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1
Karmacharya, Nabindra Lal. "Effect of Debt and Export on GDP of Nepal: an Empirical Analysis." Khwopa Journal 5, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kjour.v5i2.60449.
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This study aims to investigate the intricate relationship between Nepal's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), total debt, and export. Nepal, as a developing nation, faces numerous economic challenges, making it imperative to understand the dynamics of these key economic indicators and their interrelation. This study applies quantitative research methods, including statistical analysis, to examine the long-term trends, patterns, and causal relationships among these variables. The research begins by providing an overview of Nepal's economic landscape, highlighting its reliance on export-oriented industries and the significant impact of external debt on the national economy. A thorough literature review is conducted to identify existing theories and empirical studies related to GDP, total debt, and export, providing a foundation for the subsequent analysis. The study employs time-series data provided by NRB database, covering a significant period of 1975 to 2020 AD, to construct a robust empirical framework. Various econometric techniques, such as correlation analysis, regression models, normality test, are applied to explore the relationship between Nepal's GDP, total debt, and export using EViews 10. The findings of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the economic dynamics in Nepal. The results reveal important insights into the impact of total debt on GDP growth and the role of export in driving economic development. Furthermore, the study uncovers potential feedback effects and spillover mechanisms among these variables, providing policymakers with valuable information for formulating effective economic strategies and debt management policies. Overall, this study sheds light on the complex relationship between Nepal's GDP, total debt, and export, offering valuable insights into the country's economic performance.
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Dangal, Dil Nath, and Ram Prasad Gajurel. "Public Financing in Education and Economic Growth of Nepal." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 27, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v27i1-2.60569.
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Education serves as the foundation of human capital, enhancing productivity and innovation, and ultimately driving economic growth. This study aims to assess the relationship between public financing in education and Nepal's economic growth. Utilizing the ARDL error correction model with data spanning from 1982 to 2018, the findings indicate that public funding for education in Nepal negatively impacts long-term economic growth. In the short term, the enrollment of technical students at various institutions under Tribhuvan University also exhibits a negative association with Nepal's economic growth. The short-term setbacks may be attributed to the drain of technical expertise or insufficient investment in technical education, potentially impeding economic growth. Consequently, policymakers and stakeholders should prioritize technical education and domestic employability to foster sustainable economic growth in Nepal.
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Balami, Sangita, Hem Chandra Dhakal, Dhan Raj Chalise, and Bijay Lal Pradhan. "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economic Growth of Nepal." Morgan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Studies 1, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjirs.v1i1.63295.
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The study investigates the factors influencing foreign direct investment (FDI) and its sectoral distribution in the Nepalese economy, specifically examining the relationship and impact of FDI on sectors such as minerals, manufacturing, construction, energy, and services over a ten-year period from 2011/12 to 2020/21. Descriptive and correlational research design was employed in the annual time series data. The major findings reveal a positive correlation (correlation co-efficient of 0.668) between FDI and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), signifying a significant relationship. The study concludes that FDI has a substantial impact on Nepal's GDP. Additionally, sectoral FDI investments, including minerals, construction, energy, manufacturing, and services, also positively influence the country's GDP. The study suggests that despite Nepal's untapped FDI potential, implementation challenges, lengthy approval processes, and a service sector bias among investors hinder optimal exploitation of investment opportunities in other sectors with higher productivity.
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Adhikari, Uttam. "Impact Analysis of Income Tax Revenue on GDP Economic Growth of Nepal." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2024): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v5i1.62674.
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This paper investigates the relationship between income tax revenue and GDP economic growth in Nepal from 2070 to 2079B.S. The study draws upon the Economic Survey of Nepal and the data produced by Nepal Rastra Bank. By employing a linear regression model, it reveals significant influence of income tax revenue on the progression of Nepal's GDP. Methodology involves meticulous data collection and comprehensive statistical analysis. The linear regression model serves as the primary analytical tool to discern the nature and magnitude of the impact of income tax revenue on GDP economic growth. It demonstrates a positive relationship between income tax revenue and GDP progression, implying that an increase in income tax revenue correlates with a corresponding rise in Nepal's economic growth. This outcome underscores the importance of effective tax policies and revenue collection mechanisms in fostering economic development and stability in the country. In conclusion, the empirical evidence presented here highlights the pivotal role of income tax revenue in shaping the country's economic trajectory, making it an important area for policy intervention and reform as Nepal navigates its path towards prosperity in the 21st century.
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Ranamagar, Udaya Bahadur, and Naba Raj Upadhyaya. "Remittances and Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis for Nepal." Indian Journal of Economics and Finance 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijef.b2523.112222.
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This paper deals with remittance and the economic growth of Nepal. Remittance is a significant source of the Nepalese economy. It is one of the critical sectors, and it has directly related to the immigration of people. This study aims to identify the relationship between Nepal's migration, remittance, and the economic growth. This paper is based on secondary sources of information. The Granger causality test examines the causality between remittance and economic growth of Nepal. The result of the Granger causality test shows that both the Nepalese people's entry and exit from the country are significant for the economic growth of Nepal. The remittance received from migrated people is significant for the economic growth of Nepal. The contribution of remittance to GDP has increased, and the poverty level has decreased over the years. The education sector has improved, and the development level is gradually increasing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for policies with a high priority on national interests for managing international migration (both emigration and immigration) and remittance. This implies that the policy maker should implement an appropriate policy to invest in capital formation. It may be conducive to the economic growth of Nepal.
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Bhandari, Khimananda. "Analyzing the Determinants of Economic Growth in Nepal." Resunga Journal रेसुङ्गा जर्नल 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2024): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/resungaj.v3i1.65882.
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This research provides a detailed examination of Nepal's economic growth, emphasizing the transition from agricultural to non-agricultural businesses, the adoption of policies to boost capital formation, and the macroeconomic challenges encountered. It identifies critical variables like the currency rate and technical advancements. The study aims to investigate the relationship between rising per capita GDP and the variables that impact it to uncover useful information about the forces that drive economic progress. Infrastructure development, human capital investment, political stability, macroeconomic stability, trade and investment, agricultural productivity, industrial development, natural resource management, financial inclusion, technological advancements, institutional quality, and global economic conditions are all important factors influencing Nepal's economic development. Their interdependent links have a considerable impact on the nation's economic trajectory, necessitating regular monitoring and evaluation. To ensure long-term and equitable economic development, policymakers must develop effective policies that include these complexities. Conducting a rigorous empirical inquiry is critical for understanding Nepal's unique situation and delivering policy recommendations. This study used an ex post facto research methodology to investigate the relationship between per capita GDP growth and numerous contributing factors.
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Thapa Gharti, Netra Bahadur, and Rajendra Lamsal. "Factors Affecting the Performance of the Mutual Fund in Nepal." Lumbini Journal of Business and Economics 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ljbe.v11i1.54325.
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This study examines macro and micro factors affecting Nepalese mutual fund results. This study used panel data from March 2016 to November 2022 to determine the success factors of Nepal's 16 mutual funds.
Nepalese mutual funds' irregular performance is due to national economic conditions and individual fund peculiarities. This research analyzes the influence of economic events and fund attributes on the performance of Nepalese mutual funds by using risk-adjusted returns proposed by William Sharpe (1994). This research evaluated how macroeconomic and fund-factor changes affected Nepal's mutual funds.
The results show a positive relationship between fund age, assets turnover ratio, fund size, and exchange rate. Liquidity is a non-factor in mutual fund performance, but growth in gross domestic product, inflation, interest rates, and the money supply (M2) all harm fund return. Managers of mutual funds are encouraged to follow the recommendations made in this study to keep their portfolios as diversified as possible.
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Budhathoki, Prem Bahadur, Ganesh Bhattarai, and Yadav Mani Upadhyaya. "Does Interest Rate Impact Economic Growth? Empirical Insight from Nepal." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2024): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v7i1.65253.
