Journal articles: 'Neotropical primates'

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Ferreira, Nadja I. Risch, Manfred Verhaagh, and Eckhard W. Heymann. "Myrmecovory in Neotropical primates." Primates 62, no. 6 (September 29, 2021): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00946-2.

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AbstractAnts are the dominant group of animals in many habitats, particularly in tropical rainforests. High abundance and formation of large colonies convert them into a potential food source for a broad spectrum of animals. In this paper we review myrmecovory (consumption of ants) in Neotropical primates. Myrmecovory has been reported from 57 taxa (species + subspecies) out of 217 species of Neotropical primates, representing 18 out of 22 genera. The proportion of ants in the animal portion of the diet is highest amongst members of the genera Cebus, Sapajus, Cheracebus and Plecturocebus, but generally low in callitrichids, large pitheciids (Cacajao, Chiropotes) and atelids. Ants from seven subfamilies of Formicidae (out of 13 subfamilies found in the Neotropics) are consumed, including taxa with and without functional sting and with varying other defences. Foraging technics employed in myrmecovory range from picking ants from open substrates to extractive foraging involving the destruction of ant nests or shelters, but tool use has not been reported. We conclude that myrmecovory is widespread amongst Neotropical primates but on average contributes only a minor proportion of the diet. The diversity of foraging technics employed and lack of tool use in Neotropical primate myrmecovory, even for ants with functional stings and aggressive biting, suggests that tool use for myrmecovory in hominids has not evolved in response to ant defences but is a consequence of enhanced cognitive skills that evolved under other selection pressures.

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Calle-Rendón, Bayron R., Renato R. Hilário, and José Julio de Toledo. "Effect of Site Attributes and Matrix Composition on Neotropical Primate Species Richness and Functional Traits: A Comparison Among Regions." Diversity 11, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11050083.

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Fragmentation threatens biodiversity and forest-dwelling animals can be especially vulnerable. Neotropical primates inhabit forests and play ecological roles in maintaining forest biodiversity. Currently, many primate communities are restricted to forest fragments. We (1) evaluated the influence of environmental, matrix, and site attributes on species richness and functional traits of primates in the Neotropics; and (2) evaluated the effect of the sub-region on the relationships between primates and environmental, matrix, and site attributes. We conducted literature searches to find published data on primate communities in forest fragments throughout the Neotropics. Each fragment was assigned to 1 of 11 sub-regions: Mesoamerica, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Caribbean, Orinoco, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Chaco, Andes, Caatinga, and Pampa. Based on actual and expected species occurrences, we calculated the proportion of primate species retained in the fragments, the mass retained, and dietary items retained considering reproductive and vegetative plant parts and prey. We used linear mixed models to correlate primate variables with environmental, matrix, and site attributes. Fragment area was more important for primate retention than environmental, matrix, and site attributes, with primate retention being higher in larger fragments. Fragment size was positively correlated with all primate variables, except for retention of prey consumption, whose retention decreased as water bodies and density of buildings in the matrix increased. Fragments within protected areas retained larger species than unprotected fragments. The proportion of extant mass retained and vegetative plant parts in the diet were highest in Mesoamerica and lowest in the Atlantic Forest. Conservation planning of Neotropical primates should consider both the differences among sub-regions, forest restoration to increase fragment size, and the creation of new protected areas, even in fragmented landscapes.

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Oliveira, Dilmar A. G., and César Ades. "Long-distance calls in Neotropical primates." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200031.

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Long-distance calls are widespread among primates. Several studies concentrate on such calls in just one or in few species, while few studies have treated more general trends within the order. The common features that usually characterize these vocalizations are related to long-distance propagation of sounds. The proposed functions of primate long-distance calls can be divided into extragroup and intragroup ones. Extragroup functions relate to mate defense, mate attraction or resource defense, while intragroup functions involve group coordination or alarm. Among Neotropical primates, several species perform long-distance calls that seem more related to intragroup coordination, markedly in atelines. Callitrichids present long-distance calls that are employed both in intragroup coordination and intergroup contests or spacing. Examples of extragroup directed long-distance calls are the duets of titi monkeys and the roars and barks of howler monkeys. Considerable complexity and gradation exist in the long-distance call repertoires of some Neotropical primates, and female long-distance calls are probably more important in non-duetting species than usually thought. Future research must focus on larger trends in the evolution of primate long-distance calls, including the phylogeny of calling repertoires and the relationships between form and function in these signals.

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Wiederholt, Ruscena, and Eric Post. "Tropical warming and the dynamics of endangered primates." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0710.

