracy that embodies the demographic structure of the society. Following descriptive research method, I collected data from secondary sources such as annual reports and other publications of Public Service Commission, Nepal. The amendment of Civil Service Act-1993 in 2007 with the provision of 45 per cent reservation of civil service seats for women along with indigenous community, Madhesi, Dalit, disabled people and people from backward areas has resulted in the growing number of women’s participation. The growing number of women civil servants in the recent years is expected to change the landscape of civil service in near future. Implications for public administration research and practice are discussed.
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Tiwana, Jasleen, Catherine Benziger, Laura Hooper, Karl Pope, Vijay Alurkar, Ramchandra Kafle, Tula R. Sijali, John R. Balmes, Joel D. Kaufman, and Michael N. Bates. "Biomass Fuel Use and Cardiac Function in Nepali Women." Global Heart 15, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gh.405.

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48

Regmi, Pramod R., Edwin van Teijlingen, Sanjeev Raj Neupane, and Sujan Babu Marahatta. "Hormone use among Nepali transgender women: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e030464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030464.

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Abstract:
ObjectivesThere is a dearth of information on transgender individuals in Nepal, particularly studies exploring their use of hormone therapies. The objectives of this study therefore were to explore (1) how hormones are used, (2) types of hormones used and (3) side effects experienced by transgender women after hormone use. This is the first study of its kind in Nepal addressing this important public health issue.SettingThe study was conducted in four districts of Nepal: Kathmandu, Sunsai, Banke and Kaski.Design and participantsThis qualitative study comprises eight focus group discussions (FGDs) and nine interviews. FGDs and three face-to-face interviews were held with transgender women aged 18 years and older and six interviews with stakeholders working with and advocating on behalf of this population. The study was conducted between September 2016 and March 2017.ResultsOur participants were young. The majority of FGD participants had completed school-level education and 40% had been using hormones for 1 to 3 years. Five overlapping themes were identified: (1) reasons and motivations for hormone use; (2) accessibility and use of hormones; (3) side effects; (4) utilisation of healthcare services and (5) discontinuation of hormone use.ConclusionHormone use was common in our sample. Most received information on hormone therapy online and through their peer networks. A few study participants sought doctors’ prescriptions for hormone therapy, but hormones were more likely to be bought from local private pharmacies or abroad through friends. This kind of self-medication is associated with a range of risks to the physical and mental health of transgender individuals. Incorporating information, education and communication about hormone therapy into existing health promotion interventions targeted to this population may help transgender people to make better informed choices.
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Crawford, Mary, Gregory Kerwin, Alka Gurung, Deepti Khati, Pinky Jha, and Anjana Chalise Regmi. "Globalizing Beauty: Attitudes toward Beauty Pageants among Nepali Women." Feminism & Psychology 18, no. 1 (February 2008): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353507084953.

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50

Regmi, Sabrina. "Nepali Women and Their Struggles over Water during Pregnancy." International Feminist Journal of Politics 9, no. 4 (December 2007): 522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616740701608083.

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