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Graham, Joanne Mimi. "Benefits of riboflavin plus iron supplementation for pregnant Nepali women /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 2004.Degree granted in Nutrition. Dissertation completed in 2003; degree granted in 2004. Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses).
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Wirtén, Amanda. "Attitudes towards women in agriculture : A case study of Nepali news media." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-275660.
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Safari, Sara. "Virtual Empowerment: The Exploration of Leadership Aspirations of Young Nepali Girls Using Virtual Participatory Action Research." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1614596708335792.
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Makhoul, Zeina. "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Rural Nepali Pregnant Women: Risk Factors, Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation and Their Association with Birth Outcomes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193930.
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The objectives of the present study in rural Nepali pregnant women living in the terai were: 1) to identify the risk factors of severe anemia and investigate whether risk factors for anemia without iron deficiency, iron deficiency without anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) were different; 2) to examine the effect of vitamin A supplementation, alone or combined with iron, on hemoglobin (Hb) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR); and 3) to identify the risk factors of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery, focusing on maternal Hb concentrations. The prevalence of severe anemia (Hb < 8.0 g/dl) in this population (n = 3531) was 4.2% and that of iron deficiency was 31%. Logistic regression analyses indicated that risk factors of severe anemia included hookworm infestation, impaired dark adaptation, lack of iron supplement intake, a diet low in heme iron and malnutrition manifested by thinness and short stature. These same factors differed among non-iron-deficient anemic, iron deficient non-anemic, and iron-deficient anemic pregnant women. We found a significant positive correlation between Hb and retinol concentrations (Pearson r = 0.212, P < 0.0001) and one fourth of our anemic subjects were also vitamin A deficient. There was no evidence that vitamin A alone significantly increased Hb and decreased the prevalence of anemia (n = 498). However, vitamin A, when given together with iron, had an added beneficial effect on Hb but not sTfR. In addition, women with initially compromised iron status benefited more from iron and vitamin A supplementation. The prevalence of LBW and preterm delivery was 22% and 20%, respectively (n = 915). There was an increased risk of LBW associated with short stature, thinness and impaired dark adaptation. The association between Hb measured during the second trimester and risk of LBW had a U-shaped distribution, with risk increasing significantly with Hb < 8.0 g/dl. Based on our findings, we recommend that Hb is evaluated during the second trimester as an indicator of increased LBW risk. While vitamin A supplementation to all pregnant women is recommended, routine supplementation of iron and deworming during pregnancy are essential.
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Turel, Friyan. "Maternal Birth Trauma." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18401.
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Objectives: 3D/4D translabial ultrasound (4D TLUS) is used to image the levator ani muscle and the anal sphincter to diagnose maternal birth trauma. We tested the validity of these methods. Secondly, we studied the pelvic floor of Nepali women. Finally, we undertook a medium to long-term outcomes in women after OASI. Methods: The first study was a retrospective analysis of 172 nulliparae. All had an interview, clinical examination and 4D TLUS. For the Nepal study, 129 consecutive women attending a gynaecology clinic were offered the same. The long-term follow-up of 146 women after OASI included the above plus anal manometry. Results: Datasets of 162 and 153 nulliparae were available for levator and anal sphincter assessment. One woman was diagnosed with an avulsion, another with a significant external anal sphincter defect. In Nepal, 21% had significant cystocele, 38% uterine and 8% posterior compartment prolapse. 60% had uterine retroversion which was associated with uterine prolapse. There were 2 avulsions and 2 significant EAS defects. The OASI study showed a >50% prevalence of anal incontinence (AI) of high bother over 6 years after the index birth. Women after 3c/4th degree tear had more AI (58 vs 44%), lower MRP P<0.001, MSP P<0.001 and more residual EAS (P<0.001) and IAS (P=0.012) defects compared to 3a/3b tear. Residual IAS defects (P=0.001) and avulsion (P=0.048) were independent risk factors for AI. Conclusions: 1.) Published criteria for the diagnosis of maternal birth trauma on TLUS are unlikely to result in false-positive findings. 2.) POP is common in Nepali women, especially uterine prolapse. Retroversion is common and associated with uterine prolapse. Patterns of POP in Nepal seem to be different from Western populations. Maternal birth trauma is not prevalent. 3.) In a long-term follow-up after OASI, symptoms of AI were present in 51%. Higher tear grade were associated with more AI, more residual defects and lower manometric pressures.
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Luintel, Gyanu Gautam. "Intrastate Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding in Nepal: An Assessment of the Political and Economic Agency of Women." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2747.
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The proliferation of intrastate armed conflicts has been one of the significant threats to global peace, security, and governance. Such conflicts may trigger resource exploitation, environmental degradation, human rights violations, human and drug trafficking, and terrorism. Women may suffer disproportionately from armed conflicts due to their unequal social status. While they endure the same effects of the conflict as the rest of the population, they also become targets of gender-based violence. However, women can also be active agents of armed conflict and perpetrate violence. Therefore, political and scientific communities at the national and international levels are now increasingly interested in developing a better understanding of the role of women in, and effect on them from, armed conflict. A better understanding of the roles of women in conflict would help to prevent conflicts and promote peace. Following in-depth interviews with civil society members who witnessed the decade-long armed conflict between Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) and the Government of Nepal (GoN) (1996-2006) and thereafter the peacebuildng process, I assess the political and economic agency of women particularly in terms of their role in, and impact on them from, the armed conflict and peacebuilding processes.
My research revealed that a large number of women, particularly those from rural areas, members of socially oppressed groups, poor and productive age (i.e., 14 - 45 years) - participated in the armed conflict as combatants, political cadres, motivators, and members of the cultural troupe in CPN-M, despite deeply entrenched patriarchal values in Nepali society. The GoN also recruited women in combatant roles who took part in the armed conflict. Women joined the armed conflict voluntarily, involuntarily, or as a survival strategy. Women who did not participate directly in the armed conflict were affected in many different ways. They were required to perform multiple tasks and unconventional roles at both household and community levels, particularly due to the absence or shortage of men in rural areas as they were killed, disappeared, or displaced. At the household level, women performed the role of household head- both politically and economically. However, in most cases the economic agency of women was negatively affected. At the community level, women's role as peacebuilders, members of community based organizations and civil society organizations either increased or decreased depending on the situation. Despite active participation of women in formal and informal peacebuilding processes at different levels, they were excluded from most of the high level formal peace processes. However, they were able to address some of the women's issues (e.g., access to parental property, inclusion in the state governance mechanism) at the constitutional level. The armed conflict changed gender relations to some extent, and some women acquired new status, skills and power by assuming new responsibilities. However, these changes were gained at the cost of grave violations of human rights and gender-based violence committed by the warring sides. Also, the gains made by women were short-lived and their situation often returned to status quo in the post-conflict period.
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Panter-Brick, Catherine. "Subsistence work and motherhood in Salme, Nepal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670373.
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Neupane, Diptee. "Determinants of Women's Autonomy in Nepal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955067/.
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Nepal in recent times has witnessed a proliferation of community-based organization (CBOs). Established by local residents, CBOs are small level organizations that promote and defend the rights and interests of people especially that of minorities and the disadvantaged. One such minority group that CBOs greatly focus on are women. Despite dramatic increase in the number of CBOs in Nepal its impact on women is understudied. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the relationship between Nepalese women's participation in CBOs and their autonomy. Autonomy comprises of four different dimensions; physical mobility, financial autonomy, household decision-making, and reproductive autonomy. Modifying the conceptual framework used by Mahmud, Shah, and Becker in 2012, I hypothesize that women who participate in CBOs experience greater autonomy. Data from the 2008 Chitwan Valley Family Study is used for analysis. Using SPSS, separate logistic regressions are run to analyze the relationship between CBO membership and the dimensions of autonomy. The results support three of the four proposed major hypotheses. Nepalese women who participate in CBOs have greater autonomy in terms of physical mobility, financial autonomy, and household decision-making. No evidence was found to establish link between CBO membership and reproductive autonomy. The variables that are controlled for in the study include age, caste, religion, education, marital status, exposure to television, exposure to radio, and relationship with one's mother-in-law.
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Karki, Sangeeta. "HIV/AIDS Situatioin in Nepal : Transition to Women." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14971.