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Many primate species are severely threatened, but little is known about the effects of global warming and the associated intensification of El Niño events on primate populations. Here, we document the influences of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) and hemispheric climatic variability on the population dynamics of four genera of ateline (neotropical, large-bodied) primates. All ateline genera experienced either an immediate or a lagged negative effect of El Niño events. ENSO events were also found to influence primate resource levels through neotropical arboreal phenology. Furthermore, frugivorous primates showed a high degree of interspecific population synchrony over large scales across Central and South America attributable to the recent trends in large-scale climate. These results highlight the role of large-scale climatic variation and trends in ateline primate population dynamics, and emphasize that global warming could pose additional threats to the persistence of multiple species of endangered primates.

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DE MOURA, H., CH ADANIA, HS SOARES, JCR SILVA, SM GENNARI, L. CARDOSO, and AP LOPES. "Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state, Brazil." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 3423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29661.

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Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening disease in neotropical primates. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state (SP), Brazil. The modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off: 25) was used in 49 neotropical primates upon or after their admission to Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). Eight of the 49 animals (16.3%) were seropositive. The genus Sapajus had the highest antibody titer (12,800), followed by the genus Callithrix (3,200). No association (p> 0.05) was found between seroprevalence and genera (Alouatta, Callicebus, Callithrix, and Sapajus), sex or age. The three positive primates of the genera Allouataand the one of the genera Callithrix died, whereas the two seropositive Sapajus were alive. Further studies on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection are necessary in a larger sample size of captive and wild neotropical primates.

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MOURA, DE, CH ADANIA, HS SOARES, JCR SILVA, SM GENNARI, L. CARDOSO L., and AP LOPES. "Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state, Brazil." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29431.

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Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening disease in neotropical primates. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state (SP), Brazil. The modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off: 25) was used in 49 neotropical primates upon or after their admission to Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). Eight of the 49 animals (16.3%) were seropositive. The genus Sapajus had the highest antibody titer (12,800), followed by the genus Callithrix (3,200). No association (p> 0.05) was found between seroprevalence and genera (Alouatta, Callicebus, Callithrix, and Sapajus), sex or age. The three positive primates of the genera Allouataand the one of the genera Callithrix died, whereas the two seropositive Sapajus were alive. Further studies on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection are necessary in a larger sample size of captive and wild neotropical primates.

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Steinberg, Eliana R., Adrián J. Sestelo, María B. Ceballos, Virginia Wagner, Ana M. Palermo, and Marta D. Mudry. "Sperm Morphology in Neotropical Primates." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100839.

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The morphological and morphometric characterization of spermatozoa has been used as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool for different species of mammals. We evaluated and compared the sperm morphometry of five neotropical primate species: Alouatta caraya, Ateles belzebuth and Ateles chamek of family Atelidae; and Cebus cay (=Sapajus cay) and Cebus nigritus (=Sapajus nigritus) of family Cebidae. After the collection of semen samples, the following parameters were measured on 100 spermatozoa from each specimen: Head Length, Head Width, Acrosome Length, Midpiece Length, Midpiece Width and Tail Length. Considering the available literature on sperm morphometry, we gathered data of 75 individuals, from 20 species, 8 genera and 2 families. These data were superimposed on a phylogeny to infer the possible direction of evolutionary changes. Narrower and shorter spermatozoa seem to be the ancestral form for Cebidae, with a trend toward wider and larger heads in derived groups. The spermatozoa of Atelidae may show an increase in total length and midpiece length. Sperm heads would have become narrower in the more derived groups of Ateles. Sperm length may increase in the more derived species in both families. Our results are discussed in the context of sperm competition and sexual selection.

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Takai, Masanaru. "Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates." Primates 39, no. 2 (April 1998): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02557738.

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Santana, Sharlene E., Jessica Lynch Alfaro, and Michael E. Alfaro. "Adaptive evolution of facial colour patterns in Neotropical primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2326.

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The rich diversity of primate faces has interested naturalists for over a century. Researchers have long proposed that social behaviours have shaped the evolution of primate facial diversity. However, the primate face constitutes a unique structure where the diverse and potentially competing functions of communication, ecology and physiology intersect, and the major determinants of facial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence for an adaptive role of facial colour patterns and pigmentation within Neotropical primates. Consistent with the hypothesis that facial patterns function in communication and species recognition, we find that species living in smaller groups and in sympatry with a higher number of congener species have evolved more complex patterns of facial colour. The evolution of facial pigmentation and hair length is linked to ecological factors, and ecogeographical rules related to UV radiation and thermoregulation are met by some facial regions. Our results demonstrate the interaction of behavioural and ecological factors in shaping one of the most outstanding facial diversities of any mammalian lineage.