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Background: The relationship between interest rates, inflation, and non-performing loans on economic growth is debated in theoretical and empirical research. Hence, the study examines the effect of interest rate, inflation rate, and non-performing loans on the economic growth in Nepal. Methods: The paper incorporated quarterly data spanning nine years (2011-2019) and consisted of 972 observations. The study collected secondary data from the official websites of Nepal Rastra Bank and the Ministry of Finance, Nepal. The study used a panel cointegration test and random-effect models to examine the long-run relationship between predictor and response variables. Results: The impact of lending rate (LR) on economic growth is positive and statistically significant (β1 = 0.017, p < .01) in Nepal. Similarly, the coefficient of LNCPI (β2 = 0.687, p < .01) suggests that there is a positive relationship between the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The regression coefficient of CPI (β3 = -.001, p > .05) suggests that an increase in non-performing loans (NPL) led to a decrease in GDP. However, this relationship was not statistically significant for the Nepalese Economy. Conclusion: The study concludes that the interest and inflation rates positively affect Nepal's economic growth. The findings indicate that policymakers, such as Nepal Rastra Bank, should maintain interest rates at an appropriate level. Novelty: This study is novel because it thoroughly analyzes numerous observations over long periods to investigate the impacts of loan rates, inflation rates, and non-performing loans on economic growth in Nepal, improving its generalizability.
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Kafle, Jagannath. "Strengthening A ‘Nepal, India, and China Equitable (NICE) Relationship’ for Regional Development." Journal of Economic Concerns 14, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tjec.v14i1-2.62314.
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This paper explores the prospects of fostering equitable trilateral economic cooperation among the contiguous nations of Nepal, India, and China (NIC). The underlying concept advocates for an integrated framework termed the 'Nepal, India, and China Equitable Relation' (NICE Relation). The study endeavours to elucidate Nepal's economic diplomacy from a geographical standpoint, emphasizing the significance of fostering warm neighbourhood relationships. Its overarching objective is to optimize the existing operational modalities of immediate neighbourhoods and socio-economic activities among NIC partners. The potential cooperations have unveiled insights derived from the realms of Development Cooperation, Economic Geography, and Centre-Periphery ideologies. A trilateral alliance of this nature has been revealed to catalyse enhanced cooperation within the immediate neighbourhood, fostering mutual benefits and contributing to the overarching goals of 'Protection (security), Peace, and Prosperity (PPP)' in the broader Himalayan region shared by these neighbouring nations.
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Kharel, Ram Sharan, and Dilli Ram Pokhrel. "Does Nepal's Financial Structure Matter for Economic Growth?" NRB Economic Review 24, no. 2 (November 15, 2012): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nrber.v24i2.52725.
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Despite causality debate, a number of empirical literatures (Pagano, 1993 and Levine, 1997, among others) suggest a positive relationship between financial sector development and economic growth. Moreover, there remains further debate whether the country's financial structure exerts differential impact on economic growth. Empirical studies across the countries (Rajan and Zingales, 1999 and Arestis et. al. 2004) suggest that banking sector plays a key role in some countries while the capital market has a lead position in others for enhancing economic growth. In this context, this paper investigates the relative merits of banking sector vs. capital market in promoting economic growth in Nepal. The empirical results using Johansen's cointegrating vector error correction model based on aggregate annual data from 1993/9 to 2010/11 suggest that banking sector plays a key role in promoting economic growth compared to capital market in Nepal. It may be either the size of capital market is too small to seek the relationship or it is weakly linked to real economic activities. Our result implies that the policy should focus on banking sector development by enhancing its quality and outreach as it promotes economic growth in Nepal.
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Kunwar, Nawaraj Bikram. "Evolving Security Landscape of Nepal-China Relations." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 6, no. 01 (August 15, 2023): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v6i01.57590.
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Nepal-China relations have been cordial for centuries. The relationship is based on the principles of panchasheel, mutual trust and respect. China's overall policy and interests in Nepal revolve around stability, security, economic development and geopolitics. The changes in regime, either the Shah Monarchy or the Federal Democratic Republic Government, have never been the issue in the unremitting mutual relations between the two countries. However, in the republic era, the security landscape of the Nepal-China relationship has been evolved due to Nepal's geostrategic location and its vulnerability, China's growing military and economic power, the US's China containment strategy and use of soft power; and India's concerns about Chinese growing engagement in Nepal have raise various questions and security implications for Nepal- China relations. The researcher has used the qualitative approach to analyze the Nepal-China relation and security dynamics after 2007. It mainly used diplomatic, military and economic aspects of DIME instruments of national power as a framework of analysis. Nepal must comprehend the sensitivity of China and India, along with other regional and international powers, regarding their security concerns and implement prudent policies prioritizing national interests. Given the evolving dynamics of global power relations and advancements in regional and international arenas, Nepal's nonalignment policy must become more productive, ensuring constructive engagement with China, India and extra-regional powers.
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Gautam, Subas. "Correlation between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nepal." Academia Research Journal 3, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/academia.v3i1.61258.
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Nepal's strategic location between India and China, coupled with favorable market access and lower tariffs, presents an enticing prospect for foreign investors. Despite these advantages, the nation faces challenges, including a fragile financial sector, bureaucratic hurdles, and political instability, hindering substantial Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This study investigates the correlation between FDI and economic growth in Nepal, recognizing the critical role of FDI in the country's development. The goal of the study is to examine the linear relationship between these factors while analyzing the trajectory and structure of foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nepal. Among the specific goals are looking at FDI inflow by sector, assessing the link between FDI and economic growth, and developing theories based on these goals. The research design is explorative, descriptive, and analytical, employing time series data from FY 1994 to 2021. Data is sourced from government bodies like NRB, MOF, MOI, and CBS, and econometric tools are applied for analysis. Limitations include reliance on secondary data and a study period of 25 years. The study underscores the need for an investor-friendly environment to attract foreign investments and addresses the challenge of accumulating capital domestically. Recognizing the indispensable role of FDI in Nepal's economic development, the study provides insights for policymakers and recommends investment-friendly policies to promote FDI inflows and contribute to economic growth.
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Khanal, Santosh. "Expenditure on Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidences form Nepal." Tribhuvan Journal 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v2i1.60262.
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Human capital expenditure is critical to utilizing and profiting from all of the country's resources. Economists have acknowledged that human capital improvement and usage are critical to a nation's economic prosperity. The research article investigates the relationship between human capital spending and Nepal's economic growth. The study analyzed data from 1985 to 2022 to investigate experimentally the relationship between Nepal's human capital spending and GDP. The study uses a variety of macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP as a measure of economic growth, capital expenditure on education, recurrent expenditure on education, health expenditure, higher education enrollment, and school enrollment. LNRGDP serves as both the explanatory variable and the dependent variable in the study's use of regression analysis. The Unit Root Test, OLS Estimation, Unit Root Residual and Error Correction Approach, and Econometric Analysis are all included. The results of the regression show that higher enrollment has a positive effect while capital expenditure on education has a negative impact on GDP. Spending on ongoing education, health, and school enrollment has no statistically significant effect on GDP. A long-term, positive correlation between the investment in human capital and economic growth is found by the cointegration test. According to the findings, funding higher education is essential for fostering Nepal's economy. In addition, the study highlights the significance of policymakers carefully considering resource allocation for education and human capital development in order to ensure the nation's sustainable growth
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Gajurel, Ram Prasad, Padma Kumar Adhikari, Kul Prasad Lamichhane, Anil Niroula, Seema Humagain, and Pratishtha Niraula. "Asymmetrical and Symmetrical Relationship between Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth: Evidence From Nepal." Economic Review of Nepal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ern.v4i1.64113.