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This study is about age and gender specific HIV morbidity in Nepal. The main objective of the study is to find out the factors that affect the HIV prevalence in Nepali society and the relationships of different existing socio cultural and economic factors that have led females vulnerable to HIV infection especially to housewives. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the data collection.
Initially, Nepal’s epidemic was driven by sex workers and drug users .Though HIV prevalence was concentrated in these groups for several years, now it has been proved that the outbreak is not limited among those groups only, the prevalence among housewives , clients of sex workers, migrants and male homosexuals are stretching up . Moreover findings have shown that the HIV epidemics is taking a devastating tool in women in Nepal, covering the more HIV prevalence number by low risk group housewives among the HIV affected female population. Lack of fully inclusive knowledge of HIV/AIDS; lack of knowledge of proper use of condom, negligence, and risky sexual behavior have compelled maximum risk for HIV contraction in society.
Socio economic and cultural structures and the consequences of its correlation aggravated the HIV prevalence among people, especially have affected women. Discrimination of women is entrenched in Nepali society. Due to disparity and discrimination women are not able to get formal education that deprives them from any opportunity for the employment that leads poverty on them. Living under poverty often stems them to engage in high risk situations and likely to adopt risky sexual behaviors which in turn render them vulnerable to HIV infection. The masculinity of the society, and women’s less power for the decision making process have made females heavily dependent on males, and this constraint them from entering into negotiating for protective sex which put them in HIV infection .The study further revealed the triggering effect of powerlessness of housewives and risky sexual behavior of men to HIV infection to low risk group housewives. If the same trends go on, the time is not so far for the Nepali women to take up the higher number of HIV prevalence, and the low risk group housewives will be highly vulnerable. It is already urgent to activate the plans and intervention program for the prevention of HIV prevalence which is stretching towards women especially to low risk group housewives. Based on the findings, conclusions and recommendations are drawn.
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Solley, Suzanne. "'Rewriting widowhood' : intersectionality, well-being and agency amongst widowed women in Nepal." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2016. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/18122.
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In an expansive feminist literature on gender and development, scholarly research on widows and widowhood remains limited, particularly within the context of Nepal. While there are some important exceptions, existing work reinforces stereotypes of widows as old and poor victims, and widowhood as essentially a marginalised and vulnerable status. This thesis seeks to confront such homogenous views and to 'rewrite' widowhood. In particular, it explores the diverse experiences of widowhood through the adoption of an intersectional life-course lens, conceptualises well-being from the embedded perspective of widows and examines the complex ways in which widowed women assert agency. This thesis is born out of a longstanding academic engagement with Nepali widows. Based upon ethnographic qualitative research, the study involved two periods of intensive research in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The research was operationalised through a triangulation of qualitative methods resulting in a rich evidence base of eighty-one semi-structured interviews, eighteen oral histories, five focus groups and ten key informant interviews. This research shows that that widowhood is more complex than much of the scholarship to date suggests. Key findings include the particular salience of age, caste and the life course in shaping experiences of widowhood. It demonstrates that while widows' understandings of well-being can be categorised as material, perceptual and relational, relationships with children, family and the wider community in which they live underpin all of these. This research also uncovered widows' complicated and contradictory enactments of agency that can be placed on a 'resisting-conforming' continuum, and are shaped by gendered cultural norms, eschatological beliefs, temporality and intersectional identities. This thesis contributes to more nuanced empirical and theoretical understandings of widows and widowhood, intersectionality well-being and agency.
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Regmi, Shibesh Chandra. "Gender issues in the management of water projects in Nepal." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326573.
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Yadav, Punam. "Social Transformation in Post-Conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12468.
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The concept of social transformation has been increasingly used in social science to study significant political, socio-economic and cultural changes in both individuals and groups. While there is significant diversity in approaches to social transformation across different disciplines, most scholarship approaches social transformation as a top-down and intentional process with specific and definable goals. This approach risks reducing the subjective experiences of people, which are dynamic, multiple, fluid and unpredictable, to a mere structural abstraction. This thesis argues that social transformation needs to be approached from both a gender perspective and the bottom up, and that this approach reveals the dynamism, power struggles and human agency, which enrich our understanding of how transformation occurs. This is particularly important in the context of a complex traditional structure of caste, class, ethnicity, religion and regional locality as in Nepal, where the experience of the ten-year civil conflict of the Maoist insurgency (1996-2006) has significantly impacted every section of the society. This thesis explores the ways in which social transformation may be understood and its underlying dynamics differently constructed if women’s lived experiences become the basis for theorizing. Through extensive interviews with women in post-conflict Nepal, this thesis analyses the intended and unintended impacts of conflict and traces the transformations in women’s understandings of themselves and their positions in public life. Using in-depth interviews with women from significant newly emerged categories, who had minimal or no presence in pre-conflict Nepal, such as women Constituent Assembly members, women combatants, war widows and women tempo drivers, this thesis argues that the transformative effects reach far beyond women’s formal presence in public sphere and have an existential effect which can only be discerned through the voices of women. Narratives from Nepalese women from different ages, castes and both urban and rural settings provide insight into the depth of transformation underway in Nepal, in ways and to an extent that exceed the ‘measurements’ offered by applying established indicators. The work of the three key theorists, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu and Judith Butler, provides the language to conceptualize this research. This thesis suggests that despite the challenges that women are still facing, they have felt a significant transformation not only in their lives but also in their families and societies. Of the factors contributing to the changes in post-conflict Nepal, this research stresses the importance of the change in subject positions of women, the emergence of new role models, and the power of collective agency. These factors are facilitated by the opening of a space for empowerment of women, in addition to internal and external factors such as globalization, people’s movements, the media, and NGO interventions.
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Poudel, Meena. "Dealing with hidden issues : social rejection experienced by trafficked women in Nepal." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1030.
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The Trafficking of Nepalese women to various parts of India for sexual purposes has a long history and is an extremely sensitive issue. Despite the focus by non governmental organisations and various plans being formulated by the Nepalese government to ameliorate the problem of trafficking of women, the situation of returnee trafficked women is largely unknown. Analysis of the lived experiences of Nepalese trafficked women shows that trafficking is linked with gender, migration, poverty, work, sex, money, power and violence. Women may be able to escape trafficking physically; however legal and social labelling of women continues to affect all aspects of their lives. These labels are linked with the women’s perceived sexuality and build on sexual trauma and violence the women encounter in trafficking. After leaving trafficking settings these processes of social labelling often negatively characterise women as ‘bad women’, as morally and socially degraded and/or as a criminals responsible for HIV/AIDS transmission. Trafficked women are eventually blamed for bringing ‘shame’ to their families and society at large. These consequences are not desirable, but are imposed by Nepalese society, and contribute to various forms of samajik bahiskar (social rejection) enforced on women on their return disqualifying them from achieving the formal citizenship that they are entitled to. This samajik bahiskar sets trafficked women apart from other women and prevents them taking part in religious ceremonies within the family and communities; setting up businesses and cooperatives; accessing services and resources for example health, education, daily wages and legal assistance, and receiving skills training. This study examines the processes and consequences of samajik bahiskar experienced by trafficked women in Nepal and how these processes interact with the socio-cultural context of Nepal from the perspectives of trafficked women who have returned from various trafficking settings in Nepal and India. This study also explores the contexts in which women are stigmatised, labels are attributed to them, samajik bahiskar is constructed, the consequences are experienced and tactics and strategies employed by trafficked to resist samajik bahiskar in the cultural context that women have returned to.
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Devkota, H. R. "Maternal health care service access to disabled and Dalit women in Nepal." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1559753/.