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Steinberg, E. R., M. J. Bressa, and M. D. Mudry. "WHAT DO NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES TELL US UNDER THE LOOK OF CYTOGENETICS?" Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 33, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2022.33.01.09.

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Cytogenetics studies in Neotropical Primates (Primates: Platyrrhini) have shown that these mammals comprise a heterogeneous group at the chromosomal level. The remarkable variety of karyotypes described provides significant evidence on the possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in their evolution. In the Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), the line of research on the evolutionary divergence process in Platyrrhini considering different aspects of the organization of the genome has been established and developed uninterruptedly for more than 30 years. Among the advances made in recent years is the quantification of the genome size in six species of caí monkeys (Cebus sp.) and two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) and the description of the composition of base pairs in the constitutive heterochromatin regions in the genera Cebus and Ateles. The first descriptions were made of the karyotype and meiotic behavior in early prophase I of two species of howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans. In this last species, the first pentavalent-type sexual system X1X2X3Y1Y2 was identified in a primate species. The organization of euchromatin was characterized in terms of the content and distribution of AT and GC nucleotide bases in three species of howlers and in two species of caí monkeys. These, among other investigations, allowed contributing in an original way to the knowledge about speciation at different levels, as well as about the architecture and dynamics of the genome of these primates. Key words: Neotropical Primates, cytogenetics and taxonomy, chromosome evolution, sex chromosomes

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Grumann, Marta Regina, Zigomar Da Silva, Flávia Serena da Luz, José Roberta Silva Filho, Tanise Policarpo Machado, Marcio Machado Costa, Maria Isabel Botelho Vieira, and Adriana Costa da Motta. "Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Neotropical Primates." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80026.

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Background: Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis worldwide, occurring more frequently in tropical and developing regions. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. in different primate tissues, using immunohistochemical (IHC) assays, taking advantage of the considerable number of necropsies compatible with a diagnosis of leptospirosis in neotropical primates at the Animal Pathology Laboratory (APL) of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF) in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: Paraffin-embedded primate tissue samples were selected from necropsy examinations and subjected to IHC. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used with diaminobenzidine chromogen (DAB) to verify immunostaining. Of the101 primates tested for Leptospira spp., 51.48% were positive; taining was distributed between lung (76.92%), liver (44.23%), and kidney (32.69%) tissue. Analysis of the combined anatomopathological verification data of the studied organs revealed a high frequency of lesions commonly observed in the tissues of animals exposed to the pathogen. For complementary diagnosis, an anti-Leptospira spp. antibody test was performed in primates at the UPF-Zoo, from which a population of the necropsied animals originated. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was utilized, which demonstrated 90.47% positivity in 21 individuals; sejroe and panama were the most frequent serovars.Discussion: Different intensities of tissue immunostaining were observed. Areas of fragmented or diffuse staining were considered to indicate equal positivity to that indicated by areas of staining with preserved morphology. Of 52 Leptospirapositive primates, most presented some degree of staining in lung samples, which shows a high level of involvement for this organ in primate leptospirosis. Conventional pathological diagnostic methods do not allow fort issue antigen recognition, thus making the IHC technique important to facilitate conclusive antigen sample verification. In the liver, leptospires were detected mostly between the sinusoids, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells. In kidney tissues, staining indicated small agglomerates in the tubular lumen, interstitium, and glomeruli. All these forms of presentation have been previously reported. Considering that we detected the highest number of positive samples in lung tissue, followed by those from liver and kidney tissue, we argue that the IHC technique, when applied to samples of these three tissues, decreases the chance of false negatives. Anatomopathological studies of primate leptospirosis are scarce. In dogs, renal lesions are characterized by the necrosis and degeneration of tubular epithelium, cellular debris, and hyaline cylinders. In the liver, hepatocyte cord dissociation and biliary pigment accumulation within the canaliculi and hepatocellular necrosis are observed. These findings are similar to those from our study. In the lung, diffuse alveolar lesions are reported, with hemorrhage and edema, in addition to capillaritis. The high frequency of Leptospira-positive animals determined by serological examination was consistent with the IHC findings, thus confirming the pathogen’s high prevalence in neotropical primate populations in the studied region. Serological surveys on primate populations have already been carried out and have revealed frequency and serovar variations between regions. Immunohistochemical examination allows the detection of leptospires in various tissues and should be used based on the characteristics of the investigated case.

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Boere, Vanner. "Environmental enrichment for neotropical primates in captivity." Ciência Rural 31, no. 3 (June 2001): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000300031.