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The financial sector plays a pivotal role in accumulating and mobilizing funds within the economy, the sector that produces feedback effects for the economic progress of the nation. This paper examines the symmetrical and asymmetrical relationship between financial sector development and economic growth in Nepal. With time series data spanning from 1975 to 2019 AD, both symmetric autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and asymmetric effect ARDL (NARDL) models were employed in this paper. Furthermore, the study applied principal component analysis (PCA) to develop the financial sector development indicator. The findings revealed the pivotal role of financial sector development in driving economic growth in Nepal, although significant negative asymmetrical effects posed challenges to long-term growth. Additionally, alongside financial sector progress, factors—such as inflation and learning by doing—contributed to growth, while trade alone failed to have sufficient potency to spur economic expansion. While financial sector development enhanced Nepal's productive capacity, it was not observed singularly driving trade-led growth. Policymakers must prioritize relaxing policies and funneling resources effectively toward fostering financial sector growth and counteract potential negative impacts on economic development.
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Gurung, Abin, and Deepak Prasad Rijal. "External Debt and Internal Debt Impact on the Growth of the Nepalese Economy." Open Journal for Research in Economics 6, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojre.0601.02013g.
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The study examines the relationship between internal debt, external debt, and economic growth in Nepal. Debt plays a crucial role in capital formation that contributes to economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to examine the influence of internal and external debt on Nepal's economic growth between mid-July 1975 and mid-July 2022, utilizing the Ordinary Least Square method to determine the relationship between the variables, Augmented Dickey-Fuller techniques to test for unit root, and Granger causality test to establish causation between GDP, external debt, and internal debt. The unit root test results indicate that the GDP variable is stationary, while the variables of external and internal debt are non-stationary in the model. The causality results show a bidirectional relationship between external debt and GDP, but no causation exists between internal debt and GDP. The Johansen Co-integration test shows that there is no long-term correlation between external debt, internal debt, and GDP (Constant Price). This results in the null hypothesis of no co-integration being rejected and indicates that there is insufficient evidence to support the idea that external debt, internal debt, and economic growth (GDP) are co-integrated. Additionally, external debt does not Granger-cause internal debt, indicating a unidirectional relationship. The OLS results indicate that external debt has a negative impact on economic growth, whereas internal debt has a positive impact on the growth of the Nepalese economy (GDP). The findings of the study also suggest that external debt has a greater adverse impact on economic growth compared to internal debt. The study suggests that the government should prioritize the use of internal debt over external debt to foster economic growth in Nepal.
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Yadav Mani Upadhyaya and Khom Raj Kharel. "Inflation with GDP, Unemployment and Remittances: An Outline of the Joint Effect on Nepalese Economy." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v3i1.50244.
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The major objective of this research is to examine the trend of inflation, the trend of Nepal's economic development, trends of unemployment, and trends of remittances. Likewise, another one is the analysis and the effect of inflation on the GDP, unemployment, and the remittances of Nepal. The method of this research is to analyze and use the secondary data to create a simple regression model based on econometrics. Furthermore, the article concludes the mathematical relation between inflation and economic growth, inflation and unemployment, and inflation and remittances. There is a positive strong relationship between inflation among GDP remittances and unemployment.
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Gajurel, Ram Prasad, and Dill Nath Dangal. "Does Fiscal Deficit Cause Economic Growth? Evidence from Nepal." Gyanjyoti 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2023): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gyanjyoti.v3i1.53034.
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The fiscal deficit soared tremendously after Nepal endorsed economic liberalization aftermath of the 1990s democracy. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effects of fiscal deficit in the economic growth of Nepal. Data from 1980 to 2019 were used to estimate the short- and long-run causal relations of fiscal deficit proxied by total government expenditure minus total government revenue as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and growth rate of real GDP as a proxy of economic growth along with other control variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) error correction regression and vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality have employed to meet the purpose of the study. The study reveals that there is short-run statistically significant negative relationship between Nepal's economic growth and the fiscal deficit of the previous year. However, both domestic and foreign loan and economic growth have positive and significant relations in short run. In contrast, the results reveal that there is positive but not significant relationship between the fiscal deficit and the economic growth of Nepal in long run. The Granger causality suggests that fiscal deficit does not Granger cause the economic growth of Nepal. However, economic growth does Granger causes the fiscal deficit in Nepal. Thus, the growth-driven fiscal deficit will be more effective in the economy of Nepal. Based on stylized facts, it will be necessary to redirect deficit financing into productive channels in order to enhance the sustainable economic growth.
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Sharma, Gynandraraj. "The Dynamics of Electricity Consumption in the Economic Prosperity of Nepal." Rupantaran: A Multidisciplinary Journal 8, no. 01 (May 2, 2024): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rupantaran.v8i01.65199.
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The paper examines the relationship between the dynamics of electricity consumption and Nepal's economic prosperity. Descriptive methodologies and statistical tools are used in this quantitative study that gathers data from secondary sources. The patterns of power consumption are influenced by population increase, urbanization, government regulations, and technical developments, all of which affect Nepal's economic development and social well-being. This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach to show how crucial it is to address energy-related issues to realize socioeconomic potential. Economic growth is the main factor driving the dynamic of power consumption. The finding reveals that the autonomous electricity consumption is 4.13 kilowatt hours shows if income increases by USD 100, the estimated increase in average electricity consumption is 54 kWh. Indicates that increase in per capita income, increases the consumption of electricity, and economic growth are strongly correlated. The result from the forecast analysis shows that the unrestrained demand for electricity is projected to increase from an estimated 7,888 million kilowatt-hours (million kWh) in 2019–2020 to 13,831 million kilowatt-hours in 2029–2030 which seems closer and validates the Electricity Demand Forecast for 2014 to 2040 by Government of Nepal. The result shows that the dynamics of electricity consumption and economic prosperity are strongly correlated. Policymakers, energy planners, investors, and other stakeholders must acknowledge the issue and make a call to action to support initiatives that enhance economic growth, access to energy, and sustainable energy use.
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Rahman, Sayedur, and Shammi Akter. "India - Nepal Foreign Relations in the Context of Economics: Late 20th- Early 21st Century." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 6, no. 2 (December 5, 2023): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v6i2.60257.
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In the context of the economy, India's foreign policy toward Nepal is defined by a complicated mix of cooperation and rivalry, with both nations attempting to strike a balance between their different interests while navigating a variety of political, economic, and strategic problems. Through a number of initiatives over the past few years, including the extension of a line of credit to support infrastructure development, the creation of an India-Nepal Joint Economic Commission, and the promotion of cross-border trade and investment, India has sought to deepen its economic ties with Nepal. These efforts have been aimed at boosting economic growth and development in Nepal while enhancing India's regional influence. However, India's foreign policy towards Nepal has also faced criticism, with some arguing that it prioritizes its own interests over Nepal's. This has led to tensions between the two countries, with Nepal seeking to diversify its economic and diplomatic ties beyond India. In this study, the trade, investment, aid, and tourism relations between India and Nepal are examined. It looks at how the economic hegemony of India and Nepal shaped the two countries' economic ties. The study also looks into the challenges and opportunities for the India-Nepal economic partnership. It investigates the issues related to trade barriers, infrastructure development, and energy cooperation. Additionally, this study examines the impact of political and diplomatic factors on the economic relationship between India and Nepal. The research is based on a combination of primary and secondary sources, including interviews with key stakeholders, economic data analysis, and a review of relevant literature. The findings of this study suggest that the economic relationship between India and Nepal has been significant and mutually beneficial, but there are several challenges that need to be addressed to realize the full potential of the partnership. Overall, this study offers insights into the prospects and challenges for deepening the economic relationships between the two countries as well as a better knowledge of the economic aspects of India-Nepal foreign relations.
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Chand, Prakash Bahadur, and Sunita Bhandari Ghimire. "Factors Determining Employee Retention of Development Banks in Nepal." Nepalese Management Review 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2024): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tnmr.v20i1.64740.