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BACKGROUND: The access and utilization of maternal health care services by disabled and Dalit women in Nepal has not been well studied, and yet disparities in these may result in poor health outcomes. Co-existence of caste and disability may lead Dalit women with disability to further exclusion and marginalization, preventing them to access basic human rights and opportunities such as maternal health care services. It is therefore important to understand disabled and Dalit women’s access and utilization of health care service and the effect of intersectionality between their caste status and disability in the use of services. Previous efforts have focused on disability, gender and caste separately, but few studies have attempted to understand the inter-relationship between them or where they co-exist. This study explored this complex relationship and the multiple perspectives of Dalit women with and without disability about their access and utilization of maternal health care services with the assumption that all of these factors interacting together lead to exclusion and marginalization preventing their access and utilization of services. The study objectives were: (i) to compare and determine maternal health care service access and utilization patterns among disabled and non-disabled, Dalit and non-Dalit women in the Rupandehi district; (ii) to understand the attitude and behaviours of society and maternal health care providers towards disability; and (iii) to identify inhibiting and enabling factors for disabled and Dalit women with regards to access and utilization of maternal health care service. METHODS: The study employed a mixed methods design combining quantitative and qualitative components of data collection and analysis. Quantitative data was obtained from survey questionnaires administered to women between aged 15 - 49 years and also of their health care providers. A total 354 women, of which 79 were disabled (18 disabled Dalit and 61 disabled non-Dalit) and 275 non-disabled (133 non-disabled Dalit and 142 non-disabled non-Dalit) participated in the survey. While qualitative data was gathered from 37 in-depth interviews, six focus group discussions with women (disabled and non-disabled; Dalit and non-Dalit), and six key informant interviews with activists, community leaders and policy makers. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model and theme content analysis was applied to the qualitative data. RESULTS: The study found inequitable utilization of maternal health care services, with disabled women having lower utilization of ANC one (83.5% vs 96.7%, P < 0.001), HF delivery (52.6% vs 69%, P < 0.05) and PNC (18.4% vs 32.5%, P < 0.05) services compared to non-disabled women. Household indicators relating to education, wealth and family circumstances were the main determinants for disabled women having less service utilization (P < 0.05). Low utilization of postnatal care (PNC) services among all groups found due to the poor information received by women from local health providers and strong negative traditional beliefs among communities. The study did not find differences in the utilization of maternal health care services between Dalits and non-Dalits (P > 0.05). Rather it found that maternal health care services are not easily or equitably accessible to all social groups, preventing full utilization for disabled. Societal and health care providers’ attitudes towards disability were often found to be negative, although there were positive and negative user experiences and perceptions of provider’s attitude and behaviours. A further finding of the study was that the health care needs of disabled women are invisible at the policy level, which appeared to translate into unsuitable health care settings and ill-prepared health care providers to cater for them. Women from all social groups encountered a number of barriers to access, relating to personal, socio-cultural, and policy or system factors; however, disabled women faced additional barriers. Women with disabilities from all social groups faced physical, attitudinal, socio-cultural and policy related issues, including a lack of knowledge and skills among providers were critical barriers for women with disabilities; whereas having positive providers, a favourable family environment, as well as education and information, were enabling factors for disabled women’s access and utilization of care. Women with disabilities from all social groups also have higher levels of fear and perceived risks associated with pregnancy and delivery. This is primarily linked to worries about delivery complications associated with their disability and also that the baby would inherit their disability. The study did not find any compounding effect of caste and disability in access and utilization of maternal health care services. CONCLUSION: Improving equity and maternal health care access and utilization for disabled and other marginalised women requires that policy and existing traditional strategies be re-examined, re-developed and implemented through a human rights-based lens, with programme interventions focused on addressing persistent negative attitudes and socio-cultural barriers. Women’s education, social status, decision-making power and access to resources are critical factors associated with health care access and utilization among all groups of women. Significantly, women with disabilities, no matter what their social group, faced greater barriers than non-disabled women. Therefore, in order to increase access and utilization of maternal health care services across the population, holistic approaches including multi-sectoral interventions should be adopted.
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Saunders, Kathleen. "Women and education in Nepal : findings from 1988 to the early 1990s." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569194.
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The effectiveness of educational policy in promoting equality of access to, and participation in, education and employment for girls and women in rural Nepal is investigated. Education in formal or non-formal sectors is considered necessary for the development of a country as people can learn skills which may contribute to social and economic development. The question of gender awareness in planning and implementing development programmes is raised. Through field work carried out in the five districts of Karnali (Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Kalikot, and Mugu) between May 1988 and December 1990, the status of girls and women in rural areas and the effects of educational policy on them are identified. Questions concern the: " adequacy of steps towards equality of access and participation in education. " effects of the status of women on girls' and women's opportunities in education and employment. " impact of central decisions on girls' education in a remote area. " qualifications and training for teachers of formal and nonformal education. " awareness of gender in education planning. The research is focussed on 44 women trained as girls' nonformal education teachers, 29 of whom were also trained primary school teachers. Also participants in girls' nonformal classes are researched. Due to insufficient qualifications, trained women teachers were made redundant from their full-time posts and school leavers were unable to pursue primary teacher training courses. Traditional attitudes restricted women's access to tuition for the appropriate qualifications. Participation in part-time girls' non-formal classes was greater than in full-time formal school as the latter conflicted with girls' and women's economic roles in the home. Redundancies amongst women teachers raised questions amongst local people regarding the purpose of female education. Recommendations for girls' equal access to education and women's access to teaching posts or other employment are made. Empowerment of women is suggested as a means towards active involvement in the decisions which influence development in Nepal.
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McMillan, Carolyn Lesley. "Entrepreneurship and development as freedom : the case of women in rural Nepal." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28364.
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It is widely recognised that top-down, donor conditionality-driven and outside-expert-led initiatives that characterised early approaches to poverty alleviation among the world’s ‘bottom billion’ have largely failed. A new generation of development strategies, focused on entrepreneurship and small business ownership, are increasingly used to alleviate persistent poverty. This study explores the potential for entrepreneurship to act as a real and appropriate opportunity among rural Nepali women. Using the Capability Approach (CA) to define poverty and development, the thesis presents entrepreneurship as an opportunity that enables individuals to actively shape their lives and the lives of others to realise aspirations. This research study is exploratory and adopts a qualitative research approach, drawing data from the remote Rapti Zone in Mid-West Nepal. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine established women entrepreneurs and seven nascent women entrepreneurs involved with an entrepreneurship enabling organisation. These were complemented by data drawn from eight local experts and a village hall meeting with 26 participants. This data collection strategy enabled the study to present a contextualised understanding of female entrepreneuring within a remote and impoverished community. The results of the study contribute to ongoing debates regarding the relationship between entrepreneurship, capabilities and poverty as capability deprivation. The study contributes to a better understanding of the emancipatory impacts of entrepreneurship; highlights the significance of context on entrepreneurial opportunity and the transformative value of entrepreneurship enabling organisations; and presents evidence to suggest that entrepreneurship (as a new opportunity) enables a departure from pre-existing constraints through the extension of gender roles. Finally, the study indicates that, through collective agency, entrepreneurship has the potential to indirectly emancipate other women and girls within their context, contributing to a true departure from the intellectual, psychological, economic, social, institutional or cultural constraints that have, over the years, inhibited the actions of Nepali women.
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Basnet, Sita Ram. "Income generating programmes and the socio-economic empowerment of rural women in Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499358.
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The "disempowered" position of women is considerable policy concern in Nepal. Various development efforts are underway, that are focused on "the empowerment of women". One approach to empowering rural women adopted by a large number of development agencies, mainly since the 1990s, is through Income Generating Programmes (IGPs). The findings indicate that, through their participation in IGPs, women became involved in various social, economic and political activities that extended their influence on household and community affairs and increased their access to and control over their personal and household income. The study also shows that women's awareness of their rights and capacities has increased, and that there has been an increase in their level of social mobility and public participation. The issue of women's empowerment is a complex one and the study concludes that the IGPs should give due consideration to the social structural and contextual factors that shape the local situation, as there are difference among women in the areas studied such as wealth, caste/ethnicity and educational status.
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Neupane, Maniraj. "Cardio-respiratory health of women exposed to household air pollution in rural Nepal." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-180975.
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Diksha, Khadka Pramote Prasartkul. "Abortion complications among women of reproductive age in Nepal : evidence from NDHS 2006 /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd419/5037965.pdf.
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Giri, Keshab. "Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21807.