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Captivity is an extreme non-natural environment for primates. The success of a breeding colony depends of management and veterinarian procedures which must rely on the knowledge of primates' behavioral needs. Environmental enrichment consists of a series of procedures that improve the quality of life of captive animals by meeting their ethological needs. Enrichment can reduce stress, while increasing animal well being in captivity. Suitable ethical conditions, incidences of behavioral disorders, minimal clinical interventions, low mortality, higher reproduction rates and cost/benefit relationship, reflect directly on the quality of captive breeding colonies. Anthropoids like Neotropical primates possess complex neural structures and relate, in a sophisticated manner, to the environment. This review reports important experiences on enrichment procedures for Neotropical primates and the physiological events which could explain improvement of animal well-being.

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Solórzano-García, Brenda, and Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León. "Parasites of Neotropical Primates: A Review." International Journal of Primatology 39, no. 2 (April 2018): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0031-0.

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Santos, André F., Liliane T. F. Cavalcante, Cláudia P. Muniz, William M. Switzer, and Marcelo A. Soares. "Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100967.

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Foamy viruses (FVs) are the only exogenous retrovirus to date known to infect neotropical primates (NPs). In the last decade, an increasing number of strains have been completely or partially sequenced, and molecular evolution analyses have identified an ancient co-speciation with their hosts. In this review, the improvement of diagnostic techniques that allowed the determination of a more accurate prevalence of simian FVs (SFVs) in captive and free-living NPs is discussed. Determination of DNA viral load in American primates indicates that oral tissues are the viral replicative site and that buccal swab collection can be an alternative to diagnose SFV infection in NPs. Finally, the transmission potential of NP SFVs to primate workers in zoos and primate centers of the Americas is examined.

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Yunes Guimarães, Victor, André Augusto Justo, Leandro Luís Martins, José Luiz Catão-Dias, and Carlos Sacristán. "EMERGING CORONAVIRUSES IN NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES: A NEW THREAT?" Revista de Ciência Veterinária e Saúde Pública 7, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/revcivet.v7i1.55490.

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Anthropogenic activities are the main reason for the current alarming conservation status of non-human primates (NHP) worldwide, and also lead to habitat-sharing, facilitating human-NHP (interspecific) viral transmission. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is well-known for its large genome plasticity and spike proteins (S proteins) highly adaptable to human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). NHP have been used as models for clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic studies on SARS-CoV-2 and their correlates. However, the lack of systematic sanitary surveillance in NHP in the Neotropics, as well as the limited capacity to detect infections in their populations, challenge the implementation of consistent epidemiological connections regarding the potential interspecific transmission in the natural environment. Although the natural cross-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and NHP has not been demonstrated, the global spread of the virus represents a potential threat. Thus, establishing preventive, surveillance, and control measures for viruses of the family Coronaviridae in Neotropical NHP populations is crucial for their conservation.

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Ferraz, M. C., A. V. R. Matos, N. C. Prestes, J. C. P. Ferreira, L. C. Francelino, F. S. Cunha, and E. Oba. "Fetal malformation in a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 5 (October 2014): 1401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-7317.

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Callithrix jacchus is a neotropical primate adaptable in captivity. Colonies can be easily established in a short time and at low cost compared to other species of larger primates, which are normally used in laboratory. Because they are phylogenetically similar to humans in situations that induce anxiety, these small primates are increasingly being used in research involving the stress response. Wild animals in captivity are subjected to a series of stressful events that depending on the duration and intensity can modify the organic homeostasis. Observed in this study, serious problems occurred with the formation in fetal offspring of Callithrix jacchus kept in an environment with a high degree of stress.

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Goldani, A., G. S. Carvalho, and J. C. Bicca-Marques. "Distribution patterns of Neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) based on Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1a (February 2006): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000100009.

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The Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) is a method of historical biogeography that is used for detecting and connecting areas of endemism. Based on data on the distribution of Neotropical primates, we constructed matrices using quadrats, interfluvial regions and pre-determinated areas of endemism described for avians as Operative Geographic Units (OGUs). We codified the absence of a species from an OGU as 0 (zero) and its presence as 1 (one). A hypothetical area with a complete absence of primate species was used as outgroup to root the trees. All three analyses resulted in similar groupings of areas of endemism, which match the distribution of biomes in the Neotropical region. One area includes Central America and the extreme Northwest of South America, other the Amazon basin, and another the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco.

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Abreu, Filipe Vieira Santos de, Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha, Ramon Silva-Oliveira, Mariana Viana Macedo, Thamires Gabriele Macedo Silva, Maria Eduarda Gonçalves-dos-Santos, Cirilo Henrique de Oliveira, et al. "Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Infection in Neotropical Primates in Brazil." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101167.