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This study focuses on employee retention in development banks of Nepal, addressing the challenge posed by increased talent mobility due to globalization. It aims to identify factors influencing retention and understand employees' perceptions of retention practices. The study explores the relationship between leadership approach, salary, learning opportunities, employee satisfaction, and retention. Retaining key employees is crucial for organizational stability and growth, especially in development banks, which play a vital role in Nepal's economic development.
The research includes 388 permanent employees, primarily aged 20-29, with a higher male representation. Data is collected through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistical tools, revealing that leadership, salary, learning opportunities, and employee satisfaction positively impact retention. However, the study's limited scope and Nepal-specific context might limit the findings' applicability globally. Moreover, the sample size and data collection methods could influence generalizability.
Thus, this research sheds light on employee retention factors in Nepalese development banks, guiding the formulation of effective retention policies.
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Khadka, Ajaya Kumar. "Assessing the Influence of Financial Literacy and Economic Independence on Investment Decisions." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v6i4.62040.
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This study examines the variables influencing individual investors' decisions to make investments in the fast-paced financial landscape of Nepal. Two main goals were investigated: first, the relationship between financial literacy, investment decisions, and economic independence was explored; second, the effects of these aspects were examined in detail. The results show a robust positive association between financial literacy and wise decision-making, as well as between investment decisions and economic independence. Its importance was highlighted when it was found that economic independence strongly predicted investment decisions. Furthermore, financial literacy was shown to be an essential aspect impacting investing preferences. These findings underscore the significance of financial education and empowerment for individual investors in Nepal. Prospective avenues for investigation comprise delving into cultural impacts, evaluating the effectiveness of financial literacy initiatives, and examining the effects of nascent FinTech platforms on investing choices. This research adds to our understanding of the dynamics of investments in Nepal's changing financial system and provides valuable information for policymakers and investors.
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Dangal, Dil Nath, Shiva Dutta Chapagai, and Krishna Prasad Ghimire. "Analyzing the Relationship between Natural Resources Rents and Nepal's Gross Domestic Product." Economic Review of Nepal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ern.v4i1.64115.
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The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between natural resources rents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), using the descriptive research design. The study collected quantitative data from the World Bank, covering the period from 1970 to 2020. Upon analyzing the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and total natural resources rents to GDP, the study found a statistically significant negative Pearson's correlation of -0.423 and a highly significant negative Spearman's rho correlation of -0.849. These findings indicate that there was a complex relationship between GDP and natural resources rents. The study suggests negative association between GDP and natural resource rents, providing insights into the importance of efficient use of natural resources in promoting sustainable economic growth.
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Subedi, Hem Raj. "Domestic Instability, Global Order and Nepali Foreign Policy." Journal of Foreign Affairs 3, no. 01 (October 10, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jofa.v3i01.56495.
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The foreign policy of Nepal is not hindered by a lack of understanding of its principles but rather by the complex relationship between domestic and external factors. In an ideal scenario, Nepal would define its interests clearly and engage with foreign powers in a rational manner to achieve its objectives. For example, if Nepal recognizes the need for foreign aid to improve its infrastructure, it would approach relevant external powers. Before doing so, Nepal would conduct thorough due diligence to assess the benefits of the project and ensure its economic viability. The entire process would be conducted transparently, allowing external actors to receive a similar deal and comprehend Nepal's reasoning. This approach would help Nepal maintain control over foreign influence. Unfortunately, Nepali leaders and policymakers have often treated foreign powers as tools to retain or gain domestic power, and at times, to serve their personal interests. This reliance on foreign powers makes them more dependent and impairs their ability to make decisions in the best interest of the nation. Therefore, it is crucial for Nepali policymakers to take matters into their own hands. The first step is to strengthen domestic unity concerning foreign and security policies, which may require leaders to sacrifice their personal or party interests. The future of Nepali foreign policy hinges on whether these leaders are willing to make such sacrifices.
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Dahal, Arjun Kumar. "Tax-to-GDP Ratio and the Relation of Tax Revenue with GDP: Nepalese Perspective." Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v4i1.33813.
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This study aims to show the tax-to-GDP ratio condition and explore the relation of tax revenue with Nepal's GDP. It is based on the secondary data that is collected from various published sources. Descriptive and exploratory research designs are used to explore the relationship between tax revenue and GDP. Some statistical and econometric tools like mean, depression, correlation, Johnsen Co-integration Test, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), serial correlation, heteroskedasticity test, and normality test are used. There is a high degree of the positive relationship between tax revenue and GDP of Nepal. The tax revenue and GDP are co-integrated, or they have a long-run association ship. The tax-to-GDP ratio of Nepal lies in the high rank among the various developing countries. So, tax to GDP ratio alone cannot ensure its economic growth. It is advised to the concerned authorities to increase the income to increase the tax revenue; otherwise, it increases the general public's dissatisfaction with the government.
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Pokhrel, Aditya, and Renisha Adhikari. "Central Bank's Independence and the Golden Rule in Nepal: A Concept Analysis with Dynamic Inconsistency of Monetary Policy." Economic Review of Nepal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ern.v4i1.64119.
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This paper attempts to study the concept analysis of the central bank's independence and the golden rule in Nepal in relation with the dynamic inconsistency of monetary policy. In 2007, an optimal inflation-rate was assessed, which suggested that it would be beneficial for Nepal to establish a range for inflation targets centered around the optimal inflation rate identified through analysis which would grant autonomy to the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) to ensure price stability. However, concerns have arisen regarding potential political influence on the NRB and fiscal challenges, leading to uncertainties about the country's economic sustainability. The Golden Rule, advocating for balanced budgets, is proposed as a potential solution, but its implementation is complicated by Nepal's unique socio-political context. This research, drawing on economic theories from Kydland, Prescott, Barro, Gordon, and others, delved into the complex relationship between central bank independence, fiscal policy, and consistency in Nepal. The nation's economic path hinges on effectively navigating these complexities to strike a balance between immediate political needs and long-term stability. The concept of dynamic inconsistency underscores the risks associated with prioritizing short-term gains, emphasizing the necessity for strategic decision-making in economic governance. Ultimately, Nepal confronts the challenge of aligning its economic policies to ensure resilience against short-term pressures while promoting enduring long-term stability.
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Phaju, Rajan. "Nexus Between Gross Domestic Product, Stock Market and Trade Openness: Evidence from Nepal." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v4i2.50316.
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Background: The development of the stock market has a significant positive impact on economic growth and helps to effectively funnel savings and investment into the economy in ways that allow for the accumulation of capital. Stock market serves a crucial economic purpose by bringing investors and savers together. Similarly, trade openness increases efficiency in both static and permanent way. Ultimately it makes positive contribution in economic development. The causal relationship between the gross domestic product, the NEPSE index, and trade openness has been examined.
Objective: To find out long run and short run relationship and the causal relationship among gross domestic product, Nepal stock exchange and trade openness, and whether there is causal relation among variables or not.
Method: An Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used in the analysis. The Engle Granger causality test, which demonstrates the direction of causality between the variables is also used. From the year 1994 to 2021 samples are taken.
Results: Bound Test shows there is long run relationship among variables. Similarly, there is unidirectional causal relationship between gross domestic product and the Nepal stock market index.
Implication: The results show that there is no meaningful relationship between GDP and trade openness. It is suggested that trade barriers be lowered and that international trade be promoted by reducing and simplifying processes. The reason for this must be low export quantities. Therefore, government must take action in this sector to encourage export and displace import. Additionally, the outcome demonstrates that there is no relationship between trade openness and the stock market. For Nepal's stock market to accept global investors, its regulations must be changed.