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Recent literature on women and war has put to rest the persisting question of whether women’s participation as combatants is just an aberration. However, the question also arises if all female combatants experience the war in the same way. We can go further in this direction by exploring their diverse and complex experiences before, during, and after the war. Therefore, I try to answer the question- What are the varied experience of female combatants during the Maoist insurgency in Nepal and after, and how do these experiences compare to their varied expectations upon joining the group? I found the intersectional theoretical framework combining ‘matrix of domination’ within black feminism (Collins, 2009) and decolonial thinking (Shilliam, 2015) along with a poststructural narrative approach informed by the feminist methodology best-suited to answer the question. I extend the messiness and complexity of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal (1996-2006) through the experiences of female combatants in three major ways- First, female ex-combatants experienced, understood, and perceived the war and its aftermath heterogeneously often conditioned by their rank, caste, class, social location, educational status, and geographical location in intricate ways. Secondly, the pre-during-post compartmentalisation of the war is incompatible with the diverse and complex experiences of female ex-combatants. While they were fighting to survive even before the war, they fought multiple ‘wars’ during the war. And in the ‘peace’ after the war, they had to fight against the re-marginalisation, neglect, alienation, and ostracisation. Finally, in having to fight endless battles- within and outside, and before, during, and after the war- also uniquely positions female ex-combatants to see the war deeply and differently. Their experiences are the deep seabed which contains the alternative ways of seeing, knowing, and understanding the war to resist the hegemonic narratives and discourses.
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Paudel, Deepak Raj Orapin Pitakmahaket. "Women's autonomy and utilization of maternal health services in Nepal /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838764.pdf.
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Johannesen, Kjersti. "Men vi er alle feminister : om samhold og splittelse blant kvinneaktivister i Nepal /." Oslo : Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/IKOS/2008/69631/Johannessen_master.pdf.
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Caagbay, Delena. "Pelvic organ prolapse in Nepal: developing and evaluating an enhanced communication tool of conservative treatment strategies for women living in rural and remote communities." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22295.
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Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition for women in which increased soft tissue mobility allows one or more of the pelvic organs to descend into the vagina causing a variety of distressing symptoms. While POP is a global problem, there are additional challenges and considerations for women living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for the assessment and treatment of this condition. This is especially true in Nepal, where women may have difficulties accessing appropriate health services because of the distance to the nearest facilities, financial constraints, social stigma, having low awareness and educational status and the inability to take time away from home and work duties. These barriers often result in Nepali women suffering with POP symptoms for years before seeking and receiving appropriate treatment. Conservative treatment strategies for POP include pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), lifestyle advice and the application of a pessary (1-5). The 2016 systematic review on PFMT for POP included 13 randomised controlled trials and found that women who received PFMT showed greater improvement in POP symptoms and severity than the controls (1). The protocols described in these studies required participants to have multiple one-on-one sessions with a physiotherapist throughout the research period, which may not be feasible in LMICs because there is a dearth of skilled health professionals, especially in rural and remote communities. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the impact of a single intervention including PFMT and lifestyle advice delivered by a paraprofessional health worker for women with a POP living in a low resource setting. This thesis sought to explore the most efficacious way to provide education on PFMT and lifestyle advice for women with a POP living in rural and remote communities of Nepal. In order to do 2 this, specific ethnic and cultural considerations were explored to ensure the education was tailored and contextualised for this specific group of women. This thesis is composed of two main projects: 1. A cross-sectional observational study using 3D/4D translabial ultrasound to assess pelvic floor muscle functional anatomy in Nepali women attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic in Kathmandu, and 2. Developing and evaluating the impact of a training workshop for local health workers and printed informational tools for conservative treatment strategies for pelvic organ prolapse. The aetiology of POP is complex and multifactorial and the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) play an important role in this condition. Variations in organ mobility and PFM function have been found between ethnic groups and these differences are important to consider when determining the most appropriate treatment options. In Chapter One of this thesis, a cross-sectional study explored PFM anatomy and any associations with POP for Nepali women (n=129) attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic. A pelvic examination evaluated the degree of pelvic organ prolapse using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system and PFM strength using the Modified Oxford Scale (MOS) and translabial real-time ultrasound was used to assess puborectalis muscle thickness and hiatal area. This study found no association between PFM strength or thickness and POP-Q stages. There was a weak positive correlation found between hiatal area at and POP stage (r=0.339, P<0.001) and a weak negative correlation between PFM strength and hiatal area on contraction (r=-0.356, P<0.001). The results of this research helped to develop the focus for the study presented in Chapter IV where the impact of an informational flipchart on conservative lifestyle advice for POP was assessed. 3 There are a variety of factors to consider when developing pelvic health information resources to suit a specific cultural and ethnic group. Some of these factors include understanding the women’s educational background, awareness of the health condition, birthing practices, diet and exercise, heavy lifting, gender discrimination and social stigma around reproductive health (6, 7). In Chapter two of this thesis, a mixed methods study sought to determine the most efficacious way to illustrate and describe the PFMs and POP. Nepali women (n=15) attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic were interviewed and shown illustrations of pelvic anatomy and the risk factors and treatment options for POP. Following the interview, transabdominal realtime ultrasound was performed to ascertain the most effective verbal instructions to describe how to contract the PFMs correctly. The results of this study highlighted the low knowledge about the PFMs and the difficulties in verbally describing how to contract the muscles correctly. The delivery of health information in rural and remote regions of Nepal is predominantly the responsibility of local health workers (8). A review of the training provided for the local health workers and the currently available informational tools on POP found both to be inadequate, therefore highlighting the need for the development of up to date resources (9). In Chapter Three of this thesis, the impact of a training workshop on POP and PFMT for local health workers (n=88) was assessed with a pre- and post-workshop knowledge quiz. The translation of knowledge was determined by assessing three local health worker’s ability to teach a PFM contraction to community women and was observed using transabdominal ultrasound. The results of this research showed that a training workshop on PFMT and POP significantly increased knowledge (mean change in quiz score of 18.5%, 95% Confidence Interval: 15.5-21.6%, p<0.001) for local health workers, but additional one-on-one supervision is essential for ensuring the translation of knowledge into practice. 4 The results of the formative research described in Chapters I-III were paramount in the development of an informational flipchart on PFMT and lifestyle advice for POP in Nepal. The flipchart was designed as a resource for local health workers to use in providing education to women living in rural and remote communities. In Chapter IV, the impact of the informational flipchart was evaluated with a randomised controlled trial. Nepali women (n=140) with a symptomatic POP stage I-III were assessed with the POP-Q, MOS and the Prolapse Quality of Life Questionnaire (P-QoL) at baseline and 6 months. The control group received brief verbal instruction on PFMT and the intervention group were provided with in-depth education on lifestyle advice and PFMT using the flipchart. The results of this study showed that a one-time educational intervention on PFMT and lifestyle advice delivered by a paraprofessional health worker significantly improved POP symptoms and quality of life for Nepali women when compared to the control group. The findings in this thesis demonstrate that the development of a culturally appropriate informational flipchart is beneficial for Nepali women with a symptomatic POP. This informational tool may be used as a one-time educational intervention by paraprofessional health workers, providing them with a realistic and sustainable option to help support women living in rural and remote regions of Nepal with a POP. Future research should explore this approach for other pelvic floor disorders as a strategy to enhance the wellbeing of women living in similar rural and remote communities globally.
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Matthias, Ann Ruth. "An exploratory study of the utilization by women of two health posts in Lalitpur district, Nepal." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293812.
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Silvester, Katherine. "LITERACIES IN MOTION: TRANSNATIONAL LIVES AND LIFELONG LEARNING IN THE US AND NEPAL." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555859.