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The genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) of the family Poxviridae comprises several viruses that are capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. One of the most widespread OPXVs is the Vaccinia virus (VACV), which circulates in zoonotic cycles in South America, especially in Brazil, infecting domestic and wild animals and humans and causing economic losses as well as impacting public health. Despite this, little is known about the presence and/or exposure of neotropical primates to orthopoxviruses in the country. In this study, we report the results of a search for evidence of OPVX infections in neotropical free-living primates in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The sera or liver tissues of 63 neotropical primates were examined through plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) and real-time PCR. OPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in two sera (4.5%) from Callithrix penicillata, showing 55% and 85% reduction in plaque counts, evidencing their previous exposure to the virus. Both individuals were collected in urban areas. All real-time PCR assays were negative. This is the first time that evidence of OPXV exposure has been detected in C. penicillata, a species that usually lives at the interface between cities and forests, increasing risks of zoonotic transmissions through spillover/spillback events. In this way, studies on the circulation of OPXV in neotropical free-living primates are necessary, especially now, with the monkeypox virus being detected in new regions of the planet.

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Pires, Juliana S., Carlos T. Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto de Carvalho Filho, Alcides Pissinatti, Walter Flausino, and Carlos Wilson G. Lopes. "Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 10 (October 2012): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000017.

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Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite of warm animals, including human and non-human primates. Domestic and wild felids are considered definitive hosts. Several authors have already identified lesions in New World primates caused by T. gondii. Nevertheless, little is known about serological studies on those animals. With this reason, New World non-human primates of the genera Cebus and Callithrix that were apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (Cetas)/IBAMA, at the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio Janeiro, were bled and sera were submitted to the indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. From 21 sera of Cebus primates, 76.19% (16/21) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Titles varied from 16 to 2048. In samples from 21 Callithrix, only 4.5% (1/22) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Only one animal had a title of 32. During all the time those animals were clinical evaluated until sample was collected; none of them had any clinical sign or sequel related to infection by T. gondii. The fact that the origin of these primates is unknown and that there is no information about their feeding habits before captivity makes it difficult to determine the source of T. gondii infection.

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Vanchiere, John A., Pramod N. Nehete, Christian R. Abee, Gregory K. Wilkerson, Scott C. Weaver, Alan G. Brady, Nikos Vasilakis, et al. "Experimental Zika Virus Infection of Neotropical Primates." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0322.

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Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W., Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, Anthony Di Fiore, and Jean P. Boubli. "Special issue: Comparative biogeography of Neotropical primates." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 (January 2015): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.027.

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Tardif, S. D., C. R. Abee, and K. G. Mansfield. "Workshop Summary: Neotropical Primates in Biomedical Research." ILAR Journal 52, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.3.386.

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Alves, Gilda, H�ctor N. Seu�nez, and Thomas Fanning. "Alpha satellite DNA in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)." Chromosoma 103, no. 4 (July 1, 1994): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050032.

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Menezes-Costa, Andre, Erik Machado-Ferreira, Carolina M. Voloch, Cibele R. Bonvicino, Hector N. Seuánez, Orilio Leoncini, and Carlos A. G. Soares. "Identification of Bacterial Infection in Neotropical Primates." Microbial Ecology 66, no. 2 (June 25, 2013): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-013-0257-5.

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Canavez, Flávio C., John J. Ladasky, José A. P. C. Muniz, Héctor N. Seuánez, and P. Parham. "β 2 -microglobulin in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)." Immunogenetics 48, no. 2 (June 24, 1998): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050413.

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Alves, Gilda, H�ctor N. Seu�nez, and Thomas Fanning. "Alpha satellite DNA in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)." Chromosoma 103, no. 4 (July 1994): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00352250.

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Swanson, WF, RR Valle, FM Carvalho, PR Arakaki, AZ Rodas-Martínez, JAPC Muniz, and M. García-Herreros. "Sperm Morphology Assessment in Captive Neotropical Primates." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 51, no. 4 (June 3, 2016): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.12711.

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Fuzessy, Lisieux F., Charles H. Janson, and Fernando A. O. Silveira. "How far do Neotropical primates disperse seeds?" American Journal of Primatology 79, no. 7 (March 27, 2017): e22659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22659.

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Grumann, Marta Regina, Zigomar Da Silva, José Roberto Da Silva Filho, Marcio Machado Costa, Maria Isabel Botelho Vieira, and Adriana Costa da Motta. "Immunohistochemical and serological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Neotropical primates." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 3 (June 13, 2017): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1375.