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Dahal, Arjun Kumar, and Prem Bahadur Budhathoki. "Economic Analysis of Public Expenditure, Revenue, and Resource Gap in Nepal." Dristikon: A Multidisciplinary Journal 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dristikon.v12i1.46121.
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The aim of this study is to look at the influence of government spending and revenue on Nepal's government resource gap. The study employed a descriptive and exploratory research design. The secondary data covers 26 years from 1995 to 2020 and was collected from various economic surveys in Nepal. Econometric tools like descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Augmented–Dickey-Fuller test, unit root testing, regression analysis, and ex-post forecasting are used to explore the prediction of the dependent variable. For model validity, the researchers utilized the LM test and Jarque-Bera test. There is a moderately positive relationship between government expenditure and the resource gap, however, there is a negative impact of government revenue on the government resource gap in Nepal. Government expenditure and income are individually significant in determining the size of the resource gap in Nepal. The value of the root mean squared error is 0.986, which is very small. Therefore, the gap between the actual value and the predicted value is small, and they move together. It is suggested that policymakers increase revenue and manage government expenditure based on ground reality to decrease the resource gap. A government resource gap study can assist policymakers in determining how their present resource levels are assisting them in meeting their objectives. The results, findings, and methods of this study are not affected by what other researchers have found and concluded.
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Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar, Rudra Prasad Ghimire, and Dinesh Mani Ghimire. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ITS COMMITMENT: IMPACT OF COVID-19 IN NEPAL WITH SOUTH ASIAN PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Developing Economies 5, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v5i2.21409.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an essential source of economic development. It has a broad relationship with different dimensions of the mixed economies. Like other development assistance, FDI also needs the best economic environment. This investigation aims to find the impact of Covid -19 on FDI inflow and other barriers to receiving FDI commitment in Nepal. This study is descriptive and analytical. Secondary data are used in the study. Foreign direct investment can be obtained as the government prioritized agriculture, tourism, energy, IT, infrastructure, etc., considering rapid economic Development. The government of Nepal is accepting and implementing foreign investment proposals of donor commitments. However, the Covid -19 pandemic has reduced FDI commitments funds as envisioned. Pandemic is not the only barrier of investment commitment. Still, there are also investment barriers are like, Business environment, poor infrastructure, lack of human resource skills, political transitions, weak governance, natural calamities, diverse and complex geography, tax slab, red tape, and climate change are critical in Nepal. Though the FDI in Nepal till 2019 was an upward trajectory, the 2020 pandemic has reduced it as Nepal's primary economic development source. South Asian environment can create FDI friendly environment in Nepal. Finally, this paper is a new one and full authority for future researchers. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, Foreign Direct Investment, Commitment, Business Environment, NepalJEL Classification: F23, I1, M0
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Bhattarai, Ganesh, Arjun Kumar Dahal, and Prem Bahadur Budhathoki. "Does the Staff Bonus Fund Decrease the Net Profit? Empirical Insights from Nepalese Commercial Banks." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v6i4.61991.
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This study investigates the impact of staff bonus funds, return on assets (ROA), and non-performing loans (NPLs) on Nepalese commercial banks' net profit. It also compares the individual effects of independent variables on the net profit of commercial banks. The unbalanced panel data of 11 commercial banks were gathered from various central bank reports and economic surveys of Nepal. It employs a descriptive and exploratory research design. To investigate the relationship between dependent and independent variables, statistical and econometric tools such as summary statistics, association analysis, Johnsen- Fisher and Kao co-integration test, Hausman, Breusch-Pagan, Chow test, and standardized panel fully modified ordinary least square (PFMOLS) are used. Non-performing loans hurt the calculation of net profit. The net profit of Nepal's commercial banks drops by 0.323 units for every one percent increase in non-performing loans. Similarly, a 0.234 unit increase in Nepalese commercial banks' net profit is linked to every unit increase in return on assets. The staff bonus fund is more responsible for increasing commercial banks' net profit than return on assets. This study assists policymakers in determining that employee bonuses are not only an expense but also a profit-generating tool for motivating and attracting skilled individuals. It contributes to developing appropriate strategies to reduce non-performing loans and boost the ROA of Nepalese commercial banks.
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Shrestha, Chirag Govinda. "Contribution of Science and Technology to the Country’s National Security." Unity Journal 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63157.
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In the face of Nepal's constant vulnerability to major geopolitical forces, the country has yet to fully harness technology to safeguard its national interests. This paper highlights how states, in demanding times, have wielded scientific technology to safeguard their security and address their interests. This paper draws attention to the importance of investment in innovation and research for the survival of a nation. Drawing upon historical, technological, and geopolitical perspectives, this paper explores the pivotal role of scientific and technological breakthroughs in shaping military strategies, and war efforts. The paper examines key moments when innovations such as the development of bow and arrow, gunpowder, RADAR, proximity fuse, cryptography, and computer malware have provided nations, civilizations, and communities with a vital advantage in safeguarding their security. Furthermore, the paper explores the mutual relationship between scientific research, innovation, and economic growth. It highlights how investments in science bolster a country's defence capabilities and foster innovative ecosystems that drive economic prosperity. Ultimately, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of science to national security and well-being. Analyzing the relationship between innovation, strategy, and global dynamics; the paper highlights the imperativeness of nations to adapt, collaborate, and harness scientific advancements, to safeguard their interests in an increasingly complex world. Through an enriched understanding of the past and present contributions of science in national defence, Nepalese policymakers, military leadership, and the country’s scientific community can navigate the intricate landscape of national safe guardianship to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Nepal.
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Pokharel, Suman. "Development in Digital Capitalism: Challenges and Prospects of Nepal." KMC Research Journal 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v7i1.65080.
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This study delves into the challenges and possibilities surrounding the establishment of digital capitalism in Nepal. Utilizing a secondary data analysis methodology, it examines the current state of digital capitalism in the country and identifies the key obstacles and opportunities. The theoretical framework employed incorporates concepts like transnational informational capitalism, digital governance, and actor-network theory to comprehend the dynamic relationship between labor, technology, and capitalism in the digital era. The findings indicate that while Nepal has witnessed growth in internet penetration and mobile phone usage, there are still significant disparities in digital access and infrastructure between urban and rural areas. The challenges faced include inadequate digital infrastructure, limited consumer trust and awareness, and the need for more robust regulatory frameworks. Nevertheless, Nepal also holds promising prospects for digital capitalism. The increasing availability of smart-phones a techno-literate youth population, and government initiatives aimed at promoting digital literacy and entrepreneurship contribute to the country's potential in this area. The study underscores the significance of digital capitalism for Nepal's economic development and provides recommendations to policymakers, entrepreneurs, and researchers on how to foster an environment that facilitates the growth of digital capitalism. By addressing the challenges of digital infrastructure, building consumer trust, and strengthening regulatory frameworks, Nepal can harness the benefits of digital capitalism, leveraging it as a catalyst for economic progress in the country.
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Gautam, Nabaraj. "Impact of of Government's Human Capital Expenditure on Economic Growth of Nepal: An ARDL Approach." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v4i1.45865.
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Background: Quality health services, education and training, play a pivotal role in expanding the productivity and income of the people. The government's expenditure on education, health and social sector is increasing rapidly in developing countries like Nepal. The increasing public spending has helped achieve the MDGs targets and is helping to meet the SDGs targets.
Objectives: This study is engrossed in measuring the impact of the government’s expenditure on education, health and social sector on the economic growth of Nepal.
Methods: The fundamental Cobb-Douglas production function is applied to measure the economic growth of the Nepalese economy. The unit root and stationarity of variables are checked through ADF, PP and KPSS. The time series econometric model of ARDL is used to explore the short-run and long-run relationship of the variables. The validity of the ARDL model is also examined to verify the authenticity of the econometric outcome.