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"Literacies in Motion: Transnational Lives and Lifelong Learning in the US and Nepal," is a multi-sited, ethnographic case study of adult Bhutanese refugees' English language and literacy learning in the transnational contexts of the Bhutanese Diaspora and subsequent refugee resettlement. Specifically, I look at two refugee education programs that provide intensive English language training, the Pima Community College Adult Education Refugee Education Project (REP) in Tucson, Arizona and Caritas-Nepal's Spoken English Center at the site of the Bhutanese refugee camps in Jhapa, Nepal. As a teacher engaged in classroom inquiry in the REP program in Tucson, I was interested in how multilingual adults who strategically and complexly identified as refugees also understood themselves as English language learners and what effect these orientations might have on learning processes and classroom dynamics, especially related to literacy instruction. This initial classroom research gradually expanded to include research in the homes and community spaces of the Nepali-speaking Bhutanese students who invited me to participate as a teacher-researcher in their cultural events and neighborhood meetings and, eventually, to global sites of inquiry in the Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal. Altogether, I conducted ethnographic research over a period of 5 years, including classroom observations, teacher and learner interviews, and literacy artifact collection in homes, schools, and community spaces. My findings show that while linguistic inequalities within the communicative contexts of refugee resettlement worked to constrain adult language learners' second language literacies in the classroom, refugees' own mobile knowledge networks and global language investments allowed for more flexible multilingual and multimodal literacy resources and practices. Furthermore, while there is a profound, collective investment in English language learning in refugee camps in Nepal prior to resettlement, this investment is complex and learners often demonstrate deeply ambivalent attitudes toward the benefit of learning English especially later in life. While much local effort is invested in "empowering" teachers and adult learners through English education, true fluency among older adults in the refugee camp remains extremely limited to a truncated classroom repertoire (i.e. copying from the board, repetition, and simple greetings). Instead, adult learners, especially women, flourished in other ways through language center leadership, recruitment, and coordination involving translingual, transcultural, and multimodal skills. By considering the ways in which women refugees' expanding communicative repertoires outside of class operate in the refugee camp, and then travel through the migratory space of refugee resettlement, this study supports the work of emerging voices in the field of rhetoric and composition (i.e. Rebecca Lorimer Leonard's "traveling literacies") as well as those more established in literacy studies and applied linguistics (i.e. Jan Blommaert's "grassroots literacies" and "mobilization of language resources") to forward a mobile literacies construct that helps to explain the affordances and constraints of traveling language resources in a globalized world. Discrepancies found in both US and Bhutanese refugee camp contexts between the truncated English language repertoires of adult learners in class and their expanding translingual and multimodal repertoires outside of class, suggest important implications for translocal language policy and planning for multilingual learners.
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Frost, Melanie Dawn. "Fertility and the economic value of children : evidence from Nepal." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192877/.
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Economic theories of fertility transition were the dominant paradigm during the second half of the twentieth century, but in more recent years their relevance has been questioned and sociological or cultural explanations have become more popular in the demographic literature. In many cases theoretical perspectives have been abandoned all together in favour of an empirical approach leaving economists and demographers isolated from each other. Using data collected in Nepal as part of the World Bank‟s Living Standards Measurement Study, which includes large amounts of economic information at the household and individual level, the feasibility of the economic approach to fertility transition is tested in the context of rural Nepal. In order to do this it was necessary to check the quality of the Nepali fertility data. This was done and it was concluded that higher parity births tend to be underreported, while childlessness tends to be over-reported. It was also found that the quality of urban fertility data is suspect – rural fertility is focussed on throughout since it relates to economic variables in a substantively different way to urban fertility. The relationships between fertility and the main components of income in rural Nepal – agriculture and remittances – are studied. It is hypothesised that fertility and landholding are related through the land-security hypothesis and the land-labour hypothesis. The land-security hypothesis holds that owned landholding and children are substitutes because they are both forms of security, while the land-labour hypothesis holds that cultivated landholding and fertility are complements since children can assist in tilling the land. Remittances are purported to affect fertility through increasing son preference. This is because remittances provide security and sons send remittances. Support is found for all the hypothesised relationships. This implies that the people of rural Nepal value children for the economic benefits they can bring. The economic value of sons vastly outweighs that of daughters and the findings of this thesis indicate that increasing remittances and high levels of functionally landless households mean that son preference is unlikely to disappear soon. Overall, this research highlights that economic theories of fertility transition have been unjustly neglected and are important for our understanding of fertility determinants – they are therefore extremely relevant for both demographers and policy makers
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Armstrong, Emily. "Women v. State: A Case Study of Laws and Rules’ Impact on Female Labor Migration within Nepal." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/914.
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This thesis investigates the relationship between gender and institutions within the context of Nepal’s labor migration. Labor migration is an important issue for Nepal’s economy as nearly 10% of the population works abroad (Sijapati, 2012). However, only 10% of these migrants are women, creating a gender imbalance. One reason for the large disparity between the number of female migrants and male migrants is explained by legal restraints and institutional factors. A potentially more potent reason for the lack of female migrants working abroad can be credited to gender roles and cultural values in Nepali society (Thieme, 2005). This thesis analyzes institutions’ role in labor migration and the relationship between institutions and female migrants.
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Timsina, G. "Educational participation of girls in Nepal : an ethnographic study of girls' education in a rural village." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2011. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/10429/.
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In this thesis I explore the extent to which women and girls are disadvantaged within the Nepalese education system. I attempt to investigate the barriers to, and opportunities for, participation by women and girls in the formal education system, including those who are doubly discriminated against because of gender and caste. I attempt to explore the issues in three ways: through an examination of my own experience growing up in Nepal as a member of a Brahmin family, and employed within the Ministry of Education in Nepal; through an exploration of the relevant literature within and outside Nepal; and through an ethnographic case-study of a village community. I spent about four months as a participant observer in the village engaging in unstructured in-depth interviews, as well as recording conversations and reflections in a research diary. Although the village is situated only 15 kilometers from Kathmandu, it exhibited a pattern of life that has changed very slowly in the fifty-two years since the end of the 50s. I report the extent of changes in the experiences of women and girls in the village, through their own reflections on their social position and the value of education to them, and their involvement and attendance at public, including religious, occasions. I report, too, on both the changing attitudes of men and their resistance to them. I pay particular attention to the present position of girls, through a detailed account of a public secondary school, situated at the centre of the village. I report on my observations in the classroom, conducted interviews with the girls, inside and outside school, and read their diaries in which they wrote down reflections about their experiences in school and at home. I selected, as key informants, a group of Dalit and Non-Dalit girls and boys, who were studying in Bhagawati School, as well as a group of girls who had stopped attending school. The activities of these key informants were observed in their schools, and outside as well. Interviews were also conducted with their parents, teachers and members of the different communities in the village. These opinions were supplemented with views about the education of girls, in general, and Dalit girls, in particular, and from discussions with Dalit activists and NGO workers. I consider how the value of education for girls is revealed, and affected, by competition from private schools, where boys predominate. I build a picture of the differences in educational participation of Dalits and non-Dalits, males and females and Dalit and non-Dalit girls. I also examine the role of NGOs in the village, and the extent to which they influence participation of women in education. I incorporate concepts of inclusion and exclusion into Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction, as grounds for understanding how discrimination towards girls and Dalits is perpetuated in education. I also borrow the concept of cultural production theory, in order to examine how the schooled children resist traditional beliefs and prejudiced attitudes, about gender and caste, where the school offers a forum for the creation of a new counter-culture. I also draw on a Freirean approach to analyse how to increase the self-awareness of the excluded about their own exclusion. I provide an analysis of the case-study material, and a consideration of what these add to the literature and my own autobiographical reflections. I follow this with a critical analysis of how girls, and disadvantaged children, have experienced change in their educational participation, as a result of the efforts made by the government to implement its educational policies. I conclude that discrimination against girls in education persists, despite some changes, and is exacerbated by the interaction between gender, caste and poverty. The patriarchal value system and prejudices towards girls’ education, are still creating major barriers to girls’ opportunities for education, with low caste disproportionately increasing discrimination towards girls, compared to boys. The growth of private education is an added force for discrimination, with boys far more likely than girls to be supported by their families at private schools. I suggest that ways of combating discrimination need to be reviewed, within the relatively new context of a Nepalese democratic republic. This will require a redirection of policy-making and administration, from personal careers and patronage, towards a determined effort to put into practice the ideals of the Education for All programme in Nepal, without regard to gender, caste or ethnic background.
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Sanjay, Rijal Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem. "Impact of behavior change communication program on knowledge of HIV/AIDS among ever married women evidence from Nepal /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd404/4938537.pdf.
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Shrestha, Ava Darshan. "Eating cucumbers without any teeth : variations in the capacities of rural women to participate in rural development in Nepal." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318033.
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Shrestha, Mona. "Exploring gendered work and women's empowerment : a study of hotels, resorts and casinos in Nepal." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57260/.