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Toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the intracellular coccidian Toxoplasma gondii that infects most warm-blooded vertebrates, is widely distributed and fatal for primates, which are peculiarly susceptible for unknown reason(s). Owing to the increasing number of Neotropical mammal deaths where in T. gondii were detected in analyzed tissues, the present immunohistochemical study analyzed the distribution patterns of immunostainings related to this parasite on primates necropsied at the Laboratório de Patologia Animal of Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), between the years of 2000 and 2014. Furthermore, a serological survey for the disease was conducted for 21 primates from the UPF Zoo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, belonging to genera Sapajus and Alouatta. In a immunohistochemical test performed using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase, 26.53% positivity was detected in 98 primates. Immunostainings revealed that infection differed among the lung (76.92%), liver (58.33%), heart (50%), brain (42.30%), and kidney (23.07%) tissues. Serology performed through indirect hemagglutination showed reactivity in 85.7% of the animals, all belonging to Sapajus sp., while the three primates that did not show reactivity (14.3%) belonged to Alouatta sp.

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Ráez-Luna, E. F. "Hunting large primates and conservation of the Neotropical rain forests." Oryx 29, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530002086x.

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This paper examines the impact of hunting on the conservation of large Neotropical primates (≥ 6 kg adult body mass) and of the forest they inhabit. A greater emphasis on thein-situconservation of large cebids outside protected areas and close to people is advocated and research priorities are suggested to support the conservation of large primates imperilled by hunting.

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Campos, Fernando A., Urs Kalbitzer, Amanda D. Melin, Jeremy D. Hogan, Saul E. Cheves, Evin Murillo-Chacon, Adrián Guadamuz, et al. "Differential impact of severe drought on infant mortality in two sympatric neotropical primates." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200302.

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Extreme climate events can have important consequences for the dynamics of natural populations, and severe droughts are predicted to become more common and intense due to climate change. We analysed infant mortality in relation to drought in two primate species (white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus imitator, and Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi ) in a tropical dry forest in northwestern Costa Rica. Our survival analyses combine several rare and valuable long-term datasets, including long-term primate life-history, landscape-scale fruit abundance, food-tree mortality, and climate conditions. Infant capuchins showed a threshold mortality response to drought, with exceptionally high mortality during a period of intense drought, but not during periods of moderate water shortage. By contrast, spider monkey females stopped reproducing during severe drought, and the mortality of infant spider monkeys peaked later during a period of low fruit abundance and high food-tree mortality linked to the drought. These divergent patterns implicate differing physiology, behaviour or associated factors in shaping species-specific drought responses. Our findings link predictions about the Earth's changing climate to environmental influences on primate mortality risk and thereby improve our understanding of how the increasing severity and frequency of droughts will affect the dynamics and conservation of wild primates.

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Heymann, Eckhard W., Lisieux Fuzessy, and Laurence Culot. "Small but Nice–Seed Dispersal by Tamarins Compared to Large Neotropical Primates." Diversity 14, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121033.

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Tamarins, small Neotropical primates of the genera Saguinus and Leontocebus, have a mainly frugivorous-faunivorous diet. While consuming the pulp of a high diversity of fruit species, they also swallow seeds and void them intact, thus acting as seed dispersers. Here we compare different aspects of the seed dispersal ecology of tamarins with that of large Neotropical primates from the genera Ateles (spider monkeys) and Lagothrix (woolly monkeys). Due to their small body size, tamarins disperse seeds of a smaller size range, fewer seeds per defecation, and seeds from a smaller number of different plant species per defecation compared to these atelines. We discuss whether tamarin seed dispersal is redundant or complementary to seed dispersal by atelines. On the level of plant species, our comparisons suggest that redundancy or complementarity depends on the plant species concerned. On the habitat level, seed dispersal by tamarins and large New World primates is probably complementary. Particularly, since tamarins are capable of persisting in disturbed forests and near human settlements, they are more likely to contribute to the natural regeneration of such areas than larger primates.

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Torre, S. "Conservation of Neotropical primates: Ecuador - a case study." International Zoo Yearbook 46, no. 1 (January 2012): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00158.x.

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Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W. "Special issue: Phylogeny and biogeography of Neotropical primates." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 (January 2015): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.006.

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35

Harrison, Mary L. "Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, volume 2." International Journal of Primatology 11, no. 6 (December 1990): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02197062.

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YONEDA, Masaaki. "Comparative Study on Forest Utilization of Neotropical Primates." Tropics 4, no. 4 (1995): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.4.345.

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Mourthe, Italo, Rhaysa A. Trindade, Lucas M. Aguiar, Tatiane C. Trigo, Júlio César Bicca-Marques, and Sandro L. Bonatto. "Hybridization Between Neotropical Primates with Contrasting Sexual Dichromatism." International Journal of Primatology 40, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-017-0011-9.