Results: The study has anticipated that the government's education expenditure is inversely related to real GDP. In contrast, the health expenditure has shown a negative impact in the same year but a positive one in the lagged year. Similarly, the government's social expenditure and gross capital formation have a negative effect on the same year, whereas they exhibited a significant positive impact in the lagged year. Further, In the long run, the government's education and health expenditures negatively impact (-0.7233 and -0.0055), respectively in, growth. Similarly, the government's social sector expenditure (0.20189) and gross capital formation (0.14610) positively impact Nepal's economic growth.
Conclusion: The econometric results of this study explain that the government's expenditure on the education and health sector has a negative impact on economic growth, and the social sector and gross capital formation have a positive impact on the economic development of Nepal. The investment in such sectors by the public sector of the private sector is significant to increase the labour force's productivity and enhance the livelihood of the poor people. Further, it reveals that the human capital investment is a continuous process and takes a generation or more to expose the outcome in the real sense.
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Gajurel, Ram Prasad. "Determinants of Nepal's Foreign Exchange Reserve: An Empirical Study." Journal of Management 5, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jom.v5i1.47763.
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With the intent to fill the gaps in the empirical literature on foreign exchange reserve in Nepal, the paper aims to evaluate the empirical evidence of determinants of foreign exchange reserve in Nepal and to investigate the dynamic relationship among variables of interest using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) error correction model and impulse response functions (IRFs) with 40 years of data from the period 1980-2020. The stylized facts of the employed model in the short run, reveal that the previous year's foreign exchange reserve itself, and all other predictors except gross fixed capital formation and official exchange rate (have negative) have a positive effect on foreign exchange reserve. The empirical evidence also insights that net flows of foreign direct investment, GDP per capita, inflation, and official exchange rate have positively influenced the foreign exchange reserve in long run. On the contrary, gross fixed capital formation has negative effects in long run. Moreover, anticipated crucial proxies––current account balance and trade are positively influenced but not significant. However, any impulse on the current account balance reports a significant response of foreign exchange. Thus, the central bank of Nepal and policymakers are needed to focus on the productivity of gross fixed capital formation or domestic investment to maintain the reserve adequacy and should give their attention to the current account balance (import and export) that can maintain the foreign exchange reserve and financial/economic stability and safety.
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Chapagai, Shiva Dutta. "Impact of Indirect Tax on the Gross Domestic Product of Nepalese Economy." Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus 7, no. 1-2 (February 29, 2024): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jotmc.v7i1-2.63172.
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This study investigated the impact of indirect tax on GDP in Nepal from fiscal year 2057/2058 to 2078/2079 based on empirical evidence. Descriptive and analysis research designed was used. To meet this objective, time series macroeconomic data of GDP and indirect tax were used. Data are collected from economic survey, ministry of finance. The ordinary Least Square technique was employed to test the hypotheses formulated. The result shows that indirect tax contributes significantly to GDP. During the periods under review, the growth rate of indirect tax revenue was 16.52 % on average and the average ratio of indirect tax revenue to that of GDP was 9.98 %. The coefficient of determination was 98.4 %. P-value is very low (p < 0.001). The hypothesis suggests a positive relationship between indirect tax revenue and GDP in Nepal. The regression model indicates significance, rejecting the null hypothesis. Indirect tax revenue plays a crucial role in Nepal's GDP. The findings also reveal that there is the existence of both a positive and strong relationship between indirect tax revenue and GDP. Hence, the Government of Nepal should search for a way to boost the revenue from indirect tax by mostly supporting the configurations of networks among all the agencies of government and taxing authorities of the federal level, each providence, and local bodies to meet the growth and to facilitate public services for the country.
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Kumar Dahal, Arjun, Ganesh Bhattarai, and Prem Bahadur Budhathoki. "CO2 emissions, industrial output, and economic growth nexus: Evidence from Nepalese economy." Environmental Economics 14, no. 2 (July 13, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.14(2).2023.01.
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between Nepal’s industrial sector output, economic expansion, and CO2 emissions. The analysis uses secondary data from various World Bank reports and covers the period from 1990 to 2022. It is founded on an exploratory and analytical research design. The relationship and effect of Nepal’s GDP and manufacturing output on CO2 emissions are investigated using various statistical and econometric tools, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, unit root testing, Granger causality test, Johansen co-integration test, and autoregressive regression model. The results show that the production of the industrial sector and CO2 emissions are highly positively correlated, as is GDP. The GDP granger causes CO2 emissions, but manufacturing output does not. Johansen’s co-integration test shows a long-term relationship between predictor and response variables. The previous value of CO2 emission is also responsible for the present level of carbon emissions: a one percent increase in GDP leads to a 0.314 percent increase in CO2 emissions in Nepal. The impact of industrial sector output is statistically insignificant. The condition of GDP and CO2 emissions shows the initial phase of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The study recommends adopting an environment-friendly production technique to overcome the problem of carbon emissions in Nepal.
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Kandel, Ishwori Prasad. "Nepal–India Relationship After The Rise of Modi." Historical Journal 11, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v11i1.34630.
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This paper has attempted to define Nepal, being a sovereign country would like to deal with India on an equitable basis. Geographically, culturally and economically, Nepal is closer to India. Nepal also realizes that it can’t ignore its southern neighbor India. The Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal initiated their relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian territory. The Indo-Nepal border is open; Nepalese and Indian nationals may move freely across the border without passports or visas and may live and work in either country. However, Indians aren't allowed to own land-properties or work in government institutions in Nepal, while Nepalese nationals in India are allowed to work in Indian government institutions (except in some states and some civil services the IFS, IAS, and IPS). After years of dissatisfaction by the Nepalese government, India in 2014, agreed to revise and adjust the treaty to reflect the current realities, however, the modality of adjustment hasn't been made clear by either side. Due to geographical proximity, socio-cultural affinity and economic dependence of Nepal, India has strong influence on Nepal and its policy decisions.
Modi’s first visit to Nepal in August 2014 as part of his ‘neighbourhood first’ policy was highly successful. He was the first foreign leader to address the Constituent Assembly - the body tasked with drafting Nepal’s new constitution. His remarks drew widespread praise from all Nepalese political parties and seemed to promise a new beginning in India–Nepal relations. Minister Narendra Modi had expressed its displeasure at Nepal’s constitution, a position made clear in a series of statements issued by Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in New Delhi. Citing MEA sources, Indian Express even circulated a seven-point demand for amendments to the constitution, within days of its promulgation. With the election of nationalistic leader K P Oli as prime minister in Nepal, the rift between Delhi and Kathmandu was widened, and lead to a massive humanitarian crisis, as shortages of fuel, medicines, and essential supplies become acute across Nepal, with no sign of reconciliation in sight.
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Dahal, Gaurav Raja. "The Nepal’s Political Relationship with India: Under the Lens of Path Dependency Theory." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 30, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.26207.
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The recent developments in Nepal’s politics from the abolition of autocratic monarchy, promulgation of a new constitution to successful completion of local, provincial, and federal level elections can be perceived as Nepal’s politics achieving miraculous success in forming democracy. Throughout the history, heavy reliance on the Indian economy has been considered as a major hurdle to Nepal’s sovereignty. This paper analyzes the Nepal-India relationship through path-dependent theory and argues that with series of above mentioned democratic success, the contemporary Nepali foreign policy towards India is at a critical juncture where Nepal can incorporate new changes to make its policies independent and uninfluenced by the Indian government. Analyzing the series of political and democratic events and foreign policies implemented to date, this paper aims to understand how the Nepali leadership can utilize these recent series of democratic successes as a turning point to break the traditional approach of forming policies to appease the Indian government and receive political and economic support and implement new policy changes leveraging on the multilateral organizations and developmental partners for its support economically and politically.
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Dahal, Gaurav Raja. "The Nepal’s Political Relationship with India: Under the Lens of Path Dependency Theory." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 30, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.26207.