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This thesis explores gendered work and women‟s empowerment in interactive service work in Nepal, focusing on two five-star hotels, two deluxe resorts and two casinos. It develops a conceptual framework to explore how gendered work and women‟s empowerment are related, paying attention to the interactional and structural levels. This feminist research uses mixed methods of 21 questionnaires to gather quantitative data that shed light on the gendered workforce. Qualitative data is derived from 65 interviews (semi-structured and in-depth) with male and female workers, managers, male family members and policy experts, two focus group discussions with women working in two casinos and observations in the six sample establishments. The study makes three arguments. First, gendered work is constructed by three distinct but related dimensions, namely: the gender division of labour; the gendered ideologies of managers and workers; and the gendering of skills provided through training. Second, workers, to a variable extent, perform gendered emotional, aesthetic and (hetero) sexualised labour and such performances shape and are shaped by gendered work. Third, women‟s paid work empowers them to some extent at an individual level; however, structural constraints continue to impede their empowerment. The thesis makes theoretical as well as empirical contributions to existing knowledge. Theoretically, it contributes to understanding of the relationship between gendered work and empowerment in which structural context is of critical significance. At the empirical level, this makes an original contribution to the analysis of interactive service work in Nepal. The thesis finds that women doing gendered work are to some extent empowered at the individual level and perhaps „doing‟ gender per se is not a problem. However, structural constraints continue to impede women‟s empowerment, despite some gradual changes. The thesis also finds that the hotel and casino sector are not feminised in contrast to studies conducted in the „West‟.
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Sapkota, Diksha. "Effects of a Psychosocial Intervention among Pregnant Women Subjected to Domestic and Family Violence: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial from Nepal." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/404157.
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Domestic and family violence (DFV) against women is an important public health problem, placing significant health and economic burdens on individuals and families worldwide. The prevalence rates of DFV and its mental health sequelae are significantly higher in developing countries compared to developed countries, as women in these settings often lack resources to address DFV-related issues and improve their safety. Pregnancy is considered as a ‘window of opportunity’ to intervene against DFV. Psychosocial interventions that include the components to empower and provide psychosocial support to pregnant women exposed to DFV have potential to enhance their mental health and coping against DFV.
This study aimed to develop and test a simple and brief psychosocial intervention targeting the mental health, self-efficacy, social support, and help-seeking behaviours of pregnant women experiencing DFV in Nepal. An assessor-blinded 1:1 parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT), with a nested descriptive qualitative study, was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the psychosocial intervention. A total of 140 eligible pregnant women were randomly assigned into two groups. Women allocated to the intervention group (IG) received a counselling session, an information booklet, and contact details of the counsellor. Women in the control group (CG) received a booklet, including a referral list of locally available DFV support organisations. Participants from both groups were interviewed three times using standard and valid questionnaires: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for assessing anxiety and depression, the World Health Organization Quality of Life – Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) for quality of life (QOL), the Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) short form for perceived social support, the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) for self-efficacy, and the modified safety behaviours checklist for the use of safety behaviours. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and newborns’ characteristics were also collected. Follow-up interviews were conducted at four to six weeks post-intervention (T1) and at six weeks after birth (T2). Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) models with an intention-to-treat approach were used to assess changes in the outcome measures between the two groups over time. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25), and statistical significance was set at p < .050.
During the follow-up interviews, intervention participants were asked about the strengths and weakness of the intervention, as well as recommendations on how the intervention could be improved for future use. In addition, seven purposively selected healthcare providers (HCPs) were interviewed to explore their perceptions regarding the intervention. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the qualitative data.
Out of 625 women screened, the lifetime prevalence of DFV was found to be 27.7% (n = 173). DFV in the last 12 months was significantly associated with mental health, QOL, social support, self-efficacy, and use of safety behaviours (p < .050), measured at baseline or pre-intervention (T0). Both groups were comparable at T0 on demographic characteristics and outcome values (p > .050). Nearly 22.0% of women were lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) at T2, but baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between the participants who completed the study and those who were LTFU. Participants allocated to the IG showed significant improvements in anxiety (β = -3.24, p < .001) and depression (β = -3.16, p < .001) at T1. Such improvements were also sustained at T2 (p < .001). Similarly, significant improvements were seen in QOL at both T1 (β = 2.98, p < .001) and T2 (β = 2.45, p < .001) in the IG. There were greater increases in perceived social support and help-seeking behaviours in the IG compared with the CG at both T1 and T2 (p < .001).
Thematic analysis of qualitative interviews identified ten themes which were grouped into three broad domains: i) DFV and its response mechanisms, ii) reflection on the program and its contents, and iii) recommendations for improving the intervention for future use. Participants were positive about the intervention and indicated that it improved their confidence and skills in managing stress. HCPs also supported the intervention; however, they suggested that for its successful and continual delivery in the future, additional infrastructure needs to be arranged in the hospital. Participants expressed that this intervention offered only a partial solution to the problem by addressing individual-level outcomes.
This is the first known trial to test the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention addressing mental health and safety needs of DFV victims in an antenatal setting in Nepal. The intervention was feasible to be implemented in an antenatal setting and showed promising effects on the mental wellbeing, perceived social support, self-efficacy, and help-seeking behaviours of DFV victims. Several avenues for further research are suggested, including expanding on the intervention to include family members, integrating the program into regular antenatal care, and conducting larger controlled trials with longer follow-up. Additionally, the findings underscore the pre-eminence of screening and managing negative emotional symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, among women experiencing DFV.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Nursing & Midwifery
Griffith Health
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Molesworth, Kathryn Nicola. "The impact of the Lamosangu-Jri road on the life experience and reproductive behaviour of women of the Tamang community of Jetthul, Nepal." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3855/.
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This thesis examines the linkage between road construction, female development and fertility among women of two rural Tamang communities in Jetthul, Nepal. Completion of the all- weather road between Jetthul and Lamosangu in 1980 created a motorised link with Kathmandu. Taking an integrated approach, aspects of development and female life associated with fertility decline are examined within the limitations of a post hoc study Using a combination of ethnographic and quantitative survey techniques, links are traced between the advent of the road and changes in female employment, urban and media exposure, education, autonomy in marriage and reproductive behaviour. Investigation reveals women have not become frequent road users. In maintaining subsistence activities and childcare, they remain closely bound to family-based, agricultural production within the village sphere. Although female contact with urban centres has increased since the advent of the road, it remains low, relative to that of men, the majority of whom seek waged employment outside Jetthul. Although school attendance has commenced among girls since the inception of road construction, rates of completion of primary school and literacy are very poor. Contact with mass media is low in the village setting, but since the opening of the road, young women have gained access to cinema and video in Kathmandu. Although the incidence of forceful capture marriage has declined smce 1980, there is no detectable increase in female autonomy in the nuptial process. While female age at marriage has increased, since road provision, there has been a significant decrease in the time lapse between marriage and first birth. This suggests the road has stimulated social change relatmg to intimate behaviour. Since completion of the road, little attention has been forthcoming from other development projects. Although the communities have received modest government agricultural and health assistance and have been visited by a mobile sterilisation camp, in-depth investigation at the micro-level has identified the inappropriate approach and subsequent failure of these limited programmes in Jetthul. This thesis demonstrates that in the absence of female-centred project support, girls and women of poor rural communities are not necessarily advantaged during the early stages of development initiatives such as road building. Furthermore, in addressing high fertility among the majority rural population, a more integrated approach is required at the community level, to more fully incorporate women and girls into the national development process and support fertility decline.
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K, C. Rabindra Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem. "Impact of media on knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention among currently married female youth (15-24 years) in Nepal /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd380/4738654.pdf.
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Simkhada, Padam Prasad. "Context, process and determinants of trafficking and health seeking behaviour of trafficked women and girls in Nepal : implications for social and public health policy." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274506.
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Bengts, Elin. "A case study of post-earthquake consequences for women within marginalized groups in Nepal : A qualitative case study with the aim to explore the consequences for women within marginalized groups in a post-earthquake society." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130225.