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Favoretto, Silvana R., Danielle B. Araujo, Naylê F. H. Duarte, Danielle B. L. Oliveira, Nathalia G. da Crus, Flavio Mesquita, Fabyano Leal, et al. "Zika Virus in Peridomestic Neotropical Primates, Northeast Brazil." EcoHealth 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-019-01394-7.

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Rocha, Marcia, José Augusto Muniz, and Hector N. Seuánez. "DNA fingerprinting in three species of neotropical primates." American Journal of Primatology 40, no. 1 (1996): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)40:1<83::aid-ajp6>3.0.co;2-x.

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Mayor, P., J. Mamani, D. Montes, C. González-Crespo, M. A. Sebastián, and M. Bowler. "Proximate causes of the red face of the bald uakari monkey ( Cacajao calvus )." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 150145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150145.

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In social species, such as primates, facial appearances transmit a variety of social signals. Although it is suggested that the intense red colour of the face of the bald uakari monkey might be an indicator of health, this hypothesis still has not been verified. This study describes the histological structure of the skin of the face in the bald uakari, compared with other non-red neotropical primates, to better understand the maintenance of its colour. The facial skin of the bald uakari monkey is characterized by a thinner epidermis, absence of melanin pigments and a high density of vascular capillaries that spread below the epidermis. These vascular capillaries are larger and more tortuous than in other neotropical primates. The skin of the face of the bald uakari monkey allows a direct external assessment of haematological status, suggesting that the colour of the face would be an honest indicator of health, but could also signal sexual or behavioural states.

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Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel, Sarah Martin-Solano, and Claude Saegerman. "Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081009.

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Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.

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Woods, Roseina, Samuel T. Turvey, Selina Brace, Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Ian Barnes. "Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkey Xenothrix reveals extreme insular change within a morphologically conservative radiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 50 (November 12, 2018): 12769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808603115.

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The insular Caribbean until recently contained a diverse mammal fauna including four endemic platyrrhine primate species, all of which died out during the Holocene. Previous morphological studies have attempted to establish how these primates are related to fossil and extant platyrrhines, whether they represent ancient or recent colonists, and whether they constitute a monophyletic group. These efforts have generated multiple conflicting hypotheses, from close sister-taxon relationships with several different extant platyrrhines to derivation from a stem platyrrhine lineage outside the extant Neotropical radiation. This diversity of opinion reflects the fact that Caribbean primates were morphologically extremely unusual, displaying numerous autapomorphies and apparently derived conditions present across different platyrrhine clades. Here we report ancient DNA data for an extinct Caribbean primate: a limited-coverage entire mitochondrial genome and seven regions of nuclear genome for the most morphologically derived taxon, the Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori. We demonstrate that Xenothrix is part of the existing platyrrhine radiation rather than a late-surviving stem platyrrhine, despite its unusual adaptations, and falls within the species-rich but morphologically conservative titi monkey clade (Callicebinae) as sister to the newly recognized genus Cheracebus. These results are not congruent with previous morphology-based hypotheses and suggest that even morphologically conservative lineages can exhibit phenetic plasticity in novel environments like those found on islands. Xenothrix and Cheracebus diverged ca. 11 Ma, but primates have been present in the Caribbean since 17.5–18.5 Ma, indicating that Caribbean primate diversity was generated by multiple over-water colonizations.

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Barnett, Adrian A., Sarah A. Boyle, Liliam P. Pinto, Waldete C. Lourenço, Thais Almeida, Welma Sousa Silva, Beatriz Ronchi-Teles, et al. "Primary seed dispersal by three Neotropical seed-predating primates (Cacajao melanocephalus ouakary, Chiropotes chiropotes and Chiropotes albinasus)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 6 (November 2012): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000600.

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Abstract:The Neotropics house two guilds of large arboreal vertebrate seed predators: parrots and the pitheciin primates. Both have diets dominated by immature fruits. The possibility of members of the Pitheciinae (genera Cacajao, Chiropotes and Pithecia) acting as occasional seed dispersers has been mooted, but not experimentally shown. We combined primate behavioural data and seed germination data from three separate field studies in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará to analyse patterns of post-consumption seed survivorship for seeds discarded by three pitheciin species (Cacajao melanocephalus ouakary, Chiropotes chiropotes and Chiropotes albinasus). We then calculated the frequency of dispersal events for four species eaten by C. m. ouakary. All three primate species dropped intact seeds while feeding, and 30.7% of 674 dropped seeds germinated ex situ. Undamaged seeds from unripe and ripe samples germinated (29.3% and 42.7%, respectively), and all three primate species carried some fruits up to 20 m from the parent tree before consuming them. Potential seed-dispersal events varied from 1 (Macrolobium acaciifolium) per fruiting cycle to more than 6500 (Duroia velutina), suggesting that there are differences in dispersal potential. In summary, although they are highly specialized seed predators, these primates may also act as important dispersers for some plant species, and effective dispersal is not restricted to ripe fruits, as immature fruits removed from a tree may continue to mature and the seeds later germinate, a much-neglected aspect of dispersal ecology. The possibility that similar events occur in parrots should be experimentally investigated.