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The recent developments in Nepal’s politics from the abolition of autocratic monarchy, promulgation of a new constitution to successful completion of local, provincial, and federal level elections can be perceived as Nepal’s politics achieving miraculous success in forming democracy. Throughout the history, heavy reliance on the Indian economy has been considered as a major hurdle to Nepal’s sovereignty. This paper analyzes the Nepal-India relationship through path-dependent theory and argues that with series of above mentioned democratic success, the contemporary Nepali foreign policy towards India is at a critical juncture where Nepal can incorporate new changes to make its policies independent and uninfluenced by the Indian government. Analyzing the series of political and democratic events and foreign policies implemented to date, this paper aims to understand how the Nepali leadership can utilize these recent series of democratic successes as a turning point to break the traditional approach of forming policies to appease the Indian government and receive political and economic support and implement new policy changes leveraging on the multilateral organizations and developmental partners for its support economically and politically.
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Jaiswal, Pramod, and Bundit Aroman. "Commentary: Nepal's Balancing Act in the Middle East." Journal of Governance, Security & Development 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52823/xkro3671.
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Nepal was the first South Asian country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in 1960, and other Middle Eastern countries followed suit in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although Nepal and Israel have excellent bilateral relations, Nepal has yet to support Israel in multilateral forums, owing to a dilemma in maintaining balanced relations with other Middle Eastern countries. Because Middle Eastern countries are commonly identified by their reliance on labor imports, they have also become a labor destination for Nepal. With a high concentration of Nepali workers (77%), countries such as the UAE, Qatar, Cyprus, Bahrain, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait have dominated Nepal's labor migration. Remittances from these countries are huge every year, and they have become the backbone of Nepal's economy. As a remittance-driven economy, labor export has always been a major tool of Nepal's economic diplomacy, which is frequently at the forefront of Nepal's foreign policy toward Middle Eastern nations. As a result, the paper argues for more determined action in the Middle East region, through which Nepal can develop its economic, investment, trade, and tourism interests by negotiating more advantageous relationships with Middle Eastern countries.
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Shah, Birendra Narayan, Md Iqbal Bhuyan, Sung-Sik Kim, and Rukshana Salam. "Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nepal." International Academy of Global Business and Trade 19, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2023.19.3.151.
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Purpose - This study aims to investigate the role of financial intermediation in Nepalese economic growth using time-series data over the period from 1974 to 2019. In order to establish the relationship, GDP per capita is used as a proxy for economic growth, while private sector credit, commercial bank assets, and the broad money supply serve as proxy measures of financial intermediation.
Design/Methodology/Approach - To obtain empirical results, the Johansen test of co-integration, the vector error correction model, and the Granger causality test are applied.
Findings - The results support finance-led growth in Nepal, implying that financial intermediation is positively associated with economic growth in the long run. A positive association with total trade was observed in the short run, but a negative effect was found in the long run. Granger causality tests indicate that the broad money supply and commercial bank assets are bidirectionally related to Nepal’s economic growth, while private sector credit is unidirectional.
Research Implications - The findings suggest that if central bank authorities prioritized monetary policy tools, it may foster economic growth in Nepal in both the short- and long terms. In addition, for the persistent growth of the Nepalese economy, the banking sector should be reformed by employing more liberal policies. The study also suggests that policymakers should take immediate action to correct the direction of Nepalese foreign trade.
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Mani Upadhyaya, Yadav, Khom Raj Kharel, and Suman Kharel. "Exploring the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Nepal: Insights from ARDL bound test cointegration analysis." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 3 (October 2, 2023): 792–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.61.
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The capacity of foreign trade to substantially raise GDP via increased exports, heightened competition, and enhanced efficiency holds the key to bolstering economic growth and prosperity. Recognizing this transformation underscores the importance of shaping Nepal’s economic policies and development strategies for achieving lasting sustainable growth. The objective of this study is to investigate how trade openness has affected Nepal’s economic growth, given its importance in the nation’s overall development. By analyzing the correlation between trade openness and economic expansion, policymakers and researchers can uncover the role of international trade in driving Nepal’s economic advancement. The research methodology involves constructing a regression model using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound test, with variables analyzed in growth form and subjected to the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and residual tests. The study’s results indicate a strong positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Nepal from 1975 to 2020, with a long-term equilibrium observed. Short-term deviations from equilibrium are quickly corrected at 38.23% annually, highlighting the importance of balanced export and import growth for economic development. The study concludes that trade openness drives Nepal’s economic growth for sustainable development and environmental protection. It offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance economic growth and overall development of the country.
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Bhattarai, Gaurav. "Rediscovering the Contemporary Relevance of National Security Strategies in Divya Upadesh: A History-Policy Relationship." Unity Journal 3, no. 01 (March 6, 2022): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v3i01.43323.
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Rediscovering the past to build a secure future is better realized by understanding the role of history in policy making. Today, while Nepal’s national security policies remain silent about the geopolitical threats, it is timely to rediscover the guidelines on national security strategies introduced in Divya Upadesh, a Divine Counsel of the Great King Prithivi Narayan Shah. Currently, Nepal inability in escaping the geostrategic challenge of accommodating the interest of major powers is explicitly visible in the fiasco created by the Nepali political parties in the context of Nepal’s uncertainty over US-sponsored MCC project, which is today perceived in Nepal as hostile to China-led BRI. Historically, Nepal has successfully balanced its two Gulliverian neighbors. But, today, Nepal is not in a position to evade the repercussions triggered by Sino-Indian rivalry at the regional front and Sino-US strategic competition at the global level. On the backdrop of their conflicting interest—strategic, security, economic—Kathmandu faces the geostrategic challenges of accommodating the interest of major powers. Although Nepal’s integrated foreign policy of 2020 mentions of the changed geopolitical context, pragmatic policy recommendations, as indicated by foreign policy behavior, are missing. Constitutional guidelines on Nepal’s foreign policy and national security alone are not sufficient. Thus, drawing lessons from history could be of help to formulate the national security strategies in order to better cope with the external threats. The rationale behind considering Divya Upadesh is to make Nepali policy makers realize that the national security strategies and policies that Nepal adopted in a usual/normal context won’t be able to fulfill the requirements of the uncertain strategic milieu against the backdrop of a ‘new Cold War’ brewing between the United States and China. In the late 18th century when P.N Shah was introducing a comprehensive national security policy for the first time, the external environment wasn’t much favorable. After his death, however, instead of paying heed to his guidelines, expansionism ended up to territorial loss, adventurism led to Himalayan wars, appeasement led to increasing British influence in Nepal. After 1950, guidelines in Divya Upadesh have been more confined to history books and classrooms lectures. While Nepal lionizes its act of balancing India and China though the policy of non-alignment and equidistance, foreign and security policy makers never paid attention to reinvent the lesson for the same. Thus, this qualitative study recuperates the relevance of effective balancing as advocated by PN Shah in addressing the challenges surfaced while accommodating the interests of major powers. Most of the available literature on Divya Upadesh are either translated English versions, or limited to the analysis of the unification process. The relevance of an intersection of foreign policy and national security in Divya Upadesh is not unveiled by any of the available literature. Apprehending the same research gap, this study explores the contemporary significance of Divya Upadesh while devising the national security policies and strategies. Firstly, the contemporary challenges to Nepal’s national security prompted by Kathmandu’s struggle in accommodation of the interest of major powers is discussed; secondly, the policy of ‘balancing’ counseled by Prithivi Narayan Shah is emphasized as an apt and relevant in dealing with the contemporary challenges emanating from the neighborhood and beyond. Thirdly, “meticulous diplomacy,” is highlighted to offer economic shape to the act of balancing. Finally, it has been realized how studying history means studying causes, and as such, turning the pages of Divya Upadesh, policy makers discover the causes of Nepal’s failure in accommodating the interest of major powers.