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This report is the outcome of a case study conducted in Kathmandu, Nepal in April 2016. The purpose of the study is to investigate in the consequences of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, from the perspective of women within socioeconomically vulnerable groups. The caste system is still practiced nearly all over Nepal and women are still facing multiple forms of discrimination. A woman belonging to the Dalits, which is the group considered to be at the bottom of the hierarchy and below the castes, have no right to control land, housing or money and are exposed to violence and forced sexual labour. The aim of the study is to shed light over how already existing discrimination leads to further examples of discrimination in the aftermath of a natural disaster and the “class-consciousness” of natural disasters. People within a society are living under different conditions and these conditions lead to different consequences when facing a natural disaster. The components of these conditions are often intertwined with each other and should therefore not be examined separately, which is why an intersectional perspective is used for this study. Furthermore, standpoint theory is used as well, to look at these issues from the viewpoint of the marginalized people of the society. Interviews were made with 6 different respondents, who are working for NGOs in and outside of Kathmandu and who through their work are coming on contact with the issues mentioned. My findings show several examples of post-earthquake consequences for women which can be linked to the strong patriarchy, the use of caste system and mistreatment from the government.
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Emerson, Ann. "Educating Pakistan's daughters : the intersection of schooling, unequal citizenship and violence." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68415/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore how education in one girls' government school teaches understandings of citizenship and to identify potential links to the reproduction of identity-based violence in Pakistan. This in-depth qualitative case study was conducted in a girls' government model school. This study focuses on curriculum and school practices of the secondary school section. Data was collected through interviews with staff, a participatory workshop with teachers, focus groups with students, classroom observation, and informal discussions. I also analyzed the Pakistan Studies textbook used in the secondary section of the school. Using theories of critical education, intersectionality, and Galtung's violence triangle, I argue that despite recent political and curricular reform attempts, education in Pakistan reproduces a homogeneous concept of a legitimate citizen (male Sunni Muslim). While this evolved to unite an ethnically diverse Pakistan, it has contributed to identity-based violence (direct, structural, and cultural) against those that do not fit within this conception. In this school, the Pakistan Studies textbooks create an official discourse that promotes this gendered and exclusionary citizenship. I show how the Pakistan studies textbook uses history and constitutional lessons to promote citizenship that is based in a masculine Islam meant to oppose the Hindu ‘other' as well as to promote the exclusion of women and minorities from full citizenship. I also found that teachers own understandings of citizenship, which closely reflect the text, are deeply rooted in their understanding of their notions of the ideal Muslim woman. I find that the school rewards gendered behavior in both students and teachers. I then explore the extent to which the school reproduces other social divisions including religious, ethnicity, and class. I find that the school simultaneously reproduces, mitigates, and exacerbates these tensions. I then argue that the teachers' and students' understandings of the role of women to counter violence is rooted in the notions of middle class women's roles as mothers and supporters of men that are reproduced through school practice. This study furthers the knowledge on the links between education and violence by showing that promoting a homogeneous ideal of a citizen through education, while intended as a nation building project, can contribute to structural, cultural and direct violence against women and minorities, limiting their agency to engage in social transformation.
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Hedman, Elina. "When Traditional Power Structures are Trembling : A qualitative analysis of aid agencies focus on gender roles and contribution to potential changes in those following the earthquakes in Nepal 2015." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374275.
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This thesis examines how and to what extent humanitarian aid organizations strategically focus on gender roles following disasters, and how they contribute to potential changes in gender roles. The case selected for the study is Nepal after the 2015 earthquakes where the reports of four international humanitarian aid organizations were examined through a qualitative content analysis. The thesis aims to provide a contribution to the disaster risk reduction literature with a special focus on the possibilities to use disasters as catalysts for changes in traditional gender roles. As humanitarian organizations are major actors in the aftermath of disasters, the purpose is to evaluate their efforts and connect that to previous literature in the field. As a theoretical foundation two contrasting theories are incorporated in the study, the first is the idea that a disaster can be a ’window of opportunity’ for changes in gender roles whereas the other one is that vulnerable people is often left more vulnerable after a disaster due to secondary consequences, a so called double disaster. The main findings of the study demonstrate that none of the four international humanitarian organizations incorporated a gendered perspective in their aid efforts following the earthquakes in Nepal 2015. The organizations seldom separate women from men in their reports, demonstrating an unawareness of the gender power structures at play. Few activities had a potential to empower women and the ones that did lacked a long-term perspective to enhance gender equality and lower vulnerability.
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Neupane, Maniraj Verfasser], and Rainald [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fischer. "Cardio-respiratory health of women exposed to household air pollution in rural Nepal : A propensity score matched cross-sectional comparative study among traditional stove users and biogas users / Maniraj Neupane. Betreuer: Rainald Fischer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1069278580/34.
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Sah, Rajeeb Kumar. "Positive sexual health : an ethnographic exploration of social and cultural factors affecting sexual lifestyles and relationships of Nepalese young people in the UK." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2017. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/17253/.
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This PhD is an interdisciplinary research project in the field of public health, youth studies, sociology and cultural studies about the sexual lives of 16 young Nepalese aged 16-24 living in London. The research uses ethnography and biography to explore social and cultural factors affecting sexual health and lifestyles of Nepalese young people in the changing world. Sexual health still remains a taboo, which brings struggle for Nepalese young people to negotiate their sexual lives within Nepalese families and community. The current study explores young people’s reflections of their sexual lifestyles and experiences, which is embedded in the sociocultural norms and patterns of the society, and their interactions with families, community and broader social structures. The findings suggest that detailed examinations of the connectedness between agency and social context provide more clear understanding of the everyday sexual lives of young people. The changing lifestyles of Nepalese young people in the western world provide accessibility to the new ways of living in experiencing sexual lives through transforming leisure activities and creating multiple opportunities for sexual intimacies and relationships. The popularity of nightclubbing and changing attitudes towards sexual lifestyles create concerns for sexual health risks and vulnerability as well as conflict within family because of sociocultural dominance towards relationships and marriage. The data suggest that young people negotiate with several challenges, such as caste issues and parental consent, while transforming love relationships into love arranged marriage. It was found that lack of communication on sexual matters within family fuel the issues of trust and promote secret relationships and females are widely discriminated at different levels within Nepalese society. These structural factors along with lack of appropriate sexual health knowledge and education limit expressions of positive sexual lifestyles and relationships among Nepalese young people. Intersectionality in this study is used to investigate key structural influences of sexual health and lifestyles at multiple levels. This research uses grounded theory to develop a tentative social ecological model, adapted from an ecological model, to understand the positive sexual health experiences of Nepalese young people.
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Scarfiello, Concetta. "Microfinance behind closed doors: women and agency in rural Nepal." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/113383.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is concerned with how rural Nepali women engage with microfinance in a multi-caste locality characterised by a proliferation of lending institutions. In the past four decades, microlending practices have spread worldwide and so has the debate around their ability to improve the lives of borrowers. While some have seen ‘lending to the poor’ as a solution to world poverty, an increasing number of scholars have criticised microfinance providers as being neoliberal, and potentially neo-colonial, institutions that exploit impoverished and disenfranchised women. Rather than focusing on the narrowly framed question of whether microfinance ‘works’, the data and analyses offered in this thesis show how lending organisations allow women to engage in novel strategies—which I frame as agentive acts. These acts enable women to respond to the constraints and opportunities that they face in a changing socio-economic context.
I illustrate how rural women’s agency varies in different contexts because of their disparate domestic and institutional structures experienced within distinct caste groupings. These observations build upon key contributions in practice theory—a conceptual body of knowledge that focuses on the mutually influencing realms of structure and agency. Said differently, I develop an empirical case through the example of women’s savings and loan taking practices that shows how their actions are influenced by the historical contexts and contemporary social structures within which they operate. Ultimately, I argue that women’s agency is socially and structurally situated and that microfinance institutions provide novel ways for rural Nepali women to potentially improve their material conditions and social standings.
Drawing on ethnographic data collected in 2014 in rural central Nepal, I explore how women from different caste and ethnic groupings—Bahun and Chhetri, Janajati and Dalit—creatively engage with formal lending. I argue that women demonstrate different forms of agency in relation to microfinance based on their marital relations as well as their caste and ethnic affiliations. More specifically, I show how caste relationships, male outbound migration and inbound remittances influence to a large degree the potential success that some women can achieve. Dalit women, for instance, can use microfinance to counteract the discrimination that they experience because they can diversify their investment options. Janajati women use microfinance to improve their social standing through the purchase of socially valuable and symbolic land. Bahun and Chhetri women, by contrast, use microfinance to transform their household relationships and to enhance opportunities for their daughters. Through it all, the inner workings of microfinance remain entrenched in caste divisions and discriminatory practices. These reflect the ongoing social constraints and challenges that persist even within Nepalese institutions that are ostensibly meant to work according to socially untethered capitalist and neoliberal logics. Taking these insights into consideration, the thesis concludes that although women's financial practices do not always correspond to those foreseen by lending institutions, women use microfinance to respond to their social and economic conditions, to pursue their aspirations and to bring about changes in their lives.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2018
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Hindman, Heather. "Stability in motion : expatriate women in Kathmandu, Nepal /." 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3088744.