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Villota, Johana, Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves, and Thomas R. Defler. "Plecturocebus caquetensis (Primates: Pitheciidae)." Mammalian Species 53, no. 1002 (April 24, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seab004.

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Abstract Plecturocebus caquetensis (Defler, Bueno, and García, 2010) is a Neotropical primate commonly called the Caquetá titi monkey. It is small-sized with long, soft pelage of mixed coloration including grayish and buffy brown to agouti tones. It lacks the blackish or whitish band that is present on the forehead of closely related species. The tail is agouti-colored and slightly banded at its base. Endemic to the Amazonian region of Colombia with a distribution in areas near the eastern slopes of the Eastern and Central Cordillera of the Andes, P. caquetensis is confirmed in 104 localities in the departments of Cauca and Caquetá in Colombia. P. caquetensis is considered “Critically Endangered” (CR) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

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UBAID, Flávio Kulaif, and Renata BECO. "Interspecific foraging association between the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni and primates in an Amazon rainforest in Brazil." Acta Amazonica 52, no. 1 (January 2022): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202101362.

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ABSTRACT Following behavior is a well-documented foraging specialization in Neotropical birds, which consists of individuals of solitary or mixed-flocking species following other moving animals to capture fleeing prey. Here, we report two observations of the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni following troops of primates during an ornithological inventory in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. During both observations, the falcon emitted a typical vocalization and captured fleeing insects dispersed by the primates moving through the forest while foraging. This is the first report of an apparently commensal association between a Micrastur forest falcon and two species of primates.

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Carville, Angela, Tristan I. Evans, and R. Keith Reeves. "Characterization of Circulating Natural Killer Cells in Neotropical Primates." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 11, 2013): e78793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078793.

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Rylands, A. B., R. A. Mittermeier, and J. S. Silva. "Neotropical primates: taxonomy and recently described species and subspecies." International Zoo Yearbook 46, no. 1 (December 5, 2011): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00152.x.

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Mello, Beatriz, Júlio F. Vilela, and Carlos G. Schrago. "Conservation phylogenetics and computational species delimitation of Neotropical primates." Biological Conservation 217 (January 2018): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.017.

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Warner, Mark D. "Assessing habitat utilization by neotropical primates: A new approach." Primates 43, no. 1 (March 2002): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629577.

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Favoretto, Samantha M., Elaine C. Landy, Washington Luiz A. Pereira, Paulo Henrique G. Castro, Aline A. Imbeloni, José Augusto P. C. Muniz, Mariana A. S. Santos, and Antonio C. C. Lacreta Junior. "Pelvimetry in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri scireus Linnaeus, 1758)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 4 (April 2018): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5014.

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ABSTRACT: Saimiri sciureus is a neotropical primate widely used in research. However, there are still difficulties regarding their reproduction in vivaria due to the high incidence of dystocia. Dystocia in primates can be caused by cephalopelvic disproportion and in Squirrel Monkeys, pregnancy of large fetuses were reported. This paper describes pelvimetry data of adult females and subadults in specimens of Squirrel Monkeys, from a research colony of Para, Brazil. Pelvic radiographs were obtained in ventrodorsal projections and the following measurements were taken: superior bi-iliac diameter (SBID); inferior bi-iliac diameter (IBID); bi-iliac average diameter (BIAD); right diagonal diameter (RDD); left diagonal diameter (LDD); sacro-pubic diameter (SPD); Based on the obtained diameters, the entrance area of the pelvis (EAP) was also calculated. The average values of the pelvic diameters and EAP in adult females were SBID 1.714cm, BIAD 1.957cm, IBID 1.686cm, RDD 2.771cm, LDD 2.764cm, SPD 2.543cm and EAP 3.9056cm2; and subadult females: 1.588cm SBID, 1.850cm BIAD, 1.625cm IBID, 2.50cm RDD, LDD 2.474cm, 1.95cm SPD and 2.8293 cm2 EAP. Saimiri sciureus pelvis is characterized as dolichopelvic. There was statistical significance between the values for adult females and subadults to SBID, BIAD, RDD, LDD, SPD and EAP. The values of SBID and IBID were lower when compared to the published data for the same species. The result found on this paper will serve as a basis for future studies using pelvic measurements and dystocia prediction of neotropical primates and comparison between different vivaria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neotropical primates'

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