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Baniya, Dharma Bahadur. "The Thriving Strategy for Nepal amidst Triangular Competition of China, India, and the United States." Unity Journal 4, no. 01 (February 15, 2023): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v4i01.52234.
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Nepal’s geostrategic position between the world’s emerging ‘rival’ powers, China and India in the South Asian Region (SAR) has shaped the Nepali people’s psyche. Our neighbors are competing for their economic and security interests over Nepal. Nepal is also strategically important to the United States (US) because of its geographical proximity to China’s Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and increased Chinese footprints in the region, including Nepal. As a result of the relative weakening of America’s dominant position and the gradual shifting of the geopolitical and economic gravity to the Indo–Pacific, the US aims to reshape alliances and partnerships to counterbalance China’s rise in this new geostrategic space. The Sino–Indian silence over ongoing the Russo–Ukraine war, the Sino–US trade war, Indo–China border dispute, a strong China–Pakistan cooperation, a multi–faceted Indo–US strategic partnership, including the former’s dominant role in the Indo–Pacific Strategy (IPS) and Quad Security Dialogue (Quad) to counter the growing significance of China’s Bridge and Road Initiative (BRI), and the BRI vs. the IPS are major developments taking place in the periphery of Nepal. Nepal’s strategic significance has been further enhanced as a result of the US’ efforts to include it in its IPS so that Nepal could be used as a lever in targeting Chinese influence in the region. In an environment of such conflicting interests, immediate neighbors and the US are trying to expand their influence in various forms over Nepal. With this background, this article endeavors to highlight the latest developments in Nepal’s bilateral relationship with these powers, analytically examine the triangular competition with its implications, and forward relevant recommendations for its security and survival by diplomatically balancing these powers and forestalling their undue pressures. The article is subjectively prepared by analytically reviewing the literature on Nepal under the strategic significance of China, India and the US.
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Mani Upadhyaya, Yadav, Khom Raj Kharel, Suman Kharel, and Basu Dev Lamichhane. "Exploring the nexus between economic growth and economic performance in Nepal." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 20, no. 4 (November 29, 2023): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(4).2023.25.
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This study aims to explore the relationship between economic growth and performance in Nepal, identifying key drivers for growth. Studying the nexus between economic growth and economic performance in Nepal is crucial for understanding how these factors interact within the nation’s specific context. Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) is represented as the primary indicator for evaluating economic performance, reflecting the overall well-being of a nation's economy. Economic performance encompasses a broader spectrum, including indicators such as employment rate, inflation, income distribution and overall economic stability. Using E-Views 10, a descriptive and analytical research approach has been applied to analyze time series secondary data from 1990–2021 using an econometric model. This study found that faster-growing economies typically experience increased jobs, higher investment, more exports, and often lower inflation. These relationships are part of a long-run equilibrium relationship. In the event of an economic shock disrupting this equilibrium, the economy tends to naturally return to the equilibrium over time. This study found that short-term causality running from lagged GDP, gross capital formation (GCF), exports, human development index (HDI), and employment ratio influence immediate GDP growth. These variables wield a short-term influence over GDP growth; for instance, a sudden surge in exports can prompt a temporary boost in economic growth. This indicates that there is a long-term sustained link between GDP growth and the independent variables rather than merely a short-term event.
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Rana, Surya Bahadur. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Nepal." Butwal Campus Journal 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v3i1.36493.
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This study examines the impact of trade openness on economic growth in Nepal over the period 1975-2019. Using ARDL bounds testing approach to co integration in the multivariate framework, the study results reveal that there exists a long-run relationship between Nepal’s foreign trade and economic growth over the study period. The long-run estimates of ARDL models how that the level of trade openness in Nepal predicts the rate of economic growth of the country positively and significantly in the long-run. The study also reports the positive and significant long run effect of investment level on growth in Nepal over the study period supporting the trade induced investment growth hypothesis. It postulates that trade openness affects economic growth through the channel of investment. The growth enhancing role of trade openness implies that Nepal Government should promote international trade by eliminating trade barriers and making the procedures of foreign trade simple and convenient. Besides, Nepal’s import policy should promote investment environment particularly in capital intensive sectors to take the advantage of technology transfer from technologically advanced country. Furthermore, Nepal should pay proper attention and come up with effective human resource development policy that can uplift human knowledge and skills to make use of technologies from developed countries.
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KC, Mukti. "Small and Medium Scale Enterprises: Their Role in Economic Growth of Nepal." Economic Review of Nepal 2, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ern.v2i1.53130.
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Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) have historically played an important role in contributing to economic growth and development. Naturally, all businesses start as small businesses or even start out of small businesses initiated by individuals. It is imperative to give high priority to Nepalese labor, skill and raw material based domestic investments to promote national level industries for achieving economic growth in the course of SMEs. This study has used Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Estimates (VAR) and Granger Causality test to investigate relative changes in the position of the Nepalese SMEs and investment to the real GDP since 1989 and 2018 based on secondary data regarding regression analysis. It has examined the dynamic relationship among the total SMEs and investment with real GDP of Nepal and found to be significant and positive relationship in between investment and real GDP of Nepal while insignificant and inverse relationship in between total SMEs and real GDP of Nepal. It implies that real GDP was seemed to be mostly influenced by investment rather than number of SMEs. However, it was and still is contributing significant role in economic growth in Nepal.
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Khadka, Arjun Bikram. "Relation between Insurance and Economic Growth in Nepal." Rupantaran: A Multidisciplinary Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rupantaran.v4i1.34013.
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This paper scrutinizes the relationship between insurance penetration and economic growth of Nepal on annual macroeconomic data for the period of 1997-2017 source from World Bank’s database. This paper has revealed the behavior of Nepalese insurance on the context of economic growth. Pragmatic results show positively high correlation between penetration and economic growth. However, there is very low percentage of insured population in Nepal. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation was used to diagnose results from data collected from world bank database. This study discloses the positive and significant relationship between insurance penetration and economic growth.
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Shah, R. K., and Tara Prasad Bhusal. "Nexus between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nepal." Economic Journal of Nepal 40, no. 1-4 (December 31, 2017): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v40i1-4.35946.
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The article attempts to identify the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth in Nepal. Public expenditure is a fundamental element for the economic growth. On employing, ARDL bound test on data set for the period of 1975-2016, it is found that there in a long-run relationship between the public expenditure and economic growth. The bound test and error correction term clearly specify that there exists a long run relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Nepalese economy. From the empirical study, it is found that government expenditure has significant influence on real GDP, which is proxy for economic growth. The study confirms the Keynesian theory of making government expenditure to boost economic growth of Nepal.
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Nepal, Sunil. "Monetary Policy and Economic Growth of Nepal." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem25917.
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between key monetary variables in Nepal and GDP growth between 1999 and 2022. All the calculation are made on the base of the data from the website of Nepal Rastra Bank and Ministry of Finance, Nepal. The results have confirmed that the broad money supply and Interest Rate is positively and significantly affect Gross Domestic Product growth in the Nepalese economy. This was done using the Johansen approach to cointegration and the error correction model. Additionally, the Error Correction coefficient term (-0.70) supports the development of a link between monetary-related variables and GDP growth at a 70% rate of adjustments toward the equilibrium.
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Kadel, Suren Babu. "Deficit Budget and Economic Growth in Nepal." Management Dynamics 24, no. 1 (July 4, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v24i1.47555.
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This article attempts to identify the relationship between budget deficit and economic growth in Nepal. A deficit budget is associated with the role of government in the economy. On employing the ARDL bounds test on the data set from 1990 to 2020, it is found that there is a long-run relationship between the budget deficit and economic growth. The bound test and error correction term specify a long-run relationship between the Nepalese economy’s budget deficit and economic growth. According to the empirical study, the budget deficit significantly impacts real GDP, a proxy for economic growth.