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Acharya, Meena. "A study of rural labor markets in Nepal." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15704439.html.
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Rajouria, Alok. "Micro-finance and empowerment of women : Evidence from Nepal." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20892.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.During the last two decades micro-finance programs have proliferated around the world. The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 awarded to the Grameen Bank and its founder signifies the global recognition of micro-finance as an effective strategy for poverty alleviation and socio-economic development. Micro-finance programs are also acknowledged for having an empowering effect on women. Previous studies, however, have shown contradictory results on the empowering effect of micro-finance programs. Some studies have shown that micro-finance empowers women while other studies indicate that micro-finance not only increase gender conflict and subordination of women, but also result in the loss of women's control over their loans. This study examines the empowerment of low-income Nepalese women from squatter communities who participate in micro-finance programs. A significant difference in the level of self-esteem, self-efficacy and contribution to family income between participant group and non-participant group was found. In addition, a significant correlation between the level of self-esteem and self-efficacy and the amount of time the subjects participated in micro-finance programs meant that participation in micro-finance might have enhanced these factors. Regression analyses showed that participation in micro-finance programs had significant positive effects on self-esteem, self-efficacy and contribution to family income while controlling for socio-demographic variables like age, education level, family size and family income. This study concluded that micro-finance could help to empower female participants.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-171).
Also available by subscription via World Wide Web
171 leaves, bound 29 cm
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Shah, Ishwari. "Women and credit in the agricultural development of Nepal." Master's thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123824.
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It has been observed that women in Nepal contribute a great deal to
the agricultural output of the country. However, until very recently their
contribution was almost unrecognized in government development policies
and plans. Women had lagged behind economically as well as socially.
A special credit programme (with some social components) for women in
the agricultural sector, ’The Women's Development Programme’ was introduced
in 1981 through the initiative of the Agricultural Development Bank. This
programme has been launched in the selected Small Farmer Development Projects.
The main objective of the Women’s Development Programme is to raise the
economic status,of women.
In Nepal, there have been no studies carried out on the relationship
between women and credit. Thus, this study is the first of its kind for
Nepal. Hence, it must be regarded as a pilot study of the credit aspects
of the Women's Development Programme. It mainly examines the net financial
benefits of this credit programme to the women borrowers and the role of
the Agricultural Development Bank. Also, it analyses the loan repayment
performance of male and female borrowers.
For the analysis, two Small Farmer Development Projects, Taklung and
Budhanilkantha, located in the hill area of Nepal, were selected. The
analysis is mainly based on data which were collected in a survey of these
two projects.
Its general conclusion is that, on the whole the programme can be
considered a success
The evidence shows that the net financial benefits to women from the
loan programme were substantial in both projects, but the net financial returns to the Agricultural Development Bank from this loan programme are
still negative. Yet the programme also has socio-economic objectives, and
here its results are also positive. The analysis also reveals that women
are better repayers of loans than men. Consequently, the Agricultural
Development Bank should take a positive view towards the Women’s Development
Programme and the women's loans. Finally, this study recommends that the
Women's Development Programme should be expanded gradually throughout the
country and administered on a nationwide scale.
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Shrestha, Niva. "Women as formal and informal workers in the context of tansitional economy : the case of Nepal /." 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3006554.
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Thapaliya, Keshab Deep. "Voices of rural women in Nepal: Impact of literacy on the lives of women." 2006. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3215755.
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The study explores the complexity of female literacy from the live experiences of women. The purpose of this qualitative research is to describe rural women's perceptions about literacy to assess how it impacts their lives. Female literacy is exceptionally low in Nepal. In spite of the efforts to raise women's educational status through literacy programs, women have rarely benefited from them. Most literacy programs are top-down, short-term, often organized by outside literacy providers, usually males. These programs are resource intensive, keeping their services from reaching a multitude of illiterates. In addition, the teaching methods, materials and program strategies used in most adult literacy programs hardly reflect, in particular, the interest, needs and concerns of women. Since there are few studies describing women's perceptions about literacy, we have little understanding of the complexity of female literacy. What did literacy mean to rural women? What did the women perceive as benefits from literacy? What types of literacy programs are beneficial to them? The study sheds light on these fundamental questions. Using the participants' observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, this study collected qualitative data from 150 hours of observation, 15 individual in-depths interviews and six focus group discussions with 48 rural women. The data was collected from twelve sites across the country over a period of two years. The study indicates that rural women need literacy skills for fulfilling their needs as expressed in social, cultural and economic practices. The need for literacy to actively participate in economic activities was, however, felt strongly by most of the rural women. Changes in women's lives were indicated by their increased knowledge, positive attitude and new behavior. Rural women's abilities to articulate their concerns, participate in decision-making, and to organize themselves for collective actions were some of the examples that entailed a change in their lives. Even for those who did not become fully literate, these experiences were empowering. The study also indicates that rural women benefited from literacy programs that focused on both functional and liberating elements.
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Hoffe, Lisa. "Trailblazing : the women of Nepal's trekking industry /." 2005.
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Sah, Nepali. "Patterns and determinants of age at first marriage of women in Nepal." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150454.
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Despite the general increase in age at marriage of women in Nepal, early marriage persists in the Terai region, in particular, among many sub-populations of Terai-origin people. This study explores the patterns and determinants of age at first marriage of girls in Nepal. It had three specific objectives: i) to assess the extent and level of early marriage in Nepal, ii) to investigate the reasons for persistence of early marriage among some families in the Terai, and iii) to understand the mechanism of the dowry system, cross-border marriage migration, and ethnic mix, and their impact on age at marriage of girls in the Terai. Six major research questions and nine hypotheses were formulated to achieve the objectives of this study. Five major data sets were analysed: the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006, and Nepal Adolescents and Young Adults Survey 2000 were used for the analysis of patterns and determinants of age at marriage of women in Nepal. The Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003-04 and the Child Marriage Study 2004 were analysed to demystify the mechanisms and factors associated with dowry in Nepal. Census 2001 data were also used at various points along with available ethnographic information. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were deployed. Empirical analyses of data show three main patterns of age at marriage of women. First, early marriage especially prepubertal marriage of girls is declining in Nepal with a gradual increase in marriage age. Despite this decline, some of the Terai caste groups in particular, still marry their daughters before their fifteenth birthday. Second, the majority of girls among Terai caste and ethnic groups, Muslims and Hills lower-castes are still married between 15 and 17 years of age, that is, below 18, the legal age at marriage, which reveals the persistence of early marriage among these groups. Third, marriage is still universal and mandatory among women in Nepal. Most of the marriages among women are occurring between ages 15 and 24. Bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal that age of girls, rural-urban place of residence (at birth), education of girls and their mothers, age at menarche, caste/ethnicity and religion, and dowry were significantly associated with age at marriage. The prevalence of dowry among the Terai caste groups, compounded with sociocultural factors has a strong influence on the marriage timing of girls. Although geographic region was found to be associated with age at marriage both in bivariate and multivariate analyses, women from Terai caste-groups (Terai-origin) had much higher hazard of marrying younger than Hills caste/ethnic groups. At present Terai population represents people of three major types - Indigenous people of the Terai, Indian-origin people who migrated in different time periods, and Hills-origin people who migrated after the 1950s, so the Terai category seems inadequate and misleading in capturing demographic transitions including age at marriage and its determinants. The differences in marriage-related sociocultural norms and traditions between people of Terai-origin and of Hills/Mountains origin and the prevalence of dowry in the Terai further support this argument.
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Lohani-Chase, Rama S. "Women and gender in the Maoist people's war in Nepal militarization and dislocation." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17347.
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